6.1 Menerapkan Sketsa Gambar Benda 2D Sesuai Aturan Proyeksi Orthogonal.

 

VDEJMEM PDGMAZMEMME PDHFDGMOMVME

Emhm Zdakgml Fnbmec Admlgnme Prkcrmh Admlgnme Akhpdtde Akhp dtdesn sn Admlgnm Admlgnme e Hmtm Pdgmomrme Adgms / Zdhdstdr Rmlue Pdgmomrme Omh Pdgmomrme M.   AkhpdtdesnNe AN-: (Pdecdtmlume) ?

AN-2 (Adtdrmhpngme) ?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

ZHA Edcdrn 2 Pmebdcgmec Rdaekgkcn bme Vdamymsm Rdaena Ktkh tkhktni  Rdaena Rdaena Adebmrm Adebmrmme me Vnecme Vnecme Ktkhktni Ktkhktni (J6) Cmhfmr Rdaena Ktkhktni  \/N 6060/606= =6 OP (@ 24 Hdent)

Hdhmlmhn, Hdhmlmh n, hdedrmp hdedrmpame ame,, hdecme hdecmemgns mgnsns, ns, bme hdecdvmg hdecdvmgumsn umsn tdetmec tdetmec pdecdtmlume pdecdtm lume imatumg, akesdptumg, akesdptumg, kpdrmsnk kpdrmsnkemg emg bmsmr, bme hdtmakcentni  hdtmakcentni  sdsum sds umnn bdec bdecme me fnbme fnbmec c bme bme gne gnecau caup p adrom adrom Rdaena Adebmrmme Vnecme Ktkhktni . Pmbm tnecamt tdaens, spdsnina, bdtng, bme akhpgdas, fdrademme bdecme bde cme nghu pdecdtm pdecdtmlum lume, e, tdaekgkc tdaekgkcn, n, sden, sden, fubmym, fubmym, bme luhmenk luhmenkrm rm bmgmh aketdas pdecdhfmecme pktdesn bnrn sdfmcmn fmcnme bmrn adgumrcm, sdak sdakgm gml, l, bu buen enm m adro adrom, m, wmrc wmrcm m hmsy hmsymr mrma mamt mt em emsn snke kemg mg,, rd rdcn cnke kemg mg,, bm bme e netdremsnkemg Hdgmasmemame tucmsgmznh spdsnina bdecmesdrtm hdeccuemame mgmt,hmsmgml neikrhmsn, bme prksdbur adrom ymec bngmauame hdhdjmlame sdsumn bdecme fnbmec adrom Rd Rdae aena na Adeb Adebmr mrmm mme e Vnec Vnecme me Ktkh Ktkhkt ktni  ni . Hdemhpngame anedrom bn fmwml fnhfnecme bdecme hutu bme aumetntms ymec tdruaur sdsumn bdecme stmebmr akhpdtdesn adrom. Hdeueou Hdeu eouaame aame adtdrmh adtdrmhpngm pngme e hdemgmr, hdemgmr, hdeckgm hdeckgml, l, bme hdeymon hdeymon sdjmrm sdjmrm didatni, dida tni, ardmtni, ardmtni, prkbuatn prkbuatni, i, arntns, arntns, hme hmebnrn bnrn,, akgmfkrm akgmfkrmtni, tni, akhuenam akhuenamtni, tni, bme skgutni skgu tni bmgmh bmgmh rmeml rmeml mfstrma mfstrma tdramnt tdramnt bdecme bdecme pdecdhf pdecdhfmec mecme me bmrn ymec bnpdgmomrneym bn sdakgml, sdrtm hmhpu hdgmasmemame tucms spdsnina bn fmwml pdecmwmsme gmecsuec. Hdeu Hd eueo eoua uaam ame e ad adtd tdrm rmhp hpng ngme me hdhp hdhpdr drsd sdps psn, n, ad adsn snmp mpme me,, hden hdenru ru,, hdhfn hd hfnmsm msmam ame, e, cdrma cdrma hml hmlnr, nr, hdeom hdeombna bname me cd cdrma rma mgmhn mgmhn bm bmgm gmh h rmeml rmeml akeardt tdramnt bdecme pdecdhfmecme bmrn ymec bnpdgmomrneym bn sdakgml, sdrtm sdr tm hmhpu hmhpu hdgmas hdgmasme memam mame e tucms tucms sp spdsn dsnina ina bn fm fmwm wml l pd pdec ecmwm mwmsm sme e gmecsuec

F. Akhpdtde Akhpdtdesn sn Bmsm Bmsmrr bme bme Nebnam Nebnamtkr tkr Pdej Pdejmpm mpmnme nme Akhpdtdesn AkhpdtdesnBmsmr Nebnamtkr Pdejmpmnme Akhpdtdesn :.9 Hdedrmpame sadtsm cmhfmr fdebm :.9.= :.9 .= Hdecmem Hdecmemgnsns gnsns sadt sadtsm sm cmhfmr cmhfmr fdebm fdebm 6B sdjmrm sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn :.9.6 Hdecnbdetninamsn sadtsm cmhfmr fdebm krtlkckemg. 6B sdjmrm sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg 2.9 Hdeymoname sadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B :.9. :.9.: : Hdeo Hdeodg dgms msam ame e pr prky kyda dasn sn kr krtk tkck ckem emgg bm bmrn rn sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg sdfuml tntna :.9. :.9.2 2 Hdeo Hdeodg dgms msam ame e pr prky kyda dasn sn kr krtk tkck ckem emgg bm bmrn rn sdfuml fdebm :.9. :.9.4 4 Hdeo Hdeodg dgms msam ame e pr prky kyda dasn sn kr krtk tkck ckem emgg bm bmrn rn sdfuml cmrns

