60 minute revision guide to life in the uk citizenship test by susanna ting (2011 isbn 978-1-4477-4422-1).pdf

60 Minute Revision Guide To Life In The UK Citizenship Test

Susanna Ting

Copyright © 2011 Susanna Ting All rights reserved. ISBN-13: 978-1-4477-4422-1

DEDICATION I dedicate this book to my family, and to everybody who mean so much to me. You know who you are...

CONTENTS Foreword

I

1

Migration To Britain

1

2

The Changing Role Of Women

2

3

Children, Family And Young People

3

4

Population

5

5

The Regions Of Britain

7

6

Religion And Tolerance

8

7

Customs And Traditions

9

8

How The United Kingdom Is Governed

11

9

Housing

19

10 Services In And For The Home

21

11 Money And Credit

22

12 Health

24

13 Education

26

14 Leisure

29

15 Travel And Transport

31

16 Identity Documents

33

17 Looking For Work

34

18 Equal Rights And Discrimination

35

19 At Work

36

20 Working For Yourself

39

21 Childcare And Children At Work

40

12 Advice For Taking The Test

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FOREWORD When I was preparing for my own citizenship test, I found the official handbook just too long and tedious. Being a busy working mother, I just didn’t have the time to memorize it from cover to cover. So I looked hard for a short and concise revision book that I could just flip through whenever I had time, but I didn’t find any. Instead, all I found were even bigger tomes, packed with hundreds upon hundreds of practice questions. Thus, this book was initially written as a set of revision notes for myself to look through quickly in the few spare moments that I found during my day, and particular when waiting in the waiting room for the test. It worked very well for me, and since then it has worked for others. Hence, I decide to make it available as a book. Susanna

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1 MIGRATION TO BRITAIN Where have migrants come from in the past and why? After World War 2, Irish and Europeans were encouraged to come to the UK to help with the reconstruction. 

1950s - shortage of labour. Migrants from West Indies, India and Pakistan came to work.



1970s - more restrictions labour migrants. Increasing refugees from Uganda, Vietnam and S.E. Asia.



1980s - immigration mainly from US, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand.



1990s - increasing political and economic migration from former Soviet Union.

What sort of work have they done? •

Bus drivers

•

Taxi drivers

•

Textile industry

•

Engineering industries

•

Food production

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2 THE CHANGING ROLE OF WOMEN Do women have equal rights in voting, education and work, and has this always been the case? It was difficult for women to enter higher education. •

1882 – Women have the right to own earnings, property and money.

•

1918 - Women over 30 can vote.

•

1928 - Women over 21 can vote.

•

1960s, 1970s - parliament passed laws prohibiting discrimination, and giving equal pay.

Woman still earn 20% less on average today.

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3 CHILDREN, FAMILY AND YOUNG PEOPLE Do many children live in single parent families or stepfamilies? •

25% of children live in single parent families.

•

10% of children live in stepfamilies.

When do children take tests at school? Scotland and England - English, mathematics and science when they are 7, 11 and 14. Wales - take a test at 14 (they are assessed by teachers at 7 and 11). At 16 most young people take: GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education). In Scotland – Scottish Qualification Authority (SQA) Standard Grade exams. At 17 and 18 many take vocational qualifications, or General Certificates of Education at an Advanced level (A levels). In Scotland – AS level units or Higher /Advanced Higher Grades.

How many go on to higher education? 1 in 3 go to higher education.

What are the minimum ages for buying alcohol and tobacco? 18 years old (Since 2007).

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What drugs are illegal? •

Heroin

•

Cocaine

•

Ecstasy

•

Amphetamines

•

Cannabis.

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4 POPULATION How many people live in the countries of the UK? In 2005 the population of the United Kingdom was 59.8 million.    

England (84%) – 50.1 million. Scotland (8%) – 5.1 million Wales (5%) – 2.9 million Northern Ireland (3%) – 1.7 million

What is the census and how is census data collected and used? • • • • •

Count of the whole population every 10 years since 1801. The next census will take place in 2021. Form is sent to every household. Required by law to complete it. Used to identify population trends and help planning.

