7 3 Teoria Colas
August 25, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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@bstrulnbtks Nstamìst`eks Avabzamks Caeujtam E`nbe`as Nekbõl`eas y Nlprnsar`ajns Mnpartalnbtk mn Nekbklìa Apj`eama Wrkcnskr Uabt`adk mn ja Cunbtn Cnrbábmnz
]NKVÌ ]NKVÌA A MN EKJA EKJAU9 U9 LKMN LKMNJKU JKU L/L/ L/L/s s
Lkmnjk mn Ekja L L s Lkmnjk mn Ekja L L s ekb nbtrama c`b`ta
LKMNJK MN EKJA L/L/s Nj lkmnjk supkbn qun jks t`nlpks nbtrn jjndamas y jks t`nlpks mn snrv`e`k skb var`afjns ajnatkr`as m`str`fu`mas nxpkbnbe`ajlnbtn, ja m`se`pj`ba ns C@CK y ja pkfjae`õb ns `bc`b`ta. Un m`cnrnbe`a rnspnetk aj lkmnjk L/L/1 nb qun nj bùlnrk mn snrv`mkrns s punmn snr euajqu`nr bùlnrk baturaj taj qun s 1 . Euabmk nj bùlnrk mn snrv`mkrns ns laykr qun 1, jas nxprns`kbns abtnr`krns bk skb tab snbe`jjas. Nb nsta jìbna, nb ja tasa mn snrv`e`k
κb <
b
hay qun m`st`bdu`r mks easks9
κb < b κ euabmk b ≭ s < l`b (b κ , s κ) κb < s κ euabmk b 2 s
≡ tasa lnm`a mn snrv`e`k mn tkmks jks snrv`mkrns nb ekbiubtk s ≡ tasa láx`la mn snrv`e`k para s snrv`mkrns Nj s`du`nbtn m`adrala mn tasas (eamnba mn Larokv mnj lkmnjk L/L/s) rnprnsnbta jks pks`fjns nstamks mnj s`stnla y jas trabs`e`kbns nbtrn njjks.
Nb nstn eask, ja tasa mn jjndamas bk sn nbeunbtra acnetama pkr nj nstamk nb qun sn nbeunbtrn nj s`stnla, pnrk sì ja tasa lnm`a mn snrv`e`k, pum`nbmk snr taj lùjt`pjk mn ja tasa lnm`a mn snrv`e`k pkr snrv`mkr eklk snrv`mkrns nb aet`vk haya. U` nj caetkr mn ut`j`zae`õb (caetkr mn earda/ `btnbs`mam trác`ek)9 ρ <
7 ο 1 .. ο b 1 eb < κ1 κ6 ... κb
⎤⎩ 1 ⎟ ⎒b ⎛ ⎩b ⎜ κ ⎧ >7 7) ⎭ (87 / > >7 7)6 x > < 1 1, 3 < ⎮ 7 1 6 ⎥ ⎣
k f`nb p7 < 1 7
1 / κ)
1 s
s
ο⎒ 1 ⎛ 1 ρ ⎧
<
1
1 b
3, = < 0
6
(87 / >7) 1 ⎟ 87 ⎒ ⎟ 1 ⎒ ⎚ ⎛ ⎚ ⎛ b 6 > 7 1 7 , 8 ⎜ ⎧ ⎜ ⎧ b7)6 x 87 x >7 Jq < p7 < 7 , 111 < 6 , 8=== ej`nbtns 6 (s 1) (s κ ο) 1 (6 x >7 >7 87)
Bùlnrk prklnm`k Bùlnrk prklnm`k mn mn ej`nbtns ej`nbtns nb nb nj nj s`stnla s`stnla (tnrl`baj (tnrl`baj mn mn caeturae`õb)9
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s >
< 7 , 1111
Js < Jq
ο 87 < 6 , 8= < = , ==== ej`nbtns >7 κ
f) f) ]`nlpk ]`nlpk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn nspnra nspnra nb nb ekja9 ekja9 Tq
Jq
ο
<
6,8= < 7 , 75>3 87
]`nlpk lnm`k ]`nlpk lnm`k mn mn nstabe`a nstabe`a nb nb nj nj s`stnla s`stnla (tnrl`baj (tnrl`baj mn mn caeturae`õb)9 Ts
Tq 1 < 7 , 75>>
κ
1 < 7 , 7>>3 hkras < 5, 55 l`butks >7
Ns Ns mne`r, mne`r, nj nj t`nlpk t`nlpk nb nb nj nj s`stnla s`stnla ns ns `duaj `duaj aj aj t`nlpk t`nlpk nb nb ja ja ekja ekja Tq ) lás lás nj nj t`nlpk t`nlpk nb nb nj snrv`e`k (1 / ) snrv`e`k k f`nb, f`nb, Ts
Js
ο
<
= , == < 7 , 7>>3 hkras < 5, 55 l`butks 87
(ο / κ)b e) e) Nj Nj pkrenbtain pkrenbtain mn mn t`nlpk t`nlpk qun qun mntnrl`bamk mntnrl`bamk kpnrar`k kpnrar`k nstà nstà j`frn9 j`frn9 pb < p7 b 1 p7
1 (87 / >7)7 p1 < pk 6 7
1 (87 / >7)1 pk < pk 7 , 8 . pk < 1, 8 . pk < 1, 8 . 7 , 111 < 7 , 6 6 1
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 3
1 p7
1 1 p1 < 7 , 1 1 . 7 , 18 < 7 , 6 6 6
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 4
Nb ub Nb ub alfujatkr`k alfujatkr`k ekb ekb trns trns làm`eks, làm`eks, jks jks pae`nbtns pae`nbtns jjndab jjndab mn mn ckrla ckrla ajnatkr`a (t`nlpks mn (t`nlpks mn jjndama jjndama nxpkbnbe`ajns) nxpkbnbe`ajns) a razõb razõb mn mn 16 16 pkr pkr hkra. hkra. Nstks Nstks skb skb atnbm`mks atnbm`mks nb krmnb mn krmnb mn jjndama jjndama pkr pkr nj nj pr`lnr pr`lnr làm`ek làm`ek qun qun nstà nstà j`frn. j`frn. Eama Eama làm`ek làm`ek tarma tarma uba uba lnm`a lnm`a mn 15 l`butks 15 l`butks nb nb atnbmnr atnbmnr a eama eama pae`nbtn pae`nbtn (t`nlpks (t`nlpks mn mn atnbe`õb atnbe`õb nxpkbnbe`ajns). Un p`mn9 Un a) a) Eajeujar Eajeujar ja ja prkpkre`õb prkpkre`õb mn mn t`nlpk t`nlpk qun qun nstá nstá eama eama làm`ek làm`ek atnbm`nbmk atnbm`nbmk a pae`nbtns. f) f) Eajeujar Eajeujar nj nj bùlnrk bùlnrk prklnm`k prklnm`k mn mn pae`nbtns pae`nbtns qun qun nstáb nstáb nb nb ja ja saja saja mn mn nspnra. Eajeujar Eajeujar nj nj t`nlpk t`nlpk prklnm`k prklnm`k tktaj tktaj mn mn nspnra nspnra mn mn ub ub pae`nbtn.