 

:.9.9 :.9.9 :.9.3

Hdeodg Hdeodgmsa msame me jnrn-j jnrn-jnrn nrn bm bmrn rn lm lmsng sng prk prkyd ydasn asn drkpm Hdeodgmsame Hdeodgmsame jnrn-jnrn bmrn lmsng prkydasn mhdrnam

2.9.=. Hdhfumt sadtsm cmhfmr cmhfmr fdebm fdebm 6B sdsumn sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg 2.9.6. Hdhfumt cmhfmr prkydasn krtkckemg krtkckemg bmrn sdfuml tntna 2.9.: 2.9.:.. Hdhfu Hdhfumt mt cm cmhf hfmr mr prkyda prkydasn sn krtkc krtkcke kemg mg bmrn sdfuml fdebm 2.9.2 2.9.2.. Hdhfu Hdhfumt mt cm cmhf hfmr mr prkyda prkydasn sn krtkc krtkcke kemg mg bmrn sdfuml cmrns 2.9.4. Hdhfumt cmhfmr prkydasn drkpm 2.9.9. Hdhfumt cmhfmr prkydasn mhdrnam mtmu prkydasn subut adtncm J. Ruou Ruoume me Pdhf Pdhfdg dgmo momr mrme me Hdgm Hd gmgu gunn gm gmec ecam aml l pd pdhf hfdg dgmo momr mrme me hk hkbdg bdg Bnsjkv Bnsjkvdr dry y Gdmren Gdmrenec  ec   bdecme bdecme pdebda pdebdamtme mtme smnetnina   pdsdrtm pdsdrtm bnbna bnbna hdedrmpame sadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg,, hdecmouame pdrtmeymme, hdecmouame omwmfme sdhdetmrm, hdecuhpugame krtlkckemg 

bmtm bmtm,, hdec hdecme memgn mgnsm sm bmtm, bmtm, hdeyu hde yusue sue snhpu snh pugme gme ue uetu tua a bme bm bmpm pmt t hdejm hdejmpm pmnn akhpdtdesn pdecdtmlume pdecdtmlume (hdhmlmhn,  (hdhmlmhn, hdedrmpame, hdecmemgnsns, hdecdvmgumsn), 

Hdgmgu Hdgm gunn gm gmec ecam aml l pd pdhf hfdg dgmo momr mrme me hk hkbdg bdg Bnsjkv Bnsjkvdr dry y Gdmren Gdmrenec  ec   bdecme bdecme pdebda pdebdamtme mtme smnetnina   pdsd pdsdrtm rtm bnbna bnbna hdeymoname sadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg, hdecmouame krtlkckemg,  hdecmouame pdrtmeymme, hdecmouame omwmfme sdhdetmrm, hdecuhpugame bmtm bmtm,, hdec hdecme memgn mgnsm sm bmtm, bmtm, hdeyu hdeyusue sue snhpu snhpugme gme ue uetu tua a bm bmpm pmtt hdejm hdejmpm pmnn akhpdtdesn adtdrmhpngme (hdecmhmtn, adtdrmhpngme  (hdecmhmtn, hdejkfm, hdeymon, bme hdemgmr), bme snamp (ouour, smetue, bme tmeccuecomwmf).

B. Hmtdrn Pdhfdgmomrme Hmtdrn Imatumg bm bmpm pmtt bn bnmh mhmt mtnn bd bdec ecme me nebd nebdrm rm mtmu mgmt

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Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B Prkydasn Krtkckemg Cmhfmr tdaena Rdaena hdeccmhfmr  Ztmebmr NZK

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Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B

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Hmtdrn Akesdptumg Cmfuecme Cmfuec me metmr imatm-imatm ymec smgnec fdrlufuecme

 

Hmtdrn Prnesnp Cded Cd edrm rmgn gnsm smsn sn lu lufu fuec ecme me metm metmr  r  ak akes esdp dp-a -ake kesd sdp p ym ymec ec sm smgn gnec ec tdramnt

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Hmtdrn Prksdburmg Zdbdrdtme gmecaml snstdhmt snstdh mtns ns prnesnp

bmgmh bmgmh

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ymec

hded hdedrmp rmpam ame e

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D.

Zubut pdrtmhm/ Prkydasn Drkpm Zubut adtncm/ Prkydasn Mhdrnam Pdecdrtnme bme iuecsn fdetua prkydasn krtlkckemg Jmrm hdeccmh- fmr fdetua krtlkckemg Cmhfmr fdetua prkydasn krtlkckemg Hdhfumt sadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg Hdhfumt cmhfmr prkydasn krtkckemg bmrn sdfuml tntna Hdhfumt cmhfmr prkydasn krtkckemg bmrn sdfuml fdebm Hdhfumt cmhfmr prkydasn krtkckemg bmrn sdfuml cmrns Hdhfumt cmhfmr prkydasn drkpm Hdhfumt Hdhf umt cmhfmr cmhfmr prkydasn prkydasn mhdrnam mhdrnam mtmu prkydasn prkydasn subut subut adtncm

Pdeb Pdebda damtm mtme, e, Ztrm Ztrmtdc tdcnn b bme me Hdtkb Hdtkbd d Pdeb Pd ebda damt mtme me ? Zmnet mnetni nina na Hdtk Hd tkbd bd ? Bns Bnsau ausn sn,, Rme Rmeym ym Om Omwm wmf, f, Bdhk Bdhket etrm rmsn sn,, Prm Prmat atda da bm bme e Pde Pdeuc ucms msme me Hkbdg ? Prkfgdh Fmsdb Gdmrenec 

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I.

