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ETPÁO[ML LTNINJEM  

Emilrntal `km eikjtk vnehkrl pere anjnanzer km rkolrrn`l `k vnsntes prlireae`es kj uje kaprkse `k skiurls. Emilrntba lg tbk trevkm eikjt tl anjnanzk tbk trevkm lg sobk`umk` vnsnts nj ej njsurejok olapejy. Emilrntal `k vnehejtks pere anjnanzer e rlte `l eikjtk vnsntes eikj`e`es juae kaprkse `k skiurls. Emkx Hevnkr Uunõljks Tkyks5, Mnmy Aerilt Wnmmer Pnrevejttn4, Henak K`uer`l Iutnîrrkz Esoÿj ?. Tksuakj Me pmejngnoeonÿj `k mes vnsntes, kj me kaprkse eskiure`lre, jl oljtede olj uj al`kml `k rk` quk lptnanzere me rute quk oljkotede km `lanonmnl `k mls omnkjtks pere ouapmnr olj tl`es mes vnsntes prlireae`es.   Kste njvkstnieonÿj `ktkranjÿ km al`kml `k rk`ks, ak`nejtk km emilrntal `k eikjtk vnehkrl, quk anjnanzÿ km rkolrrn`l `k mes vnsntes prlireae`es. Km kstu`nl tuvl `nskõl `k njvkstnieonÿj prk kxpkrnakjtem. @k uje  pldmeonÿj `k 466 omnkjtks egnmne`ls, sk tlaÿ uje aukstre `k 4? omnkjtks. _k n`kjtngnoÿ me `kaej`e, sk kmedlrÿ me `nstrnduonÿj `k gmuhl y sk epmnoÿ uj al`kml aetkaåtnol kj prlireaeonÿj mnjkem. Olj km ejåmnsns EDO sk n`kjtngnoerlj e mls 4? omnkjtks l jl`ls, sk kmedlrÿ uje `nstrnduonÿj `k gmuhl kj uj aepkl olj trks rutes rkemks, uje rk` pltkjonem olj `ls omøstkrks y sk epmnoÿ km al`kml aetkaåtnol eikjtk vnehkrl. Mls slgtwerks utnmnze`ls gukrlj YnjU_D, Rm_tet, Kxokm, NDA _V__ v46. Km rkolrrn`l tltem `k me rk` pltkjonem njnonem kre `k >6 ;96 a, km al`kml ldtkjn`l rk`uhl km rkolrrn`l e ?4 ;7> a3 olj kmml sk anjnanzÿ km 70% `km tltem `k me `nstejone3 pere km omøstkr ujl, `k 52 ?96 a, km rkolrrn`l sk rk`uhl e 5? >?6,47 a (40%)3 pere km omøstkr `ls, `k 99 ?66 a, km rkolrrn`l sk rk`uhl e 42 0;>,60 a (7?%). Mes akhlres oljtrnduykrlj `nrkoteakjtk e rk`uonr km tnkapl `km rkolrrn`l `k mes rutes, ml quk dkjkgnonÿ epkrtures `k aeylr oldkrture, akjlrks olstls `k lpkreonÿj y aeylr kgkotnvn`e` kj mls prloksls `k vnsntes e mls omnkjtks.  Vemedres omevk8 @kaej`e, `nstrnduonÿj `k gmuhl, al`kml `k rk`ks, rute, tnkapl `k rkolrrn`l rkolrrn`l.

Edstreot Pbk pmejjnji lg tbk vnsnts, tbk njsurejok olapejy,  `n` jlt olujt wntb e jktwlrc al`km tbet lptnanzk` tbk rlutk tbet oljjkotk` tbk e``rkss lg tbk omnkjts tl gumgnmm emm tbk sobk`umk` vnsnts. Pbns rkskerob `ktkranjk` tbk jktwlrc al`km, tbrluib tbk emilrntba lg trevkmkr eikjt tbet anjnanzk` tbk rlutk lg tbk sobk`umk` vnsnts. Pbk stu`y wes `ksornptnvk wntb e prk-kxpkrnakjtem rkskerob `ksnij. Lg e plpumetnlj lg 466 eggnmnetk` omnkjts, e seapmk lg 4? omnkjts wes teckj. Pbk `kaej` wes n`kjtngnk`, tbk gmlw `nstrndutnlj wes kmedlretk` ej` e aetbkaetnoem al`km wes eppmnk` nj mnjker prlireaanji. Yntb tbk EDO ejemysns, tbk 4? omnkjts lr jl`ks wkrk n`kjtngnk`, e gmlw `nstrndutnlj wes kmedlretk` nj e aeppnji wntb tbrkk rkem rlutks, e pltkjtnem jktwlrc wntb twl omustkrs ej` tbk aetbkaetnoem al`km trevkmnji eikjt wes eppmnk`. Pbk slgtwerk usk` wes YnjU_D, Rm_tet, Kxokm, NDA _V__ v46. Pbk tltem rlutk lg tbk njntnem pltkjtnem jktwlrc wes >6 ;96 a, tbk al`km ldtenjk` rk`uok` tbk rlutk tl ?4 ;7> a3 wntb tbns, 70% lg tbk tltem `nstejok wes anjnanzk`3 glr omustkr ljk, lg 52 ?96 a, tbk rlutk wes rk`uok` tl 5? >?6,47 a (40%)3 glr omustkr twl, 99 ?66 a, tbk rlutk wes rk`uok` tl 42 0;>.60 a (7?%). Pbk naprlvkakjts `nrkotmy oljtrndutk` tl rk`uok tbk tnak lg tbk rlutk lg tbk rlutks, wbnob dkjkgntk` lpkjnjis lg irketkr olvkreik, mlwkr olsts lg lpkretnlj ej` irketkr kggkotnvkjkss nj tbk  prlokssks lg vnsnts tl tbk omnkjts. @kaej`, gmlw `nstrndutnlj, al`km lg jktwlrcs, rlutk, tnak lg trevkm   .  Ckywlr`s8  @kaej`,

Tksual L pmejkheakjtl `k vnsntes, e olapejbne `k skiurls,  jïl tka ua al`kml `k rk`k quk lptnanze e rlte mniej`l e 5

  Ksoukme `k Njikjnkráe Nj`ustrnem. Deobnmmkr. [jnvkrsn`e` Oîser Wemmkhl. Obnadltk. Vkrø.  hqgnjejonemFiaenm.o  hqgnjejonemFiaenm.ola la..  bttp8//lron`.lri/6666-6665-7700-095R .  4 Mnmy.vnmmerFiaenm.ola..   Ksoukme `k Njikjnkráe Nj`ustrnem. Deobnmmkr. [jnvkrsn`e` Oîser Wemmkhl. Obnadltk. Vkrø.  Vkrø.   Mnmy.vnmmerFiaenm.ola ? nji\heiuFbltaenm.ola..    Ksoukme `k Njikjnkráe Nj`ustrnem. Deobnmmkr. [jnvkrsn`e` Oîser Wemmkhl. Obnadltk. Vkrø. nji\heiuFbltaenm.ola bttp8//lron`.lri/6666-666?-067;-??;> .  Tkondn`l8 4?/62/4659 Eokpte`l8 4>/6>/4659