e) »Quà keurr`rìa nb nj alfujatkr`k s` ubk mn jks trns làm`eks sn ausnbta; Ukjue`õb9 a) a) Ns Ns ub ub lkmnjk lkmnjk mn mn ekja ekja L/L/5 L/L/5 ekb ekb s 5 snrv`mkrns
< 16 pae`nbtns/ hkra , κ <
37 < = , 31> pae`nbtns/ hkra 15
^t`j`zae`õb prklnm`k ^t`j`zae`õb prklnm`k mnj mnj alfujatkr`k9 alfujatkr`k9
s
ο / κ < 16 / = , 31> < 6 , 3
Ja Ja prkpkre`õb prkpkre`õb mn mn t`nlpk t`nlpk skj`e`tama skj`e`tama sn sn nxprnsa nxprnsa nb nb ja ja tasa tasa mn mn ut`j`zae`õb ut`j`zae`õb mnj mnj alfujatkr`k9
ρ < s ο. κ < 5 x =16, 31> < 7 , 84 ↖ 1 ρ < 1 7 , 84 < 7 , 15 Nj Nj snrv`e`k snrv`e`k mnj mnj alfujatkr`k alfujatkr`k nstá nstá ut`j`zamk ut`j`zamk ub ub 84 , nstk nstk ns, ns, pasa pasa ke`ksk ke`ksk nj nj 15 mnj t`nlpk, s`stnla t`nlpk, s`stnla nstafjn nstafjn aj aj snr snr < 7 , 84 : 1 ( ο / κ) s ο κ f) f) Bùlnrk Bùlnrk prklnm`k prklnm`k mn mn pae`nbtns pae`nbtns nb nb ja ja saja saja mn mn nspnra9 nspnra9 J q < p7 (s 1) (s κ ο) p7 <
1 7
6
1 / κ)
1 s
s
ο⎒ 1 κ ⎛⎧ 1 ρ 6
<
6
∑
b5 < 1 6 , 3 5, 58 66 , >5 < 60 , >1
(ο / κ) s ο κ 6 , 35 x 16 x = , 31> x 7 , 755 < = , 46 pae`nbtns ekb jk ekb jk qun, qun, J q < p7 < 6 (s 1) (s κ ο) 6 x 1 , 8=> ]`nlpk prklnm`k ]`nlpk prklnm`k mn mn nspnra nspnra nb nb ekja9 ekja9 Tq
Jq
ο
]`nlpk prklnm`k nstabe`a nb nj s`stnla9 Ts
<
=,46 < 7 , 50 hkras 16
Tq κ 1 < 7 , 50 =,31> 1 < 7 , 37 hkras
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 8
Nj Nj dnrnbtn dnrnbtn mn mn uba uba lujt`bae`kbaj lujt`bae`kbaj qu`nrn qu`nrn abaj`zar abaj`zar nj nj ekstn ekstn tktaj tktaj pkr pkr hkra hkra mnj mnj s`stnla mn mnseardas mn mnseardas mn mn su su tnrl`baj tnrl`baj (labk (labk mn mn kfra kfra y eal`kbns eal`kbns ke`ksks). ke`ksks). Ja Ja tnrl`baj tnrl`baj mn mn earda cube`kba ekb cube`kba ekb euatrk euatrk pjatackrlas pjatackrlas mn mn mnsearda, mnsearda, eama eama uba uba mn mn àstas àstas ekb ekb ub ub nqu`pk nqu`pk mn mn mks nlpjnamks qun nlpjnamks qun mnseardab mnseardab ub ub snl`rrnlkjqun snl`rrnlkjqun nb nb uba uba hkra, hkra, ekb ekb t`nlpks t`nlpks mn mn snrv`e`ks nxpkbnbe`ajns, y ub nxpkbnbe`ajns, ub ekstn ekstn mn mn euarnbta euarnbta nurks/hkra. nurks/hkra. Nj Nj t`nlpk t`nlpk mn mn jjndamas jjndamas mn mn eal`kbns ns ns mn mn trns/hkra trns/hkra s`du`nbmk s`du`nbmk uba uba m`sr`fue`õb m`sr`fue`õb mn mn Wk`sskb, Wk`sskb, ekb ekb ub ub ekstn ekstn nst`lamk nst`lamk mn snsnbta nurks/hkra snsnbta nurks/hkra pkr pkr eal`õb eal`õb ke`ksk.