Mg Mgmt mt bme bme Hdbn Hdbnm m Pdhf Pdhfdg dgmo momr mrme me   

Ynbnk Pdhfdgmomrme. Zgnbd Pkwdrpknet. GJB Prkydatkr.

C. Zuhf Zuhfdr drFd Fdgm gmom omr  r  Lmeb Kut Netdredt 

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L.   Adcnmtme Pdhfdgmomrme Znetmas Rmlmp Hkbdg pdhdfdgmomrme Pdhfdgmomrme Pdebmlugume  

Adcnmtme Pdhfdgmomrme 

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Hdgmauame pdhfuamme bdecme smgmh pdhfuam bme fdrbkm uetua hdhugmn pdhfdgmomrme Hdhdrnasm adlmbnrme pdsdrtm bnbna sdfmcmn snamp bnsnpgne Hdeynmpame insna bme psnans pdsdrtm bnbna bmgmh hdecmwmgn adcnmtme pdhfdgmomrme. Hdhfdrname cmhfmrme tdetmec

Gmecaml Zmnetnina H H H H H = 6 : 2 4

PPA Vdgncnksntms

Bnsnpgne

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Vmsm necne tmlu

Smatu

 

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Ztnhugus

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Netn

Nbdetninamsn hmsmg ml

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Pdecuhpugme bmtm

Pdhfuatnme

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hmeimmt hdhpdgmomrn pdgmomrme ymec mame bnpdgmomrn. Hdeymhpmname tuoume pdhfdgmomrme pmbm pdrtdhume ymec fdrgmecsuec Hdecmntame hmtdrn pdhfdgmomrme ymec mame bngmauame bdecme pdecmgmhme pdsdrtm bnbna bdecme Hmtdrn sdfdguheym, Curu hdeymhpmname tmtmjmrm snstdh pdengmnme bmgmh fdgmomr. Curu hdemhpngame tmymecme tdetmec Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B

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Znswm hdecmhmtn bme hdhmlmhn tmymecme tdetmec Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B Curu hdemeymame hmasub bmrn tmymecme tdetmec Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B Znswm sdjmrm fdradgkhpka hdebnsausname tdetmec cmhfmr Zadtsm fdebm 6B Curu hdhnetm snswm hdecmgn neikrhmsn tdetmec Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B Znswm hdeccmgn neikrhmsn tdetmec tdetmec Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B Curu hdhfdrname fdfdrmpm pdrtmeymme ymec fdrademme tdetmec Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B

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Gntdrmsn

 

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Hdemrna adsnhpugme

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Pdeutup 

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N.

Znswm hdeomwmf bme hdebnsausname pdrtmeymme ymec bnfdrname curu sdjmrm fdradgkhpka. Znswm hdeymoname bmgmh fdetua lmsng bnsausn tdetmec adgkhpka Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B Znswm gmne hdhfdrname tmeccmpme tdrlmbmp prdsdetmsn adgkhpka hdecdemn Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B Znswm hdedrnhm tmeccmpme bmrn snswm gmne bme curu Znswm hdeynhpugame hmtdrn tdetmec Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B Curu hdeynhpugame pdgmomrme ymec subml bnfmlms Curu hdgmasmemame pdengmnme pdecdtmlume hdgmgun tds tdrtugns. Curu hdhfdrname tucms uetua pdrtdhume sdgmeouteym.

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Znswm hdgmauame pdhfdrsnlme pdrmgmtme, hdbnm bme rumecme. Curu hdecmrmlame snswm uetua fdrbk„m sdfdguh sdgdsmn pdhfdgmomrme.

Pden Pdengm gmnm nme e Pdhf Pdhfdg dgmo momr mrme me Pdengmnme Zamgm Znamp Rdae Rd aena na pd pden engm gmnm nme e ? Fdetua tua pdengm gmnm nme e ? Ne Nestr struhd uhde e pden pdengmn gmnme me ?

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Kfsd Kfsdrv rvms msnn ? sn snam amp p rd rdgn gncn cnnu nus s bm bme e snam snamp p sksn sksnmg mg gdh gdhfmr pdecmhmtm hmtme e ourem ouremgg (tdrgm (tdrgmhpn hpnr) r)

Rmeccuec  omwmf

Bnsnpgne

Vdgncnksntms

 

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Pdecdtmlume Odens/Rdaena tds ? Fdetua tds ? Ne Nest stru ruhd hde e Pden Pdengm gmnm nme e ? 

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tdrtugns, gnsme,bme Pdeucmsme urmnme (td (tdrgmh rgmhpn pnr) r)

Adtdrmhpngme Rdaena/Fdetua Pdengmnme ?   

Prmatna/Pdrikrhdejd Ikrtkikgnk Ne Nest stru ruhd hde e Pden Pdengm gmnm nme e ?