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

oese `k omnkjtks pere etkj`kr tl`es es vnsntes prlireae`es. Kste pksqunse `ktkranjlu l al`kml `k rk`k, etrevîs `l emilrntal `l eikjtk `k vneika, quk anjnanzlu e rlte `es vnsntes eikj`e`es. L kstu`l gln `ksorntnvl ola ua prlhktl `k pksqunse prî-kxpkrnakjtem. @k uae plpumeéïl `k 466 omnkjtks egnmne`ls, uae ealstre `k 4? omnkjtks gln rkemnze`e. E `kaej`e gln n`kjtngnoe`e, e `nstrndunéïl `l gmuxl gln kmedlre`e k ua al`kml aetkaåtnol gln epmnoe`l je prlireaeéïl mnjker. Ola e ejåmnsk EDO n`kjtngnolu ls 4? omnkjtks lu jÿs, `nstrndunéïl `k gmuxl gln `kskjvlmvn`l jl aepkeakjtl rkens très rltes, uae rk`k ka pltkjonem ola `lns omustkrs k l al`kml aetkaåtnol gln epmnoe`l oenxknrl vnehejtk. L slgtwerk utnmnze`l gln YnjU_D, Rm_tet, Kxokm, NDA _V__ v46. E rlte tltem `e rk`k pltkjonem njnonem gln `k >6 ;96 a, l al`kml ldtn`l rk`uznu e rlte  pere ?4 ;7> a3 ola nssl, glrea anjnanze`ls 70% `e `nstäjone tltem3 Vere l omustkr ua, `k 52 ?96 a, e rl rlte te gln rk`uzn`e pere oljtrndunu 5? >?6,47 `nrkteakjtk a (40%)3 Vere `lns, 99`k?66 a, e`k rlte gln rk`uzn`e pere 42 0;>,60 `k a (7?%). Akmblrnes perel eomustkr rk`uéïl rltes tkapl vneika, dkjkgnonej`l edkrtures aenlr oldkrture, akjlrks oustls lpkreonljens k vnsntes aens kgnoezks prlokssls `k omnkjtks.  Vemevres obevk8 @kaej`e, `nstrndunéïl `k gmuxl, al`kml `k rk`ks, rlte, tkapl `k vneika. vneika.

Njtrl`uoonÿj Eotuemakjtk, sk ldskrve kj km kjtlrjl imldem quk mes kaprkses `k`noe`es em skrvnonl l e me aejugeoture snkaprk prkskjtej prldmkaes olj km nje`koue`l aejkhl `k mls rkoursls, plr kmml ks naplrtejtk oljlokr mes bkrreankjtes jkoksernes pere rkemnzer uj akhlr oljtrlm y skiunankjtl sldrk km oljhujtl `k eotnvn`e`ks quk rkemnze me kaprkse. Me kaprkse eskiure`lre, ldhktl `k kstu`nl, prkskjtede gemte `k pmejngnoeonÿj `k rutes y kj me  pråotnoe jl mlirede mls rksumte`ls kspkre`ls, kjtrk ltrls prldmkaes eslone`ls olal quk jl sk lriejnzede e me ikjtk `k aejkre eprlpne`e, jl sk ouapmáe olj mes vnsntes e mls omnkjtks kj uje slme rute, plr ml oljtrernl, sk kxtkj`áej mls tnkapls em eapmnersk mls rkolrrn`ls. Ks `konr, km jl oljter olj uj pmej `k rute `kgnjn`l, mls eikjtks y mls supkrvnslrks tkjáej auy ploes lplrtujn`e`ks `k mlirer sus aktes l `k sedkr ouåj`l y `ÿj`k sk kståj `ksvnej`l `k su oeanjl. Kj `kgnjntnve, me gemte `k pmejngnoeonÿj `k rutes `ksiestede mls rkoursls `k mls eikjtks `k skiurls snj mlirer km ldhktnvl `k vnsnter e tl`ls mls m ls omnkjtks `kjtrl `k uje rk` `k vnsntes prlireae`es. prlireae`es. Bey sntueonljks quk sk puk`kj rkprkskjter ak`nejtk km al`kml `k jl`ls l rk`ks pere skr rksukmtl3 eskiurej`l me oljskouonÿj, ujl tres ltrl, rkirksej`l em pujtl `k lrnikj snj beokr vnsntes plr skiuj`e vkz em ansal omnkjtk. Km al`kml sk oljstntuyk, plr tejtl, kj uje jkoksn`e` pere dusoer me slmuonÿj e uje rute olapmkhe. Mes rk`ks sk `ktkranjej `ktkranjej teadnîj plr mls teaeõls y kstls kstls pl`ráej skr skr uje rk` gnjnte y uje rk` njgnjnte3 pere eadls tnpls `k rk`ks sk epmnoe uj al`kml quk oljkote e tl`ls mls jl`ls eslonåj`lsk e uj tnpl `k gmuhl3 olal km gmuhl `k trågnol `k eutlaÿvnmks3 eikjtks `k skiurls vnsntej`l omnkjtks3 km gmuhl `k prl`uotls pktrlmkrls. Ks naplrtejtk oljsn`krer quk km gmuhl sk mnante plr me oejtn`e` `k erols kj me rk`3 pere me rk` `k vnsntes `k mls eikjtks `k skiurls tnkjk quk skr `nrnin`es pere ldtkjkr uj gmuhl plsntnvl kj me ansae `nrkoonÿj. Mls jl`ls l omnkjtks em kster kjmeze`ls olj erols l reaes `kgnjkj me rute `km al`kml, plr ltrl me`l, `k aejkre `nstnjte sn kstuvnkrej pesej`l plr ltrl jl`l quk tnkjk quk skr vnsnte`l, kstl nj`kpkj`nkjtkakjtk `km gmuhl `k oe`e erol, sk rkoljkote y sk kjmeze e mls jl`ls em akjls plr kste rute3 `k kste aejkre sk `nrkoonlje e tl`ls mls omnkjtks olj mls eikjtks `k skiurl, kj uje vnsnte tres ltre, n`kjtngnoej`l me rute ÿptnae, anjnanzej`l km rkolrrn`l kspkre`l (Pebe, 4654, p. 46>-456). Glraej pertk `k me `kaej`e mls usuernls l omnkjtks pltkjonemks `k skiurls quk prkonsej oudrnr uj rnksil, kstej`l olj me oepeon`e` `k peier me prnae quk mk olrrksplj`k3 olal kj ltres nj`ustrnes km eskiure`lr `kdk prkperersk pere kjgrkjter e mes jukves y oljstejtks kxnikjones `k me `kaej`e `km akroe`l ehustej`l mls skrvnonls `k vkjtes e mls rnksils. Me `nstrnduonÿj `k gmuhl kj me nj`ustrne `k mls skiurls sk `ktemme kj eotnvn`e`ks quk pkrantkj km tresme`l `k mls eikjtks `k skiurls `ks`k mes lgnonjes prnjonpemks, `lj`k njnone km prloksl, beste me vnsnte em omnkjtk y/l eskiure`l `k aejkre setnsgeotlrne. Vere km al`kml `k rk`ks olj emilrntal `km eikjtk vnehkrl, me `nstrnduonÿj `k gmuhl ks me rkprkskjteonÿj `km `nskõl `k uje rute pere oe`e eikjtk `k skiurls, y `k kste aejkre, rkemnzer km rkolrrn`l `k mes vnsntes y mmkier e mls omnkjtks `k aejkre kgkotnve.

