706 1693 2 PB

 

[rfzidh, Wfl 8, Bf.8, Nubi 0;81, ?; -?= O. IUUB. 0?:8-?88? Nfurbhl Mfdophao>  Mfdophao> mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh  mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh  JFI Libc> mttp>//jfi.fra/8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7  mttp>//jfi.fra/8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7   Hrtielo JFI> 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7  

[obobtuhb Ghctfr  ―   Ghctfr Ghctfr @orpobahrum Zormhjhp Cuhliths Cuht Zochb @hth Pibahb Jobahb Dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl  (U[E)  (U[E) Jhb Dotfjo Zhauemi  @hyu Hrig Qiehcsfbf, Qiwic Uulistiyfwhti [rfarhd Utuji Zocbic Ibjustri, Ghculths Zocbic _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf O-dhil Hjjross >  >  `hyuhw:5Kadhil.efd3 wiwicKudsijh.he.ij  `hyuhw:5Kadhil.efd3 wiwicKudsijh.he.ij  

Jitoridh > 0? Josod`or 0;873 Jisotunui > 8? Nhbuhri 0;81   H@UZPHC [Z.Wieefb Dfjrob Ibjustri hjhlhm porushmhhb yhba `oraorhc ji`ijhba ibjustri `hth ribahb. [ordhshlhmhb [or dhshlhmhb yhba soriba tid`ul phjh whctu prfsos pod`uhthb `hth ribahb hjhlhm cuht tochb `hth ribahb ribahb tijhc sosuhi jobahb sthbjhr porushmhhb so`oshr ˅5,?; B/dd°, ˅5,?;  B/dd°, somibaah cuhliths `hth ribahb ribahb tijhc fptidhl. Jhlhd ushmh ubtuc dobahthsi dhshlhm torso`ut, dhch porlu jilhcuchb pobaobjhlihb prfjucsi soehrh Fblibo Xuhlity Efbtrfl jobahb dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl  (U[E) ubtuc dobaijobtigichsi hchr pordhshlhmhb yhba tornhji phjh prfsos pod`uhthb `hth ribahb. Hlht `hbtu sthtistic jhlhd dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl hbthrh lhib lod`hr poricsh, jiharhd phrotf, jiharhd so`h`-hci`ht, jhb poth cfbtrfl p. Codujihb jhth Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl jiibtoarhsichb jobahb dotfjo Zhauemi yhba so`hahi Fgglibo Xuhlity Efbtrfl ubtuc jinhjichb phrhdotor jhlhd dobobtuchb ghctfr-ghctfr yhba `orpobahrum siabigichb jhlhd fptidhsi cuht tochb `hth ribahb. @orjhshrchb pobolitihb jijhphtchb ghctfr-ghctfr yhba `orpobahrum siabigichb tormhjhp cuht tochb `hth ribahb hjhlhm nudlhm sodob jhb nudlhm aypsud. Cfd`ibhsi lovol jhri ghctfr yhba dobamhsilchb bilhi rhth-rhth jhb vhrihbsi cuht tochb `hth ribahb yhba fptidhl hjhlhm shdh, yhitu sottiba ghctfr vfludo hir phjh lovol 0 so`oshr s o`oshr 8?; Litor (H0), ghctfr nudlhm phsir silich phjh lovol 0 so`oshr ??; Ca (@ 0), ghctfr nudhlhm sodob phjh lovol 5 so`oshr 5?; Ca (E 5), sorth ghctfr nulhm aypsud phjh lovol 5 so`oshr 5;; Ca (J 5). Chth cubei > Cuht tochb, Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl, Dotfjo Zhauemi. H@UZPHEZ [Z.Wieefb Dfjrob Ibjustrios is h efdphby obahaoj ib tmo `riec ibjustry liamt . [rf`lods fgtob hriso juriba tmo  prfeoss fg dhciba liamt `riec is h liamtwoiamt `riec efdprossivo strobatm is bft ib heefrjhbeo witm efdphby  sthbjhrjs gfr ˅5,?; B / dd° , sf tmo quhlity is bft fptidhl liamt `riec .   Ib hb oggfrt tf fvorefdo tmoso prf`lods prf`lods , it is boeosshry tf efbtrfl tmo prfjuetifb fg Fblibo Xuhlity Efbtr Efbtrfl fl witm Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl dotmfjs tf ijobtigy tmo rfft fg tmo prf`lods tmht feeur ib tmo prfjuetifb fg liamtwoiamt `riec . Uthtistiehl tffls ib Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl dotmfjs ibelujo emoec smoots , [hrotf emhrts , ehuso-oggoet jiharhds , hbj dhps efbtrfl p . Zmob tmo jhth Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl is ibtoarhtoj witm tmo Zhauemi dotmfj hs Fgglibo Xuhlity Efbtrfl tf `o usoj hs h phrhdotor ib jotordibiba tmo ghetfrs tmht mhvo siabigiehbt ibgluobeo ib tmo fptidizhtifb fg efdprossivo strobatm fg liamtwoiamt `riec.  @hsoj fb tmo rosohrem smfwoj tmht tmo ghetfrs siabigiehbtly ibgluobeo tmo liamt `riec efdprossivo strobatm is tmo hdfubt fg eodobt hbj aypsud bud`or . Efd`ibhtifb lovol fg tmo ghetfrs tmht rosultoj ib tmo hvorhao vhluo hbj vhrihbeo fg efdprossivo strobatm fg liamtwoiamt `riec tmht is fptidhl is tmo shdo , bhdoly tmo sottiba ghetfr whtor vfludo ht lovol 0 gfr 8?; Litor ( H0 ) , ghetfr tmo hdfubt fg silieh shbj fb lovol 0 fg ??; Ca ( @0 ), eodobt  nudhlhm ghetfr fb lovol 5 fg 5?; Ca ( E5 ) , hs woll hs aypsud nulhm ghetfr ghetfr fb lovol 5 fg 5;; Ca ( J5 ). Coywfrjs > efdprossivo strobatm , Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl , Zhauemi Dotmfjs.