(td (tdrgmh rgmhpn pnr) r)

Vdhdbnmg Fmcn pdsdrtm bnbna ymec fdguh hdhdeuln arntdrnm adtuetmsme hnenhmg (AAH), hmam curu fnsm hdhfdrname skmg tmhfmlme hnsmgeym. JKERKL PVKCVMH VDHNBN Zdakgml Adgms/Zdhdstdr Hmtm Pdgmomrme Tg Tgme mecm cme e Lmrn Lmrnme me Ad Rmec Rm eccm cmgg Tg Tgme mecm cme e Lmrn Lmrnme me Fdetua tua Tgme gmecme Lmrn rnm me Hmtdrn Tgmecme Lmrnm rnme (AB / Nebnamtkr) AAH

Ek

Emhm Pdsdrtm Bnbna

Engmn Tgmecme

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

…………………………………………….. …………………………………………….. …………………………………………….. ………… ……………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …... ………… ……………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………… ………. …... ……………… …………………………………….. …………………………………………….. …………………………………………….. ……………………………………………..

Nebnamtkr ymec Fdguh Bnaumsmn

Fdetua Rnebmame Vdhdbnmg

Engmn Zdtdgml Vdhdbnmg

Adtdrmecme

= 6 : 2 4 9 bst Pdecmymme Curu Cu ru hdhfd hdhfdrna rname me emsnl emsnlmt mt mcmr mcmr tdt tdtmp mp rde rdebm bml l lmtn, lmtn, am amrde rdem m tdgml tdgml hdej hdejmp mpmn mn AAH AAH (Arntd (Arntdrnm rnm Adtuetmsme Hnenhmg). Curu hdhfdrname skmg pdecmymme sdfmcmn fdrnaut ? =. Hdhf Hdhfmjm mjm fuau-fua fuau-fuau u tdetm tdetmec ec hmtdrn hmtdrn ymec ymec rdgdvm rdgdvme. e. 6. Hdejm Hdejmrn rn neikrh neikrhms msnn sdjmrm sdjmrm kegne kegned d tde tdetme tmec c hmtdrn hmtdrn :. Hdhf Hdhfmjm mjm surm surmtt amfmr, amfmr, hmomgm hmomgml, l, sdrtm sdrtm fdrntm fdrntm kegne kegned d tdetmec tdetmec hmtdrn hmtdrn 2. Hde Hdecmhm cmhmtn tn gmecsue gmecsuec c tdetmec tdetmec hmtdr hmtdrnn ymec mbm mbm bn gnecau gnecauecme ecme sdant sdantmr. mr.

 

Pmebdcgmec, =: Ougn 6060 Hdecdtmlun Adpmgm Zdakgml

Curu Hmtm Pdgmomrme

Mgm e Mcus Mgme Mc us Hugy H ugym m, H.Pb . ENP. =>30046060040==0=6

Z T O M B N, Z.Pb . ENP =>.9. Prkydasn nskhdtrn bdecme pksnsn ekrhmg Prkydasn nskhdtrn bdecme pksnsn tdrfmgna

Cmhfmr >.3. Prkydasn nskhdtrn bdecme pksnsn tdrfmgna

 

Prkydasn nskhdtrn bdecme pksnsn lkrnsketmg

Jketkl ?

Cmhfmr >..>. Prkydasn bnhdtrn Adtdrmecme ? Taurme pmbm suhfu x 20 hh Taurme cmhfmr pmbm suhfu y bncmhfmr =/6 eym, ymntu 60 hh Taurme pmbm suhfu z 20 hh :. Prkyd Prkydasn asn hnrnec hnrnec Pmbm prkydasn hnrnec, suhfu x fdrlnhpnt bdecme cmrns lkrnsketmg/hdebmtm lkrnsketmg/hdebmtmr  r  bme suhfu y hdhpueymn subut 24° bdecme cmrns hdebmtmr. Zamgm pmbm prkydasn hnrnec smhm bdecme samgm pmbm prkydasn bnhdtrn, ymntu samgm pmbm suhfu x 8 = ? =, bme pmbm suhfu y 8 = ? 6, sdbmecame pmbm suhfu z 8 = ? =.

Jketkl?

Cmhfmr >.=0. Prkydasn hnrnec Cmhfmr Pdrspdatni  Bmgmh cmhfmr tdaena, cmhfmr pdrspdatni omrmec bnpmamn. Cmhfmr pdrspdatni  bnfmcn hdeombn tncm hmjmh, ymntu ? Pdrspdatni bdecme smtu tntna lngmec Pdrspdatni bdecme bum tntna lngmec Pdrspdatni bdecme tncm tntna lngmec

 

 Jketkl ? RL (Rntna Lngmec) Cmhfmr =0.=. Pdrspdatni bdecme smtu tntna lngmec

2.

ZAKV HMAZNHTH Prkydasn Pnatkrnmg Prkydasn pnatkrnmg mbmgml jmrm hdemhpngame hdemhpngame cmhfmr fdebm ymec hdebdamtn fdetua bme uaurme sdfdemreym sdjmrm tncm bnhdesn, bdecme pmebmecme tueccmg. Cmhfmr pnatkrnmg bnsdfut oucm cmhfmr ngustrmsn, tdtmpn tnbma sdhum cmhfmr ngustrmsn tdrhmsua cmhfmr pnatkrnmg. Prkydasn Maskekhdtrn 

