860007_bm

Appendix 1

Glossary of Terms and Acronyms The following is a glossary of some of the terms and abbreviations used in this book and acronyms that provide description of significant terms frequently used or referred to in the hydrocarbon liquids and oil industry including specifications, shipping, pipeline transportation and processing, CAPP 2011: Absolute humidity

Absolute pressure AGA AGO Alarm Alkylate Ammonia

The measure of the amount of water vapor actually in the air. Often stated as pounds of water vapor per kg of dry air. At any given temperature, relative humidity equals 100 times the absolute humidity divided by the greatest amount of water vapor that can be present in the air at that temperature. Gauge pressure plus barometric pressure. American Gas Association. Atmospheric gas oil. A warning given by a control system of a limit violation, abnormal change of state, or a failure. A gasoline blending component composed of isobutane and propylene or butylene. Organic amines and inorganic compounds that are liquids at standard temperature and pressure that, when discharged, release free amonia (NH3), or ammonium ion (NH4+). Reports the aromatics content of a mixture. Alaska North Slope.

Aniline point ANS American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A standards setting organization concerned with transmission. API American Petroleum Institute. API gravity Specific gravity scale for petroleum liquids at 60 °F developed by API with reference to the specific gravity of water being equivalent to 10 °API. The relationship between the API gravity and specific gravity is given below: API gravity = (141.5/SG at 60 °F) – 131.5. Aromatics Group of petrochemicals characterized by a ring structure, they are produced in refinery reformers and petrochemical plants. The most commonly traded are benzene, toluene, and xylenes. They are used for chemical production or as high-octane components for gasoline blending. ASPH Asphaltene Asphalt A mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregate as prepared for the construction of roads or in other paving uses. In the US it refers to the product. 611

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612    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems AST ASTM Audit trail

Avails Avgas Backfilling

Backwardation Barge Barrel

Base assessment plan

Base conditions Batch

Batching cycle Batch interface Batching meter

Aboveground storage tank(s). American Society for Testing and Materials. Log that documents changes that were made or the occurrence of an event in computer records or databases. The log should include the change, the date and time, the person that made each change, and the reason of the change. Availabilities. High octane aviation gasoline used in piston type aircraft engines. Backfilling is the process of filling the trench where a newly constructed or recently unearthed pipeline is installed. Adequate fill material is provided and compacted around the pipe to completely fill the excavation and to ensure that the pipe is properly supported and not subjected to added stresses due to soil subsidence or movement. Market situation where prices are highest in the nearest date periods and are lower in forward delivery dates. A vessel carrying oil usually on rivers - containing between 8000 and 50,000 bbl (weighing 1,000 to 10,000 mt). A volumetric unit of measure for crude oil and petroleum products. 1 barrel equals 42 US gallons, 35 imperial gallons or 159 liters.

A baseline assessment plan (BAP) is the plan a pipeline operator must develop to assess the integrity of all of the lines included in its integrity management program. The BAP must, as a minimum: 1) identify all segments of a pipeline system that could impact a High Consequence Area (HCA); 2) identify the specific integrity assessment method(s) to be conducted on those segments; 3) specify the schedule by which those integrity assessments will be performed; and 4) provide the technical justification for the selection of the integrity assessment method(s) and the risk basis for establishing the assessment schedule. (reference 49CFR 195.452 [3]). Pressure and temperature reference conditions used in determining a fluid quantity for custody transfer. A batch refers to a contiguous product entity that remains whole throughout its journey through the pipeline system. A batch has the attributes of product type, volume, identification or name, and lifting and delivery locations and times with flow path. Batching cycle is a specific period during which a predefined set of products is transported. Multiple cycles are repeated during the nomination period, usually a month. Interface volume of two adjacent batches. Refer to transmix A flow meter normally used for batch movement.

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Appendix    n    613 Battery Bell Hole

Bend Radius

Bias error Bill of Lading Bitumen Bleeder Blending Blendstock Block valves

Blow-down valve Breakout point

Breakout tank BS&W BTU BTX BTX extraction Bubble point Buckle

Small field plants which remove natural gas, NGLs, water, and sand from crude oil delivered by gathering systems from individual wells. A bell hole is an excavation made to permit a survey, inspection, maintenance, repair, or replacement of pipe sections. It is so called because of its upside-down bell shape, wide at the top and narrowing to a smaller diameter around the pipeline to be examined. The walls of the hole are angled according to OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) rules to prevent cave-ins and risks to worker safety. Bend radius is the measurement of the radius of a bend in a pipeline. Bends can be included in the manufacture of the pipe or created in the field during construction and installation of a pipeline. The difference between the average and true values or measurements. It is directional, but it is difficult to determine a true bias error in practice. Documentation associated with a specific cargo of oil and is signed by the captain of the ship and the contract supplier. A thick, sticky form of crude that is generallyheated or diluted to transport through a pipeline. Petroleum that exists in the semi-solid or solid phase in natural deposits. A valve or pipe through which bleeding is done. Mixing of two or more products by injecting one product stream into another. A component combined with other materials to produce a finished refined product. Gate valves found in the pipeline on either side of a pumping station or terminal, river crossing, or other points where the line may have to be blocked. Block fluid flow in both directions when closed. Block valves are installed along the pipeline, called isolation or sectionalizing valve, and in a pump station (suction valve and discharge valve). Valve used to exhaust gas from a section of pipe when necessitated by repairs, emergency, or other conditions. An intermediate location or tank farm on a pipeline system that joins two or more pipeline sections, where batches can be simultaneously injected into and delivered out of the pipeline or a batch can be tight-lined. A tank used to relieve surges in a liquid pipeline system, or to receive and store liquid for re-injection and continued transportation by pipeline. Bottom sediment and water (expressed as a %by weight). British Thermal Unit. Benzene, toluene and xylene. The process for removing benzene, toluene, and xylene from reformate or pyrolysis asoline. The temperature at a given pressure, as opposed to vapor pressure, at which vapor starts forming above a liquid. A buckle is a partial collapse of the pipe wall due to excessive bending associated with soil instability, landslides,

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614    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