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

_kiøj Tnvkrls (465;) me epmnoeonÿj `k me njvkstnieonÿj `k lpkreonljks em prldmkae `k me `nstrnduonÿj e uje kaprkse mliástnoe akhlrÿ me `nstrnduonÿj. Loeõe (4654), `nskõÿ km al`kml aetkaåtnol pere rkslmvkr mls prldmkaes `k rutkl vkbnoumer oepeonte`l olj vkjtejes `k tnkapl, olj me epmnoeonÿj `km emilrntal `k Omerc & Yrnibt, ldtuvl uj eblrrl `km 4?% kj km tnkapl tltem `km rkolrrn`l. Ieroáe (4656) `kserrlmmÿ uje aktl`lmliáe pere me `ktkranjeonÿj `k oeanjls aájnals kj rk`ks `k tråjsntl y kj tnkapl rkem utnmnzej`l tîojnoes `k eprkj`nzehk olaputeonljem quk rksumterlj  prlaktk`lrks, eujquk sk kvn`kjonÿ quk puk`k tkjkr uj akhlr olaplrteankjtl olaplrteankjtl kj rk`ks aås irej`ks, ye ske `k onu`e`ks `k aeylr teaeõl l kj rk`ks `kjses `k oerrktkres, `lj`k sk pl`ráej beokr prk`noonljks kj tnkapls aeylrks. Ernes (4656) pere me epmnoeonÿj `km al`kml `k lptnanzeonÿj kj me pmejkeonÿj `k rutes `k dusks ksolmerks mlirÿ `nskõer uje prlpukste `k  pmejkeonÿj `k rutes e trevîs `km `kserrlmml `k uj al`kml `k lptnanzeonÿj, lptnanzeonÿj, quk pkrantnÿ rk`uonr mls olstls njvlmuore`ls y akhlrer me kgnonkjone `km prloksl. Teaárkz (4650) qunkj usÿ me `njåanoe `k snstkaes pere lptnanzer mes rutes `k rkolhl `k rksn`uls sÿmn`ls tredehÿ olj slgtwerk mnjil olal bkrreankjte `k gåonm usl k njtkrprkteonÿj pere lptnanzer mes rutes `k rkolhl `k rksn`uls sÿmn`ls. Km kstu`nl `k Oerdljkm (465;) quk prlpusl uj al`kml aetkaåtnol `k pmejngnoeonÿj `k rutes pere anjnanzer mls olstls `k rkpertl mlirÿ pmejngnoer mes rutes `k rkpertl `k oerie e trevîs `k uj al`kml aetkaåtnol. Km eutlr oljomuyÿ quk jl kxnstk uj øjnol orntkrnl pere kmkinr uj al`kml `k rutes, kstl `kpkj`k `k me rkemn`e` kspkoágnoe y `k me bednmn`e` `km njvkstnie`lr pere edstrekr `k me rkemn`e` `k mes vernedmks y rkstrnoonljks quk vkr`e`kreakjtk egkotej e me ikstnÿj `k me `nstrnduonÿj kstu`ne`e. _kiøj Mlze`e (465;) kjoljtrÿ slmuonljks em prldmkae `k rutkl `k vkbáoumls olj vkjtejes `k tnkapl (WTVPY) ak`nejtk aîtl`ls bkurástnols utnmnzej`l km slgtwerk `k Aetmed. Oljomuykj`l quk me slmuonÿj em prldmkae `k rutkl `k vkbáouml olj vkjtejes `k tnkapl sk ouapmnÿ kj su tltemn`e` y quk me bkrreankjte `kserrlmme`e errlhÿ rksumte`ls geotndmks quk `edej slmuonÿj em prldmkae. Km kstu`nl `k Tlhes (4650) lptnanzÿ me plmátnoe `k `kspeobl `k uje olapeõáe geraeoîutnoe, `ks`k km okjtrl `k `nstrnduonÿj beone mloemks `k rkinÿj aktrlplmnteje, `k eoukr`l e vernedmks y rkstrnoonljks `km jkilonl, anjnanzej`l mls olstls vernedmks `k trejsplrtk njourrn`ls, aejtkjnkj`l em akjls km jnvkm `k skrvnonl eotuem. Kste njvkstnieonÿj oljomuyÿ quk olj me napmkak napmkakjteonÿj jteonÿj `k me bkurástnoe `k eblrrl `k Omerck ej` Yrnibt (5 kjglquk), sk be mlirÿ `nsanjunr kj 72 me oejtn`e` `k vnehks akjsuemks quk `kdk rkemnzer me gmlte pere edestkokr rkinÿj aktrlplmnteje. Km al`kml aetkaåtnol `km prldmkae `km Eikjtk Wnehkrl (P_V), `kdk `er me slmuonÿj pere mlirer anjnanzer km rkolrrn`l `k vnsntes prlireae`es, km prlpÿsntl prnjonpem ks n`kjtngnoer me glrae `k `kserrlmmer uje inre tltem pere oljkoter e tl`ls mls jl`ls vnsntej`l uje øjnoe vkz oe`e jl`l y `k anjnanzer me `nstejone kj km rkolrrn`l `k me vukmte, kj ikjkrem, km al`kml mlire uj rksumte`l ÿptnal kj me rk` `k vnsntes prlireae`es. prlireae`es.

[j al`kml P_V ks `ksorntl ak`nejtk km jøakrl `k onu`e`ks j y me aetrnz `k `nstejones ╕`nh╕. Vlr oljsniunkjtk, me `kgnjnonÿj `k uj rkolrrn`l prlbádk snkaprk oljkoter uje onu`e` e sá ansae em esnijer uje pkjemnzeonÿj auy emte e mls kmkakjtls `neiljemks `k me aetrnz `k `nstejones. Km al`kml `km eikjtk vnehkrl ks snaîtrnol sn `nh 1 `hn pere tl`es mes n y h. @k ml oljtrernl, km al`kml P_V ks esnaîtrnol. [je rk` kstå olapukste plr uj oljhujtl `k jl`ls ujn`ls plr erols (l reaes). Me jlteonÿj pere `ksorndnr uje rk` ks (J, E), `lj`k J ks km oljhujtl `k jl`ls, y E ks km oljhujtl `k tl`ls erols. Tkmeonlje`l olj oe`e rk` bey uj gmuhl (plr khkapml, mls prl`uotls `k pktrÿmkl gmuykj plr uj lmkl`uotl y km trågnol `k eutlaÿvnmks gmuyk plr mes oerrktkres), km gmuhl aåxnal kj uje rk` puk`k skr gnjntl l njgnjntl, `k eoukr`l e me oepeon`e` `k sus erols. _k `nok quk uj erol kstå `nrnin`l u lrnkjte`l sn eokpte km gmuhl plsntnvl sÿml kj uje `nrkoonÿj. [je rk` `nrnin`e tnkjk km njtkirl `k mls erols `nrnin`ls. [je rute ks uj oljhujtl `k erols quk ujkj `ls jl`ls `nstnjtls, kstls pesej e trevîs `k ltrls jl`ls kj me rk` (Pebe, 4654, pp. 46>-456) Vere geonmnter me mmkie`e olj me prlireaeonÿj `nerne `k vnsntes e mls omnkjtks `k me kaprkse eskiure`lre, `k auobes sntueonljks n`kjtngnoeals emiujes quk puk`kj rkprkskjter uj al`kml pere skr rksukmtl dehl km ksqukae `k jl`ls (omnkjtks) ujl tres ltrl y vlmvkr em pujtl `k lrnikj snj beokr vnsnte plr skiuj`e vkz em ansal omnkjtk, km al`kml sk oljstntuyk dehl uje jkoksn`e` `k dusoer uje slmuonÿj slmuonÿ j e uje rute olapmkhe em jl tkjkr n`kjtngnoe`l n`kjtng noe`l km akhlr rkolrrn`l. Mes rk`ks sk kja kjaeroej eroej teadnîj kj mls teaeõls y kstls pl`ráej skr uje rk` gnjnte y uje rk` njgnjnte pere eadls tnpls `k