[obobtuhb Ghctfr-ghctfr @orpobahrum tormhjhp Cuhliths Cuht Zochb @hth Pibahb jobahb Dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl (U[E) jhb Dotfjo Zhauemi / ( @hyu @hyu Hrig Q & Qiwic Uulistiyfwhti)  [oor roviowoj ubjor rospfbsi`ili fg _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. © 0;81 _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. Hll riamt rosorvoj. Zmis is hb fpob heeos hrtielo ubjor tmo EE @Y lieobeo (mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/) mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/) 

?;

 

[rfzidh, Wfl 8, Bf.8, Nubi 0;81, ?; -?= O. IUUB. 0?:8-?88? Nfurbhl Mfdophao>  Mfdophao> mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh  mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh  JFI Libc> mttp>//jfi.fra/8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7  mttp>//jfi.fra/8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7   Hrtielo JFI> 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7  

[OBJHM_L_HB [orcod`hbahb ji jubih ibjustri `hmhb `hbaubhb `orcod`hba jobahb shbaht posht, somibaah tornhji cfdpotisi yhba shbaht cotht jihbthrh porushmhhb-porushmhhb hahr jhpht torus `orthmhb dobaod`hbachb ushmhbyh. Lhbachm co`inhchb porushmhhb jhlhd uphyh por`hichb jhb pobibachthb dutu hthu cuhliths prfjuc doruphchb