How many people belong to an ethnic minority and which are the largest minority groups? 8.3% of the UK population ethnic minorities: • • • • • • •

Indian - 1.1 millon (1.8% of population) Pakistani - 0.7 million (1.3%) Black Carribean – 0.6 million (1%) Black African – 0.5 million (0.8%) Bangladeshi - 0.3 million (0.5%) Other Asian – 0.2 million (0.4%) Chinese – 0.2 million (0.4%)

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Where are there large ethnic communities? Across the countries: • • • •

England - 9% Wales - 2% Scotland - 2% Northern Ireland - less than 1%

Concentrations in England: • • • • • •

London - 45% forming nearly 1/3 of the city’s population West Midlands The South East The North West Yorkshire Humberside

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5 THE REGIONS OF BRITAIN Where are Geordie, Cockney and Scouse dialects spoken? • • •

Geordie - Tyneside (Newcastle). Cockney – London. Scouse – Liverpool.

What languages other than English are spoken in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales? • • •

Northern Ireland – Ulster Scots and Irish Gaelic Scotland – Gaelic and Scot Wales – Welsh

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6 RELIGION AND TOLERANCE How many people say they have a religion and how many attend religious services? • •

75% say they have a religion. 10% say they attend services.

What are the largest religious groups? • • •

Christian 71.6%. Muslim 2.7%. Hindu 1%.

What is the Church of England and who is its head? Official church of the state. The Queen is its head.

What are the main Christian groups? • • • • • •

Church of England. Baptists. Presbyterians. Methodists. Quakers. Roman Catholics.

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7 CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS What sports and sporting events are popular in the UK? • • • • • • • •

Football. Rugby. Tennis Cricket. Grand National Horse Race. FA Cup Final. Open Golf Championship. Wimbledon Tennis Tournament.

Do people tend to live in the cities or in the country? People tend to live in the cities.

What and when are the Patron Saints' Days of the four countries of the UK? • • • •

St David’s Day, Wales – 1 March St Patrick’s Day, Northern Ireland – 17 March St George’s Day, England – 23 April St Andrew’s day, Scotland – 30 November

What are bank holidays? Bank holidays are public holidays when banks are traditionally closed.

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What and when are the main Christian festivals? •

Christmas - 25 December

•

Easter Sunday - the Sunday immediately following the first full moon after the spring equinox. Any time from 22 March to 22 April.

What other traditional days are celebrated? •

New Year’s Day – 1 January

•

Valentine’s day – 14 February

•

April Fool’s Day – 1 April

•

Halloween – 31 October

•

Mother’s Day – the Sunday 3 weeks before Easter Sunday.

•

Guy Fawkes Night – 5 November – fireworks

•

Remembrance Day – 11 November

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8 HOW THE UNITED KINGDOM IS GOVERNED What type of constitution does the UK have? UK has a constitutional democracy.

What is the Queen's official role and what ceremonial duties does she have? Head of State. Opening each session of Parliament, dissolving Parliament before a general election, and approving Orders and Proclamations.

What is the House of Lords and who are its members? It is Parliament’s Second House or Chamber. The Lords, also known as Peers, are not elected and do not represent constituencies. Its members are Life Peers appointed by the Queen. Its 738 members are: • • • •

Hereditary Peers, Senior Judges, Church of England Bishops, Appointed Life Peers.

What are MPs? Members of Parliament, elected by the public during general elections to represent constituencies. There are 646 members.

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How often are elections held and who forms the government? At least every 5 years. Government is formed by the party with the largest number of MPs.

How do elections for the House of Commons work? First past the post. Candidate with the most vote wins.

What do the Speaker and Whips do? The Speaker chairs and keeps order during debates in the House of Common. He also represents the Parliament. The Whips are responsible for maintaining discipline in the parties and ensuring party members attend crucial votes.

What is the role of the Prime Minister? The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party in power. He or she appoints the members of the Cabinet and has control over many important public appointments.