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

rk`ks y pere oe`e ujl sk epmnoe uj al`kml quk oljkotk e tl`ls mls jl`ls eslonåj`lsk e uj tnpl `k gmuhl3 olal gmuhl `k trågnol `k eutlaÿvnmks3 eikjtks `k skiurls vnsntej`l omnkjtks3 gmuhls `k  prl`uotls pktrlmkrls, ks naplrtejtks oljsn`krer quk km gmuhl sk mnante m nante plr me oejtn`e` `k erols kj me rk` pere me rk` `k vnsntes `k mls eikjtks `k skiurls tnkjk quk skr `nrnin`es pere ldtkjkr uj gmuhl  plsntnvl pere me ansae `nrkoonÿj. Mls jl`ls l omnkjtks em kster kjmeze`ls olj erols l reaes `kjtrl `km al`kml `kgnjkj me rute kstls skráej `nstnjtls ye quk ksteráej pesej`l plr ltrl jl`l nj`kpkj`nkjtkakjtk `k gmuhl `k oe`e erol y e me vkz me rkoljkote`e ks me quk kjmeze e mls jl`ls em akjls plr uje rute3 `k kste aejkre sk oljkotej mls omnkjtks e vnsnter olj mls eikjtks `k skiurl uje vnsnte tres ltre n`kjtngnoej`l me rute ÿptnae anjnanze anjnanzej`l j`l km rkolrrn`l kspkre`l km rkolrrn`l kjtrk mls jl`ls. Me epmnoeonÿj `k uj al`kml `k rk`ks quk oljkote e tl`ls mls omnkjtks pere skr vnsnte`ls plr mls eikjtks `k skiurls, kjoljtrer me rute lptnae sk oljvnkrtk kj uj prldmkae aetkaåtnol km ouem em oljter olj oereotkrástnoe `k uj oljhujtl lr`kje`l y gnjntl `k lpkreonljks olal km emilrntal quk sk epmnoeráe kj km al`kml `k rk` pere km ouapmnankjtl `k mls ldhktnvls. Kj uje vnsnte prlireae`e e `ngkrkjtks pkrgnmks y skiakjtls `k omnkjtks me lptnanzeonÿj `km rkolrrn`l olal kjoljtrer me rute aås olrte. Km prldmkae `km eikjtk vnehkrl, (P_V) olal mls `kaås `k rk`ks, njtrl`uok uj oljhujtl `k jl`ls y erols quk oljkotej tl`ls mls jl`ls. Me gnjemn`e` ks kjoljtrer me glrae `k rkemnzer uje inre olapmkte quk oljkotk tl`ls mls jl`ls vnsntej`l sÿml uje vkz oe`e jl`l y anjnanzer l aexnanzer me `nstejone `k me inre tltem. Kstk al`kml tnkjk juakrlses epmnoeonljk epmnoeonljkss kj km åadntl `k me njikjnkráe. Me `ngnoumte` `km oåmouml `km prldmkae `km eikjtk vnehkrl (P_V) sniuk `kspkrtej`l aømtnpmks njnonetnves plr akhlrer me kgnonkjone kj km oåmouml `k mes rutes. Km prlok`nankjtl dåsnol ks km oljlon`l olj km jladrk `k gukrze drute, kstk oljsnstk kj km oåmouml `k tl`ls mls plsndmks rkolrrn`ls,  plr oljsniunkjtk, sk beok kxtrkae`eakjtk njkgnonkjtk y oesn quk sk naplsndnmnte kj rk`ks `k irej teaeõl. Peadnîj, kxnstkj bkurástnols quk sk bej `kserrlmme`l plr me olapmkhn`e` kj km oåmouml `k slmuonljks ÿptnaes kj rk`ks rldustes, plr ksl, kxnstkj aîtl`ls olal km vkonjl aås okroejl, me njskronÿj aås derete y km `ldmk skjtn`l. Vere tkranjer, sk kjoukjtrej mls emilrntals quk  prlplronljej slmuonljks ÿptnaes, olal km aîtl`l `k drejob ej` dluj` (reangnoeo (reangnoeonÿj nÿj y pl`e), ouye terke ks `kserrlmmer km prldmkae olal uj emilrntal `k esnijeonÿj y ml rksukmvk plr ak`nl `km aîtl`l snapmkx. Km aîtl`l `k me gukrze drute jl eoerrke me epmnoeonÿj `k jnjiøj emilrntal snstkaåtnol, je`e aås oljsnstk kj rkoljlokr tl`ls mls rkolrrn`ls plsndmks. Plaej`l kj oukjte me sniunkjtk rk`, snaîtrnoe, mes rutes plsndmks sk anjnanzej. Km prlok`nankjtl `km vkonjl aås okroejl ks uj emilrntal bkurástnol `nskõe`l pere slmuonljer km  prldmkae `km eikjtk vnehkrl (P_V), jl eskiure uje slmuonÿj ÿptnae, jl ldstejtk, sukmk geonmnter  dukjes slmuonljks, y tnkjk uj tnkapl `k oåmouml auy kgnonkjtk. Km prlok`nankjtl pere km `kserrlmml ks auy snanmer em utnmnze`l utnmn ze`l pere rkslmvkr prldmkaes prldmkaes `k årdlm `k kxpejsnÿj aájnae. Aîtl`l `k drejob ej` dluj` (reangnoeonÿj y pl`e) jls geonmnte uje slmuonÿj ÿptnae `km prldmkae `km eikjtk vnehkrl (P_V), oemoumej`l ak`nejtk km emilrntal snapmkx me slmuonÿj `km al`kml. E ak`n`e quk euakjtk km teaeõl `k me rk` km prlok`nankjtl puk`k ter`er oejtn`e` `k tnkapl kj rkslmvkrsk, pkrl, pere mes rk`ks `k ak`nejl teaeõl, ks me akhlr emtkrjetnve. Kj kste njvkstnieonÿj sk utnmnzerå km aÿ`uml Jktwlrc Al`kmnji `km slgtwerk YnjU_D pere n`kjtngnoer me slmuonÿj ÿptnae.

Aetkrnemks y aîtl`ls Km prkskjtk kstu`nl tuvl `nskõl `k njvkstnieonÿj prk kxpkrnakjtem, puks sk prktkj`nÿ aejnpumer, aájnaeakjtk me vernedmk nj`kpkj`nkjtk ”al`kml `k rk`ks olj emilrntal `km eikjtk vnehkrl ‑  pere ldskrver su kgkotl kj me `kpkj`nkjtk (rutes). Me pldmeonÿj gukrlj mls egnmne`ls y olmedlre`lrks `k me lgnonje `k Obnadltk y mls omnkjtks, njomun`ls kj me prlireaeonÿj `k vnsntes, quk kståj egkote`ls `nrkoteakjtk em mls prldmkae (`ukõlsy `km prldmkae) `urejtk `k ujskiurls. `áe `k tredehl. Me aukstre kstuvl oljglrae`e plr olmedlre`lrks egnmne`ls `k me kaprkse

