6 Paleolítico Neolítico

 

E^B - ^raclsar ^raclsarbma bma Kambiembm Tlkeprlslfdeb Tlkeprlslfdebii Oestareb mli Brtl

Lmudbdeôf Kusedbi Dbrklf Pulmb, ^o M.

3. LI BP]L LF LI ^BILAIË]EDA U FLAIË]EDA

Tlilddeôf ml a`rbs  BP]L ^BILAIË]EDA ^BILAIË]EDA Lsduiturb

’Db`lz ’Db` lzb b cl clkl klfe fefb fb lf kb kbrc rceiei‛‛ pr prav avlf lfel elft ftl l ml ib ’J ’Jra ratt ttl l mu ^b ^bpl pl‛, ‛, ml @rbsslkpauy — Kusål mls Bftequetås Fbdeafbils ml Tbeft-Jlrkbef lf Ibyl (^brës (^b rës). ). ^lr ^lrëam ëama a bur burejf ejfbda bda — plr plreja ejarme rmebfa bfa (4< (4> .>>> > - 42 42.>> .>>> > bfl bfl). ). Db` Db`lii liia a mldarbma lf `bgarrlielvl, 2< dk ml bita.

2

 

’Slfus ml Zeiilfmarc‛, Fbturoestaresdols Kusluk, Tlddeôf ^rloestareb (Selfb). ^lrëama burejfbda — plrejarmebfa. Db`lzb mldarbmb daf `bgarrlielvl, biturb7 2>,=< dk.

0

 

’Slfus ml Ibussli‛ (Marmaòb, Crbfdeb). ^lrëama burejfbda — plrejarmebfa. ]biib lf ibgb, => dk ml bita. Kusla ml Bquetbfeb, @urmlas. ]biibma lf `bgarrlielvl daf dulrfa.

’Lstbtuei ’Lstbt ueiibs ibs clklfe clklfefbs fbs lf lst lstlbt lbtetb etbs‛. s‛. Kus Kusål ål mls Bft Bftequ equetå etåss Fbdeaf Fbdeafbil bilss ml TbeftTbe ft-Jlr Jlrkbe kbef f lf Ibyl Ibyl (^b (^brës rës). ). ^lrëam ^lrëama a bur burejf ejfbda bda — plr plreja ejarme rmebfa bfa.. Cej Cejurb urb lsteiezbmb, 0> dk ml bita.  Tlj÷f ib tlarëb ml Ilrae — Jaurobf, lstbs cejurbs clklfefbs7 b) rlprl rlprlslft slftbf bf uf sëk`aia sëk`aia ml clrteiem clrteiembm bm par ib bdlftubdeô bdlftubdeôf f ml delrtas rbsjas rbsjas (dbmlrbs, velftrl y slfas). Tlrëbf ufb lspldel ml ’measbs —kbmrl‛ vlfl vl flrb rbmb mbss da daka ka cu culr lrzb zb pr prek ekej ejlf lfeb eb qu qul l ob ob`r `rëb ëbf f lf lfjl jlfm fmrb rbma ma b ia iass oak`rls, pratljëbf su vemb y ssu u dbpbdembm ml pradrlbdeôf. `) sl efsd efsdre`lf re`lf lf uf rak rak`a, `a, par ia tbfta tbfta lvemlfdebf lvemlfdebf ib dbpbdemb dbpbdembm m lståtedb lståtedb ml uf ekpuisa fa fbturbiestb.

4

 

=

 

’@esaftl lsduipema sa`rl bstb ml rlfa‛. Jrutb Ib Kbmlilefl (Crbfdeb). Kusål mlss Bf ml Bfteq teque uetå tåss Fbde Fbdeaf afbi bils ls ml Tb Tbef eftt-Jl Jlrk rkbe bef f lf Ib Ibyl yl (^br (^brës ës). ). ^l ^lrë rëam ama a kbjmbilfelfsl (2>> bfl). Me`uga cejurbteva cejurbteva lf bita y `bgarrlielvl, 0> 0> dk ml ibrja par 2> ml bfdoa.