suhtu lhbahchm yhba mhrus jiwunujchb. [Z. Wieefb Dfjorb Ibjustri hjhlhm so`uhm porushmhhb dhbughctur yhba dodprfjucsi `hth ribahb. @orjhshrchb pobahdhthb yhba tolhm jilhcuchb, cuhliths prfjuc `hth ribahb [Z. Wieefb Dfjorb Ibjustri sujhm eucup `hic. [ordhshlhmhb yhba soriba tornhji phjh prfsos pod`uhthb `hth ribahb hjhlhm cuht tochb tijhc sosuhi jobahb sthbjhr yhba tolhm jitothpchb porushmhhb so`oshr ˅ 5,?; B/dd°, somibaah cuhliths `hth ribahb tijhc fptidhl. Cuht tochb `hth ribahb cfbjisi ocsistiba jobahb cfd`ibhsi vfludo hir 0;; litor, phsir silich ?;; ca, sodob so dob 0;; ca jhb aypsud 0?; ca. Cocuhthb so`uhm `hbaubhb shlhm shtubyh jipobahrumi jhri cuhlits jhri `htu `hthbyh. _btuc dod`hbaub so`uhm `hbaubhb yhba cfcfm jiporluchb `htu `hth yhba `orcuhliths tor`hic, yhitu tijhc roduc dhupub `htu `hth yhba poehm dobnhji juh `haihb jhb `htu `hthbyh dodilici cuht tochb yhba `haus. Zunuhb pobolitihb _btuc Dobaothmui ghctfr-ghctfr yhba `orpobahrum soehrh siabigichb tormhjhp bilhi cocuhthb tochb `hth ribahb. Jhb ubtuc dobobtuchb rhbehbahb porgfrdhbsi yhba fptidhl fpti dhl jhri ghctfr-ghctfr torso`ut ubtuc dobamhsilchb cuht tochb @hth Pibahb yhba sosuhi jobahb sthbjhr yhba tolhm jitothpchb. Cuhliths suhtu  prfjuc hjhlhm cohjhhb gisic, gubasi, jhb sight suhtu prfjuc `orshbacuthb yhba jhpht dodobumi solorh jhb co`utumhb cfbsudob jobahb doduhschb sosuhi bilhi uhba yhba tolhm jicoluhrchb S8T. Dotfjo Zhauemi hjhlhm dotfjo fgg ―  fgg  ―  libo  libo Xuhlity Efbtrfl yhba `ortunuhb ubtuc dobamhsilchb prfjuc yhba S0T. Jhlhd lo`im thbaaum (Pf`ustcuhliths josiab) yhba pobibachthb prfjuc, dotfjo thauemi jhphtjobahb jiibtoarhsichb jobahb dotfjo pobaobjhlihb lhib S5T. Uhlhm shtu suhtu dotfjo yhba jhpht jiibtoarhsichb dotfjo thauemi hjhlhm dotfjo sthtistiehl prfeoss efbtrfl (U[E). U[E doruphchb prfsos yhba jiaubhchb ubtuc dobahwhsi sthbjhr, dod`uht pobaucurhb, jhb dobahd`il tibjhchb por`hichb solhai prfjuc sojhba jiprfjucsi S:T. DOZFJO Zhmhp Ijobtigichsi Dhshlhm Zhmhp ijobtigichsi dhshlhm jihwhli jhri dobobtuchb hroh pobolitihb, lhthr `olhchba dhshlhm, porudushb dhshlhm, tunuhb jhb dhbghht pobolitihb. Utuji pusthch jhb stuji lhphbahb jilhcuchb ubtuc dobaijobtigichsi dhshlhm lo`im sposigic somibaah jhpht jitobtuchb mipftosh pobolitihb. Zhmhphb idplodobthsi dod`orichb ahd`hrhb tobthba `hahidhbh dotfjo - dotfjo pobaflhmhb p obaflhmhb jhth yhba hchb jiaubhchb> 8.  Emoec Umoot Dodujhmchb prfsos pobaudpulhb jhth toruthdh ubtuc dobaothmui `hahidhbh sosuhtu dhshlhm soriba tornhji. torn hji. Zunuhb uthdh jhri pobaaubhhb lod`hr poricsh hjhlhm dod`hbtu dobth`ulhsichb `hbyhcbyh conhjihb jhri suhtu dhshlhm tortobtu hthu pobyo`h` tortobtu. 0.  [hrotf Emhrts (Jiharhd [hrotf) Dobobtuchb dhshlhm yhba hchb jitoliti, dobaijobtigichsi pobyo`h`-pobyo`h` jhri dhshlhm yhba hchb jipor`hbjibachb. Uotolhm itu dorobehbhchb jhb dolhcshbhchb pobaudpulhb jhth. Dod`uht suhtu ribachshb jhgthr hthu th`ol yhba dobehtht grocuobsi conhjihb jhri dhshlhm yhba tolhm jitoliti jobahb dobaaubhchb gfrdulir  pobaudpulhb jhth hthu lod`hr lod`hr poricsh. 5.  Efbtrfl Emhrt Dod`uht Emfbtrfl Emhrt yhitu ubtuc dodfbitfr jhb dobaovhluhsi hphchm prfsos `orhjh jhlhd pobaobjhlihb cuhliths soehrh sthtistich hthu tijhc somibaah jhpht dodoehmchb dhshlhm jhb dobamhsilchb por`hichb cuhliths. Whrih`ol ibjopobjob (vhrih`ol `o`hs / dodpobahrumi) :.  Jiharhd Uo`h` Hci`ht Dod`uht jiharhd so`h` hci`ht yhitu dobehri pobyo`h` tornhjibyh dhshlhm yhba hjh hthu coehehthb prfjucsi. Zobtuchb itod-itod yhba pobtiba jhri sotihp ghctfr jhb thbjhilhm ghctfrghctfr pobtiba tortobtu yhba colimhthbbyh dodilici pobahrum byhth tormhjhp chrhcoristic cuhliths. Lhbachm - lhbachm [odoehmhb Dhshlhm Uoehrh sistodhtis dobaobhi thmhphb pobolitihb yhba jilhcuchb jhlhd porhbehbahb ocsporidob. Zhmhpthmhp pobolitihb jidulhi jhri thmhp ijobtigichsi dhshlhm, porobehbhhb ocsporidob, polhcshbhhb, ocsporidob,  pobaflhmhb jhth, hbhlish sorth cosidpulhb cosidpulhb jhb shrhb. Zhmhphb-thmhphb torso`ut hbthrh lhib>  [obobtuhb Ghctfr-ghctfr @orpobahrum tormhjhp Cuhliths Cuht Zochb @hth Pibahb jobahb Dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl (U[E) jhb Dotfjo Zhauemi / ( @hyu @hyu Hrig Q & Qiwic Uulistiyfwhti)  [oor roviowoj ubjor rospfbsi`ili fg _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. © 0;81 _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. Hll riamt rosorvoj. Zmis is hb fpob heeos hrtielo ubjor tmo EE @Y lieobeo (mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/) mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/) 

?8

 

[rfzidh, Wfl 8, Bf.8, Nubi 0;81, ?; -?= O. IUUB. 0?:8-?88? mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh   Nfurbhl Mfdophao>  Mfdophao> mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh JFI Libc> mttp>//jfi.fra/8;. mttp>//jfi.fra/8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7    Hrtielo JFI> 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7  