Who advises the Prime Minister and what are the main roles in the Cabinet? The Cabinet advices the Prime Minister. The roles in the Cabinet are: • • • • • • •

Prime Minister First Lord of the Treasury Minister for the Civil Service Deputy Prime Minister Lord President of the Council First Secretary of State Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs xii

60 Minute Revision Guide To Life In The UK Citizenship Test

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Chancellor of the Exchequer Lord Chancellor Secretary of State for Justice Secretary of State for the Home Department Minister for Women and Equality Secretary of State for Defence Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Secretary of State for Health Secretary of State for Education Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Secretary of State for Transport Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Secretary of State for International Development Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Secretary of State for Scotland Secretary of State for Wales Secretary of State for Culture, Olympics, Media and Sport Chief Secretary to the Treasury Leader of the House of Lords Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Minister for the Cabinet Office Paymaster General

What is the Opposition and what is the role of the Leader of the Opposition? Second largest party in the house of commons. The role of the Leader of the Opposition is to lead in holding the government to account.

What is the civil service and how do civil servants work with government? Civil servants who carry out government policies. Politically neutral but advises or warns if government policies are not practical.

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What are the powers of the devolved administrations? Welsh Assembly: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development Ancient monuments and historic buildings Culture Economic development Education and training Environment Fire and rescue services and promotion of fire safety Food Health and health services Highways and transport Housing Local government Public administration Social welfare Sport and recreation Tourism Town and country planning Water and flood defence Welsh language

Scottish Parliament: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Agriculture, Fisheries Forestry Economic Development Education Environment Food Standards Health Home Affairs Courts Police Fire Services Local Government Sport The Arts Transport Training xiv

60 Minute Revision Guide To Life In The UK Citizenship Test

• • • • • •

Tourism Research Statistics Social Work Civil And Criminal Law Additional Taxes

The Scottish Parliament also has the ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound. Northern Ireland Assembly: • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Enterprise, Trade and Investment Finance & Personnel Regional Development Education Employment and Learning Environment Culture, Arts & Leisure Health, Social Services Public Safety Agriculture and Rural Development Social Development Justice

Which areas of policy remain under the control of the UK government? Policy, defence, foreign affairs, taxation, and social security.

What is proportional representation and where is it used? Parties get the number of seats in proportion to the number of votes they receive. Proportional Representation is used in the Scottish Parliamentary, Welsh Assembly and Northern Irish Assembly elections.

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What services are provided by local authorities? • • • • • • • • •

Education, Housing, Social Services, Passenger Transport, Fire Service, Rubbish, Planning, Environment, Libraries.

How do judges apply the law? Judges interpret the law.

How are the police organised? Police are organised locally for each area.

What are quangos and non-departmental public bodies? Independent public bodies that carry out functions on behalf of the public.

How is political debate reported? Officially broadcasted on television and published in official reports (Hansard). Other sources include newspapers, government websites.

Are newspapers free to publish opinions or do they have to remain impartial? Newspapers are free to publish opinions. xvi

60 Minute Revision Guide To Life In The UK Citizenship Test

Who has the right to vote and at what age? • • • • •

All UK citizens Commonwealth citizens Irish Republic citizens resident in UK EU citizens resident in UK can vote in all except parliamentary elections All of the above can vote at 18 years old except for convicted criminals in prison.

How and when do you register to vote? Register on the local Electoral Register before October 15.

Who can stand for public office? UK, Irish and Commonwealth citizens. Except armed forces, civil servants and convicted criminals.

How can you contact an elected member? Contact details from the local library

How can you visit Parliament? • •

Write to your MP for tickets. Or queue at entrance.

What are the roles and powers of the main institutions of Europe? • •

Council of EU is governing body - made up of government ministers of each country – pass laws. The Council and the EU Parliament together is the legislative body. xvii

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• •

The EU Commission is the civil service drafts proposals and administers funding programmes. The EU Parliament provides checks and balances against the Council and Commission.

How is European law organised? EU law is legally binding in all member states.

What rights do citizens of European Union states have to travel and work? Travel and work anywhere in the EU, subject to national security and public health restrictions.

What is the Commonwealth? Commonwealth is an association of 53 countries which were once part of the British Empire.

What is the United Nations and what is Britain's role within it? UN is a global organisation of over 190 countries aiming to prevent war and promote peace and security. Britain is one of 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council.

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9 HOUSING How many people in the UK own their own home? Two thirds.

What is a mortgage? A special long term loan secured on the house used to pay for the house.

What do estate agents do? Estate agents represent the house seller, advertise the house and arrange for viewings.