’Jrb`bma sa`rl dulrfa‛. Jrutb Ib Kbmlilefl (Crbfdeb). Kusål mls Bftequetås Fbdeafbils ml Tbeft-Jlrkbef lf Ibyl (^brës). ^lrëama kbjmbilfelfsl. Me`uga cejurbteva lf `bgarrlielvl daf daf efdeseafls, 0: dk m ml l ibrja par 2> m ml l bita.

^efturb

’^efturbs ruplstrls ml Ibsdbux‛ (Crbfdeb). ^lrëama plrejarmebfa (4>.>>> bfl). Db`biias y `esaftls lf fljra y tlrrbdatb peftbmas lf ibs radbs ml ib dulvb. Iafjetum ml ias jrbfmls taras7 .>>> bòas b.D.

’^efturbs ykurbils —Klril‛ (Crbfdeb). — plrejarmebfa. Db`biias kbfas.ml \f^ldo jrulsa puftlbma fljra^lrëama iilfb ib burejfbda seiultb ml bk`as bfekbils8 atrbs puftubdeafls y bijufas ’fljbtevas‛ ml kbfas. ’^efturbs ruplstrls ml Bitbkerb‛ (Lspbòb). ^lrëama kbjmbilfelfsl (2?.>>>2=.>>> bfl). ]ara lf daftarfa fljra y pefturb ragb.

3

 

Efmustreb ^lrejarmelfsl y Bureòbdelfsl

Cej.2-4. @ureils sa`rl trufdbmurb (Tbftekbkeòl)8 =. ]rufdbmurb, (Tbftekbkeòl)8 . @ureils ml Fabeiils (@aiefha`b)8 22-20. @ureils ml Fabeiils (Ilzeb (Il zeb)8 )8 24. Ibkefe Ibkefeiib iib Mucaur Mucaur (Tbfte (Tbftekbr kbrfeò feòl)8 l)8 2=. Pbspbm Pbspbmar ar sa`rl sa`rl iâkefb iâkefb bureòb bureòbdel delfsl fsl (^aivarëf)8 2, 24-23 slj÷f P. Puez Embrrbjb8 : slj÷f J. Ibpibdl8 22-20 slj÷f DE. Dobudobt8 2: slj÷f B. Tâlfz ml @urubjb). (Puez, 255>74>)

:

 

]larëbs lxpiedbtevbs mli Brtl ^bilaiëteda

  Li kbrda tlôreda qul eftlftb rlspafmlr li eftlrrajbftl sa`rl ib cufdeafbiembm mli brtl prloestôreda pasll mas darrelftls7  B) ]larëbs bfbiëteda-mlsdreptevbs7 bfbiëteda-mlsdreptevbs7 kltamaiajëb a`slrvbdea a`slrvbdeafbi fbi y dubftetbtevb. 

b) `) d) m)

Tlj÷f ib tlarëb ml Ilrae — Jaurobf7 kâs ml ib ketbm ml ias b bfekbi fekbils ls rlprlslftbm rlprlslftbmas as saf `esa `esaftls ftls y db`b db`biias. iias. sôia uf 2 2>% >% ml ias bf bfekbils ekbils m ml l ibs dbv dbvlrfbs lrfbs tetelflf lflf sejfas sejfas ssa`rl a`rl a dlrdb ml liias. ias tlk tlkbs bs ml ib ibss dbvlrfbs dbvlrfbs sl sl arml armlfbf fbf se selkprl lkprl lf lf mltlr mltlrkefbm kefbmas as lkpibzbkelftas ml ib dbvlrfb (5>% ml ias `esaftls lstâf lf ib pbrtl klmeb ml ib dbvlrfb). oby bsa bsadebd debdeafl eaflss dafsdelftl dafsdelftlss ml bfekbils bfekbils qul fa lstâf guf guftas tas lf ib fbturbilzb, pbrteduibrklftl li db`biia y li `esaftl.

Ib tlarëb ml Ibkkefj — Lkplrberl7 b) sl adu adupb pb ml mls mlstbdb tbdbrr ib ekpartbfdeb ekpartbfdeb mli mli brtl rupl ruplstrl strl lf ias f fevlil evlilss ml ob`etbdeôf, mafml drll lfdaftrbr ufb tlkâtedb lspldëcedb y meclrlftl bi ml atras lkpibzbkelftas. 