Buffer Bulkhead Bunker C Bypass valve Calibration Caliper tool

Capacity CAPP Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Carbon steel

Cast iron

washouts, frost heaves, earthquakes, etc. Buckles can also occur in pipeline construction during a field bending operation using a side boom. Buckles cause localized stress concentrations and must not be installed in new construction or, if found, must be removed from existing systems. A temporary product injected between two batches to reduce mixing of the two batches. A bulkhead is a wall built or installed along a coastline or waterway to protect an adjacent pipeline from washout or soil erosion. A residual fuel used as ship’s fuel (usually has a high sulfur content and is highly viscous). Valve allowing flow around a metering system or ­equipment. Adjustment of a measuring instrument against a known quantity to improve its performance or to conform to an applicable standard. A caliper tool is an inline inspection device that measures deviations in the geometry of a pipeline’s internal surface. A caliper tool uses a set of mechanical fingers that ride against the inside diameter of the pipe and record deviations caused by the relative movement of these fingers as the tool passes through the pipe. The volume of fluid that a pipeline system can transport for given design condition. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers [1]. Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas consisting of molecules formed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide is a heavy gas that is transported by pipeline as a compressed fluid consisting of more than 90% carbon dioxide molecules. If released into the atmosphere from a pipeline leak carbon dioxide is considered hazardous due to its ability to displace breathing air (reference 49CFR 195.2 [3]). All steel is formed by alloying iron with carbon. Steel is commonly considered to be carbon steel when: (1) no minimum content is specified or required for aluminum, boron, chromium, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or any other element added to obtain a desired alloying effect; (2) the specified minimum content does not exceed 1.65% for manganese or 0.60% for copper. All carbon steels may contain small quantities of unspecified residual elements unavoidably retained from raw materials. These elements (copper, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, etc.) are considered incidental and are not normally determined or reported. Cast iron applies to gray cast iron, which is a cast ferrous material in which a major part of the carbon content occurs as free carbon in the form of flakes interspersed through the metal. Because the carbon flakes do not bond with the

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Appendix    n    617

Computational Pipeline Monitoring (CPM) Condensate Confirmation digs

Consensus standards

Consent order

Consequence

Consequence analysis

that the oil or gas is not released from the system and that the system operating pressure is maintained. Examples of components include the pipe, valves, flanges, and other fittings. Computational Pipeline Monitoring is a method of monitoring the operation of a pipeline system, as specified in API 1130. It makes use of a software-based monitoring tool that alerts the pipeline dispatcher of possible pipeline operating abnormalities that could indicate a commodity release. The natural gas product, mostly pentanes and heavier, is separated and recovered as liquids at field facilities or gas processing plants. Confirmation digs are excavations performed at selected pipeline locations to expose the pipe to allow confirmation of the existence and characteristics of potential anomalies in the pipe wall that were identified by inline inspection techniques. Consensus standards are standards for performance that are established in open and voluntary forums by consensus of parties affected by the standards. These standards provide the best available professional guidance related to specific subjects. National consensus standards reflect the professional knowledge and judgment of people having appropriate experience, training, and education in the subjects to which the standards apply. Some organizations that produce consensus standards include: American Petroleum Institute (API), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), ASTM International (ASTM), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Once PHMSA has issued a Corrective Action Order or given notice to an operator of other proposed enforcement action, PHMSA and the operator may occasionally agree to the issuance of a Consent Order in lieu of a Compliance Order or the imposition of civil penalties. In a Consent Order, the operator agrees to the jurisdictional facts of the case and agrees to implement the specific actions in the Consent Order by the required deadlines. Should the operator not comply with the Consent Order terms, PHMSA can enforce its terms as the parties have agreed. Consent Orders are described in 49 CFR 190.219. A consequence is often noted as the cumulative, undesirable result of an accident. Consequences are usually measured in health and safety effects, environmental impacts, loss of property, and/or business costs. Consequence descriptions may be qualitative or quantitative estimates of the effects of an accident. A consequence analysis is the evaluation or analyses of a postulated action or condition or series of events to determine the logical result. A consequence analysis may be performed to determine the expected effects of events leading to a pipeline accident, independent of the likelihood of such events occurring.

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616    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

Chlorine CIF Cleaning Pig

Cloud Point Codes Coker Common carrier Common Ground Alliance

Compatible substance

Component

of any continuous 1.0-mile (1.6-km) length of a gas pipeline. Class locations are specified as Class 1, 2, 3, or 4. Class 1 indicates the least heavily populated of the class locations, representing an offshore area or an area with 10 or fewer buildings intended for human occupancy. In comparison, Class 4 indicates the most heavily populated of the class locations, representing an area where buildings with four or more stories above ground are prevalent. Organic and inorganic compounds that are liquids at standard temperature and pressure that, when discharged, may release free chlorine (Cl2) or chlorides (Cl–). Cost, insurance, and freight charges for shipping products. CIF prices include these charges. A cleaning pig is a device that is placed inside a pipeline to remove unwanted debris from the inside of the pipeline. The pig can be drawn or pushed through a pipeline but often is moved through the line as a result of the flow of the product in the line. A type of utility pig, a cleaning pig uses cups, scrapers, or brushes to remove dirt, rust, mill scale, and other debris from the internal surface of a pipeline. Cleaning pigs are used periodically or as necessary to increase the operating efficiency of a pipeline or to facilitate inspection of the pipeline. The temperature at which a fuel, when cooled, begins to congeal and take on a cloudy appearance due to bonding of paraffins. Documents that regulate design and construction to protect the safety of people. Codes establish minimum standards but do not guarantee efficiency or quality. The processing unit in which bitumen is cracked into lighter fractions and withdrawn to start the conversion of bitumen into upgraded crude oil. Pipeline that provides transportation service to all parties equally. It also applies to any transportation system available for use by the public for transporting cargo. The Common Ground Alliance (CGA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to shared responsibility in damage prevention and promotion of the damage prevention Best Practices identified in the Common Ground Study Report. The purpose of the CGA is to ensure public safety, environmental protection, and the integrity of services by promoting effective damage prevention practices. The CGA can be reached at 703-818-3217 or for more information see www. commongroundalliance.com. The ability of two or more substances to maintain their respective physical and chemical properties upon contact with one another for the design life of the storage tank system under conditions likely to be encountered in the storage tank system. A component in a pipeline system is any part of the system that is subject to the internal system pressure. System components must be designed to not leak; thereby assuring