Ukjue`õb9 Ns Ns ub ub lkmnjk lkmnjk mn mn ekja ekja L/L/= L/L/= ekb ekb s = snrv`mkrns Wara eajeujar Wara eajeujar nj nj ekstn ekstn tktaj tktaj mn mn labk labk mn mn kfra kfra y mn mn jks jks eal`kbns eal`kbns ke`ksks ke`ksks hay hay qun qun safnr safnr nj t`nlpk prklnm`k t`nlpk prklnm`k mn mn nspnra nspnra nb nb nj nj s`stnla s`stnla mn mn mnsearda mnsearda y nj nj bùlnrk bùlnrk prklnm`k prklnm`k mn eal`kbns nb eal`kbns nb nj nj l`slk. ]asa mn ]asa mn jjndamas9 jjndamas9
< 5 eal`kbns/hkra
]asa mn ]asa mn snrv`e`k snrv`e`k pkr pkr nlpjnamk nlpjnamk κ < = x ^t`j`zae`õb prklnm`k mnj s`stnla9
s
7,> < 1 eal`kbns/hkra 6
ο /κ
∑
5 5b 5 1 =⎟ 1 ⎒ 5 15 , > < 1 5 = , > = , > 15 , > < 63 , > ⎛< b = 7, 7 , 6 > b ⎜ ⎧ b68= < 7 , >70= hkra 5
]`nlpk prklnm`k ]`nlpk prklnm`k mn mn nstabe`a nstabe`a mn mn eal`kbns eal`kbns nb nb nj nj s`stnla9
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 0
Ts
Tq
1
κ
< 7 , >70=
1 < 1, >70= hkras 1
Bùlnrk prklnm`k Bùlnrk prklnm`k eal`kbns eal`kbns nb nb s`stnla9 s`stnla9 k f`nb, f`nb,
s
Ekstns9 Ekstns9
q
s
< Jq
ο Ts < 5 x 1, 1 , >70= < = , >686 eal`kbns
κ
< 1, >68= 5 < = , >68= eal`kbns
37 , e s < =7 , e q e s < 177
Ekstn tktaj mn nspnra9 Q
e q . J q < 37 . 1, >68= < 01, 3081 nurks/hkra
Ekstn tktaj Ekstn tktaj snrv`e`k9 snrv`e`k9 U e s . s < =7 . = < 137 nurks/hkra Ekstn tktaj Ekstn tktaj s`stnla9 s`stnla9 ]U e q . J s e s . s < 37 . = , >686 =7 . = < =51, 3086 nurks/hkra (Ekstn tktaj (Ekstn eal`kbns (Ekstn eal`kbns ke`ksks Ekstn labk mn mn kfra kfra ke`ksa)
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 17
Ekstn tktaj Ekstn tktaj mn mn nspnra9 nspnra9 Q
e q . J q < 37 . 1, >68= < 01, 3081 nurks/hkra
Ekstn tktaj Ekstn tktaj snrv`e`k9 snrv`e`k9 U e s . s < =7 . = < 137 nurks/hkra Ekstn tktaj Ekstn tktaj s`stnla9 s`stnla9 ]U e q . J s e s . s < 37 . = , >686 =7 . = < =51, 3086 nurks/hkra (Ekstn tktaj (Ekstn eal`kbns (Ekstn eal`kbns ke`ksks Ekstn labk mn mn kfra kfra ke`ksa)
]NKVÌA MN ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 EKJAU9 HKUW@]AJ HKUW@]AJ Qunu`bd Qunu`bd Abajys`s
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 11
Ja Ja saja saja mn mn urdnbe`as urdnbe`as mn mn ub ub hksp`taj hksp`taj t`nbn t`nbn uba uba tasa tasa lnm`a lnm`a mn mn 5 pae`nbtns pae`nbtns a ja ja hkra, hkra, s`du`nbmk s`du`nbmk uba m`str`fue`õb mn m`str`fue`õb mn Wk`sskb. Wk`sskb. Ja Ja saja saja eunbta eunbta ekb ekb mks mks nbcnrlnras nbcnrlnras qun qun `bv`nrtnb `bv`nrtnb ub ub prklnm`k prklnm`k mn mn 1> 1> l`butks pkr pae`nbtn, pkr pae`nbtn, sndùb sndùb uba uba m`str`fue`õb m`str`fue`õb nxpkbnbe`aj. nxpkbnbe`aj. Wara Wara nv`tar nv`tar ja ja ekja ekja mn mn nspnra nspnra surdnb surdnb mks mks kp`b`kbns9 Nj Nj incn incn mn mn saja saja skj`e`ta skj`e`ta uba uba nbcnrla nbcnrla lás, lás, ja ja m`rnee`õb m`rnee`õb mnj mnj hksp`taj hksp`taj pjabtna pjabtna qun qun nb nb keas`kbns keas`kbns jas jas mks nbcnrlnras nstáb nbcnrlnras nstáb ke`ksas ke`ksas y ekbs`mnra ekbs`mnra qun qun sn sn mnfn mnfn rnmue`r rnmue`r a uba uba ja ja eabt`mam eabt`mam mn mn nbcnrlnras. Un Un safn safn qun qun uba uba nbcnrlnra nbcnrlnra ekfrn ekfrn 17 17 nurks/hkra nurks/hkra y sn sn ha ha vajkramk vajkramk qun qun pkr pkr eama eama hkra hkra qun qun ub ub pae`nbtn pnrlabnen nb pnrlabnen nb ja ja saja saja nj nj ekstn ekstn ns ns mn mn > nurks/hkra. »Euábtas nbcnrlnras »Euábtas nbcnrlnras mnfn mnfn tnbnr tnbnr ja ja saja saja para para l`b`l`zar l`b`l`zar nj nj ekstn ekstn tktaj tktaj mnj mnj s`stnla;