`) lstb efv efvlstej lstejbmarb bmarbb dr drll ll qul lf ib dulv dulvb b sl yrlcilgb rlcilgb`b `b ufbufb ufeô ufeôf f sek`ôie sek`ôiedb qul sl arelftb`b lstekuibr ib cldufmembm qul lxestl ufembm ml db dakpasedeôf qul lxpiedb ibs suplrpasedeafls y ibs ufeafls ml bfekbils qul fa lstâf guftas lf ib fbturbilzb.   Bk`bs tlarëbs ssl l feljbf feljbf b bdlptbr li lkpila ml pbrbilias pbrbilias l ltfaiôjedas tfaiôjedas pbrb bfbiezbr li brtl mli ^bilaiëteda suplrear, efsestlf qul tambs ibs eftlrprltbdeafls sl ml ml`l `lf f `b `bsb sbrr lxdi lxdius usev evbk bklf lftl tl lf ib lvem lvemlf lfde deb b prap prapar arde deaf afbm bmb b pa parr ib ibss dakpas dak pasede edeafl aflss pbilai pbilaiëte ëtedbs dbs.. ^br ^brb b lii liia a sl `bsbf `bsbf lf dre dretlr tlreas eas lstbmë lstbmëste stedas das,, ob`e ob `elf lfma ma rlbi rlbiez ezbm bma a uf rl rldu dulf lfta ta y dakp dakpeieibd bdeô eôf f ml mb mbta tass ku kuyy da dakp kpil ilta tass (f÷klra ml dulvbs, f÷klra y tepas ml bfekbils rlprlslftbmas, dbftembm y tepas ml sejfas uteiezbmas y tepas ml lkpibzbkelfta).   ^brb ias butarls, ibs dulvbs lrbf sbftubreas arjbfezbmas, dbrbdtlrezbmbs dbrbdtlrezbmbs par7 2) \f brtl lslfdebiklftl bfekbiestb. Ib kbyarëb ml ibs cejurbdeafls saf bfekb bf ekbils ils ml mevlrs mevlrsbs bs lsp lsplde ldels. ls. Ibs Ibs rlp rlprls rlslft lftbde bdeafl aflss ou oukbf kbfbs bs fa b`uf b` ufmb mbf, f, bufq bufqul ul saf saf kuy kuy vb vbre rebm bmbs bs88 bi biju jufb fbss ml li liib ibss saf saf ku kuyy mltbiibmbs daka ias `bgarrlielvls ml Ibussli y ml Ib Kbmlibefl, atrbs saf tasdbs, daka ib ml Ibsdbux. 0) ^br ^brted teduib uibrem rembml bmls s ml ib lx lxprl prlsev sevemb embm m piâ piâste stedb db pbr pbrelt eltbi  bi . Ia Iass bf bfek ekbi bils ls cejurbmas lf ibs dbvlrfbs lstâf dak`efbmas ml tbi kbflrb qul sl klzdibf lspldels qul fa sl lfdulftrbf guftbs lf ib fbturbilzb, daka par lglkpia, li `esaftl y li db`biia. Taf kuy sejfecedbtevbs ib buslfdeb ml dubiquelr tepa ml pbesbgl a vljltbdeôf y ib slildtevembm lf ib tlkâtedb bfekbiëstedb (jrbfmls olr`ëvaras y pbquemlrkas7 `esaftl, ura X`esaftl lxtefjuema[, db`biia, ë`lx a ë`edl Xdb`rb ml kaftl[, delrva, kbkut y refadl ref adlraf raftl) tl).. Ias brtest brtestbs bs pbi pbilai laiëte ëtedas das fa rlp rlprls rlslft lftbra braf f ib cejurb cejurb ml bfekbils ml bdulrma b ib arelftbdeôf vesubi oarezaftbi y vlrtedbi8 ias bfekbils lxtrbòbs7 ib db`lzb li dulrpa lfbpbrldlf plfmelftllfy pasedeafls lf mebjafbi. Atra rbsja fatb`ilobdeb ls ibb`bga, cbitb ml ?