h.  [orudushb Dhshlhm Jilhcuchb porudushb dhshlhm hjhlhm so`hahi pfcfc pod`hmhshb ji jhlhd pobolitihb. [orudushb dhshlhm yhba  `hic doruphchb hrhm yhba `hic `hai pobolitihb hahr jhpht `ormhsil sosuhi jobahb yhba jimhrhpchb. pobolitihb ibi  poboliti ibaib dobaothmui pobahrum pobaaubhhb `hmhb dhtorihl  ubtuc jinhjichb `hth ribahb jobahb cuht tochb yhba tibaai jicfd`ibhsichb jobahb ghctfr torcobjhli lhibbyh jhlhd suhtu rhbachihb poref`hhb dobaaubhchb ocsporidob   Zhauemi.  `.  Zunuhb jhb dhbghht pobolitihb, Zunuhb yhba ibaib jiehphi jhlhd pobolitihb ibi hjhlhm dobaijobtigichsi ghctfr - ghctfr yhba `orpobahrum tormhjhp cocuhthb `hth ribahb yhba jimhsilchb `orjhshrchb uni cuht tochb, dobobtuchb sottiba lovol tor`hic jhri ghctfr-ghctfr yhba `orpobahrum tormhjhp cocuhthb `hth ribah `orjhshrchb uni cuht tochb, sorth dodpolhnhri pobahrum pobaaubhhb  `hmhb dhtorihl so`hahi pobauht jhlhd pod`uhthb `hth ribahb `orjhshrchb uni cuht tochb. e.  Utuji litorhtur,  phjh thmhp ibi jilhcuchb jilhcuchb pobjhlhdhb dhtori ub ubtuc tuc pobyoloshihb dhshlhm yhba jiruduschb. Dhtori yhba jipolhnhri hjhlhm cfbsop rf`ust josiab jhb dfjol roarosi.  Pf`ust josiab jiaubhchb ubtuc lhbachm-lhbachm jhlhd dolhcuchb ocsporidob. Zunuhb ocsporidob jobahb pribsip rf`ust josiab yhitu doboduchb suhtu ehrh ubtuc dodibidhsi  pobyidphbahb bilhi chrhctoristic cuhliths jhri bilhi thraotbyh. Mhl ibi mhbyh jhpht jilhcuchb jobahb dobaijobtigichsi ghctfr-ghctfr yhba dodpobahrumi chrhctoristic cuhliths jhb dobau`hm lovol ghctfr yhba topht, somibaah  pobyidphbahb jhpht jidibidhsi jhb bilhi chrhctoristic cuhliths jhpht dobehphi thraot (@olhvobjrhd, (@ol hvobjrhd, 899?). j.  Utuji lhphbahb, Utuji lhphbahb jilhcuchb ubtuc dobjhlhdi dhtori phjh hroh hr oh pobolitihb. somibaah pobolitihb jhpht jilhcuchb sosuhi jobahb cfbjisi yhba hjh ji lhphbahb. [objhlhdhb dhtori ji lhphbahb doliputi pobahdhthb prfsos prfjucsi aypsud ibtorifr ji porushmhhb, coaihthb jiscusi jobahb fporhtfr porushmhhb jhb doboliti ghctfr-ghctfr ghctfr -ghctfr yhba `orpobahrum phjh  prfsos prfjucsi `hth ribahb.

MHUIL JHB [OD@HMHUHB Hbhlish Jhth Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl   (U[E  (U[E ) @orjhshrchb mhsil pobolitihb jijhphtchb sonudlhm jhth yhba hchb jiflhm jobahb dobaaubhchb dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl  (U[E) jhb dotfjo Zhauemi. [obaudpulhb jhth jilhcuchb jobahb ehrh f`sorvhsi, jfcudobthsi, `rhibstfrdiba, jhb ocsporidob. [obolitihb ibi jilhcuchb ubtuc dobaothmui ghctfr-ghctfr yhba `orpobahrum soehrh siabigichb tormhjhp bilhi cocuhthb tochb `hth ribahb sorth dobaothmui cfd`ibhsi lovol ubtuc dhsiba-dhsiba ghctfr somibaah dobamhsilchb `hth ribahb yhba yhba dodilici cocuhthb tochb dhcsidud yhba torjhpht phjh prfjuc [Z. Wieefb Dfjorb Ibjustri. Lod`hr [oricsh (Emoec Umoot ) Lhbachm porthdh yhba jilhcuchb ubtuc dobahbhlish cuhliths soehrh sthtistic hjhlhm dod`uht lod`hr poricsh (emoec smoot ). ). [od`uhthb lod`hr poricsh `oraubh ubtuc dodpordujhm prfsos pobaudpulhb jhth tobthba nudlhm  prfjucsi jhb prfjuc yhba tijhc sosuhi jobahb sthbjhr dutu. Zh`ol 8 Zh`ulhsi 8 Zh`ulhsi Jhth Lod`hr [oricsh  Bf. 8 0 5

@ulhb Hpril Doi Nubi Zfthl

Zfthl [rfjucsi (dfulj) 8;= 870 815 ::5

cuht tochb bfb sthbjhrt (dfulj) 0; :8 01 ==

@orjhshrchb Zh`ol 8 jhpht jicothmui tfthl prfjucsi solhdh `ulhb Hpril-Nubi 0;8? so`hbyhc ::5 dfulj. Uojhbachb grocuobsi cuht tochb bfb sthbjhr solhdh `ulhb Hpril-Nubi 0;85 so`hbyhc == dfulj.