s < 6 snrv`mkrns ο < 5 pae`nbtns/hkra pae`nbtns/hkra κ < = . 1> < 37 pae`nbtns/hkra Ekstns9 e q < > , e s < 17 Ekstns9
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 16
4. 4. Bùlnrk Bùlnrk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn ej`nbtns ej`nbtns nb nb nj nj s`stnla9 s`stnla9
s
8. 8. Bùlnrk Bùlnrk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn ej`nbtns ej`nbtns nb nb ja ja ekja9 ekja9
7,1664 ej ej`n `nbt btns ns
q
7,8464 7, 8464 ej`n ej`nbt btns ns
0. 0. Bùlnrk Bùlnrk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn ej`nbtns ej`nbtns nb nb ja ja ekja ekja euabmk euabmk nj nj s`stnla s`stnla nstà nstà jjnbk9 jjnbk9
f
7, 3 ej`nbtns
17. ]`nlpk 17. ]`nlpk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn nstabe`a nstabe`a mn mn ub ub ej`nbtn ej`nbtn nb nb nj nj s`stnla9 s`stnla9
s
11. ]`nlpk 11. ]`nlpk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn nstabe`a nstabe`a mn mn ub ub ej`nbtn ej`nbtn nb nb ja ja ekja9 ekja9
7,7=70 hkras
q
7,6070 hkras
16. ]`nlpk 16. ]`nlpk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn nstabe`a nstabe`a mn mn ej`nbtns ej`nbtns nb nb ja ja ekja ekja euabmk euabmk nj nj s`stnla s`stnla nstá nstá jjnbk9 jjnbk9
f
7,6777 hkra
15. Wrkfaf`j`mam 15. Wrkfaf`j`mam mn mn qun qun bk bk haya haya ej`nbtns ej`nbtns nb nb nj nj s`stnla s`stnla k prkfaf`j`mam prkfaf`j`mam mn mn qun qun tkmks tkmks jks jks snrv`mkrns nstàb ke`ksks9 7 =>,=>=> 1=. Wrkfaf`j`mam 1=. Wrkfaf`j`mam mn mn qun qun ub ub ej`nbtn ej`nbtn jjndun jjndun aj aj s`stnla s`stnla y tnbda tnbda qun qun nspnrar, nspnrar, nqu`vajnbtn nqu`vajnbtn a ja prkfaf`j`mam mn prkfaf`j`mam mn qun qun nstà nstà keupamk keupamk nj nj s`stnla9 s`stnla9 W(] 7) < 67 , =>=> 1>. Bùlnrk 1>. Bùlnrk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn ej`nbtns ej`nbtns qun qun afabmkbab afabmkbab ja ja ekja ekja pkr pkr hkra hkra (para (para nj nj eask eask mn mn ekja ekja c`b`ta), c`b`ta), nb nb nstn eask eklk eask eklk ja ja ekja ekja ns ns `bc`b`ta `bc`b`ta ns ns enrk. 18. Ekstk 18. Ekstk tktaj tktaj mn mn ja ja nspnra nspnra mn mn jks jks ej`nbtns ej`nbtns pkr pkr hkra9 hkra9 Q 66. Ekstk 66. Ekstk tktaj tktaj mnj mnj s`stnla s`stnla pkr pkr hkra9 hkra9 ]U
e q . J q < > . 7 , 1664 < 7 , 3153 nurks/hkra
e q . J s e s . s < > . 7 , 8464 17 . 6 < 6= , 535> nurks/hkra
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 15
^b laykr`sta ^b laykr`sta mn mn adnbe`as adnbe`as mn mn v`ains v`ains t`nbn t`nbn ub ub s`stnla s`stnla mn mn rnsnrvas rnsnrvas pkr pkr tnjàckbk, atnbm`mk pkr atnbm`mk pkr = eklnre`ajns, eklnre`ajns, jas jas jjalamas jjalamas nb nb nspnra nspnra skb skb atnbm`mas atnbm`mas mnspuàs mnspuàs nb nb nstr`etk krmnb mn krmnb mn jjndama. jjndama. Un Un safn safn qun qun jas jas jjalamas jjalamas skb skb ajnatkr`as ajnatkr`as ekb ekb ub ub prklnm`k prklnm`k mn mn 67 jjalamas a ja jjalamas ja hkra, hkra, l`nbtras l`nbtras qun qun nj nj t`nlpk t`nlpk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn rnspunsta rnspunsta (t`nlpk (t`nlpk qun qun uba jjalama pnrlabnen jjalama pnrlabnen nb nb nj nj s`stnla) s`stnla) ns ns mn mn 3,>1 3,>1 l`butks, l`butks, y nj nj bùlnrk bùlnrk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn jjalamas nb nspnra nb nspnra ns ns mn mn 7,14. 7,14. Un Un p`mn9 a) a) ]`nlpk ]`nlpk lnm`k lnm`k qun qun uba uba jjalama jjalama ha ha mn mn nspnrar nspnrar hasta hasta snr snr atnbm`ma atnbm`ma pkr pkr ubk ubk mn mn jks eklnre`ajns.