 

lsdbib lftrl ias bfekbils7 fa sl rlspltbraf ibs prapardeafls darrldtbs lftrl bfekbils plqulòas y jrbfmls. 4) Lkpibzbkelfta mli brtl ruplstrl. Åstl sl iadbiezb lf trls tepas mliljbr  mlftra ml ib dbvlrfb7 bi berl ie`rl (lf ib `adb ml ib dbvlrfb), lf ias fev evl lil ilss ml ob` b`etetbd bdeô eôf f y lf ib ibss zaf zafbs ef efbd bddl dlse se` `il ils. s. Li tetepa pa ml lkpibzbkelfta kâs dak÷f ls li cafma ml ib dulvb. Ib b`ufmbfdeb ml rlprlslftbdeafls lf ias iujbrls efbddlse`ils ml ib dulvb, tbi vlz sl ml`b bi oldoa ml qul ib pefturb bi berl ie`rl a dlrdbfb b ib sbiemb ml ib dbvlrf dbv lrfb b puma puma ob`lr ob`lr mlsbpb mlsbpbrld rldema ema pa parr ias lcl lcldta dtass ml ib darras darraseôf eôf..  Bijufbs rlprlslftbdeafls lstâf setubmbs tbf bitbs lf ibs pbrlmls a lf ias tldoas, qul sl obiibf culrb mli bidbfdl ml uf slr oukbfa y ias brtestbs ml`lf ob`lrsl lfdbrbkbma daf jrbf meceduitbm. Atrbs, lstâf setubmbs lf zafbs mafml li deliarrbsa ls tbf `bga, qul li brtestb ml`l ob`lr trb`bgbma lf pasedeafls kuy efdôkambs. Lf atras dbsas, pbrb iiljbr b ibs pefturbs oby qul sartlbr zafbs pliejrasbs7 pazas, darrelftls ml bjub y prldepedeas. Lsta mlfatb ib dafdlpdeôf ml uk`rbils, ls mlder, ib slilddeôf y mlieketbdeôf ml uf iujbr daf cufdeafbiembm retubi slpbrbma mli rlsta ml iujbrls. =) Ibs tådfedbs uteiezbmbs par li brtestb pbilaiëteda . Ibs trls tådfedbs `âsedbs lf ibs qul sl lxprlsô li brtestb sa`rl li kura ml ibs dbvlrfbs saf7 ib lsduiturb ml `bgarrlielvl y bitarrlielvl, li jrb`bma y ib pefturb. Lstbs tå tådf dfed edbs bs ib slbsadebdeôf ob obf f lf lfda daft ftrb rbma ma besi beysibm bmbs bs a da dak` k`ef efbm bmbs bs,, se self lfma ma kuy kuy crldulftl ml pefturb jrb`bma. b) Ibs pef peftur turbs bs mlrevb` mlrevb`bf bf ml pej pejklf klftas tas ml telrr telrrbs bs fbtu fbturbi rbils ls y ias daiarls uteiezbmas lrbf li adrl, li raga, li kbrrôf rageza, li bkbreiia li oaiiëf iiëf y li kb kbrr rrôf ôf.. Ia Iass pej ejkl klf ftas tas lrb lrbf kai aiem emas as obstb stb trbfscarkbrsl lf cefa paiva, lrbf klzdibmas daf jrbsb y bjub klmebftl ufb pbiltb ml oulsa, y iulja lrbf bpiedbmas daf ib puftb ml ias mlmas y piukbs pbrb ias vai÷klfls y daf kbmlrbs bceibmbs pbrb ias daftarfas. `) Ib cark carkb b ml ib lgldudeôf lgldudeôf pedtôr pedtôredb edb lrb vb vbrebmb rebmb.. B vldls iib b seiul seiultb tb lrb `elf mlcefemb, atrbs mecusb daf ias `armls daf bfdobs crbfgbs sak`rlbmbs y atrbs vldls lrb sujlremb daf ufb iëflb mesdaftefub ml puftas. Ib kbyar pbrtl ml ias dulrpas ml ias bfekbils sl mlgb`bf sef peftbr, bufqul vbreas saf kafadrakas y paiedrakas. Lf ibs ibs dbv bvlr lrfb fbss ml Ibdb Ibdbux ux,, Ca Caft ft ml Jb Jbuk ukl l y Bi Bitb tbke kerb rb ls lvemlf lve mlftl tl ufb rlc rlcefb efbmb mb paiedr paiedrakë akëb8 b8 li Bit Bitbke bkerb rb sl usb usbraf raf trl trlss daiarls lf bijufbs rlprlslftbdeafls. d) Obs Obstb tb li kaklfta kaklfta fa sl daf dafad adlf lf lxbdtbk lxbdtbklft lftl l ibs tådfe tådfedbs dbs ml mlii jrb`bma y `bgarrliel ielvl mli ^bilaiëted eda a. ^ar ias rlstas brqulaiôjedas lfdaftrbmas sl sb`l qul uteiezb`bf li pufzôf pbrb ibs iëflbs bfdobs y tasdbs, li `urei pbrb ias jrb`bmas suplrcedebils y cefas, y ias kbrteiias pbrb lsduiper ib pelmrb. @) Ibs tlarëbs ltfajrâcedbs7 kltamaiajëb dakpbrbtevb y dubietbtevb.   @bsb @bsbmas mas lf lf ias dafadekel dafadekelftas ftas ltfa ltfajrâced jrâcedas as (l (lstum stumea ea da dakpbrb kpbrbteva teva ml ib ibss duiturbs preketevbs bdtubils), bijufas efvlstejbmarls dafsemlrbf qul li brtl pbi bil lai aiët ëted eda a tu tuvvtatåkedbs. a ufb cefb cefbie mkbjeb bm k âj âjed edb b ylfqu qul l prefdepeas sl rlib rlibddea eafb `b daf ib ibss dafdlpdeafls Ibiem  sl `bsb mas mlfb` plfsbkelfta7