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Appendix    n    621 Design factor

Ratio of the hoop stress developed in the pipeline by the design pressure and the Specified Minimum Yield Stress (SMYS) of the pipeline material. Destructive testing Destructive testing refers to testing of a specimen in which the specimen is rendered unusable (i.e., destroyed) for its intended or practical use. Destructive tests are typically conducted on representative specimens to prove the strength or chemical characteristics of the sample piece. Dew point The temperature at a given pressure or the pressure at a given temperature, at which liquid starts condensing from a vapor. Diesel Index A measure of the ignition quality of a diesel fuel calculated from a formula involving the gravity of the fuel and its aniline point. Dike field area The area around the tank or tanks that extends from the circumference of the base of an AST to the top of the berm, dike, or retaining wall surrounding the tank. DilBit Bitumen that has been reduced in viscosity through addition of a diluent (or solvent) such as condensate or naphtha. Diluent Lighter viscosity petroleum products that are used to dilute bitumen for transportation in pipelines. Direct assessment Direct assessment refers to a method of evaluating the integrity of a pipeline. Various indirect measurement tools are used to determine locations on the pipeline that may require direct examination to verify pipeline integrity. These locations are then excavated and examined to verify that the pipe is in good condition or to make necessary repairs. Disbonded coating Disbonded coating refers to any loss of bond or adhesion between the protective coating applied to the outside of a steel pipe and the pipe itself. Disbondment can result from adhesive failure, chemical attack, mechanical damage, hydrogen concentrations, or other causes. Discharge Any spilling, leaking, seeping, pouring, misapplying, emitting, emptying, or dumping of any substance which occurs and which affects lands and the surface and ground waters. Discharge pressure The pressure of the pipeline as the fluid exits a pump station. Distribution line A distribution line is a line used to supply natural gas to the consumer. A distribution line is located in a network of piping located downstream of a natural gas transmission line. As defined in natural gas pipeline safety regulations, a distribution line is a pipeline other than a gathering or transmission line. DOT U.S. Department of Transportation.[2]. Double-bottomed An AST that has secondary containment in the form of an outer- tank bottom having a closed interstitial space between the primary tank bottom and the secondary outer tank bottom. Double-walled A storage tank that has an outer tank wall, or integral piping that has an outer wall that provides secondary containment of the primary tank or piping.

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618    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems Contamination or contaminated Continual evaluation of pipeline integrity

Contract Corrosion

Corrosion professional

Cost/benefit analysis

Cost/Benefit ratio

Cracked Cracked fuel Cracks

Critical bond

The presence of substances in surface water, groundwater, soil, sediment, or on the land, in quantities that result in exceedances of applicable cleanup target or usage levels. Under pipeline integrity management regulations, pipeline operators must develop programs for conducting periodic pipeline integrity assessments and evaluating the results of those assessments to understand current pipeline conditions and identify integrity issues. This periodic assessment and evaluation cycle is recognized as a continual evaluation of pipeline integrity. An agreement between the pipeline company and a shipper which specifies the type of service and minimum/maximum volumes. Corrosion is the deterioration of a material, usually a metal, which results from a reaction with its environment. Common rust is an example of corrosion of iron. Steel pipe is subject to corrosion damage. A person who, by reason of knowledge of the physical sciences and the principles of engineering and mathematics acquired by a professional education and related practical experience, is qualified to engage in the practice of corrosion control on buried or submerged metal components of a storage tank system. A cost benefit analysis is a determination and comparison of the expected costs to implement a proposed activity and the expected safety, environmental, or other benefits resulting from the activity. Cost/benefit analysis can be used to establish priorities among various activities, to compare and select among alternate ways of accomplishing an objective, or to decide whether a proposed activity should be implemented. Cost/benefit analysis is used by regulators to justify new regulations, and by operators to define and allocate resources to operational and maintenance activities. The monetary costs required to complete a proposed activity (for example, replacing a section of pipe) divided by the monetized value of the benefits expected to be derived from that activity (for example, decreased pipe leak rate or likelihood of rupture). Cost/benefit ratios are usually used as an input to, but not sole determinate of, a decision to proceed with the proposed activity. Molecules broken by some refining processes. the opposite of straight-run. Residue remaining after processing a straight run fuel by enhanced refining methods such as catalytic cracking Cracks in line pipe are separations in the molecular structure of the base metal and form as a result of improper manufacturing or operational stresses. Cracks are detrimental to the pipe’s pressure restraining capabilities and can propagate into complete failure or rupture zones. Buried pipelines in close proximity or crossing over/under one another will often have different levels of cathodic protection and thus a strong possibility of different electrical

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Appendix    n    619

Critical defect Critical point Crude oil

potentials (voltage differences). If the soil resistance path between the pipelines is low, electrical currents will flow from one pipeline to the other. The pipeline with the current leaving will experience metal loss or corrosion. To prevent this occurrence, pipeline companies electrically connect or bond their pipes to one another using a copper wire. The wire provides an electrical path for the current to flow through rather than allowing current to flow off the pipe and into the soil, thus eliminating corrosion. The connecting wire is referred to as an electrical bond. Critical bonds are those that if not attached, would allow corrosion to occur and jeopardize the safe operation of one of the pipelines in question. A critical defect is an identified pipeline defect for which analysis indicates immediate attention is required. The meeting point of critical pressure and critical temperature at which the properties of the liquid and gas phases become identical. A naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons; liquid petroleum.