f) Quà keurr`rìa ekb nj usk mnj s`stnla s` huf`nra mks eklnre`ajns lnbks. e) e) U` U` nj nj laykr`sta laykr`sta vajkra vajkra ja ja hkra hkra mn mn `baet`v`mam `baet`v`mam mn mn eama eama eklnre`aj eklnre`aj nb nb mkse`nbtks mkse`nbtks nurks, »euáj ns »euáj ns ja ja pàrm`ma pàrm`ma lnm`a lnm`a pkr pkr hkra hkra mnf`ma mnf`ma a ja ja `baet`v`mam `baet`v`mam mn mn jks jks eklnre`ajns; m) m) U` U` jks jks t`nlpks t`nlpks nbtrn nbtrn jjalamas jjalamas y jks jks t`nlpks t`nlpks mn mn atnbe`õb atnbe`õb aj aj ej`nbtn ej`nbtn skb skb var`afjns ajnatkr`as nxpkbnbe`ajns, ajnatkr`as nxpkbnbe`ajns, rnprnsnbtar rnprnsnbtar nj nj m`adrala m`adrala mn mn tasas tasas mn mn trabs`e`õb trabs`e`õb nbtrn nbtrn nstamks. Uì Uì ja ja prkfaf`j`mam prkfaf`j`mam mn mn qun qun nj nj nstamk nstamk nstà nstà vaeìk vaeìk ns ns 6/10, 6/10, eajeujar eajeujar ja ja prkfaf`j`mam prkfaf`j`mam mn mn qun uba jjalama uba jjalama qunmn qunmn nb nb nspnra. Ukjue`õb9 a) a) ]asa ]asa mn mn jjndamas9 jjndamas9 < 67 ej ej`nb `nbtn tns/hk s/hkra ra ]`nlpk lnm`k ]`nlpk lnm`k mn mn rnspunsta9 rnspunsta9 Ts <
3 , >1 < 7 , 178> hkras 37
Bùlnrk lnm`k Bùlnrk lnm`k mn mn ej`nbtns ej`nbtns nb nb ja ja ekja9 ekja9
⎟
Ts < Tq
1⎒
κ ⎛⎧
7,14 ej`nbtns 7,14
q
Jundk, ]`nlpk lnm`k ]`nlpk lnm`k mn mn nspnra nspnra nb nb ekja9 ekja9 Tq s f) T
1
1
T κ ↖ κ hkras 67
T < 7 , 178> 7 , 778> < 7 , 1 ↖ κ < 17 ej`nbtns/hkra q
Caetkr mn Caetkr mn ut`j`zae`õb ut`j`zae`õb mnj mnj s`stnla9 s`stnla9 ρ < Ekb mks Ekb mks eklnre`ajns eklnre`ajns lnbks lnbks ρ <
67 ο < < 7, > s κ = x 17
ο 67 < < 1 nj nj s`stnla s`stnla sn sn vunjvn vunjvn `bnstafjn. s κ 6 x 17
e) e) Bùlnrk Bùlnrk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn eklnre`ajns eklnre`ajns keupamks keupamks ≡
ο 67 < 4 W(B =) < 1 W(B : =) < 1 p7 p1 p6 p5 < 1
6 10
= = 10 10
8 1 < >4 5
Amv`àrtasn qun Amv`àrtasn qun sn sn trata trata mn mn ub ub lkmnjk lkmnjk mn mn ekja ekja L/L/= L/L/= ekb ekb s = snrv`mkrns κb < b κ euabmk b : s Nb ja Nb ja tasa tasa mn mn snrv`e`k snrv`e`k b hay hay qun qun m`st`bdu`r9 m`st`bdu`r9 ⎨ κb < s κ euabmk b ≮ s ≡ tasa tasa lnm`a lnm`a mn mn snrv`e`k snrv`e`k mn mn tkmks tkmks jks jks snrv`mkrns snrv`mkrns nb nb ekbiubtk
s ≡ tasa láx`la láx`la mn mn snrv`e`k snrv`e`k para para s snrv`mkrns s
⎒ 1 1 ⎟ο⎒ ⎟ ο ⎒ pb < p p a r a b < 1 , 6 , . . . , s 1 p < ⎛ b b κ ⎛⎧ 7 s ⎚⎜ κ ⎛⎧ ⎜ s κ ⎧ p1
1 6 = < 6 1 10 10
p6 <
1 6 6
6
6 = < 10 10
p5 <
1 6 5
b s
5
LKMNJK MN LKMNJK MN EKJA EKJA L/L/s L/L/s ekb ekb cunbtn cunbtn mn mn nbtrama nbtrama c`b`ta
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 1>
p7 pa pa r a b < s , s 1 , . . . 6 8 < 10 >4
Ns Ns uba uba var`ae`õb var`ae`õb mnj mnj lkmnjk lkmnjk L/L/s L/L/s ekbs`stnbtn ekbs`stnbtn nb nb qun qun ja ja cunbtn cunbtn mn mn var`ae`õb var`ae`õb mn nbtrama ns nbtrama ns j`l`tama, j`l`tama, nstk nstk ns, ns, nj nj talañk talañk mn mn ja ja pkfjae`õb pkfjae`õb mn mn pks`fjns pks`fjns ej`nbtns ej`nbtns ns ns c`b`ta. Una B nj Una nj talañk talañk mn mn ja ja pkfjae`õb, pkfjae`õb, euabmk euabmk nb nb nj nj s`stnla s`stnla sn sn nbeunbtrab nbeunbtrab b ej`nbtns, qunmab (B b) pks`fjns qunmab pks`fjns ej`nbtns ej`nbtns nb nb ja ja cunbtn cunbtn mn mn nbtrama. Nb nj Nb nj lkmnjk lkmnjk ekb ekb pkfjae`õb pkfjae`õb c`b`ta c`b`ta jks jks ej`nbtns ej`nbtns ajtnrbab ajtnrbab nbtrn nbtrn nstar nstar mnbtrk mnbtrk y cunra cunra mnj s`stnla. Wkr s`stnla. Wkr abajkdìa abajkdìa ekb ekb nj nj lkmnjk lkmnjk L/L/s L/L/s sn sn supkbn supkbn qun qun nj nj t`nlpk t`nlpk qun qun pasa pasa eama ej`nbtn cunra ej`nbtn cunra mnj mnj s`stnla s`stnla ns ns uba uba var`afjn var`afjn ajnatkr`a ajnatkr`a nxpkbnbe`aj nxpkbnbe`aj Nxp ( ) . Euabmk b ej`nbtns Euabmk ej`nbtns nstáb nstáb mnbtrk, mnbtrk, (B b) ej`nbtns ej`nbtns nstáb nstáb cunra, cunra, y pkr pkr tabtk tabtk ja ja m`str`fue`õb mn prkfaf`j`mam mn prkfaf`j`mam mnj mnj t`nlpk t`nlpk qun qun cajta cajta para para ja ja prõx`la prõx`la jjndama jjndama aj aj s`stnla s`stnla ns ns nj lìb`lk mn lìb`lk mn (B b) var`afjns var`afjns nxpkbnbe`ajns nxpkbnbe`ajns `bmnpnbm`nbtns `bmnpnbm`nbtns mn mn parálntrk (B b) . Mn Mn nstn nstn lkmk,
ο (B b) 7 ≭ b ≭ B οb < 7 b2B
bκ ο 1 ≭ b ≭ s ⎩ κb < ⎨ s κ ο s ≭ b ≭ B ⎩ 7 b2B
Ja Ja apj`eae`õb apj`eae`õb lás lás `lpkrtabtn `lpkrtabtn mn mn nstn nstn lkmnjk lkmnjk ns ns ja ja rnp r `õb mn láqu`b s, mkbmn mkbmn sn as`dba a ubk as`dba ubk k lás lás tàeb`eks tàeb`eks ja ja rnspkbsaf`j`mam rnspkbsaf`j`mam mn mn tnbnr tnbnr kpnrat`vas kpnrat`vas ub ub drupk drupk mn mn B láqu`bas. Euabmk jas Euabmk jas láqu`bas láqu`bas sn sn nstrkpnab nstrkpnab aeumnb aeumnb aj aj s`stnla s`stnla mn mn labtnb`l`nbtk labtnb`l`nbtk nb nb nspnra nspnra mn snr rnparamas, snr rnparamas, y euabmk euabmk nstáb nstáb kpnrat`vas kpnrat`vas qunmab qunmab cunra cunra mnj mnj s`stnla.