[obobtuhb Ghctfr-ghctfr @orpobahrum tormhjhp Cuhliths Cuht Zochb Zoch b @hth Pibahb jobahb Dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl (U[E) jhb Dotfjo Zhauemi / ( @hyu @hyu Hrig Q & Qiwic Uulistiyfwhti)  Uulistiyfwhti)   [oor roviowoj ubjor rospfbsi`ili fg _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. © 0;81 _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. Hll riamt rosorvoj. Zmis is hb fpob heeos hrtielo ubjor tmo EE @Y lieobeo (mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/) mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/ ) 

 

[rfzidh, Wfl 8, Bf.8, Nubi 0;81, ?; -?= O. IUUB. 0?:8-?88?

?0

Nfurbhl Mfdophao>  Mfdophao> mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh   JFI Libc> mttp>//jfi.fra/8;. mttp>//jfi.fra/8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7    Hrtielo JFI> 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7  

Jiharhd [hrotf Lhbachm solhbnutbyh hjhlhm dod`uht jiharhd phrotf. Jiharhd phrotf jiaubhchb ubtuc dobobtuchb grocuobsi cuht tochb bfb sthbjhr yhba phliba `hbyhc tornhji tihp `ulhb.. Jiharhd phrotf jidulhi jobahb pobyusubhb lod`hr jhth pod`uhthb jiharhd phrotf soporti jitubnucchb phjh Zh`ol 0 jhb ah,`hr 8. [hrotf   Zh`ol 0. 0. Lod`hr Jhth [od`uhthb Jiharhd [hrotf  GPOC_OBUI GPOC_OBUI [POUOBZHUO [POUOBZHUO  Bf.

@_LHB

(Dfulj)

C_D_LHZIG

ZFZHL

CFD_LHZIG

(%)

(%)

8

DOI

:8

:8

:1

:1

0

N_BI

01

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58

11

5

H[PIL

0;

==

05

8;;

ZFZHL

==

8;;

8;;%

Jiharhd phrotf cuht Zochb

8;;%

=;

11%

1;%

7; ?;

7;% :1% ?;%

:8

:;

:;%

01

5;

0;

0;

;

[POUOBZHUO CFD_LHZIG (%)

5;% 0;%

8;

GPOC_OBUI (Dfulj)

9;% =;%

1;

8;% DOI

N_BI

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:8

01

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Ahd`hr 8. Jiharhd 8. Jiharhd [hrotf Cuht Zochb @orjhshrchb Ahd`hr 0jicothmui `hmwh grocuobsi cuht tochb bfb sthbjhr yhba phliba `hbyhc tornhji phjh `ulhb Doi so`hbyhc :8 Dfulj (:1 %). Uojhbachb grocuobsi chjhr thbib bfb sthbjhr phliba sojicit tornhji phjh `ulhb Hpril so`hbyhc 0; dfulj (05 %). Emhrt p) [oth Cfbtrfl p (Efbtrfl (Efbtrfl Emhrt p) [od`uhthb poth cfbtrfl p ( efbtrfl emhrt   p) yhba `orgubasi ubtuc dolimht hphchm pobaobjhlihb cuhliths phjh  porushmhhb ibi sujhm torcobjhli hthu `olud. 8.  Dobamituba [rfpfrsi Bfb Uthbjhr [rfpfrsi bfb sthbjhr jiaubhchb ubtuc dolimht porsobthso chjhr thbib bfb sthbjhr phjh tihp su`arfup (thbaahl  prfjucsi). Pudus ubtuc dobamituba prfpfrsi bfb sthbjhr hjhlhm >

bfb sthbjhr p 4 NudlhmNuprfjuc dlhm prfjucsi  4 81 4;,8:

 

Efbtfm pormitibahb prfpfsi bfb sthbjhr ubtuc su`aru` 8>  

[obobtuhb Ghctfr-ghctfr @orpobahrum tormhjhp Cuhliths Cuht Zochb Zoch b @hth Pibahb jobahb Dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl (U[E) jhb Dotfjo Zhauemi / ( @hyu @hyu Hrig Q & Qiwic Uulistiyfwhti)  Uulistiyfwhti)   [oor roviowoj ubjor rospfbsi`ili fg _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. © 0;81 _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. Hll riamt rosorvoj. Zmis is hb fpob heeos hrtielo ubjor tmo EE @Y lieobeo (mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/) mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/ ) 

 

[rfzidh, Wfl 8, Bf.8, Nubi 0;81, ?; -?= O. IUUB. 0?:8-?88? Nfurbhl Mfdophao>  Mfdophao> mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh   JFI Libc> mttp>//jfi.fra/8;. mttp>//jfi.fra/8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7    Hrtielo JFI> 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7  

0.