What do solicitors and surveyors do? Solicitors carry out legal checks and searches. Also handle the exchange of contracts and payment. Surveyors check on the condition of house.

How is the process of buying a house different in Scotland? In Scotland, seller sets a price and buyers make offers over the price. In the rest of UK, seller sets a prices, and buyers usually make offers under the asking price.

Which organisations can people rent houses from? Local authorities, housing associations and private landlords.

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How do people apply for council accommodation? Enter their name on the council register list. They will be means tested.

What is a shared ownership scheme? Buying only part of a house, usually own by a housing association.

What is a tenancy agreement? Rules and conditions of renting.

Which organisations offer help to homeless people? Local authority, CAB, Shelter and the Social Fund from the Department for Work and Pensions.

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10 SERVICES IN AND FOR THE HOME Where can people find information on how to pay for water, gas, electricity and telephone services? Back of each bill.

What are the different ways to pay these bills? Standing order or direct debit.

How and where is refuse (rubbish) collected? Weekly, outside the house, by the roadside, either in bags or bins.

What does local government spend council tax on? Education, police, roads, rubbish, libraries.

What does the amount of council tax charged depend on? Size and value of property.

Which groups of people can receive council tax reductions or benefits? Single occupier, disabled, those on low income benefits.

What is buildings and household insurance? Covers building and contents against fire, accidents and theft. 21

11 MONEY AND CREDIT What are the values of the UK bank notes? £5, £10, £20 and £50.

Where can people get or change foreign currency? Banks, Building Societies, Large Post Offices, and Bureaux de change.

How can people open a bank or building society account? Proof of identity and address.

What is a cash card or debit card? Cash card withdraws cash in you bank account from cash machines. Debit card pays directly from your bank account.

What is a credit card or store card? Credit cards use borrow money to pay. Store cards are like card cards but are specific to the store.

What is a credit union? A credit union is a co-operative, owned by members. Members pool their savings to loan out.

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60 Minute Revision Guide To Life In The UK Citizenship Test

What types of insurance do people buy? Property, possessions, travel, and health insurance.

What is social security and who receives it? It is a system that pays welfare benefits to those who can’t afford to pay for living essentials. Sick, disabled, old, unemployed and those on low income receive it.

How can people get information about benefits? JobcentrePlus, libraries, post offices, and Citizen Advice Bureau(CAB).

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12 HEALTH What is the NHS? National Health Service providing all citizens and residents with healthcare and treatment.

What is the role of a general practitioner (GP)? Organising your health treatment.

How can people find their local GP? Libraries, post offices, CAB, local health authority and NHS website.

How do people receive medicines from a GP? GP gives a prescription.

Which groups of people receive free prescriptions? Under 16, under 19 and in fulltime education, 60+, pregnant to 1 year after birth. Specific medical conditions, and those receiving low income benefits.

What is NHS direct, and NHS direct online? NHS direct - 24 hour phone advice on health and medical treatments. NHS direct online - website offering health and medical advice.

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60 Minute Revision Guide To Life In The UK Citizenship Test

How can people find a dentist? Libraries, CAB, NHS direct.

Which groups of people receive free dental treatment? Under 18, pregnant to 1 year after birth. Low income support.

What services are available to pregnant women? Ante-natal care.

Which organisations offer information on maternity and ante-natal services? Local hospital, local health centre and ante-natal clinics.

How can people register births? Local Register Office

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13 EDUCATION What are the ages of compulsory education? Age 5 to 16.

How does this differ in Northern Ireland? Age 4 to 16 in Northern Ireland.

Who is responsible for ensuring a child attends school? Parent or legal guardian.

What are the different stages of education? Primary, Secondary. Higher and Further Education optional.

At what age do children leave school? 16.

Where can people get details of local schools? Local education authority office and website.

At what age do children go to secondary school? 11. 26

60 Minute Revision Guide To Life In The UK Citizenship Test

How does this differ in Scotland? Age 12 in Scotland.

What are faith schools? They are linked to churches.

What are independent schools? Private, fee-paying schools.

What is the national curriculum? The prescribed set of subjects taught by all schools.

At what ages do children take key stage tests in England? Ages 7, 11 and 14.