5

 

par uf ibma, qul ia slklgbftl slklgbftl pramudl ia slklgbf slklgbftl8 tl8 y par atra, qul ibs dasbs qul obf lstbma ufb vlz lf daftbdta daf atrbs daftefubrâf bdtubfma ufb sa`rl atrb mesteftb. ]rbspbsbr uf `esaftl daf ufb cildob lf uf me`uga ekpiedb qul bi sbier ml dbdlrëb, li dbzbmar vb b trbspbsbr b uf `esaftl rlbi daf ufb cildob. Ib kbjeb ls cufmbklftbiklftl prâdtedb. Li oak`rl quelrl slr cbvarldema par ias clfôklfas ml ib fbturbilzb y ib kbjeb ls li preklr eftlfta ml efciuer sa`rl li klmea bk`elftl y makefbr ib fbturbilzb pbrb qul åstb slb cbvarb`il. ^ar ia tbfta, ib kbjeb rlsukl ufb vefduibdeôf dbusb — lcldta.   B klmemb qul eftlftb`b lxpiedbrsl li li kufma l lxtlrear, xtlrear, li o oak`rl ak`rl prayld prayldtô tô sus dbrbdtlrëstedbs lf ib fbturbilzb, btre`uyåfmail b åstb ufb vemb eftlildtubi y lkadeafbi sekeibr b ib suyb. Drlëb qul mltrâs mli velfta, ib iiuveb y ib dafmudtb bfekbi, ob`ëb uf ’lspëretu‛8 b lstb dafdlpdeôf sl il mlfakefb bfekeska.   Lf ufb ltbpb sejuel sejuelftl, ftl, li oak`rl oak`rl daklfzô b emlftecedbr par slpbrbma b dbmb clfôklfa y bsadebria daf uf lspëretu lspldëceda. Bpbrldelraf lf su ufevlrsa klftbi mevefembmls efmevemubiezbmbs pbrb dbmb clfôklfa (par lglkpia7 lspëretu ml ib iiuveb y lspëretu mli sai). Lstas lspëretus tlfmrëbf rlbddeafls sekeibrls b ibs suyb su ybs7 s7 bk bkbr brëb ëbf, f, mlsl mlslbr brëb ëbf f y ameb amebrëb rëbf. f. Ib fb fbtu turb rbil ilzb zb sl pa pa`i `iô ô ml slrl slrlss pamlra pam lrasa sass efv efvese ese`il `ils, s, qul bpb bpbrld rldlrë lrëbf bf mltrâs mltrâs ml dbmb dbmb clf clfôkl ôklfa. fa. B lst lstb b dafdlpdeôf sl il ob mbma li fak`rl ml ufevlrsa mlkafëbda.  Bsadebmb daf li bfekeska y li ufevlrsa mlkafëbda lstâ ib kbjeb, duyb cefbiembm ls prldesbklftl efciuer sa`rl ias lspëretus ml ib fbturbilzb pbrb qul åstas slbfufb cbvarb`ils bi slr oukbfa. lf Ib kbjeb rlprlslftb ias su pul`ias preketevas sljurembm psedaiôjedb uf kufma oastei ypbrb mecëdei8 `bsl eftlildtubi ls ib daefdemlfdeb7 ml bdulrma b ib ily ml sekpbtëb sl drll qul li bdaftldek bdaf tldekelfta elfta adurrl adurrl lf rlibdeôf daf atra bdaf bdaftldek tldekelfta elfta bftl bftlrear. rear. Lf ufb tre`u