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 13
p7 <
1
⎒ ⎚κ⎛ ( B b ) ⎧ b > avnr avnrìas ìas/hk /hkra ra < 7,77 677 1 rkfkts ts/hk /hkra ra < 7,1 rkfk 17
Wara eajeujar Wara eajeujar nj nj ekstn ekstn m`ar`k m`ar`k mnj mnj t`nlpk t`nlpk ke`ksk ke`ksk mn mn ja ja labk labk mn mn kfra kfra y jks jks rkfkts rkfkts sn bnens`ta nst`lar ja mn ut`j`zae`õb prklnm`k nlpjnamk mn labtnb`l`nbtk (p) y nj bùlnrk prklnm`k bùlnrk prklnm`k mn rkfkts rkfkts `beju`mks `beju`mks nb nb mnj nj nj labtnb`l`nbtk. ^t`j`zae`õb prklnm`k ^t`j`zae`õb prklnm`k mnj mnj nlpjnamk nlpjnamk mn mn labtnb`l`nbtk9 labtnb`l`nbtk9 1
p7 < 7
⎟ ⎒ B b) κ ⎛⎧
b
b
7
<
1 7
⎟ 7,77> ⎒ ⎚ 7 ,1 ⎛ ( 1 7 b ) ⎜ ⎧ b5403 1,8>883
17
17 17 ⎟ 7 , 77> ⎒ < 7, 7>b < 1 17 x 7 , 7> 07 x 7, 7>6 467 x 7 , 7>5 ⎛ (17 b) 7 , 1 ⎧ b < 7 (17 b) b= 576=7 x 7, 7>> 1>1677 x 7 , 7>3 37=877 x 7 , 7>4 181==77 x 7 , 7>8 368877 x 7 , 7>0 5368877 x 7 , 7>17 < 1, 8>883 ekb jk ekb jk qun, qun,
1 p7 < 1 7 , >5403 < 7 , =36754
Bùlnrk prklnm`k Bùlnrk prklnm`k mn mn rkfkts rkfkts nb nb nspnra nspnra mn mn snr snr rnparamks9 (ο κ)
(7 , 77> 7 , 1) (7 , =36754) < 7 , 6046 rkfkts ο 7,77> Bùlnrk prklnm`k Bùlnrk prklnm`k mn mn rkfkts rkfkts qun qun nstáb nstáb nb nb nj nj s`stnla s`stnla (nb (nb ja ja ekja ekja y nb nb prkensk prkensk mn rnparae`õb)9 Jq < B
(1 p7 ) < 17
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 18
Js < B
κ 7 ,1 (1 p 7 ) < 17 (7 , =36754) < 7 , 4>05 rkfkts 7,77> ο
]`nlpk prklnm`k ]`nlpk prklnm`k mn mn nspnra nspnra mn mn jks jks rkfkts rkfkts nb nb ja ja ekja ekja para para snr snr atnbm`mks atnbm`mks pkr pkr nj nbeardamk mn nbeardamk mn labtnb`l`nbtk9 Tq
Jq 7,6046 < < 3 , =557 hkras ο (B J s ) 7 , 77> (17 7 , 43)
]`nlpk prklnm`k ]`nlpk prklnm`k mn mn nstabe`a nstabe`a mn mn jks jks rkfkts rkfkts nb nb nj nj s`stnla s`stnla (nb (nb ja ja ekja ekja y nb nb prkensk prkensk mn rnparae`õb)9 Ts
Js 7 , 4>05 < < 13 , =557 hkras ο (B J s ) 7 , 77> (17 7 , 4>05) 1
Tq
Ekstns9 Ekstns9
17 , e s < 57 , e q e s < =7
q
κ
< 3 , =557
1 < 13 , =557 hkras 7,1 7, 1
k f`nb, f`nb, Ts
Ekstn tktaj Ekstn tktaj mn mn nspnra9 nspnra9 Q
e q . J q < 17 . 7 , 6046 < 6 , 046 nurks/hkra
Ekstn tktaj Ekstn tktaj snrv`e`k9 snrv`e`k9 U e s . s < 57 . 1 < 57 nurks/hkra Ekstn tktaj Ekstn tktaj nb nb s`stnla9 s`stnla9 ]U e q . J s e s . s < 17 . 7 , 4>05 57 . 1 < 54 , >05 nurks/hkra (Ekstn tktaj (Ekstn rkfkts (Ekstn rkfkts ke`ksks Ekstn labk labk mn mn kfra kfra ke`ksa)
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 10
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 67
^ba nlprnsa ^ba nlprnsa t`nbn t`nbn sn`s sn`s nqu`pks nqu`pks `màbt`eks `màbt`eks mn mn labucaetura, labucaetura, nj nj t`nlpk t`nlpk nbtrn nbtrn cajjas cajjas mn eama ubk eama ubk mn mn jks jks nqu`pks nqu`pks mn mn prkmuee`õb prkmuee`õb s`dun s`dun uba uba m`str`fue`õb m`str`fue`õb nxpkbnbe`aj, nxpkbnbe`aj, ekb ekb ub t`nlpk prklnm`k t`nlpk prklnm`k nbtrn nbtrn cajjas cajjas mn mn vn`btn vn`btn hkras. hkras. Wara Wara ja ja atnbe`õb atnbe`õb mn mn jas jas cajjas cajjas nb nb nj nqu`pk mn nqu`pk mn labucaetura labucaetura hay hay ub ub ùb`ek ùb`ek nqu`pk nqu`pk mn mn labtnb`l`nbtk, labtnb`l`nbtk, nj nj t`nlpk t`nlpk mn mn murae`õb mnj snrv`e`k mnj snrv`e`k mn mn rnparae`õb rnparae`õb mn mn jas jas láqu`bas láqu`bas s`dun s`dun uba uba m`str`fue`õb m`str`fue`õb nxpkbnbe`aj nxpkbnbe`aj ekb ekb uba lnm`a mn lnm`a mn 6 hkras/cajja. hkras/cajja. Un Un p`mn9 a) a) ^t`j`zae`õb ^t`j`zae`õb prklnm`k prklnm`k mn mn labtnb`l`nbtk. f) f) Wrkfaf`j`mam Wrkfaf`j`mam mn mn qun qun b ej`nbtns ej`nbtns sn sn nbeunbtrnb nbeunbtrnb nb nb nj nj s`stnla s`stnla mn mn ekjas.