At what age do children take GCSEs and A levels? GCSE at 16 and A-levels at 18.

How is education different in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales? Scotland – Phase 1 from age 5 to 14, no group tests. Individual tests. Phase 2 from age 14 to 16 - Standard Grade. At age 16 can study Intermediate, Higher or Advanced level. Wales – Welsh curriculum, no tests at 4 and 11.

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What is the role of a school governing body (or a school board in Scotland)? Decide how a school is run and administered.

What do further education colleges offer? Improve exam grades or get new qualifications.

What is ESOL? English for Speakers of Other Languages.

What are adult education classes? Classes for those over 18.

How do university students pay their tuition fees? Student loan or grants.

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14 LEISURE What is the film classification system? Rates films for appropriate age limits.

What are the classifications? • • • • • •

U - universal PG - parental guidance 12 - age 12 15 - age 15 18 - age 18 and over R18 - age 18 and over but restricted venues

What is a television licence? Legal requirement for watching television.

What is the licence money used to pay for? Public service television. The BBC.

What is the National Trust? Charity to preserve important buildings and sites.

How old must people be to buy alcohol? 18.

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How old must people be to go into betting shops? 18

What services are offered by vets? Medical treatments for pets and animals.

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15 TRAVEL AND TRANSPORT Which organisations provide information about trains, buses and coaches? • •

Trains – National Rail Enquiry Service. Translink in Northern Ireland. Buses – National Express. Scottish Citylink in Scotland. Translink in Northern Ireland.

Which groups of people can get discount tickets? Families, pensioners, students, under 26s.

How can a person get a driving licence? Apply for provisional licence, pass written theory test, pass practical driving test.

How long can overseas driving licences be used for in the UK? EU licence for as long as it is valid. Others for a maximum of 1 year.

What is motor insurance, road tax and MOT? • • •

3rd party insurance is mandatory. Road tax must be paid for the car. Cars older than 3 years must pass MOT every year.

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Where can people purchase a road tax disc? • •

Post office. DVLA Website.

Who can provide an MOT certificate? Department for Transport Approved garage.

What are the laws covering seat belts, crash helmets and holding mobile phones whilst driving? • • •

All car occupants must use seat belts. All motorcycle riders and passengers must wear helmets. Holding mobile phones whilst driving is illegal.

What are the speed limits for cars and motorcycles? • • •

30 mph in built-up areas unless signs say otherwise. 60 mph on single carriageways. 70 mph on motorways and dual-carriageways

What should people do if they are involved in a road accident? • • • • •

Stop. Call the police and ambulance if somebody is injured Exchange contact, vehicle and insurance details. Make note of all events and details of the accident. Contact insurance company.

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16 IDENTITY DOCUMENTS What identity documents are generally accepted? •

Home Office document

•

Certificate of identity

•

National Insurance card

•

Driving licence

•

Gas, electricity and phone bill, rent or benefits book

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17 LOOKING FOR WORK Where are jobs advertised? Newspapers, jobcentres, notice boards, internet sites..

Where can people access advice on finding jobs and claiming benefits? Jobcentre Plus.

What is a CV? Curriculum Vitae covering details of education, qualifications, previous employment, skills and interests.

Who can be a referee? Previous employer, college tutor. Independent professional people qualified to know your suitability for the job.

What is the purpose of a job interview? To ascertain your suitability for the job.

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18 EQUAL RIGHTS AND DISCRIMINATION Which organisations discrimination?

offer

information

on

law

and

Commission for Equality and Human Rights.

What can individuals do if they are subject to sexual harassment? •

Ask the culprit to stop.

•

Keep records of offences.

•

Report to employer or trade union.

•

Ask for advice from Equal Opportunities Commission, CAB and trade union.

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19 AT WORK What are the legal responsibilities of employers? Pay employees, treat them fairly, and take reasonably care for their health and safety.

What is the purpose of a contract? Agreement on details and conditions for work, including responsibilities, pay, working hours, holidays, sick pay, pension, period of notice.

What is the purpose of a pay slip? A written statement showing how much you are paid, as well as tax and national insurance contributions.

What is tax? Payment to the Revenue and Customs from your earnings. Used to provide for government services.