Prkydasn Prky dasn maskekhd maskekhdtrn trn hdrupma hdrupmame me smgm smgml l smtu odens odens prkydasn prkydasn pnatkrnm pnatkrnmg. g. Prkydasn nen hdrupmame prkydasn cmhfmr bnhmem fnbmec-fnbmec mtmu tdpn fdebm bnhnrnecame tdrlmbmp fnbmec prkydasn, hmam tncm huam bmrn fdebm tdrsdfut mame tdrgnlmt sdrdetma bme hdhfdrname cmhfmrme fdetua fdebm sdpdrtn sdfdemreym. Prkydasn Nskhdtrn Prkydasn nskhdtrn hdeymoname fdebm bdecme tdpmt, amrdem pmeomec cmrns pmbm suhfu-suhfueym hdeccmhfmrame pmeomec sdfdemreym. Jmrm hdeccmhfmreym smecmt sdbdrlmem amrdem tnbma mbm uaurmeuaurme uau rme fdebm fdebm ym ymec ec hdecmgm hdecmgmhn hn samgm samgm pd pdrpd rpdeb ebda dame me.. Cmhf Cmhfmr  mr  hdemhpngame adbubuame suhfu-suhfu nskhdtrn, ymec bmpmt bnpngnl sdsum sds umnn bdec bdecme me tuo tuoum ume e bme bme lmsng lmsng ymec ymec ma mame me hdhfd hdhfdrna rname me adsme adsme cmhfmr pmgnec odgms. Prkydasn Bnhdtrn Prkydasn bnhdtrn hdrupmame pdeydhpuremme bmrn cmhfmr nskhdtrn, bnhmem cmrns-cmrns ymec tuhpmec-tnebnl ymec tdrbmpmt pmbm cmhfmr  nskhdtrn, pmbm cmhfmr bnhdtrn tnbma adgnlmtme gmcn. Prkydasn Rrnhdtrn Prkyda Prk ydasn sn trnhdt trnhdtrn rn hdrup hdrupma mame me prkyda prkydasn sn ymec ymec fd fdrpm rpmtka tkame me ad adpm pmbm bm fdsmreym fdsm reym subut subut metmrm metmrm suhfu-su suhfu-suhfu hfu (x,y,z) (x,y,z) bme pmeomec pmeomec cmrns cmrns suhfusuhfu tdrsdfut. Prkydasn Hnrnec (Kfgnqud) Prkydasn hnrnec hdrupmame prkydasn cmhfmr bnhmem cmrns-cmrns prkydasn tnbma tdcma gurus fnbmec prkydasn, tdtmpn hdhfdetua subut sdhfmrmec (hnrne (hn rnec). c). Pdrhu Pdrhuam amme me bdpm bdpme e bmrn bmrn fdeb fdebm m pm pmbm bm prkyd prkydasn asn bntdhp bntdhpmta mtame me bdec bdecme me fnbm fnbmec ec adrom adrom prkyda prkydasn sn sd sdlne lnecc ccm m fd fdetu etua a pd pdrhu rhuamm amme e bd bdpm pme e tdrcmhfm tdrc mhfmrr sdpdrtn sdpdrtn sdfdemre sdfdemreym. ym. Onam adbmgmhm adbmgmhme e fdebm fdebm smhm bdecme bdecme pmeomec sdfdemreym bnsdfut prkydasn hnrnec jmvmgndr, sdbmecame uetua pmeomec adbmgmhme adbmgmhme ymec bnpdrpdebda bnpdrpdebda bnsdfut bdecme bdecme prkydasn hnrnec 

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60

 

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4.

jmfnedt. Prkydasn Pdrspdatni  Prkydasn Prky dasn pdrspda pdrspdatni tni hdrupma hdrupmame me prkydas prkydasnn pnat pnatkrnm krnmgg ymec tdrfmna tdrfmna adsme adsme vnsumgeym, tdtmpn jmrm pdeccmhfmrmeeym smecmt sugnt bme ruhnt, mpmgmcn uetua hdeccmhfmr fmcnme-fmcnme ymec ruhnt bme adjng. Pmbm prkydasn pdrspdatni cmrns-cmrns pmebmecme (cmrns prkydasn) bn pusmtame pmbm smtu mtmu fdfdrmpm fdfdrmpm tntna. tntna. Rntna Rntna tdrsdfu tdrsdfutt bnmecc bnmeccmp mp sdfmcm sdfmcmnn hmtm pdecmhmt. pdecmhmt.

Fmymecme Fmymec me ymec tdrfdetua tdrfdetua pmbm fnbmec prkydasn bnsdfut bdecme cmhfmr  pdrspdatni. ZAKV HMAZNHTH Prkydasn Krtkckemg Prkyd Prkydasn asn krtkc krtkcke kemg mg mbmgm mbmgml l cmhfm cmhfmrr prk prkyda ydasn sn ym ymec ec fn fnbm bmec ec prkyda prkydasne sneym ym hdhpue hdh pueymn ymn subut subut tdcma tdcma gurus gurus tdrlmbm tdrlmbmp p prkydatk prkydatkreym reym.. Cmrns-cm Cmrns-cmrns rns ymec ymec hdhprkydasname fdebm tdrlmbmp fnbmec prkydasn bnsdfut prkydatkr. Zdgmne prkydatkr tdcma gurus tdrlmbmp fnbmec prkydasneym oucm prkydatkr-prkydatkr  tdrsdfut sdomomr smtu smhm gmne. Jketkl-jketkl prkydasn krtkckemg bmpmt bngnlmt pmbm cmhfmr bnfmwml nen.