e) Bùlnrk prklnm`k mn láqu`bas nb nspnra mn snr rnparamas. m) m) Bùlnrk Bùlnrk prklnm`k prklnm`k mn mn láqu`bas láqu`bas qun qun nstáb nstáb nb nb nj nj s`stnla. n) n) ]`nlpk ]`nlpk prklnm`k prklnm`k mn mn nspnra nspnra mn mn jas jas láqu`bas láqu`bas nb nb ja ja ekja. Ukjue`õb9 a) a) Ns Ns ub ub lkmnjk lkmnjk mn mn ekja ekja L/L/1 L/L/1 mn mn pkfjae`õb pkfjae`õb c`b`ta, c`b`ta, jks jks B 3 nqu`pks nqu`pks mn labucaetura ekbst`tuynb labucaetura ekbst`tuynb ja ja pkfjae`õb pkfjae`õb mn mn ej`nbtns, ej`nbtns, vnr`c`eábmksn vnr`c`eábmksn jas jas mnlás mnlás ekbm`e`kbns ]asa mn ]asa mn jjndamas9 jjndamas9 <
1 < 7,7> 7, 7> láqu`b láqu`bas/h as/hkr kraa 67
láqu qu`b `bas as/hk /hkra ra < 1 < 7,> lá
]asa mn snrv`e`k9
6
^t`j`zae`õb prklnm`k ^t`j`zae`õb prklnm`k mnj mnj nqu`pk nqu`pk mn mn labtnb`l`nbtk9 labtnb`l`nbtk9 1
p7 < 7
⎟ ⎒ B b) κ ⎛⎧
b
b
<
1 ⎟ 7,7>⎒ ⎚ 7, > ⎛ ( 3 b ) ⎜ ⎧ b 6,73506
3
3 ⎟ 7 , 7> ⎒ < 7 , 1b < 1 3 x 7 , 1 57 x 7 , 16 167 x 7 , 15 ⎛ (3 b) 7 , > (3 b) b < 7 , >1>>
f) f) Wrkfaf`j`mam Wrkfaf`j`mam mn mn qun qun b ej`nbtns ej`nbtns sn sn nbeunbtrnb nbeunbtrnb nb nb nj nj s`stnla s`stnla mn mn ekjas9 b
⎟ ⎒ B b pb < p < x 7 ,1 x 7 7,, =8=> s` 1 ≭ b ≭ B 7 ⎛ (B b) κ ⎧ (B b) B
1
7, 60 6074780=6
6
7 , 1=>5>==41
5
7, 7> 7>81=1488
=
7 , 71 714==6>54
>
7, 77 775=88>74
e) e) Bùlnrk Bùlnrk prklnm`k prklnm`k mn mn láqu`bas láqu`bas nb nb nspnra nspnra mn mn snr snr rnparamas9
3
7 , 77 7775=88>1
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 61
Jq < B
( ο κ)
ο
(1 p 7 ) < 3
(7 , 7> 7, 7 , >) (7 , >1>>) < 7 , 5604 láqu`bas 7,7>
m) m) Bùlnrk Bùlnrk prklnm`k prklnm`k mn mn láqu`bas láqu`bas qun qun nstáb nstáb nb nb nj nj s`stnla s`stnla (nb (nb ja ja ekja ekja y nb nb prkensk prkensk mn rnparae`õb)9 Js < B
κ 7,> (1 p7 ) < 3 (7 , >1>>) < 7 , 8=>1 láqu`bas ο 7,7>
n) n) ]`nlpk ]`nlpk prklnm`k prklnm`k mn mn nspnra nspnra mn mn jas jas láqu`bas láqu`bas nb nb ja ja ekja ekja para para snr snr atnbm`mas9 Tq
Jq
ο (B J s )
<
7,560> < 1, 640 hkras 7 , 7> (3 7 , 8=>1)
c) c) ]`nlpk ]`nlpk prklnm`k prklnm`k mn mn nstabe`a nstabe`a mn mn jas jas láqu`bas láqu`bas nb nb nj nj s`stnla s`stnla (nb (nb ja ja ekja ekja y nb nb prkensk mn rnparae`õb)9 mn Ts
Js 7 , 8=> < < 5, 640 hkras ο (B J s ) 7 , 7> . (3 (3 7 , 8=>1)
k f`nb, f`nb, Ts
Tq 1 < 1, 648
κ
1 < 5, 640 hkras 7, >
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 66
]NKVÌA MN ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 EKJAU9 FABEK FABEK Qunu`bd Qunu`bd Abajys`s
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 65
^ba pnqunña ^ba pnqunña nbt`mam nbt`mam fabear`a fabear`a t`nbn t`nbn mks mks eainrks eainrks autklát`eks, autklát`eks, qun qun s`dunb s`dunb uba uba m`str`fue`õb nxpkbnbe`aj, at`nbmnb nxpkbnbe`aj, at`nbmnb a razõb razõb mn mn 1,> 1,> ej`nbtns/l`butk, ej`nbtns/l`butk, ja ja tasa tasa mn mn jjndamas jjndamas mn mn ej`nbtns, ej`nbtns, sndùb sndùb uba m`str`fue`õb mn m`str`fue`õb mn Wk`sskb, Wk`sskb, ns ns mn mn 57 57 ej`nbtns/hkra. ej`nbtns/hkra. Un Un p`mn9 a) a) Bùlnrk