Crude oil (Conventional)

A mixture of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons that is recovered or is recoverable at a well from an underground reservoir. It is liquid at the conditions under which its volumes is measured or estimated and includes all other hydrocarbon mixtures so recovered or recoverable except raw gas, condensate, or bitumen. Crude oil (heavy) Crude oil that has an API of 27° or less. No differentiation is made between sweet and sour crude oil that falls in the heavy category because heavy crude oil is generally sour. Crude oil (medium) Crude oil is has an API greater than 27° but less than 30°. Generally, no differentiation is made between sweet and sour crude oil that falls in the medium category because medium crude oil is generally sour. Crude oil A mixture of hydrocarbons, similar to crude oil, derived by (synthetic) upgrading bitumen from the oil sands. CST Centistokes — a measure of viscosity similar to seconds. Custody transfer Custody transfer is the change of ownership of petroleum products at a given transfer point, most likely at a meter station. Customer Entity such as a local distribution company or marketer that generates a net outflow of gas or liquid from the pipeline company. Cut and cover tank A tank that is constructed with steel that is surrounded by soil above the natural surface of the ground. DCS Distributed Control System. This is a type of automated control system that is used to monitor and control a process facility. Damage prevention The Office of Pipeline Safety has undertaken a variety of initiatives other initiatives to promote pipeline damage prevention. These initiatives, some of which involve collaboration with various stakeholder industry groups, promote public

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620    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems awareness of pipelines and other underground facilities; education of the public and emergency officials, excavators, emergency responders, legislators and other stakeholders on how to recognize and respond to pipeline leaks; and other aspects of pipeline safety. Some more notable recent efforts include: Common Ground Alliance (CGA) and the One-Call Systems Study (OCSS). Damage prevention Damage prevention regulations for pipelines are found in regulations the Code of Federal Regulations. They require pipeline operators to implement programs to prevent damage to buried pipelines from excavation activities. The regulations specify requirements for operators to interact with the public near pipelines and with companies/persons likely to perform excavation near pipelines. Pipeline operators may comply with some of the regulatory requirements for damage prevention by participating in public service programs such as a one-call system. However, such participation does not relieve the operator of the responsibility of compliance to the regulation. Degrees API = (141.5/Specific Gravity at 60 °F) – 131.5 Gravity Defect A defect is an imperfection of sufficient magnitude in a pipeline that it should be analyzed using a recognized and approved engineering procedure, such as ASME B31G. Analysis determines if the defect is severe enough to require removal or repair, depending on prescribed operating requirements. Examples of defects include dents, corrosion pits, and cracks. Delivery The transfer of a quantity of fluid out of a pipeline system, typically into a tank, either at the end or at an intermediate location. This is the point of custody transfer for fluid moving out of the pipeline company’s system. Delivery station Also known as terminal, this is where the product delivery takes place. It is equipped with tanks and distribution facilities. It is a place where one product is transferred from one party to another. Demurrage The detention of a vessel in loading or unloading beyond the time agreed upon. Dense phase A dense phase is defined as the phase whose pressure exceeds the pressure of the critical point of the fluid. The dense phase fluid exhibits high density and high compressibility (low viscosity). Density Mass or weight per unit volume. Dent A dent is a depression in the pipeline surface caused by pressure or a blow. A dent does not reduce the thickness of the pipe wall. Dents are usually local depressions caused by outside mechanical force, such as the pipe resting on a rock or being hit by a backhoe. Pipeline repairs or replacement may be needed depending on the severity of the deformation. Derating Process of reducing the level less than its design capacity.

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630    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems Load factor Load sharing L/P LPG LS LSFO LSWR Lt Sweet Synthetic MAOP Magnetic flux leakage

Mainline

Mainline valves

Maintenance

Manifold Manometer

The ratio of average demand to maximum demand (peak load) during a specific period such as yearly or seasonal period. Sharing of load among pump units at a multiple unit station to achieve increased efficiency. Low pour. The acronym for liquefied petroleum gas, mostly being composed of normal butane, iso-butane, and propane. Low sulfur. Low sulfur fuel oil. Low sulfur waxy residual fuel oil. Light sweet synthetic crude. Maximum allowable operating pressure, at which a pipeline or a section of the pipeline is allowed to operate in normal conditions. Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) refers to an inline inspection technology in which a magnetic field is induced along a pipe wall through the use of a smart pig. As the smart pig travels through the pipeline, measurements are taken of the magnetic flux density at the internal surface of the wall. Changes in measured flux density indicate the presence of potential defects. A number of different MFL tool designs are used for pipeline inspection. These tools are often categorized as standard resolution or high resolution devices. High resolution MFL tools contain a greater number of sensors and thus provide more accurate measurements of potential defects and anomalies. A mainline consists of one or more pipeline sections that directly connect an origin point to a final delivery or break out point. All mainline sections are hydraulically coupled to one another. A mainline valve is a valve positioned at a location along the pipeline system that can be closed down to isolate a line section in an emergency. Mainline valves are especially important to minimize hazards and damage or pollution from an accidental release of oil or natural gas. Mainline valves may also be referred to as sectionalizing block valves for natural gas pipelines. (Reference 49CFR 192.179 [4] and 49CFR 195.260 [3]) Maintenance is the process of maintaining property or equipment, including pipelines and tanks, to preserve it and prevent it from failure and ensure that it will continue to perform its intended function. A collection of pipe in which tanks are connected to other equipment or a flow meter is mounted. A U-shaped tube containing a liquid (usually mercury or water) to measure the fluid pressure. The liquid level on one side of the tube changes with respect to the level on the other side with changes in pressure.

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632    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems NPMS

NTSB

Nationally recognized laboratory Natural gas

Natural gas transmission pipeline

Net volume NFPA NGL

NIST Nomination Nomination allocation

The National Pipeline Mapping System (NPMS) is a geographic information system (GIS) database that contains the locations and selected attributes of natural gas transmission lines, hazardous liquid trunklines, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities operating in onshore and offshore territories of the United States. The NPMS is managed, operated, and maintained by the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) and is being developed under a joint government-industry effort involving OPS, other federal and state agencies, and the pipeline industry. OPS can be contacted at 202-366-6267 or for more information see www.npms.phmsa.dot.gov. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent US federal agency charged by Congress with investigating significant accidents in all modes of transportation — pipeline, aviation, railroad, highway, and marine. NTSB issues safety recommendations aimed at preventing future accidents. NTSB can be contacted at 202-314-6000 or for more information see www.ntsb.gov. An organization that can perform quantitative and qualitative tests on storage tank system equipment, evaluate the test data and equipment performance, and make determinations of the equipment’s capability of meeting the technical standards. Gaseous petroleum consisting of methane with some amounts of ethane, propane, butane and pentane, and heavie­r hydrocarbons. It can include carbon dioxide, h­ydrogen sulfide, and water. A natural gas transmission pipeline is a pipeline, other than a gathering line, that 1) transports gas from a gathering line or storage facility to a distribution center, storage facility, or large-volume customer that is not downstream from a distribution center; 2) operates at a hoop stress of 20% or more of specified minimum yield strength (SMYS); or, 3) transports gas within a storage field. Measured volume corrected to base pressure and temperature, used in accordance with an accepted standard such as API 11.2.2, ASTM tables or ISO 9770. National Fire Protection Association. The acronym for natural gas liquid, being composed of propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, and possibly trace amount of ethane. These components are produced from natural gas stream and recovered in liquids from gas processing plants. National Institute of Science and Technology, a U.S. government organization that develops standards and applies technology and measurements. Nomination is a request for transportation service including the quantity of petroleum fluid that a shipper requests a pipeline company to transport for the nomination period. A process by which capacity available in a pipeline is distributed to parties in the event that nominations are in excess of the available supply or pipeline capacity. Typically,