Prkydasn krtkckemg bmrn sdfuml tntna Adtdrmecme Cmhfmr  Pmeml pmgnec mtms ? Prkydatkr  Pmeml bntdecml ?Fnbmec prkydasn Pmeml bnfmwml ? Prkydasn Cmhfmr =0.6. Prkydasn krtkckemg bmrn sdfuml tntna

=. Prkydasn Prkydasn krtkcke krtkckemg mg bmrn bmrn sdfuml sdfuml cmrns cmrns Cmhfmr =0.:. Prkydasn krtkckemg bmrn sdfuml cmrns

60

 

Prkydasn krtkckemg bmrn sdfuml fnbmec Cmhfmr =0.2. Prkydasn krtkckemg bmrn sdfuml fnbmec 6. Prkydasn Prkydasn krtkcke krtkckemg mg bmrn bmrn s sdfu dfuml ml fdebm fdebm

Cmhfmr =0.4. Prkydasn krtkckemg bmrn sdfuml fdebm :. Pr Prky kyda dasn sn Pme Pmebm bmec ecme me Prkydasn Drkpm bme Mhdrnam Prkydasn Prky dasn Drkpm Drkpm bme Mhdrnam Mhdrnam hdrupmam hdrupmame e prkydasn prkydasn ymec bncuemame bncuemame uetua hdhprkydasname pmebmecme bmrn sdfuml cmhfmr tncm bnhdesn tdrlmbmp fnbmec bum bnhdesn.  

Prkydasn Drkpm Prkydasn Drkpm bnsdfut oucm prkydasn subut pdrtmhm, oucm mbm ymec hdeydfutame hdeydfut ame prkydasn aumbrme N, pdrfdbmme pdrfdbmme sdfutme nen tdrcmetuec tdrcmetuec bmrn hmsnec pdecmrmec fuau ymec hdeombn rdirdesn. Bmpmt bnamtmame fmlwm Prkydasn Drkpm nen hdrupmame prkydasn ymec gdtma fnbmeceym tdrfmgna bdecme mrml pmebmecmeeym (gnlmt cmhfmr 6.:).

 

Adtdrmecme ? P.M 8 Pmebmecme Mtms P.An 8 Pmebmecme Anrn P.Am8 Pmebmecme Ameme P.Fm 8 Pmebmecme Fmwml P.Fd 8 Pmebmecme Fdgmamec

 

Cmhfmr =0.9. Prkydasn Drkpm Prkydasn Mhdrnam Prkydasn Mhdrnam bnamtmame oucm prkydasn subut adtncm bme oucm mbm ymec ymec hdey hdeydf dfut utam ame e prky prkyda dasn sn aumb aumbrm rme e NNN. NNN. Pr Prky kyda dams msnn Mh Mhdr drna nam m hdrup hdr upmam mame e prkyd prkydasn asn ym ymec ec gdtma gdtma fnb fnbme mece ceym ym sm smhm hm bd bdec ecme me mrml mrml pmebmecmeeym (gnlmt cmhfmr 6.2).

 

Adtdrmecme ? P.M 8 Pmebmecme Mtms P.An 8 Pmebmecme Anrn P.Am 8 Pmebmecme Ameme P.Fm 8 Pmebmecme Fmwml P.Fd 8 Pmebmecme Fdgmamec

Cmhfmr =0.3. Prkydasn Mhdrnam ZAKV HMAZNHTH RKRMG ZAKV HMAZNHTH

60 =00 Ansn Ansn Zkmg Pngnlme Cmebm

Odeom ome ec Zd Zdakg akgml Hmtm Pdgmomrme Aurnauguh Adgms Fdetua Zkmg Ek AB

Akhpdtdesn Bmsmr 

:.9. :.9. Hded Hdedrm rmpa pame me Zadtsm cmhfmr

? ZHA ZHA Edcdrn 2 Pm Pmebdcgmec ? Cmhfmr Rdaena Ktkhktni  ? 60=: ?\ ? Pngnlme Cmebm Fmlme/ Adgms Zdhdstdr  \/=

Aketde/ Hmtdrn H decmecmhfmr mgnsns sadtsm

Gdvdg Akcentni 

Nebnamtkr Zkmg

Ek Zkmg

J=

Pdsdrtm bnbna bnhnetm hdecmemgnsns

=

 

Ek AB

Akhpdtdesn Bmsmr  fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn pnjtkrnmg.

Fmlme/ Adgms Zdhdstdr 

Aketde/ Hmtdrn

Gdvdg Akcentni 

fdebm 6B sdjmrm sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg Hdecnbdetninamsn sadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdjmrm sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg

Nebnamtkr Zkmg

Ek Zkmg

sadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdjmrm sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg J6

Pdsdrtm bnbna bnhnetm hdecnbdetninamsn sadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdjmrm sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg

Zkmg Pngnlme Cmebm ? =. Jmrm pdec pdeccmhfmrm cmhfmrme e sumtu fdebm, fdebm, tntna, tntna, cmrns, fnbmec, fnbmec, fdebm fdebm mtmupue mtmupue pmebmecme pmebmecme sumtu fdebm tdrlmbmp sumtu fnbmec cmhfmr ymec bngnlmt bmrn smtu/gdfnl snsn pmebmec hdrupmame bdinensn bmrn.... m. Zadts adtsm m f. j. b. d.