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

Kj km prlok`nankjtl, sk kvemuerlj trks `nakjsnljks `k me vernedmk nj`kpkj`nkjtk olal slj me `kaej`e, me `nstrnduonÿj `k gmuhl y km al`kml aetkaåtnol. Vere me ldtkjonÿj y ejåmnsns `k `etls `k me `kaej`e sk tredehÿ uje desk `k 466 egnmne`ls3 pere me `nstrnduonÿj `k gmuhl sk rkolmkotÿ me njglraeonÿj pere ldtkjkr `etls `k udnoeonljks `k mls omnkjtks y sus `nstejones3 kj me glraumeonÿj `km al`kml aetkaåtnol sk al`kmÿ me `kgnjnonÿj `kgnjnon ÿj `km prldmkae kj rkmeonljks aetkaåtnoes3 pere  pl`kr rkslmvkr km prldmkae prldmkae `km al` al`kml kml aetkaåtnol aetkaåtnol quk pkrantnÿ ldtkjkr me rute rute aås olrte kj me rk`, rk`, sk glraumÿ uj al`kml `k prlireaeonÿj mnjkem utnmnzej`l vernedmks dnjernes `km al`kml `km  prldmkae `km eikjtk vnehkrl vnehkrl P_V. Kj me slmuonÿj `km al`kml, sk rkemnzÿ me olrrn`e `k mls `etls kj km aÿ`uml Jktwlr` Al`kmnji `km prlireae prlireae YnjU_D. Kj me vemn`eonÿj ouemntetnve sk olapererlj olapererlj mls rksumte`ls `km oukstnljernl3 njstruakjtl utnmnze`l kj me epmnoeonÿj `k mes tîojnoes t îojnoes `k rkolmkoonÿj rkolmkoonÿj `k `etls, olj uje vemn`kz y oljgnednmn`e` `km >7.;% (?0 kmkakjtls). _k usÿ aetkrnem dndmnliregáe `k `ngkrkjtks eutlrks. Mls prlireaes `k eoukr`l em ire`l `k naplrtejone pere me kmedlreonÿj `km prkskjtk tredehl gukrlj, prlireae Illimk Kertb, prlireae Illimk Aeps, prlireae y aejuem `k YnjU_D, prlireae Rm_tet, prlireae NDA _V__ W 46, anorlslgt Lgnok (Kxokm, Ylr`) y `etls rkmkvejtks y eotuemks `k me rk` `k vnsntes `k me kaprkse. Me bkrreankjte quk sk utnmnzÿ pere mmkier `k aejkre kgnonkjtk em rksumte`l, guk km usl `k mes aetrnoks olal me aetrnz `k ejtkok`kjtks, me aetrnz `k lpkreonljemnzeonÿj, me aetrnz `k oljsnstkjone y me aetrnz `k `kskjmeok.

Tksumte`ls Km al`kml `k rk`ks olj emilrntal `km Eikjtk Wnehkrl rkslmvnÿ me prkiujte `k quî aejkre me `kaej`e, me `nstrnduonÿj gmuhl y km `k al`kml aetka aetkaåtnol, åtnol, kj km al`kml rk`ks`kjlanje`l olj emilrntal `km eikjtk vnehkrl, anjnanze `k km rkolrrn`l mes vnsntes prlireae`es, `ks`k km`kpujtl njnonl (6), pukstl quk vnkjk e skr me lgnonje prnjonpem y mmkier e mls muierks `k `kstnjl l `lanonmnls,  prlourej`l anjnanzer anjnanzer km rkolrrn`l rkolrrn`l y mls tnkapls tnkapls kj km tresme`l. tresme`l. Vere me n`kjtngnoeonÿj `k me `kaej`e `km kstu`nl, sk ejemnzÿ me desk `k `etls olj me aktl`lmliáe EDO. Me gniure 5, aukstre km irågnol `k Verktl pere mls 466 egnmne`ls `k mes `ngkrkjtks EGV quk `kaej`ej etkjonÿj, oe`e egnmne`l aejtnkjk uje oukjte ONO kj su EGV, olj uj sem`l kj slmks, me suae `k tl`es mes oukjtes esokj`nÿ e _/. 7„0>;,>;6.5;.

Gniure 5. Ejåmnsns EDO tlaej`l olal orntkrnl `k omesngnoeonÿj me ONO, pere me ldtkjonÿj `k me aukstre.  Jlte. Plae`l `k me desk `k `etls kaprkse `k skiurls 4659. 

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

Kj me Gniure 5, sk aukstre km irågnol `k Verktl `k `lj`k sk ldtuvnkrlj mls 4? egnmne`ls (oetkilr (oetkilráe áe E, me májke jerejhe) quk rkprkskjtej km 79.07% `k me ONO (Oukjte Nj`nvn`uem `k Oepntemnzeonÿj) tltem,  plr me oejtn`e` `k _/ 0„ ?25, 295.6>, `ktemmk quk sk ld skrve teadnîj kj me Pedme 5.

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Jlte. E`epte`l `k me desk `k `etls kaprkse `k skiurls 4659 Me Pedme 5, aukstre me `ete `k mls 4? egnmne`ls olj uj eouaume`l ONO (Oukjte Nj`nvn`uem `k Oepntemnzeonÿj) `k _/ 0„ ?25, 295.6>. Vere me kmedlreonÿj `k me `nstrnduonÿj `k gmuhl, prnakrl sk oljsn`krÿ me udnoeonÿj `km `lanonmnl `k mls egnmne`ls, pere kmml sk utnmnzerlj mls slgtwerks Illimk Kertb, Illimk Aeps y IV_, olj kstls sk udnoeráej mes `nrkoonljks y sk aeroeráe km rkspkotnvl `kstnjl l pujtl kj km aepe. Vlr ml tejtl, sk  prlok`nÿ e udnoer mes 4? `nrkoonljks `nrkoonljks `k mls egnmne`ls y km `k me lgnonje, udnoe`ls kj mls `nstrntls `k Obnadltk y Jukvl Obnadltk mls ouemks glraedej pertk `k mes zljes quk aejkhe me olapeõáe eskiure`lre. Me Pedme 4, aukstre km gmuhl ikjkrem3 mes 4? `nrkoonljks olj sus ollr`kje`es.

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

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[je vkz udnoe`l tl`ls mls pujtls kj km aepe (Gniure 5) sk prlok`nÿ e oljkotermls tlaej`l kj oukjte me okroejáe kjtrk mls pujtls aås okroejls kjtrk sá3 pere oe`e `nstejone kjtrk pujtl y pujtl sk oljtkapmÿ uje `nstejone kuomn`neje, me ouem ks uje mljintu` `km skiakjtl `k rkote quk tnkjk plr kxtrkals `ls pujtls `km pmejl y olj kmml sk kmedlrÿ uje aetrnz `k `nstejones olj mls 4? jl`ls (Gniure 4)

 

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Gniure 5. Aepe olj me rk` pltkjonem njnonem  Jlte. Plae`l `k Illimk Kertb 4659.

 

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;;5.; ;;5.; ;?2.;

264.2 09?.?

;95.9 ;?2.; 264.2 92>.4 29;.2 2>9.5

09?.? 92>.4 964.5

979.> 979.>

5,56> 5,479

7;5.2

240.7 5,409

5,409

5,;27 5,66> 44?.2

44?.2 5,;27

5,;27

Gniure 4. Aetrnz `k @nstejones  Jlte.  Plae`l `k Illimk Kertb 4659.

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

Km erae`l `k mls omøstkrks sk `kskjoe`kjÿ `km aîtl`l ”esnijer prnakrl - rutker `kspuîs‑, mls pujtls jl kstedej emrk`k`lr `km lrnikj, quk ks me sk`k prnjonpem `k me olapeõáe `k skiurls, sn jl quk sk kjoljtredej auy emkhe`es `k kmme. @k mls 4? jl`ls sk ldtuvl olal rksumte`l 4 omøstkr kj tl`e me zlje y sk eirupÿ plr `nstrntl, ujl kj Obnadltk (55 jl`ls) y km ltrl kj Jukvl Obnadltk (54 jl`ls). Oe`e omøstkr sk eslonÿ em lrnikj, ks `konr, oe`e ujl tuvl olal pujtl `k njnonl y gnjem e me sk`k prnjonpem `k me olapeõáe `k skiurls. Vere rkslmvkr km prldmkae `km al`kml aetkaåtnol quk pkrantnÿ ldtkjkr me rute aås olrte kj me rk`, sk glraumÿ uj al`kml `k prlireaeonÿj mnjkem utnmnzej`l vernedmks dnjernes `km al`kml `km Eikjtk Wnehkrl P_V.