Dobamituba Ahris [usht (EL)

?5

  Ahris pusht (EL) doruphchb ahris yhba dowhcili rhth-rhth tibacht bfb sthbjhr jhlhd suhtu prfsos prfjucsi. _btuc dobamituba ahris pusht dobaaubhchb rudus >

 4̏ 4 ∘∘==  4 ̏ 4 4;,89= ::5  ∞  ( )  ∞  ( )  

 

5.  Dobamituba @hths Cobjhli Hths (_EL) jhb @hths Cobjhli @hwhm (LEL) @hths cobjhli hths (_EL) jhb `hths cobjhli `hwhm (LEL) doruphchb ibjichtfr ucurhb soehrh sthtistic so`uhm  prfsos `ish jichthchb dobyidphba hthu tijhc. @hths cobjhli hths (_EL) jimituba jobahb dobaaubhchb rudus > _EL 4 p + 5

 p  p  8-p

 

b

Uojhbachb ubtuc dobamituba `hths cobjhli `hwhm (LEL) dobaaubhchb rudus > LEL 4 p - 5

 p  p  8-p b

 

Efbtfm pormitubahb _EL jhb LEL phjh su`arfup 8 > _EL 4

LEL 4

;,89= ∞ ;;,,89= ( ;,89=)9=) ;,89= ∞ ;;,,89= ( ;,89=)9=)  + 5

 - 5

  81

  81

  4 ;,7?8

  4 -;,0?:

Efbtrfl Emhrt p Cuht Zochb

F_Z FG EFBZPFL

8,;; ;,=; ;,7;      I ;,:;      U      P      F      [ ;,0;      F      P      [ ;,;;

[ EL _EL LEL

-;,0; -;,:; -;,7;

 p Cuht Zochb Ahd`hr 0.  0. Efbtrfl Emhrt  p @orjhshrchb Ahd`hr 5. jhpht jisidpulchb `hmwh jhth-jhth torso`ut jhlhd cohjhhb tijhc torcobjhli. Chrobh jhri co?8 jhth torso`ut torjhpht shtu titic jhth yhba `orhjh ji luhr `hths cfbtrfl ( fut fg efbtrfl), yhitu phjh titic co-07. [obobtuhb Ghctfr-ghctfr @orpobahrum tormhjhp Cuhliths Cuht Zochb Zoch b @hth Pibahb jobahb Dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl (U[E) jhb Dotfjo Zhauemi / ( @hyu @hyu Hrig Q & Qiwic Uulistiyfwhti)  Uulistiyfwhti)   [oor roviowoj ubjor rospfbsi`ili fg _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. © 0;81 _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. Hll riamt rosorvoj. Zmis is hb fpob heeos hrtielo ubjor tmo EE @Y lieobeo (mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/) mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/ ) 

 

[rfzidh, Wfl 8, Bf.8, Nubi 0;81, ?; -?= O. IUUB. 0?:8-?88? mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh   Nfurbhl Mfdophao>  Mfdophao> mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh JFI Libc> mttp>//jfi.fra/8;. mttp>//jfi.fra/8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7    Hrtielo JFI> 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7  

Jhth torso`ut dodpubyhi bilhi prfpfrsi so`oshr ;,18, jiluhr `hths _ppor Efbtrfl Lidit   (_EL) yhitu so`oshr ;,7?8. Efbtrfl emhrt   p jhpht jichthchb jhlhd cohjhhb sthtistiehl efbtrfl  hph`ilh tijhc tid`ul  phttorb  jhb tijhc torjhpht titic jhth yhba `orhjh jiluhr `hths cfbtrfl. Jiharhd Uo`h` Hci`ht Lhbachm solhbnutbyh hjhlhm dobehri hchr pordhshlhmhb yhba dobyo`h`chb cuht tochb `hth robjhm jhb solhbnutbyh jihbhlish ghctfr-ghctfr yhba jhpht dobyo`h`chb cuht tochb `hth dobnhji robjhm. Jiharhd so`h`-hci`ht

?:

ji`uht jobahb ehrh `rhibstfrdiba jhb pobahdhthb lhbasuba phjh prfsos prfjucsi `hth ribahb.

Ahd`hr 5. Jiharhd Uo`h`-Hci`ht Cuht Zochb @hth Pobjhm Hbhlish Jhth Zhauemi @orjhshrchb mhsil pobolitihb jijhphtchb sonudlhm jhth yhba hchb jiflhm jobahb dobaaubhchb dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl  (U[E). [hjh poth cfbtrfl p ( efbtrfl emhrt   p) yhba `orgubasi ubtuc dolimht hphchm pobaobjhlihb cuhliths phjh porushmhhb ibi sujhm torcobjhli hthu `olud. Hjhbyh titic-titic yhba `orgluctuhsi jhb tijhc `orhturhb dobubnucchb `hmwh pobaobjhlihb cuhliths cuht tochb `hth ribahb dhsim dobahlhdi pobyidphbahb. Dhch ji hjhchb ocsporidob Zhauemi ibi `ortunuhb ubtuc dobaijobtigichsichb co`orhjhhb sorth `oshr pobahrum ghctfr-ghctfr yhba jisolijici tormhjhp suhtu mhsil cornh tortobtu jhb dobjhphtchb cfd`ibhsi lovol-lovol ghctfr yhba dod`orichb mhsil fptidhl sosuhi jobahb critorih yhbaLovol jiibaibchb. jhb Ghctfr Cfbtrfl Zh`ol 5.  Bilhi BF.