Pktk Pktkec ecme me Kr Krtk tkck ckem emgg Pdrs Pdrspd pdat atni  ni  Pr Prky kyda dasn sn

6. Prkydasn ymec jmrmpdeymonmesum jmrmpdeymonmesumtucmhfm tucmhfmrtncmbnhdes rtncmbnhdesntdrlmbmp ntdrlmbmpfnbmecbu fnbmecbumbnhdesn mbnhdesn ymec adgnlmtme tncm pmebmecme bnsdfut Prkydasn .... m. Kr Krtk tkck ckem emgg f. Pnat Pnatkr krnm nmgg j. Ak Akes estru truasn asn cdkhd cdkhdtrn trns s b. Pd Pdrs rspd pdat atni  ni  d. Pk Pktk tkec ecme me :. Mbmpue prkydasn ymec jmrmpdeymo jmrmpdeymonmesumtuc nmesumtucmhfmrtncm mhfmrtncmbnhdesnyme bnhdesnymec c bnfumt bnfumt hdeombn hdeombn cmhfmr 6 bnhdesn bmgmh 9 pmebmecme bnsdfut Prkydasn .... m. Kr Krtk tkck ckem emgg f. Pnat Pnatkr krnm nmgg j. Ak Akes estru truasn asn cdkhd cdkhdtrn trns s b. Pd Pdrs rspd pdat atni  ni  d. Pk Pktk tkec ecme me 2. Fdrnaut nen ymec ymec fuame fuame tdrhmsua tdrhmsua Prkydasn Prkydasn Pnatkrnmg mbmgml Prkydasn .... m. Drkpm f. Ns Nskh khd dtrn trn j. Hnrn rne ec b. Rr Rrnh nhdt d. B nh nhd ddtrn trnrn

6 bst

 

4. Jnrn samgm samgm uaurme uaurme =?=?=fmna =?=?=fmna suhfu suhfu bme bme subut subut x, y bme z mbmgml Prkydasn .... m. Drkpm f. Ns Nskh khd dtrn trn j. Hnrn rne ec b. Rr Rrnh nhdt dtrn rn d. Bnh nhd dtrn 9. Pdrfmebnecme Pdrfmebnecme samgm samgm bum snsn snsn bme bum subut bdecme bdecme cmrns cmrns lkrnzketmg lkrnzketmg smhm, sdbmecam sdbmecame e snsn vdrtnamgeym bncmhfmrame bdecme samgm = ? 6 bnsdfut Prkydasn .... m. Drkpm f. Ns Nskh khd dtrn trn j. Hnrn rne ec b. Rr Rrnh nhdt dtrn rn d. Bnh nhd dtrn 3. Zuhfu \ fdrlnhpnt fdrlnhpnt bdecme bdecme cmrns lkrnsketmg/ lkrnsketmg/ hdebmtmr hdebmtmr bme bme suhfu suhfu y hdhpueymn hdhpueymn subut subut 24° bdecme cmrns hdebmtmr bnsdfut Prkydasn .... m. Drkpm f. Ns Nskh khd dtrn trn j. Hnrn rne ec b. Rr Rrnh nhdt dtrn rn d. Bnh nhd dtrn . Bmgmh cmhfmr pdrspdatni pdrspdatni cmrns-cmrns sdomomr pmbm fdebm fdrtdhu bn smtu snsn bmgmh rumec, ymec bnemhmame... m. prkydasn f. fmymecme j. fn fnbm bmec ec prkyd rkydas asnn b. tntn tntna a lng lngm mec d. tntn tntna a sub subut

 

=0. Pdrlmtname Pdrlmtname cmhfmr fdrnaut uetua hdeomwmf pdrtmeymme pdrtmeymme ekhkr =0-=6

S

^ _

\

Cmhfmr bnmtms hdrupmame Prkydasn Krtkckemg... m. bmgmh bmgmh sdfu sdfuml ml tntna tntna f. bmgmh bmgmh sdfum sdfuml l fnbme fnbmec c j. bmgmh bmgmh sdf sdfum uml l cmrns cmrns b. bmgmh bmgmh sdfuml sdfuml fmym fmymecm ecme e d. bmgmh bmgmh sdfum sdfuml l fdeb fdebm m Pdbkhme Pdesakrme Zkmg Pngnlme Cmebm ? EK ATEJN OMSMFME ZKMG = Omwmfme ? B 6 Omwmfme ? F : Omwmfme ? M 2 Omwmfme ? F 4 Omwmfme ? B 9 Omwmfme ? J 3 Omwmfme ? B < Omwmfme ? B > Omwmfme ? F

ZAKV Fdemr = = = = = = = = =

Zmgml 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

= =0

0 0

=0 ZAKV OmwHMAZNHTH mfme ? J RKRMG J. NEZRVTHDE PDENGMNME PDENGMNME ADRDVMHPNGME ADRDVMHPNGME Emhm Zdakgml Fnbmec Admlgnme Prkcrmh Admlgnme Akhp Ak hpdt dtde desn sn Adml Admlgn gnme me Hmtm Pdgmomrme Adgms / Zdhdstdr Akhpdtdesn Bmsmr 2.9

Hdeymoname sadtsm

? ? ? ? ? ?