How is it paid? Usually directly by the employer to Revenue and Customs with each salary or wage payment. Self employed must pay directly.

What is National Insurance? Everybody who is paid for work must pay NI contributions which goes to pay for the State Retirement Pension and the NHS. 36

60 Minute Revision Guide To Life In The UK Citizenship Test

How is it paid? Directly from their salaries or wages whenever they are paid. Class 2 selfemployed must pay regularly or by direct-debit. Class 4 self employed pay from trading profits.

How can people obtain a National Insurance number? Sent before to them before age 16 or go to Jobcentre Plus or local Social Security Office.

What is a State Pension? Pension received from the state if you have paid enough NI when you retire.

What is the State Pension age for men and for women? Age 65 for men and age 60 for women. Women will increase to age 65 by 2020.

Who can offer information on occupational or personal pensions? The Pension Advisory Service. Independent Financial Advisers for a fee.

What are trade unions? Organisations aiming to improve pay and working conditions of their members.

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For what reasons can employees be dismissed from their job? Serious misconduct. Cannot do their job properly, or late or absent repeatedly after warning.

What is an employment tribunal? A court specialising in employment matters.

What is redundancy? Losing a job when employer no longer needs the job or cannot afford to pay for the position.

What is jobseeker's allowance? Benefits for 18 to 65 (60 women) looking for work.

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20 WORKING FOR YOURSELF What responsibilities do self-employed people have? Paying tax and NI. Keeping detail records of business earnings and expenditure for audited accounts to be sent to Revenue and Customs.

Where can people get advice on setting up their own business? BusinessLink, and banks.

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21 CHILDCARE AND CHILDREN AT WORK What is maternity leave? At least 26 weeks’ for new mothers.

What is paternity leave? Up to 2 weeks’ leave for new fathers who have worked at least 26 weeks.

Where can people access information on childcare and registered childminders? ChildcareLink at www.childcarelink.gov.uk

What is the earliest legal age at which children can do paid work? Age 13 except for performance and modelling.

What documents must a child have before they can work? Licence from local authority. Medical certificate for performance and modelling.

What type of jobs can children NOT do? Delivering milk, selling alcohol, cigarette, medicines, working in kitchen or behind a food or takeaway counter, with dangerous machinery or chemicals.

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60 Minute Revision Guide To Life In The UK Citizenship Test

What are the limits on working hours and times for children? •

At least 2 consecutive weeks a year during holidays not working.

•

Cannot work for more than 4 hours without an hour rest.

•

Cannot work for more than 2 hours on a school day or Sunday.

•

Cannot work for more than 5 hours (13, 14 yrs old) or 8 hours (15, 16 yrs old) on Saturdays or weekdays during school holidays.

•

Cannot work before 7am or after 7pm.

•

Cannot work before close of school hours.

•

Cannot work for more than 12 hours in a school week.

•

Cannot work for more than 25 hours a week (13, 14) or 35 hours a week (15, 16) during school holidays.

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12 ADVICE FOR TAKING THE TEST This may sound obvious, but prepare for the test! A third of all those who took the test, failed it. It really isn’t that hard. With the use of multiple choice questions and answers, you have a fighting chance of guessing the right answers even if you don’t know them. By all means buy and study the official handbook from The Stationery Office, if you can spare the time, but don’t slave over it. Instead, read through it once, and then revise whenever you can using this revision guide. You do not need detailed knowledge of every part of the official handbook in order to pass the test. As long as you have the basic ideas in this revision guide, you will be able to pick the right answers. Do try the free online practice test to familiarize yourself with the format and style of the actual test. I would suggest that you don’t try the practice test until you have done some studying, so that you will be able to answer some of the questions at least, in order not to get too demoralised. Last, but not least, prepare to arrive at the test centre early, especially if you are unfamiliar with the venue, and particularly if you are driving there, as invariably, there will be a lack of parking spaces. Be sure t bring along all the necessary documentation that they asked for, otherwise it will be a wasted trip. Good luck!

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR Susanna Ting graduated with honours in Law in the 90s, and then went on to serve time in an immigration law firm. Now, a mother of three, working for a university in the West Midlands, she is amazed that she even managed to find the time to write this guide.

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