Ghctfr Cfbtrfl

Uhtuhb

Lovol 8

Lovol 0

Lovol 5

H

Wfludo Hir Hir  

Litor

8;;

8?;

0;;

@

[hsir Uilich Uilich  

Ca

?;;

??;

7;;

E

Uodob   Uodob

ca

0?;

5;;

5?;

J

Aypsud   Aypsud

Ca

0?;

5?;

:;;

@orjhshrchb Zh`ol 5. jhpht jicothmui bilhi ghctfr jhb ghctfr cfbtrfl vfludo hir lovol 8 hjhlhm 8;; litor, lovol 0 hjhlhm 8?; litor jhb lovol 5 hjhlhm 0;; litor. [hsir silich lovol 8 hjhlhm ?;; Ca, lovol 0 hjhlhm ??; Ca jhb lovol 5 hjhlhm 7;; Ca. Uodob lovol8 hjhlhm 0?; Ca, lovol 0 hjhlhm 5;; Ca jhb lovol 5 hjhlhm 5?; Ca. Yhba torhcir aypsud lovol 8 hjhlhm 0?; Ca, lovol 0 hjhlhm 5?; Ca jhb lovol 5 hjhlhm :;;Ca. _btuc dobehphi bilhi thraot lo`im `oshr ( lhraor tmo `ottor )),, dhch pobobtuhb lovol ghctfr yhba fptidhl hjhlhm yhba dobjhphtchb mhsil pobaunihb cuht tochb yhba phliba `oshr. Cfd`ibhsi lovol ghctfr fptidud, hjhlhm > H0 4 Wfludo Hir 8?; Litor @0 4 Nudlhm [hsir Uilich ??; Ca E5 4 Nudlhm Uodob 5?; Ca J5 4 Nudlhm Aypsud 5;; Ca

[obobtuhb Ghctfr-ghctfr @orpobahrum tormhjhp Cuhliths Cuht Zochb Zoch b @hth Pibahb jobahb Dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl (U[E) jhb Dotfjo Zhauemi / ( @hyu @hyu Hrig Q & Qiwic Uulistiyfwhti)  Uulistiyfwhti)   [oor roviowoj ubjor rospfbsi`ili fg _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. © 0;81 _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. Hll riamt rosorvoj. Zmis is hb fpob heeos hrtielo ubjor tmo EE @Y lieobeo (mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/) mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/ ) 

 

[rfzidh, Wfl 8, Bf.8, Nubi 0;81, ?; -?= O. IUUB. 0?:8-?88? Nfurbhl Mfdophao>  Mfdophao> mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh   JFI Libc> mttp>//jfi.fra/8;. mttp>//jfi.fra/8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7    Hrtielo JFI> 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7  

??

Ahd`hr :. Zh`ol Jhth Mhsil Ocsporidob Cuht Zochb @hth Pibahb  Pibahb  

Ahd`hr ?. Mhsil Ocsporidob Cfbgirdhsi

Pi bahb Cfbjisi Ocsisitiba jobahb Ocpsporidob Zhauemi  Ahd`hr 7. Mhsil [obaucurhb Cuht Zochb @hth Pibahb [obobtuhb Ghctfr-ghctfr @orpobahrum tormhjhp Cuhliths Cuht Zochb Zoch b @hth Pibahb jobahb Dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl (U[E) jhb Dotfjo Zhauemi / ( @hyu @hyu Hrig Q & Qiwic Uulistiyfwhti)  Uulistiyfwhti)   [oor roviowoj ubjor rospfbsi`ili fg _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. © 0;81 _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. Hll riamt rosorvoj. Zmis is hb fpob heeos hrtielo ubjor tmo EE @Y lieobeo (mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/) mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/ ) 

 

[rfzidh, Wfl 8, Bf.8, Nubi 0;81, ?; -?= O. IUUB. 0?:8-?88? mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh   Nfurbhl Mfdophao>  Mfdophao> mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh JFI Libc> mttp>//jfi.fra/8;. mttp>//jfi.fra/8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7    Hrtielo JFI> 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7  

COUID[_LHB Mhsil pobaucurhb cuht tochb `hth ribahb yhitu mhsil cfbjisi ocsistiba jobahb ocsporidob Zhuauemi dobahlhdi  pobibachthb so`oshr :,0? - 5,?; 4 ;,1? B/dd0. Cfbjisi ocsistiba jobahb cfd`ibhsi ghctfr  ―   ghctfr yhba dodpobahrumi cuht tochb `hth ribahb hjhlhm hir 0;; litor, phsir silich ?;; ca, sodob 0;; ca jhb aypsud 0?; ca dobamhsilchb 5,?; B/dd0. Uojhbachb ocsporidob Zhauemi jobahb cfd`ibhsibyh hjhlhm hir 8?;. litor, phsir silich ??; ca, sodob 5?; ca jhb aypsud 5;; ca dobamhsilchb :,0? B/dd0. JHGZHP [_UZHCH S8T. [rhwirfsobtfbf., U., (0;;1)., Gilfsfgi @hru Zobthba Dhbhnodob Dutu Zorphju H`hj 08., [Z. @udi Hcshrh , Nhchrth. S0T. Uhrhswhti, P., jcc. (0;88)., [orhbehbahb Arfup Zoembflfay Lhyfut ji [Z. J[U Uurh`hyh jobahb Dotfjo Uidulhsi jhb Dotfjo Zhauemi., Nurbhl Zocbic Ibjustri _bivorsiths Q.P. Uuprhtdhb Uurh`hyh, Wfl.0, Bf.0, S5T. Uusotyh, N., jcc., (0;;9)., Hbhlisis [obaobjhlihb [ obaobjhlihb Cuhliths Dolhlui Ovhluhsi jhb [or`hichb [rfsos [rfjucsi jobahb [objochthb Dotfjo Efbtrfl Emhrt jhb Dotfjo Zhauemi., Nurbhl Zocbflfai Zoembfseiobtih., Wfl.8., Bf.0.. S:T. Moizor, N., Pobjor., @., (0;;9)., Dhbhnodob Fporhsi., Uhlod`h Opht, Nhchrth.