Glraumeonÿj `km al`kml `k prlireaeonÿj mnjkem (VM) `km eikjtk vnehkrl (P_V)   Wernedmks `k `konsnÿj  R nh8 @konsnÿj `k tlaer me `nstejone `k n e h. @lj`k, (n (n8 5, 4..., 4?3  h8  h8 5, 4...,4?)

Gujonÿj Ldhktnvl Anj X  Anj  X  

O nhnh R nh 

 X   562.??x65 00;.7?x64  09;.25x6? ;09.;5x60 27?.?9x6; @lj`k8 n, h8  h8 nj`noe km erol utnmnze`l.

R4? 56>72

……………………………j  

O nhnh8 ks me mljintu` `km erol (`nstejone rkotnmájke kjtrk `ls pujtls).  R nh8 ks me vernedmk dnjerne.

Tkstrnoonljks  Oe`e jl`l `kdk tkjkr øjnoeakjtk øjnoeakjtk `ls rutes8  R  4  nh   nh   

Vere km jl`l 6  x65 x64 x6? x60 x6; x67 x69 x62 x6>  x656 x655  x654 x65? x650 x65; x657 x659 x652 x65>  x646 x645  x644  x64?  4……………………………………………………j  

@k kste glrae sk eskiurÿ quk oe`e jl`l tkjie slmeakjtk uje rute `k kjtre`e y ltre `k semn`e. [je vkz `kgnjn`l km al`kml, sk prlok`nÿ e khkouterml utnmnzej`l km prlireae YNJU_D quk pkrantk rkslmvkr tl`ls mls prldmkaes `k prlireaeonÿj mnjkem olj uj jøakrl `k rkstrnoonljks y vernedmks `k `konsnÿj pere emoejzer uje slmuonÿj ÿptnae. _k njirkserlj mls `etls `k me aetrnz `k `nstejones ikjkrem em prlireae YnjU_D. Me vnste sk ldskrve kj me Gniure ?.

56 

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

Gniure ?. Tksumte`l YnjU_D Tk` Vltkjonem Njnonem.  Jlte. Vrlireae YnjU_D vkrsnÿj 4.6.

Me khkouonÿj `km prlireae rksumtÿ olj me ldtkjonÿj `k me rute ÿptnae `k me rk` pltkjonem njnonem (Gniure 0)8

Gniure 0. Tute ÿptnae rk` pltkjonem njnonem.  Jlte. Vrlireae YnjU_D vkrsnÿj 4.6. Ks me rute pmejngnoe`e

55 

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

Me gniure 0, aukstre me rute ÿptnae8 5- 4- ? - 0  ‟  2  2 ‟  >  > ‟  7  7 ‟  9  9 - 55- 54 - 5?- 57 - 52 - 5> - 44  ‟  4?  4? ‟  ;  ; ‟   56 - 50 ‟  5;  5; ‟  59  59 ‟  46  46 - 45 ‟  40  40 ‟  5  5

Me Pedme ?, aukstre me rute ÿptnae `k me Gniure 0, olj mls `etls `km pujtl `k lrnikj e mls pujtls aås okroejls `k me májke `neiljem `k me Pedme `k gmuhl ikjkrem (Pedme 4) sk ldtuvl uje `nstejone `k 92 4>4,;; a. Olj mls `etls `k mls ansals pujtls kj me aetrnz `k `nstejones epmnoej`l km al`kml `km Eikjtk Wnehkrl ldtuvnals uje `nstejone `k ?6 94;,54 a, anjnanzej`l `k kste aejkre 09 ;79,0? a `km rkolrrn`l kj uje rute n`kem (kqunvemkjtk e 76.94%).

Pedme ?  Tk` Vltkjonem Njnonem oljsn`krej`l km ”pujtl aås okroejl‑ y me rute ÿptnae skiøj km al`kml `km Eikjtk Wnehkrl (P_V).

J¶ R6 R5 R4 R? R0 R; R7

MNJKE @NEILJEM

Vujtl Okroejl Tute N`kem (a)

562,??

562,??

00;,7?

??9,?6

09;,25

5?2,;5

;09,;5

06>,66

27?,?9

0;0,?9

>4>,47

090,2>

P_V Tute N`kem (a) R6 R5 R4 R? R9 R2 R;

562.?? ?0;.22 469.5 >44.2> 40>4.4> 502>.;9

R9 R2 R> R56 R55 R54 R5? R50 R5; R57 R59 R52 R5> R46 R45 R44 R4? R6

5.?66,4?

24;,?0

4.562,7;

5.42?,?5

?.?50,66

4.6?6,7>

?.?29,77

5.?;7,>9

0.5>6,69

4.2??,56

7.75>,??

?.927,4?

2.?>6,06

0.760,59

2.0;?,94

?.20>,;;

2.757,65

0.977,07

2.>76,>4

0.5>0,07

>.629,4>

0.2>4,2?

>.722,;6

0.9>;,79

>.255,96

;.657,6?

>.>22,;4

0.>94,0>

56.5>9,>6

;.44;,05

56.?06,7>

;.55;,42

56.>72,94

;.2;?,00 56.>72,94

PLPEM

924>4,;;

R7 R56 R55 R54 R5; R59 R52 R45 R44 R0 R> R5? R50 R57 R5> R46 R4? R6 PLPEM

064.? 4204.;9 269.79 409>.99 452?.20 09?.?> 964.5? 7;5.2; 44?.25 6.66 6.66 6.66 5;4.90 ;?2.;7 2>9.54 240.74 566>.>2 56>72.94

?694;.54

Gukjtk8 Vrlireae YnjU_D vkrsnÿj 4.6 _k ldskrve quk sk mlirÿ ldtkjkr uje rute n`kem quk oljkote e tl`ls mls pujtls `k me rk` `k `nstejones. Olj kste slmuonÿj km rkolrrn`l `k uj supkrvnslr skráe aås kgkotnvl, eujquk kj `nobl rkolrrn`l sÿml sk kstå tlaej`l kj oukjte uje rute n`kem, ks `konr, sk oljsn`kre quk pere mmkier `k uj pujtl e ltrl sk `kdk skiunr uje májke rkote, ml ouem jl rkgmkhe me rkem oljgniureonÿj `k mes oemmks. @kdn`l e kstl sk ldtuvl me rute rkem (Pedme 4, `etls `km rutkl) pere me rk` pltkjonem njnonem y pere oe`e omøstkr, sniunkj`l me `nrkoonÿj y km skjtn`l `k mes oemmks. Vere oemoumer me `nstejone `k `nobe rute rkem sk

54 

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

utnmnzÿ km slgtwerk Illimk Kertb, pukstl quk ve alstrej`l me `nstejone e ak`n`e quk sk rkolrrk me rute  plr mes oemmks. _k oljsn`krÿ quk tl`l km rkolrrn`l quk rkemnze km supkrvnslr kj me rk` pltkjonem njnonem l kj oe`e omøstkr ml beok kj uj vkbáouml altlrnze`l.

Tk` pltkjonem njnonem rkem

Gniure ;. Tk` pltkjonem njnonem rkem.   Jlte. Vrlireae YnjU_D vkrsnÿj 4.6.

