7. Sedimentary Environments 3.pdf

Glacial processes and landforms

Skoltbre cirque glaciers, glaciers, Norway Norway www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/earth_icy_planet/icons-02/07-cirque.jpg

Changing climates and glaciation

Natur Na tur al c auses Plate tectonics and volcanism

Solar output and variations

Ocean variability Orbital variations

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Pleistocene glaciation

Milankovitch cycles and climate Research has shown that the 100,000-yr eccentricity cycle is the dominant facto r in the 100,000-year ice age cyc les of the Quaternary glaciation over the last few million years.

upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Milankovitch_Variations.png

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Pleistocene glaciation

Pleist ocene ice age Quaternary glaciation; current ice age; ice age period of t he last few mill ion years (2.58 Ma to present) in whic h permanent ice s heets were established in Antarctica and perhaps Greenland, and fluctuating ice sheets have occurred elsewhere

Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) refers to a period in the Earth's climate history when ice sheets were at their maximum extension, between 26,500 and 19,000–20,000 years ago, marking the peak of the last g lacial period

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Pleistocene glaciation

Current ic e age Quaternary/Pleistocene glaciation; current ice age; ice age Backwards Glacial n ex

Names  Alpine

N. American N. European Great Britain S. American Flandrian

1st

Würm

Wisconsin

Riss-Würm Sangamonian 2nd

Riss i

3rd – 5th

7th

l i l-

Illinoian - lli

Weichselian Dev en si an or Vistulian

Eemian Saalian

i

Mindel

Pre-Illinoian

GünzMindel

Pre-Illinoian

Günz

Pre-Illinoian

l

i

Elsterian

Ipswichian

i

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Beestonian

MIS

Epoch

interglacial

present – 12

1

Holocene

Caracol

2-4 & 5a-d

110 – 1 30

5e (7, 9?)

glacial period

130 – 2 00

6

i Río Llico

12 – 11 0

interglacial

Valdivia

Cromerian Menapian

Period (ka)

L la nq ui hu e g lac ia l p er io d

Wolstonian or Santa María Gipping

Anglian

Inter/Glacial

l

glacial period(s)

Pleistocene

200 –  300/380

i l

300/380 –  455

12

interglacial(s)

455 – 620 13-15

glacial period

620 – 680

16

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

???

water frozen into the solid state: snowfl akes, hail, icicles, glaciers, pack ice, and entire polar ic e caps

large masses of ic e formed of compressed snow that move slowl y under their own w eight; largest reservoir of fr eshwater on Earth

a large piece of ice from fr eshwater that has broken off f rom a snow -

a form of precipitation w ithin the Earth's atmosphere in the form of crystalline water ice en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glaciers_and_Icebergs_at_Cape_York.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Glacial environments

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Glacial processes

Glacial erosio n abrasion/scouring, pluck ing, ice thrust ing, and glacially-induced spalling crushing and scouring of surface rocks and bedrock as the glaciers expand due to their accumulating weight of snow and ice

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arranque_glaciar-en.svg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Erosional features

Striations/grooves scratches or gouges cut int o bedrock by proc ess of glacial abrasion occur as multipl e straight, parallel grooves representing the movement of the sediment-loaded base of the glacier  Kelleys Island, USA (OH)

Mount Rainier National Park, USA (WA)

120 m L, 11 m W, 3 m H

upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Glacial_grooves.  jpg

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glacial_striation_21149.JPG

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Erosional landforms

Cirque/corrie an amphitheatre-like valley head, formed at the head of a valley glacier  shape: open on the downhill sid e corresponding t o the flatter area of the stage, whil e the cupped seating secti on is generally steep cliff-like slo pes down wh ich ice and glaciated debris comb ine and converge  Abi sk o Nati on al Par k, Sw eden

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glacial_Tarn_Formation_EN.svg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circosabisko.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Erosional landforms

Tarn a mountain lake or pool , formed in a cirq ue excavated by a glacier  Tarn Shelf Australia

,

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tarn_Shelf_Mt_Field_National_Park_  2.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thornton_Lakes_25929.JPG

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Erosional landforms

Glacial ho rn / Pyramidal peak a mountaintop that has been modif ied by the action of ice during glaciation and frost weathering Matterhorn, Switzerland and Italy

Mt. Kinabalu, Malaysia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zermatt_and_Matterhorn.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

www.cohp.org/personal/southeast_asia/images/Kinabalu/IMGP 3989_50.jpg Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Erosional landforms

 Arête French: ‘edge or ridge’ a thin, almost kn ife-like ridge of rock which is typically form ed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys Crib Goch , Wales

Garden Wall, USA (MT)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crib_Goch,_Snowdonia,_Wales_ _August_2007.jpg

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garden_Wall.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Erosional landforms