Bùlnrk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn ej`nbtns ej`nbtns nb nb nj nj s`stnla f) f) ]`nlpk ]`nlpk lnm`k lnm`k mn mn ub ub ej`nbtn ej`nbtn nb nb nj nj s`stnla e) e) Wkrenbtain Wkrenbtain mn mn t`nlpk t`nlpk mn mn eainrk eainrk j`frn m) m) Unbs`f`j`mam Unbs`f`j`mam mnj mnj s`stnla s`stnla nb nb 6= 6= hkras. n) n) Abáj`s`s Abáj`s`s mn mn snbs`f`j`mam snbs`f`j`mam para para nj nj parálntrk parálntrk mn mn tasas tasas mn mn jjndamas jjndamas < 57 , ekb ekb uba uba var`ae`õb var`ae`õb mn mn 57 57 a 177 ej`nbtns/hkra, 177 ej`nbtns/hkra, y ub ub `bernlnbtk `bernlnbtk mn mn 17 17 ej`nbtns/hkra. Drác`ek Drác`ek mn mn snbs`f`j`mam. c) Abaj`s`s mn eapae`mam9 Ekstn snrv`mkr keupamk/hkra , Ekstn snrv`mkr ke`ksk/hkra , Ekstn Ekstn ej`nbtn ej`nbtn snrv`mk/hkra snrv`mk/hkra ^t`j`zae`õb ^t`j`zae`õb prklnm`k prklnm`k mnj mnj s`stnla9 s`stnla9 us < < κ =7 ]asa ]asa mn mn snrv`e`k snrv`e`k pkr pkr kpnrar`k9 kpnrar`k9 <
Caetkr Caetkr mn mn ut`j`zae`õb ut`j`zae`õb k ekbdnst`õb ekbdnst`õb mnj mnj s`stnla9 s`stnla9 ρ <
ο
<
57
< 7,54>
s . κ 6 x =7 =7 Wrkfaf`j`mam mn qun b`bdùb ej`nbtn sn nbeunbtrn nb nj s`stnla mn ekjas9 1 1 p7 < 1 < < s 1 b 7 , 4> 1 1 ⎒ / κ) 1 ο⎒ 1 6 ⎟ x x 7,4> ⎚ ⎛ ⎛ 1 ρ b 6 1 7 , 5 4 > s ⎜ ⎧ ⎧ b=>=> 1 7 , 4> 7 , =>
Wrklnm`k mn ej`nbtns nb ja ekja9 Jq <
(ο / κ ) s ο κ (s 1) (s . κ ο)
p7 <
7 , 4>6 x 57 x = =7 7 6
(6 x = =7 7 57)
Wrklnm`k mn ej`nbtns nb nj s`stnla9
s
< Jq
f) ]`nlpk lnm`k mn nspnra nb ekja9 Tq
Jq
ο
7 , =>=>=> < 7,1664 ej`nbtns
κ <
< 7 ,1664 7 , 4> < 7 , 8464 ej`nbtns
7,1664 < 7 , 77=1 hkras 57
]`nlpk lnm`k mn nstabe`a nb nj s`stnla9 Ts
Tq
1
κ
< 7 , 77=1
1 < 7 , 7601 hkras =7
(ο / κ)b e) Wkrenbtain mn t`nlpk qun mntnrl`bamk eainrk nstà j`frn9 pb < p7 b 7 9 p 7 < 7 , =>=>
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 6=
b 1 9 p1 <
(57 / =7) p 7 < 7 , 4> x 7 , =>=> < 7 , 5=70 1
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 6>
m) Unbs`f`j`mam mnj s`stnla nb 6= hkras
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 63
n) Abáj`s`s mn snbs`f`j`mam para nj parálntrk < 57 , var`abmk mn 57 a 177 ej`nbtns/hkra, y ub `bernlnbtk mn 17 ej`nbtns/hkra. Drác`ek mn snbs`f`j`mam.
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 64
Ekb nj Lkmnjk mn aprkx`lae`õb D/D/s sn kfsnrva eõlk rnaee`kba nj s`stnla.
Ja ut`j`zae`õb mnj s`stnla sn va `bernlnbtabmk, mn ckrla qun euabmk ja jjndama mn ej`nbtns ns mn 47 a ja hkra ja ut`j`zae`õb mnj s`stnla ns mnj 84,> (láx`la pks`fjn), a part`r mn nbtkbens nj s`stnla sn vunjvn `bnstafjn, ns mne`r, nj bùlnrk mn snrv`mkrns ns `bsuc`e`nbtn.
DVÁC@EK ABÁJ@U@U MN UNBU@F@J@MAM9 Un rnprnsnbta nj drác`ek nj s`stnla, nb cube`õb mnj parálntrk jalfma .
s
≡ bùlnrk prklnm`k mn ej`nbtns nb
Wkrtaj Nstamìst`ea Apj`eama Apj`eama99 ]NKVÌA MN EKJAU9 LKMNJK L/L/s 68
Mnpnbm`nbmk mn jas bnens`mamns sn punmnb `r abaj`zabmk eama ubk mn jks parálntrks.
c) Abaj`s`s mn eapae`mam9 Ekstn snrv`mkr keupamk/hkra , Ekstn snrv`mkr ke`ksk/hkra
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