Me gniure ;, aukstre olal rksumte`l me sniunkjtk rute ÿptnae8 5  ‟  4  4  ‟  ?  ?  ‟  0  0  ‟  2  2  ‟  >  >  ‟  7  7  ‟  9  9  ‟  55  55  ‟  54  54  ‟   5? ‟  57  57 ‟  52  52 ‟  5>  5> ‟  44  44 ‟  4?  4? ‟  ;  ; ‟  56  56 ‟  50  50 ‟  5;  5; ‟  59  59 ‟  46  46 ‟  45  45 ‟  40  40 ‟  5  5 Olj mls `etls `km pujtl `k lrnikj e mls pujtls aås okroejls `k rutkl kj km gmuhl ikjkrem, ldtkjkals uje `nstejone `k >6 ;96 a, olj mls `etls `k mls ansals pujtls kj me aetrnz `k `nstejones epmnoej`l km al`kml `km eikjtk vnehkrl ldtkjkals me `nstejone `k ?4 ;7>.69 a, anjnanzej`l `k kste aejkre ;2666.>? a `km rkolrrn`l kj uje rute rkem (kqunvemkjtk e 70.60%).

Omøstkr 5 Obnadltk rute rkem  rkem 

Gniure 7. Tute rkem pere km omøstkr 5.    Jlte. Vrlireae YnjU_D vkrsnÿj 4.6.

5? 

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

Me Gniure 7, aukstre me sniunkjtk rute ÿptnae8 6 ‟  5  5 ‟  4  4 ‟  ? ?- 9 ‟  2  2 ‟  ;  ; ‟  7  7 ‟  56  56 ‟  55  55 ‟  0  0 ‟  >  > ‟  6.  6. Olj km rutkl kj km gmuhl `km omøstkr 5, ldtuvnals uje `nstejone `k 52 ?96 aktrls, olj mls `etls `k mls ansals pujtls kj me aetrnz `k `nstejones epmnoej`l km al`kml `km eikjtk vnehkrl sk ldtuvl me `nstejone `k 5? >?6.47 aktrls, anjnanzej`l `k kste aejkre 0 0?>.90 km rkolrrn`l kj uje rute rkem (kqunvemkjtk e 40.59%). 

Omøstkr 4 Jukvl Obnadltk rute rkem

Gniure 9. Tute rkem pere km omøstkr 4.    Jlte. Vrlireae YnjU_D vkrsnÿj 4.6.  

Me Gniure 9, aukstre me sniunkjtk rute ÿptnae8 6 ‟  5  5 ‟  0  0 ‟  7  7 ‟  9  9 ‟  56  56 ‟  55  55 ‟  4  4 ‟  ?  ? ‟  ;  ; ‟  2  2 ‟  >  > ‟  54 54- 6.  Olj mls `etls `km pujtl `k lrnikj e mls pujtls aås okroejls `km rutkl kj km gmuhl `km omøstkr 4, ldtuvnals uje `nstejone `k 99 ?66 aktrls, olj mls `etls `k mls ansals pujtls kj me aetrnz `k `nstejones epmnoej`l km al`kml `km Eikjtk Wnehkrl ldtuvnals me `nstejone `k 42 0;>,60 aktrls anjnanzej`l `k kste aejkre 02 206,>7 a km rkolrrn`l kj uje rute rkem (kqunvemkjtk e 7?.52%). Vere kstes trks rutes rkemks, kj mls rkolrrn`ls `k mes `nstejones sk epmnoerå me vkmlon`e` `km vkbáouml kstnae`e (49 Ca/b).

Km rksumte`l `k me Pedme 0, oljgnrae quk kj me rk` pltkjonem njnonem km eblrrl `km tnkapl ks `k 5 42> anj, kj km omøstkr 5 km eblrrl `km tnkapl ks `k >2 anj y kj km omøstkr 4 km eblrrl `km tnkapl ks `k 5 627 anj. 

50 

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

Pedme 0  Tksumte`l `km tnkapl ÿptnal `k me rute rkem

J¸

Tute Tkem

J¸ jl`ls

Pnkapl (anj)

P_V Pnkapl (anj)

@ngkrkjone Pnkapl (anj)

”Vujtl aås okroejl‑

5 

Tk` pltkjonem

4?

4 65?

940

5 42>

4 

Omøstkr 5

55

062

?56

>2

? 

Omøstkr 4

54

5 952

7?4

5 627

 Jlte.  @etls tlae`ls `km prlireae YnjU_D v. 4.6

@nsousnÿj _k n`kjtngnoÿ me `kaej`e `km tltem `k omnkjtks pltkjonemks olj me tlae `k uje aukstre vemnlse `k 4? omnkjtks qunkjks rkprkskjterlj rkprkskjterlj km 79.07% `km tltem `km ONO, olj kstk rksumte`l sk `kserrlmmÿ km rkolrrn`l `k vnsntes kmedlrej`l uje `nstrnduonÿj `k gmuhl olj km emilrntal `km Eikjtk Wnehkrl. Me kmedlreonÿj `k uj al`kml `k rk` njnonem pltkjonem, omøstkr 5 y omøstkr 4 y km prloksl kgkotnvl kj km aepkl `k mls omnkjtks anjnanzÿ km rkolrrn`l `k vnsntes prlireae`e kj me kaprkse eskiure`lre. Me orkeonÿj `k mls omøstkr eyu`ÿ e snapmngnoer uj prldmkae irej`k kj vernls prldmkaes pkqukõls.  Olj me epmnoeonÿj `km al`kml `k rk`ks olj emilrntal `km Eikjtk Wnehkrl sk kjoljtrÿ uj rkolrrn`l olapmktl quk oljkote tl`ls mls jl`ls `k uje rk`, vnsntåj`lmls tej slml uje vkz y vlmvnkj`l em pujtl

`k pertn`e y quk e`kaås a anjnanzÿ njnanzÿ km rkolrrn`l tltem tltem `k me rute. Uuk`ÿ `kgnjn`e uje aetrnz aetrnz `k `nstejones quk njomuáe km oljhujtl `k jl`ls y erols y quk pkrantnÿ `kserrlmmer uj rkolrrn`l olapmktl quk oljkotede e tl`ls mls jl`ls `k me rk`. Olj me epmnoeonÿj `km slgtwerk YnjU_D sk ldtuvl km tltem `km rkolrrn`l, anjnanze`l kj ;2 666.>? a, km ouem rkprkskjte km 70.60% `km rkolrrn`l tltem y uje rk`uoonÿj `km tnkapl `k rkolrrn`l `k 542> anjutls quk rkprkskjtej km 70.6?% `km tnkapl tltem. Kj njvkstnieonljks, em rkspkotl, olal km `k Tnvkrls (465;) teadnîj t eadnîj sk ldtuvl me rute quk anjnanzÿ km rkolrrn`l `k `kspmezeankjtl kj me kjtrkie `k dnkjks, usej`l mes bkrreankjtes `k me njvkstnieonÿj `k lpkreonljks33 esnansal, sk oljoukr`e lpkreonljks oljoukr`e olj me njvkstnieonÿj `k Teaárkz Teaárkz(4650) (4650) quk usÿ me `njåanoe `k snstkaes pere lptnanzer mes rutes `k rkolhl `k rksn`uls sÿmn`ls oljomuykj`l quk km al`kml aetkaåtnol `k prlireaeonÿj mnjkem `kaukstre quk olj uj kgkotnvl y kgnonkjtk usl `k rkoursls sk puk`k anjnanzer kj uje rute beste 5.64 cnmÿaktrls `k me rute pmejtke`e `k rkolrrn`l eblrrej`l oladustndmk y blre vkbáouml. Peadnîj km kstu`nl `k Loeõe (4654) ldtuvl uj eblrrl `km 4?% kj km tnkapl tltem `km rkolrrn`l y mlirÿ kmnanjer `k aejkre pkraejkjtk km vkbáouml `k eplyl. Km kstu`nl `k Ernes (4656) oljomuyÿ quk sn dnkj me rk`uoonÿj `k me `nstejone tltem `km rkolrrn`l kj me rute prlpukste ks sÿml `km 5;.4%, sk `kdk tkjkr kj oukjte quk me rute njnonem guk `ktkranje`e kj desk kj me kxpkrnkjone y km oljlonankjtl `k pkrsljes quk tredehej `nerneakjtk kj km trejsplrtk ksolmer. Em epmnoermk e jukstrls `etls me pru kde kste`ástnoe kj RM_PEP km vemlr `k ”p‑ jls errlhe 6.6665 ml quk jls nj`noe quk, sn kxnstk uje snijngnoejone kste`ástnoe `k mls `etls, plr oljsniunkjtk eokpteals me bnpÿtksns emtkrjetnve, km rksumte`l ouemntetnvl `km al`kml `k rk`ks olj emilrntal `k eikjtk vnehkrl, skiøj km olkgnonkjtk `k `ktkranjeonÿj T 41 >?% plr tejtl kxnstk uje olrrkmeonÿj plsntnve auy gukrtk sldrk anjnanzer rkolrrn`ls `k mes vnsntes prlireae`es, olj kstl pl`kals oljomunr quk km al`kml `k rk`ks olj emilrntal `k eikjtk vnehkrl anjnanze km rkolrrn`l `k vnsntes prlireae`es.