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Appendix    n    623 Excavation

Excavation refers to any operation involving movement of earth, rock or other materials below existing grade or surface level. Excavation can include digging, blasting, boring, tunneling, and backfilling. External floating A storage vessel cover in an open top tank consisting of a roof double deck or pontoon single deck which rests upon and is supported by the petroleum liquid being contained and is equipped with a closure seal or seals to close the space between the roof edge and tank shell. Extraction A process generally unique to the oil sands industry, in which bitumen is separated from their source (oil sands). Eye (of an impeller) Internal pressure point at the inlet of the first impeller of the compressor. A “suction-to-eye” differential pressure is typically representative of flow. Failure While a pipeline that is actually leaking product is the most obvious indication of failure, failure is often also defined as the point at which the pipe material is stressed beyond its elastic or yield point. At that point, the material is deformed and does not return to its original shape. A pipeline rupture is an example of this type of failure. Failure frequency The number of failure events that occur divided by the total elapsed calendar time during which those events occur or by the total number of demands, as applicable. Failure probability Failure probability is the probability that a structure, device, equipment, system, etc. will fail on demand or will fail in a given time interval, expressed as a value from 0 to 1. Failure rate Failure rate is the number of failure events that occur divided by the total elapsed operating time during which those events occur or by the total number of demands, as applicable. Fatigue Pipelines experience fatigue as a result of periodic increases (application of stress) and decreases (removal of stress) in operating pressures. Because fatigue can cause a failure to occur at stress levels well below those that a material can withstand in a single, non-repetitive loading, materials that must resist repeated stress cycles must be specially designed for this service. Durability is the ability of the material to resist fatigue. Feedstock Material used in or supplied to a processing plant, refinery or oil sands upgrader. Field-erected An AST that is constructed by assembling it on-site at the storage tank facility. FERC The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is an independent regulatory agency within the Department of Energy that regulates the transmission and sale for resale of natural gas in interstate commerce; regulates the transmission of oil by pipeline in interstate commerce; regulates the transmission and wholesale sales of electricity in interstate commerce; licenses and inspects private, municipal, and state hydroelectric projects; oversees related environmental matters; administers accounting and financial reporting regulations and conducts of jurisdictional companies; and approves

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624    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems sitting and abandonment of interstate pipeline facilities. FERC can be contacted at 866-208-FERC or at www.ferc.gov. Fittings The small pipes and valves that are used to make up a system of piping. This may include fabricated assemblies (such as valves, pumps, and pipe fittings). Flammable fluid A fluid having a flash point lower than 100°C. Flange A projecting rim, edge, lip, or rib to provide strength for guiding or for attachment to another object, as a plate to close a pipe opening or other orifice. Flash point The lowest temperature under very specific conditions at which a combustible liquid will give off sufficient vapor to form a flammable mixture with air in a standardized vessel. Assesses the volatility of the product. Flow computer Field device for collecting measurement data in real time, (FC) performing certain calculations such as AGA, storing historical measurement and calculation data, and uploading to/downloading from the host SCADA. Flow line A pipeline (including valves and fittings) for transporting untreated hydrocarbons and other reservoir. Flow profile An expected yearly flow pattern for the liquid supply or demand over the project period that would be required to design the pipeline system. Flow-through A tank that forms an integral part of a production process process tank through which there is a steady, variable, recurring, or intermittent flow of materials during the operation of the process. Flow-through process tanks include tanks associated with vapor recovery units and oil-water separators. Flow-through process tanks do not include the storage of finished products or by-products from the production process. FOB Free on board. FOB prices exclude all, insurance and freight charge. Fracture toughness Fracture toughness is the ability of a material to deform under increasing tensile stress in the presence of a defect or crack without exhibiting rapid and extensive fracture propagation. Materials that have high fracture toughness can absorb larger amounts of energy (i.e., can withstand higher pressures or levels of stress) before an existing crack spreads. Full or tight line Flow that completely fills a pipeline, opposite to slack flow flow. Fungible batch A batch that can be combined with other batches of the same product. Gathering Lines The piping networks installed in oil fields to transport petroleum to a processing plant or bulk shipping point. Gathering system A system of pipelines laid to bring gas or oil from wells to a central point. Gasoil An intermediate distillate product used for diesel fuel (interchangeably with No. 2 heating oil). GIS Geographic Information Systems, a computerized information system for storing, manipulating and analyzing spatially referenced information.