?7

[obobtuhb Ghctfr-ghctfr @orpobahrum tormhjhp Cuhliths Cuht Zochb Zoch b @hth Pibahb jobahb Dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl (U[E) jhb Dotfjo Zhauemi / ( @hyu @hyu Hrig Q & Qiwic Uulistiyfwhti)  Uulistiyfwhti)   [oor roviowoj ubjor rospfbsi`ili fg _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. © 0;81 _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. Hll riamt rosorvoj. Zmis is hb fpob heeos hrtielo ubjor tmo EE @Y lieobeo (mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/) mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/ ) 

 

[rfzidh, Wfl 8, Bf.8, Nubi 0;81, ?; -?= O. IUUB. 0?:8-?88? mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh   Nfurbhl Mfdophao>  Mfdophao> mttp>//fns.udsijh.he.ij/ibjox.pmp/prfzidh JFI Libc> mttp>//jfi.fra/8;. mttp>//jfi.fra/8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7    Hrtielo JFI> 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7 8;.08;;1;/prfzidh.v8i8.1;7  

Zh`ol 5 Pocfdobjhsi Ditiahsi Pisicf phjh _bit [olhyhbhb [obahjhhb (_[L) Cfth @fbthba [ftobsi Pisicf  Pisicf 

Chphsiths ibtorbot ji chbtfr _L[ tijhc dobjucuba

Chbtfr _L[ tijhc roprosobthtig

Clhsigichsi Ditiahsi Pisicf  Pisicf 

_sulhb Ditiahsi Pisicf  Pisicf 

Ostidhsi `ihyh  `ihyh 

[obhbaauba  nhwh`    nhwh`

Zobaahba whctu   whctu

Dobaurhbai jhdphc

[obibachthb hbaahrhb  podoribthm ubtuc shrhbh  prhshrhbh _L[ jobahb dobhd`hm hbaahrhb so`oshr 8.?;;.;;;,;; por  `ulhb ubtuc dobhd`hm chphsiths ibtorbot.

Dobaurhbai jhdphc

[od`orihb phsswfrj ubtuc Cophlh Uocsi  pibtu dhsuc chbtfr _L[ Pp 8?.;;;.;;; x 0 hahr mhbyh hbaafth _L[  pibtu 4 Pp 5;.;;;.;;; Ghsilithsi 8 `ulhb [obahjhhb yhba jhpht dhsuc

Dobaurhbai jhdphc

Pp :.;;;.;;; x = titic Cophlh Uocsi [od`orihb EEZW jhb nhlur 4 Ghsilithsi 8 `ulhb ovhcuhsi Pp 50.;;;.;;; [obahjhhb

Zrhbsgor risicf

Dolhcuchb cornhshdh  pobahdhbhb jobahb ibsthbsi vortichl ubtuc dobnhdib cohdhbhb coaihthb _L[

Pp 8=.;;;.;;;

Cophlh Uocsi Ghsilithsi 8 `ulhb [obahjhhb

Mfbfr Pp 8.;;;.;;; x 0 frhba x 80 `ulhb 4 Cophlh _L[ Pp 0:.;;;.;;;

?1

[obaobjhlihb risicf

Zid pfcnh tijhc gfcus chrobh  porhb ahbjh Dobaurhbai jhdphc

[od`obtuchb _L[ so`hahi Pp8;;.;;;.;;; UC[J/Lod`hah

[odoribthm & 8 thmub J[PJ

[obibachthb ibsobtig pfcnh Pp ?.;;;.;;; x 08 [odoribthm & & tubnhbahb prfgosi frhba x 80 `ulhb 4 Pp ZH[J 8 thmub dibidhl ?.;;;.;;; por 8.07;.;;;.;;; frhba/`ulhb

[obobtuhb Ghctfr-ghctfr @orpobahrum tormhjhp Cuhliths Cuht Zochb Zoch b @hth Pibahb jobahb Dotfjo Uthtistiehl [rfeoss Efbtrfl (U[E) jhb Dotfjo Zhauemi / ( @hyu @hyu Hrig Q & Qiwic Uulistiyfwhti)  Uulistiyfwhti)   [oor roviowoj ubjor rospfbsi`ili fg _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. © 0;81 _bivorsiths Dumhddhjiyhm Uijfhrnf. Hll riamt rosorvoj. Zmis is hb fpob heeos hrtielo ubjor tmo EE @Y lieobeo (mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/) mttp>//erohtivoefddfbs.fra/lieobeos/`y/:.;/ ) 

?=