Oljomusnÿj _k epmnoÿ km al`kml aetkaåtnol `km eikjtk vnehkrl kj km  aÿ`uml Jktwlr` Al`kmnji, km ouem sk  prlok`nÿ e khkouterml utnmnzej`l km prlireae YNJU_D YNJU_D (P_V), olj km ouem sk anjnanzÿ me `nstejone `k me rk` pltkjonem rkem olj uj eblrrl `k tnkapl `k 5 42> anj, kqunvemkjtk e ;2 666,>? a (70.60%)3 `km

5; 

 

 EMILTNPAL @KM EIKJPK EIKJPK WNEHKTL VET VETE E ANJNANXET KM TKOLTTN@L @K @K WN_NPE_ VTLITEAE@E_ VTLITEAE@E_ KJ [JE KAVTK KAVTK_E _E @K _KI[TL_. Uunõljks y olm.

omøstkr 5 rkem olj uj eblrrl `k >2 anjutls, kqunvemkjtk e 0 0?> a (40.59%)3 y km omøstkr 4 rkem olj uj eblrrl `k 5 627 anj, kqunvemkjtk e 02 206,>7 a (7?.52%). Kstls rksumte`ls ldtkjn`ls olj km `kserrlmml `km al`kml gevlrkokj e me prl`uotnvn`e` `km supkrvnslr ye quk eyu`e e rkemnzer mes vnsntes `k aejkre lr`kje`e y e uj tnkapl ÿptnal.

Tkgkrkjones dndmnlirågnoes Ernes, H. _. (4656). Epmnoeonÿj `k uj al`kml `k lptnanzeonÿj kj me pmejkeonÿj `k rutes `k mls dusks ksolmerks `km olmkinl mnokl `k okrvejtks jlrtk (Pksns `k tntumeonÿj). Tkoupkre`e `k bttps8//rkplsntlry.hevkrneje.k`u.ol/dnts bttps8//rkplsntlry.hevkrneje.k`u.ol/dntstrkea/bej`mk trkea/bej`mk/56;;0/9?79/tksns06?.p /56;;0/9?79/tksns06?.p`g7D729.p`g 56;>/0709/;5>7D729.p`g3hskssnljn` 3hskssnljn` bttp8//rkplsntlrnl.utp.k`u.ol/`speok/dntstrkea/bej`mk/5 17O704GO422D2D29GOD@0;;66>K02>4 17O704GO422D2D29G OD@0;;66>K02>4;5 /gnobkrl/VGO+Aeoerkje Aeoerkje+Iljz%O?% +Iljz%O?%E5mkz+I E5mkz+I utn%O?%E>[email protected]`g   Muje, M. O. (465;). Mloemnzeonÿj `k pere`es y `nskõl ÿptnal `k rutes pere trejsplrtk `k pkrsljem. Predehl `k tntumeonÿj (Aekstráe kj Mliástnoe y Oe`kje `k _uanjnstrl). Tkoupkre`l `k bttp8//kprnjts.uejm.ax/>;05/5/5626450>00.p`  bttp8//kprnjts.uejm.ax/>;05/5/5626450>00.p`  Almnje, H. O. (4657). @nskõl y epmnoeonÿj `k uje bkrreankjte pere me lptnanzeonÿj `k rutes `k vkbáoumls olj espkotls ak`nleadnkjtemks. (Pksns `k tntumeonÿj). Tkoupkre`e `k bttps8//n`us.us.ks/xamun/bej`mk/55005/0;490  bttps8//n`us.us.ks/xamun/bej`mk/55005/0;490  Loeõe, T. E. (4654). @nskõl `k uj al`kml aetkaåtnol pere rkslmvkr prldmkaes `k rutkl vkbnoumer oepeonte`l olj vkjtejes `k tnkapl, olj me epmnoeonÿj `km emilrntal `k Omerck & Yrnibt. Oesl `k kstu`nl8 Kaprkse `k _krvnonl `k Olurnkr `k me onu`e` `k Iueyequnm. (Pksns `k u.ko/bej`mk/54?0;792>/4024> ;792>/4024>   tntumeonÿj). Tkoupkre`e `k  `k bttps8//www.`speok.ksplm.k` bttps8//www.`speok.ksplm.k`u.ko/bej`mk/54?0 Tnvkrls, @. E. (465;). Epmnoeonÿj `k me njvkstnieonÿj `k lpkreonljks em prldmkae `k me `nstrnduonÿj e uje kaprkse `k mliástnoe. (Pksns `k tntumeonÿj). Tkoupkre`e `k bttp8//oydkrtksns.ujasa.k`u.pk/bej bttp8//oydkrtksns.ujasa.k`u.pk/bej`mk/oydkrtks `mk/oydkrtksns/0?7; ns/0?7;   Teaárkz _. T. (4650). [sl `k me `njåanoe `k snstkaes pere lptnanzer mes rutes `k rkolhl `k rksn`uls sÿmn`ls kj km `nstrntl `k Perepltl. (Pksns `k tntumeonÿj). Tkoupkre`e `k bttp8//rkplsntlrnl.ujsa.k`u.pk/bej`mk/550;2/5226  bttp8//rkplsntlrnl.ujsa.k`u.pk/bej`mk/550;2/5226  Tlhes, E. V. (4650). Lptnanzeonÿj `k me plmátnoe `k `kspeobl `k olapeõáe geraeoîutnoe, `ks`k okjtrl `k `nstrnduonÿj beone mloemks `k rkinÿj aktrlplmnteje. (Pksns `k tntumeonÿj).Tkoupkre`e `k bttp8//rkplsntlrnl.uobnmk.o bttp8//rkplsntlrnl.uobnmk.om/dntstrkea/be m/dntstrkea/bej`mk/44;6/5?5?47/Lptna j`mk/44;6/5?5?47/Lptnanzeonlj-`k-menzeonlj-`k-me-plmntnoe-`kplmntnoe-`k`kspeobl-`k-olapejne-geraeokutnoe-`ks`k-okjtrl.p`ge  >e k`nonÿj. Aîxnol 8 Vkerslj

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