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Appendix    n    625 Geometry tools

Gross volume Hazard and Operability Analysis

Hazardous site

Hazardous Substances HDA Heating oil Heavy crude oil Heavy oil High consequence area

High viscosity

HMI Host HSFO

Geometry tools are inline inspection tools that are used to identify changes in the internal shape/diameter of a pipeline. Changes in the internal shape or diameter of pipe can be caused by dents, wrinkles, ovality, bend radius and angle, and occasionally indications of significant internal corrosion. Raw volume of fluid at the measured conditions of pressure and temperature before it is corrected and before water and sediment (for liquid measurement) are accounted for. A hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP) is a systematic method for evaluating hazards. It often involves the review of detailed system drawings, specifications, and operating procedures. Process hazards and potential operating problems are identified through a qualitative investigation of deviations from normal process conditions. A hazardous site is the location of a hazard. This includes locations where hazardous materials are used, stored, transported or produced. It could also include a location where a hazardous liquid has been accidentally released. Substances that are hazardous to human and environmental well being. Hydrodealkylation, a process used for making benzene from toluene. Any petroleum based fuel used in the operation of heating equipment, boilers, or furnaces. Has API gravity lower than 28°. The lower the API gravity, the heavier the oil. Oil having an API gravity less than 22.3°. Includes some oil that will flow, however slowly, but most heavy oil requires heat or dilution to flow to a well or through a pipeline. A high consequence area (HCA) is a location that is specially defined in pipeline safety regulations as an area where pipeline releases could have greater consequences to health and safety or the environment. For oil pipelines, HCAs include high population areas, other population areas, commercially navigable waterways and areas un­ usually sensitive to environmental damage. Regulations require a pipeline operator to take specific steps to ensure the integrity of a pipeline for which a release could affect an HCA and, thereby, the protection of the HCA. A pollutant with a viscosity of 30 centistokes (cSt) and higher at 40 °C, such as American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) grades 5 and 6 residual oils, intermediate fuel oils, or Bunker C fuel. Human Machine Interface. This refers to the interface between a user and a SCADA or computer system. The centrally located collection of hardware and software of a SCADA system. High sulfur fuel oil.

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626    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems Highly volatile liquid HVP products Hoop stress

Hydrocarbons Hydrogen induced damange

Hydrant piping Hydrocarbon bubble point Hydrostatic pressure testing

Immediate repair condition Impeller In-service In-service pipeline Inactive pipeline

In Situ recovery Incident

A highly volatile liquid (HVL), as defined in pipeline safety regulations, is a hazardous liquid that will form a vapor cloud when released to the atmosphere and has a vapor pressure exceeding 276 kPa (40 psia) at 37.8 °C (100 °F). The acronym for high vapor pressure products. These are light hydrocarbons whose vapor pressure exceeds 110 kPa at 38 °C. Hoop stress is stress that acts around the circumference of a pipe (i.e., perpendicular to the pipe length) and is caused by the internal pressure pushing outward against the pipe wall. As pressure within the pipe increases, the stress in the pipe wall must be capable of acting against that pressure to contain it. Hoop stress is a critical factor in determining a pipe’s pressure holding capacity and thus in determining its appropriate application. A large class of liquid, solid, or gaseous organic compounds, consisting of only carbon and hydrogen, which are the basis of almost all petroleum products. Examples of hydrogen induced damage are: (1) formation of internal cracks, blisters, or voids in steels; (2) embrittlement (i.e., loss of ductility); and (3) high temperature hydrogen attack (i.e., surface decarbonation and chemical reaction with hydrogen). The pressurized integral piping system, including hydrant pits, associated with petroleum storage tank systems. The pressure and temperature point of a hydrocarbon liquid, at which vaporization is about to occur. Hydrostatic pressure testing (or ‘hydro testing’) is a method of testing pipeline integrity in which the line is filled with a liquid, usually water, and then the pressure of the liquid is raised to a specified pressure that is maintained for a specified period of time. Any ruptures or leaks revealed during the test must be repaired and the test repeated until no problems are noted. An immediate repair condition is a defect or anomaly in the condition of the pipe for which pipeline safety regulations require immediate action to repair the anomaly (reference 49CFR 195.452 [3]). The rotating element of a centrifugal pump that imparts the kinetic energy to the liquid. A storage tank system that is being actively maintained and operated. An in-service pipeline is a pipeline that is being used to transport natural gas or liquid. An inactive pipeline is a pipeline that is not presently being used to transport oil or natural gas but that is being maintained in accordance with regulatory requirements so that it can be put back in to active use if needed. The process of recovering crude bitumen from oil sands by drilling. A condition or situation indicating that a discharge may have occurred from a storage tank system.

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Appendix    n    627 Incident command system

In widespread or major emergencies that could affect large populations or have significant environmental impacts an Incident Command System (ICS) is usually established to coordinate the combined actions of various emergency response personnel. Incipient leak A leak that is just about to occur. Increment A strapping table of level increments vs. tank volumes, Strapping Table which is used to convert level increments into gross volumes. Industrial An enclosed structure that contains an AST system that occupancy building is used in association with an industrial or manufacturing process, or for electric power generating utilities, provided that the building was constructed and is used primarily for industrial, manufacturing, or electric power generating purposes, and not solely for the purpose of storing approved petroleum products. Industry cost of The industry cost of an incident is defined as all costs to the incident operator and its contractors. Initial injection Supply or inlet station, located at the beginning of the pipestation line system, where the product is lifted into the pipeline. Storage facilities, pumps and flow meters are installed at the station. Injection The process whereby a fluid is moved from a tank into a pipeline at the head or intermediate location within the pipeline company’s system. Inline inspection Inline inspection is a method of inspecting a pipeline using (ILI) an inline inspection tool or smart pig. ILI is also known as Internal Inspection or Smart Pigging. Different ILI techniques and tools are designed to detect defects in the pipe wall and on the internal and external surfaces of the pipe. Defects can include areas of corrosion, dents, metal loss, and the presence of cracks. ILI tool An inline inspection tool is a device used to perform inline inspection. An ILI tool is inserted into a pipeline and, usually, is pushed through the line by the pressure of the fluid being transported. As the ILI tool travels through the pipeline it uses nondestructive testing techniques and technology to identify and record potential pipe defects or abnormalities. An ILI tool is also known as an Intelligent or Smart Pig. Integral piping On-site piping, originating, or terminating at storage tank or tanks, that conveys petroleum products. Vapor recovery lines, pipeline facilities, and vent lines are not considered integral piping. Integral piping is not considered on-site if the piping crosses two boundaries. Integral piping includes all valves, elbows, joints, flanges, pumps, and flexible connectors, up to the forwarding pump. Integration of data As used in pipeline integrity management regulations, integration of data (or data integration) is the process of bringing together all available risk and integrity-related data and information. Data integration is necessary and useful in evaluating the combined impact of diverse factors on pipeline risk.