U-shaped g lacial valleys a depression wi th predominant extent in one direction Yosemite Valley, USA (CA)

Tracy Arm , Alaska

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_yosemite_valley_tunnel_view_2010 .JPG 0.tqn.com/d/christianity/1/0/z/B/U-ShapedValley640x480.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Glacial processes

Glacial deposition glaciers retreat and leave behind their freight of cr ushed rock and sand (glacial drift )

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Receding_glacier-en.svg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Depositional landforms

Moraine any glacially formed accumulation of unc onsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock ) that may have been plucked of f a valley floor as a glacier advanced or it may have fallen off t he valley w alls as a result o f fros t wedging or landslide Gorner Glacier, Switzerland

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glacier.zermatt.arp.750pix.jpg elearning.stkc.go.th/lms/html/earth_science/LOcanada3/307/i mages/7_2.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

lateral moraine Vadret da Tschi erva, Switzerland

ground moraine Múlajökull, Iceland

www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/glossary/icons/lateral-morainetschierva.jpg

terminal moraine Bylot Island, Canada

geoinfo.amu.edu.pl/wpk/geos/geo_9/geo_images_G-15/FigG15.1.jpeg

medial moraine Kaskawul sh Glacier, Canada

nsidc.org/glaciers/gallery/images/bylot_island_valley_large.jpg  

nsidc.org/glaciers/gallery/images/bylot_island_valley_large.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Depositional landforms

Moraine any glacially formed accumulation of unc onsolidated glacial debris (soil and rock ) that may have been plucked of f a valley floor as a glacier advanced or it may have fallen off t he valley w alls as a result o f fros t wedging or landslide recessional moraine Garibaldi Provincial Park, British Columbia

vss.sd22.bc.ca/hpp/courses/geo12/course_material/unit5/U05L0 1/recessionalmoraine.jpg

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supraglacial moraine

www.geographysite.co.uk/pages/physical/glaciers/images/mor01.jpg

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Depositional landforms

Drumlin Irish droimnín ‘little ridge’ an elongated whale-shaped hill whose long axis is parallel wit h the movement of the ice

www.landforms.eu/Lothian/images/drumlin.jpg  

www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/files/39205/Drumlin.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Depositional landforms

Esker  a long windi ng ridge of s tratified sand and gravel that are frequently several km long and are somewhat like railroad embankments probably former si tes of s ub-glacial str eams and rivers

www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/ndnotes/Eskers/images/esker%20formed %20copy.jpg

www.brianwhittaker.com/Photo-of-Week/Archive/05-12-26Esker/Esker-26Dec2005-800-www-BrianWhittaker-com.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Depositional landforms

Kame an irregularly shaped hill o r mound c omposed of sand, gravel and till that accumulates in a depression on a retreating glacier (moulin), and is then deposited on the land surface with fur ther melting of t he glacier  Camelback K ame Glacial Park, USA (IL)

ih1.redbubble.net/work.5564418.1.flat,550x550,075,f.camelbac k-kame-glacial-park-richmond-illinois.jpg www.littledippers.com/geocaching/Kame2.gif 

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Depositional features

Glacial erratic s Latin errare a piece of roc k that dif fers from th e size and type of rock n ative to the area in whic h it rests Yeager Roc k, USA (WA)

Big Rock , Canada 15,000 mt

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yeager-Rock-Erractic-PB110039.JPG en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bigrock.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Depositional landforms

Outwash fan a fan-shaped body of sediments deposit ed by braided streams from a melting glacier  usually poorl y sort ed due to the short dis tance traveled before being deposited  Ak ti neq Glac ier, Can ada

Rendu Glacier, Alaska

pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1216/no/images/outwashplain1.gif 

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

 

www.prairie.illinois.edu/shilts/gallery/images/shilts-0012_hr.jpg

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

Glacial movement 

Kettle / Kettlehole / Pothole a shallow, sediment-filled body of water formed by retreating gl aciers or draining floodw aters result of block s of ic e calving f rom the front of a receding glacier and becoming partially to wholly buried by glacial outwash Pothole Lakes, Siberia

Isunngua highland, Greenland

64.19.142.13/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kettl e-glacial-lake-form-isunngua-greenland.jpg/800px-Kettle-glacial-lakeform-isunngua-greenland.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PotholeLakes.Siberia.L7.200 10910.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments

???  A) Kett les B) Drumlin C) Outwash D) Braided Stream E) Recession al Moraine F) Outw ash Plain G) Esker  H) Glacial Lake I) End Moraine

Glacial Lake

Esker  Drumlin

Recessional moraine Kettles

End moraine

Outwash Outwash Plain Braided stream

highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/dl/free/0072402466/30425/Fig_1228.jpg

N. Ramos | Geology 11 Principles of Geology

Lecture Notes: Sedimentary Environments