ZHA Edcdrn 2 Pmebdcgmec Rdaekgkcn bme Vdamymsm Rdaena Ktkhktni   Rd Rdae aena na Adeb Adebmr mrmm mme e Vn Vnec ecme me Kt Ktkh khkt ktni ni (J (J6) 6) Cmhfmr Rdaena Ktkhktni  \/N

NPA 2.9.=

Hdhfumt sadtsm

Hmtdrn 

Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B



Nebnamtkr Zkmg

Fdetua Zkmg

Znswm bnhnetm hdhfumt

Rds Prmatda

Ek Zkmg

 

cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg Ek =

Akhpkede/Zuf Akhpkede Pdengmnme Pdrsnmpme Adrom m. Pdeccuemme mgmt bme fmlme

f. Adtdrsdbnmme mgmt bme fmlme

6

Prksds bme Lmsng Adrom m. Hdhm Hdhmlm lmhn hn Hdedr Hdedrmp mpam ame e Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn pnjtkrnmg.

f. Adhmh Adhmhpu pume me hdeym hdeymona oname me Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn pnjtkrnmg

j. Adhmh Adhmhpu pume me hdebm hdebmpm pmtam tame e neikrhmsn b. Adhmhpume bmgmh fdadrom

d. Gmpkrme

:

sadtsm cmhfmr  fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg

cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn krtlkckemg

Znamp adrom m. Adtdrmhpngme bmgmh fdadrom

f. Adbnsnpgneme bmgmh fdadrom

j. Rmeccuec omwmf bmgmh fdadrom

b. Akesdetrmsn bmgmh fdadrom

Nebnamtkr Pdeccuemme mgmt bme fmlme sdsumn prksdbur Pdeccuemme mg mgmt bm bme fm fmlme au aurmec sd sdsumn p prrksdbur Pdeccuemme mgmt bme fmlme tnbma sdsumn prksdbur Adtdrsdbnmme mgmt bme fmlme gdecamp Adtdrsdbnmme mgmt bme fmlme juaup gdecamp Adtdrsdbnmme mgmt bme fmlme aurmec gdecamp Hdedrmpame Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn pnjtkrnmg. tneccn Hdedrmpame Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn pnjtkrnmg. juaup Hdedrmpame Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn pnjtkrnmg. aurmec Adhmhpume hdeymoname Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn pnjtkrnmg tneccn Adhmhpume hdeymoname Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn pnjtkrnmg juaup Adhmhpume hdeymoname Zadtsm cmhfmr fdebm 6B sdsumn mturme prkydasn pnjtkrnmg aurmec Adhmhpume hdebmpmtame neikrhmsn gdecamp Adhmhpume hdebmpmtame neikrhmsn juaup gdecamp Adhmhpume hd hdebmpmtame ne neikrhmsn a au urmec ggd decamp Adhmhpume bmgmh fd fdadrom tdpmt Adhmhpume bmgmh fd fdadrom juaup tdpmt

Zakr >= - =00 0 >0 30 - 3> >= - =00 0 30 - 3> >= - =00 0 30 - 3> >= - =00 0 30 - 3> >= - =00 0 30 - 3> >= - =00 0

Adhmhpume bmgmh fd fdadrom aurmec tdpmt Lmsng Gmpkrme bnsusue rmpnl Lmsng Gmpkrme bnsusue juaup rmpnl Lmsng Gmpkrme bnsusue aurmec rmpnl

30 - 3> >= - =00 0 30 - 3>

Fdadrom bdecme tdrmhpng Fdadrom bdecme juaup tdrmhpng Fdadrom bdecme aurmec tdrmhpng Fdadrom bdecme bnsnpgne Fdadrom bdecme juaup bnsnpgne Fdadrom bdecme aurmec bnsnpgne Fdrtmeccuec omwmf Juaup fdrtmeccuec omwmf

>= -=00 0 30 - 3> >= - =00 0 30 - 3> >= - =00 0

Ad ua rmderocm fbddretmcemcecaukeecsd omewtrmmfsn F

>3=0--=30>0

 

 

2

Smatu Pdeydgdsmnme pdadromme

Fdadrom bdecme juaup akesdetrmsn Fdadrom bdecme aurmec akesdetrmsn

0 30 - 3>

Zdgdsmn sdfdguh wmatu fdrmalnr Zdgdsmn tdpmt wmatu Zdgdsmn sdtdgml wmatu fdrmalnr

>= - =00 0 30 - 3>

Pdeckgmlme Engmn Adtdrmhpngme ? Engmn Prmatna (EP)

=

Prksds bme Lmsng Adrom 6

=0%

90%

Pdrsnmpme

Znamp Adrom

Smatu

∝ EA

:

4

9

60%

=0%

Zakr Pdrkgdlme Zakr Hmasnhmg Fkfkt EA Adtdrmecme? Zakr Pdrkgdlme hdrupmame Pdrkgdlme hdrupmame pdeouhgmlme sakr pdr akhpkede pdengmnme Zakr Hmasnhmg hdrupmame sakr hmasnhmg pdr akhpkede pdengmnme Fkfkt   bn Fkfkt bnnsn nsn bdec bdecme me pdrsd pdrsdetm etmsd sd sdtnmp sdtnmp ak akhpk hpked ede. e. Fdsm Fdsmrey reym m pd pdrsd rsdetm etmsd sd bm bmrn rn sdtnm sdtnmp p akhpkede bntdtmpame sdjmrm prkpksnkemg sdsumn amrmatdrnstna amrmatdrnstna akhpdtdesn akhpdtdesn admlgnme. Rktmg fkfkt uetua akhpkede pdengmnme mbmgml =00 EA 8 Engmn Akhpkede hdrupmame Akhpkede  hdrupmame pdramgnme bmrn sakr pdrkgdlme bdecme fkfkt bnfmcn sakr  hmasnhmg 









EP 8 Engmn Prmatna hdrupmame Prmatna hdrupmame pdeouhgmlme bmrn EA

Pmebdcgmec, =: Ougn 6060 Hdecdtmlun Adpmgm Zdakgml

Curu Hmtm Pdgmomrme

. Mgm e Mcus Mgme Mc us Hugy H ugym m, H.Pb ENP. =>30046060040==0=6

Z T O M B N, Z.Pb . ENP =>