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628    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems Integrity

Integrity is being of sound and unimpaired condition. Pipeline integrity assures that the pipeline is in sound and unimpaired condition and can safely carry out its function under the conditions and parameters for which it was designed. Integrity An integrity assessment is an evaluation to determine pipeassessment line integrity. Acceptable assessment methods for pipelines include the use of internal inspection tools, hydrostatic pressure testing, or other technology that the operator demonstrates can provide an equivalent understanding of the pipe condition (reference 49CFR 195.452 [3]). Integrity In accordance with pipeline safety regulations for oil pipelines, management an operator’s integrity management program must include, at system a minimum, the following elements: a process for determining which pipeline segments could affect a High Consequence Area (HCA), a Baseline Assessment Plan, a process for continual integrity assessment and evaluation, an analytical process that integrates all available information about pipeline integrity and the consequences of a failure, repair criteria to address issues identified by the integrity assessment method and data analysis (the rule provides minimum repair criteria for certain, higher risk, features identified through internal i­nspection), a process to identify and evaluate preventive and mitigative measures to protect HCAs, methods to measure the integrity management program’s effectiveness, and a process for review of integrity assessment results and data analysis by a qualified individual (reference 49CFR 195.452 [3]). Internal floating A cover or roof in a fixed roof tank which rests upon or roof is floated upon the petroleum liquid being contained, and is equipped with a closure seal or seals to close the space between the roof edge and tank shell. Internal lining A material that is applied internally on AST bottoms to protect the tank from internal corrosion. Interruptible A service that can be interrupted if the pipeline capacity is service not sufficient to serve a higher priority transportation service. Interruptible service is less expensive than firm service Interstate pipeline An interstate pipeline is a pipeline or that part of a pipeline that is used in transportation of hazardous liquids or natural gas in interstate or foreign commerce. IPE International Petroleum Exchange. ISO International Standards Organization. Isomerate A gasoline blendstock made in an isomerization unit. ITT In-tank transfer. Kero Kerosene. Landed Cost (of oil) The cost of oil off-loaded at a port. Similar to CIF, but would also include any duties fees or taxes. Lateral A lateral is a segment of a pipeline that branches off of the main or transmission line to transport the product to a termination point, such as a tank farm or a metering station. Launcher A launcher is a pipeline component that is used for inserting an inline inspection tool, cleaning pig, or other device into a pressurized pipeline. After performing its task, the tool or pig is removed via receiver.

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Appendix    n    629 Leak

Leak survey

Lifting Light crude oil Light products, light ends Line fill Line markers

Line pack

Line packing/ unpacking Line pressure Liner Line section

Liquid-mounted seal Liquid trap LLS(USA) LNG

A leak is a small opening, crack, or hole in a pipeline allowing a release of oil or gas. Pipeline operators periodically perform leak surveys as leaks may not be readily or immediately detected. A leak survey is a systematic inspection for the purpose of finding leaks on a pipeline. The frequency and methods of performing leak surveys are regulated and may vary depending on several factors. Injection of a batch at the head of a pipeline system, also tankers and barges loading petroleum at a terminal or transfer point. Crude oil with API gravity higher than 33°. The group of petroleum products with lower boiling temperatures including gasolines and distillate fuels. The volume of petroleum products within a pipeline or a pipeline segment during transportation. Line markers are signs or other markers installed above the pipeline to indicate the approximate pipeline route and provide emergency phone numbers. Requirements for line markers are specified in federal pipeline safety regulations (reference 49CFR 192.707 [4] or 49CFR 195.410) [3]. The volume of fluid in a pipeline segment or entire pipeline system. Line pack can increase or decrease depending on whether the fluid volumes received are larger than the volumes delivered or vice versa. Increasing/decreasing process of line pack. Pressure generated by station pumps and transmitted to the line for purpose of moving product. An impervious material that is used externally as a method of secondary containment. A line section is a designated section of a continuous run of pipeline. Line sections may designate sections that run, for example, between adjacent compressor stations or pump stations, between a compressor/pump station and a storage facility, between a compressor/pump station and a block valve, or between adjacent block valves. A line section can also be designated for testing purposes. For example, a line section may be a pipeline segment designated for hydrostatic testing that runs between two mainline valves. A primary seal mounted so the bottom of the seal covers the liquid surface between the tank shell and the floating roof. Sumps, well cellars, and other traps used in association with oil and gas production, gathering and extraction operations. Light Louisiana Sweet. Liquefied natural gas.Supercooled natural gas that is maintained as a liquid at or below –160 °C; LNG occupies 1/600th of its original volume and is therefore easier to transport if pipelines cannot be used.

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630    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems Load factor Load sharing L/P LPG LS LSFO LSWR Lt Sweet Synthetic MAOP Magnetic flux leakage

Mainline

Mainline valves

Maintenance

Manifold Manometer

The ratio of average demand to maximum demand (peak load) during a specific period such as yearly or seasonal period. Sharing of load among pump units at a multiple unit station to achieve increased efficiency. Low pour. The acronym for liquefied petroleum gas, mostly being composed of normal butane, iso-butane, and propane. Low sulfur. Low sulfur fuel oil. Low sulfur waxy residual fuel oil. Light sweet synthetic crude. Maximum allowable operating pressure, at which a pipeline or a section of the pipeline is allowed to operate in normal conditions. Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) refers to an inline inspection technology in which a magnetic field is induced along a pipe wall through the use of a smart pig. As the smart pig travels through the pipeline, measurements are taken of the magnetic flux density at the internal surface of the wall. Changes in measured flux density indicate the presence of potential defects. A number of different MFL tool designs are used for pipeline inspection. These tools are often categorized as standard resolution or high resolution devices. High resolution MFL tools contain a greater number of sensors and thus provide more accurate measurements of potential defects and anomalies. A mainline consists of one or more pipeline sections that directly connect an origin point to a final delivery or break out point. All mainline sections are hydraulically coupled to one another. A mainline valve is a valve positioned at a location along the pipeline system that can be closed down to isolate a line section in an emergency. Mainline valves are especially important to minimize hazards and damage or pollution from an accidental release of oil or natural gas. Mainline valves may also be referred to as sectionalizing block valves for natural gas pipelines. (Reference 49CFR 192.179 [4] and 49CFR 195.260 [3]) Maintenance is the process of maintaining property or equipment, including pipelines and tanks, to preserve it and prevent it from failure and ensure that it will continue to perform its intended function. A collection of pipe in which tanks are connected to other equipment or a flow meter is mounted. A U-shaped tube containing a liquid (usually mercury or water) to measure the fluid pressure. The liquid level on one side of the tube changes with respect to the level on the other side with changes in pressure.

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Appendix    n    631 Mass flow meter

Mass flow meter is a flow meter measuring the flow rate directly in mass. Master Another term used for a SCADA host. Merchant upgrader Processing facilities designed to accept raw bitumen on a contract basis from producers. Metal loss Metal loss refers to any of a number of types of anomalies in pipe in which metal has been removed from the pipe surface, usually due to corrosion or gouging. Meter factor Correction factor applied to a meter’s reading to obtain a corrected reading, typically on a custody flow meter. Meter run Flow measurement unit consisting of the primary and secondary metering elements in the metering manifold. Meter prover A meter prover determines the meter factor of a turbine or positive displacement meter, i.e., the relationship between the number of counts or revolutions of the meter and the volume flowing through the meter. The number of counts on the meter being ‘proved’ is related to the volume passing the detectors on the ‘prover’. Metering stations Measure the quantity of natural gas or liquids flowing through a pipeline. Metric Ton A standard measurement: averages 7.33 barrels of crude oil. Mid-continent Oil produced mainly in Kansas, Oklahoma, and North crude Texas. Midgrade unleaded Un-leaded gasoline with a 89 R+M/2 octane rating. MMCF Million cubic feet. The cubic foot is a standard unit of measure for quantities of gas at atmospheric pressure and temperature. Modem A device that converts computer generated data streams into analog form so that they can be transmitted over a transmission line. Mobile tank An AST that is moved to a different location at least once every 180 days. MOGAS Abbreviation for motor gasoline. MON Motor Octane Number. MT Metric ton. MTBE Methyl tertiary butyl ether — an octane booster and oxygenate used for gasoline blending. Naphtha Straight-run gasoline fractions (for feedstock for reforming and as a petrochemical feedstock). N+A Naphthenes and aromatics. Naphthenic A high naphthenes content. Naphthenic Usually favored as reformer feedstock. naphtha NACE The National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) is a membership association focused on the study of corrosion and development of corrosion prevention and control standards. NACE International can be contacted at 281228-6200 or for more information see www.nace.org.

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632    n    Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems NPMS

NTSB

Nationally recognized laboratory Natural gas

Natural gas transmission pipeline

Net volume NFPA NGL

NIST Nomination Nomination allocation

The National Pipeline Mapping System (NPMS) is a geographic information system (GIS) database that contains the locations and selected attributes of natural gas transmission lines, hazardous liquid trunklines, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities operating in onshore and offshore territories of the United States. The NPMS is managed, operated, and maintained by the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) and is being developed under a joint government-industry effort involving OPS, other federal and state agencies, and the pipeline industry. OPS can be contacted at 202-366-6267 or for more information see www.npms.phmsa.dot.gov. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent US federal agency charged by Congress with investigating significant accidents in all modes of transportation — pipeline, aviation, railroad, highway, and marine. NTSB issues safety recommendations aimed at preventing future accidents. NTSB can be contacted at 202-314-6000 or for more information see www.ntsb.gov. An organization that can perform quantitative and qualitative tests on storage tank system equipment, evaluate the test data and equipment performance, and make determinations of the equipment’s capability of meeting the technical standards. Gaseous petroleum consisting of methane with some amounts of ethane, propane, butane and pentane, and heavie­r hydrocarbons. It can include carbon dioxide, h­ydrogen sulfide, and water. A natural gas transmission pipeline is a pipeline, other than a gathering line, that 1) transports gas from a gathering line or storage facility to a distribution center, storage facility, or large-volume customer that is not downstream from a distribution center; 2) operates at a hoop stress of 20% or more of specified minimum yield strength (SMYS); or, 3) transports gas within a storage field. Measured volume corrected to base pressure and temperature, used in accordance with an accepted standard such as API 11.2.2, ASTM tables or ISO 9770. National Fire Protection Association. The acronym for natural gas liquid, being composed of propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, and possibly trace amount of ethane. These components are produced from natural gas stream and recovered in liquids from gas processing plants. National Institute of Science and Technology, a U.S. government organization that develops standards and applies technology and measurements. Nomination is a request for transportation service including the quantity of petroleum fluid that a shipper requests a pipeline company to transport for the nomination period. A process by which capacity available in a pipeline is distributed to parties in the event that nominations are in excess of the available supply or pipeline capacity. Typically,

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Appendix    n    633

Non-active corrosion

NDT

Noteworthy industry practices

NOR NYMEX Octane number Office of Pipeline Safety

Off-peak period Offshore pipeline

Oil

Oil pool Oil rig Oil run Oil sands

the allocation is based on service type, contract type, and a company’s tariff provisions. Non-active corrosion is corrosion that has been discovered and treated (coated, chemically inhibited, or otherwise controlled) to stop the metal particle loss. Non-active corrosion areas are often monitored over time to verify the corrosion process is in fact halted. Pipeline non-destructive testing typically consists of: 1. Radiography (X-rays): identifies laminations and weld discontinuities. 2. Ultrasonics: locates lamination in the walls of pipe; determines wall thicknesses. 3. Magnetic particle inspection: tests for surface cracks in welds and component bodies. 4. Dye penetrant: locates surface cracks in welds or component bodies. 5. Ammonium persulfate: identifies hard spots in welds due to arc burns. In pipeline integrity management, noteworthy industry practices are unique methods or procedures found to be in use by one or more pipeline operators and deemed to be notable such that their adoption by other operators could significantly enhance the implementation of pipeline integrity management requirements by those other operators. Notice of readiness. New York Mercantile Exchange. A measure of the detonation quality of gasoline. The higher the octane number, the higher the resistance to engine knock. OPS is the agency within the U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), that is responsible for regulating the safety of design, construction, testing, operation, maintenance, and emergency response of U.S. oil and natural gas pipeline facilities. OPS can be contacted at 202-3664595 or for more information see