preketevb bdtubi, sl ob a`slrvbma b uf sobkâf daijbr ibs plrtlflfdebs ml su lflkeja lf uf âr`ai kldema par li velfta, pbrb qul åstl ibs mlstruyb. Li sobkâf  drlëb qul su lflk lflkeja eja slrëb mlstrazbma mlstrazbma lf carkb sekeib sekeibr. r. ]bk`eåf sl rldurr rld urrl l b a`g a`glta ltass patlft patlftls, ls, daka li tatlk  y ias bkuiltas, pbrb rlcarzbr ias lcldtas ml kbjeb sekpâtedb.   Li tatlkeska ls ufb dafdlpdeôf par ib dubi uf jrupa sadebi preketeva telfl dafse da fsemlr mlrbde bdeafl aflss pbr pbrted teduib uibrls rls obdeb obdeb uf a`glta a`glta,, bfe bfekb kbii a clf clfôkl ôklfa fa iib iibkbm kbma a tôtlk (cbkeieb), mli qul drllf mlsdlfmlr. Tlj÷f @rluei, Plefbdo y @ljaulf7 b) Ias brtestbs pbilaiëtedas sl velraf ekpuisbmas par ib kbjeb sekpâtedb.  Bmudlf qul ib kbyarëb ml ibs rlprlslftbdeafls saf ml bfekbils ml dbzb. \f slr oukbfa, slj÷f ib kbjeb sekpâtedb, pulml a`tlflr li daftrai a lglrdlr efciulfdeb sa`rl uf a`glta a bfekbi, rlprlslftâfmaia tbi dubi ia quelrl vlr. Ias efmëjlfbs fartlbklredbfas bdtubils, ias Teauxls, (tbk`eåf iibkbmas Mbhatbs, Fbhatbs y Ibhatbs), drllf qul me`ugbfma uf bfekbi y iulja pefdobfma ib rlprlslftbdeôf r lprlslftbdeôf daf uf pbia, sl a`telfl åxeta lf ib dbzb. brtl l pb pbila ilaiëte iëteda da sl ob`rë ob`rëb b rlb rlbiez iezbm bma a pb pbrb rb cbd cbdeiet eietbr br ib dbz dbzb. b. Bsë sl `) Li brt lxpiedbrëb ib buslfdeb ml rlprlslftbdeafls ml ib fbturbilzb, ml bfekbils plqulòas y ib lsdbslz ml ibs ekâjlfls bftrapakarcbs. Daftefubfma ib iëflb ml plfsbkelfta ml ib kbjeb sekpâtedb, ias sejfas sa`rl a dlrdb ml ias bfekbils saf eftlrprltbmas daka cildobs, olrembs a trbkpbs qul 

bsljurbrëbf dbzb. bdta keska ml peftbr ls dafsemlrbma pbrtl ml uf reta sekpâteda,ibyb qulLi par li saia oldoa ml peftbr, sl pramuderëb uf lcldta

2>

 

lf li kufma bfekbi. Lsta lxpiedbrëb li oldoa ml qul fa sl prladupb`bf par suplrpaflr ekâjlfls. Ibs cejurbs sef tlrkefbr slrëbf pbrtl mli reta sekpâteda7 ias brtestbs pbilaiëtedas drllrëbf qul bi fa me`ugbr pbrtls mli bfekbi, ml`eietb`bf ib patlfdeb ml åstl. d) Ibs ekâjlfls daf li velftrl vaiukefasa rlprlslftbrëbf bfekbils lf lstbma ml jrbvemlz, qul sl ob`rëbf cejurbma pbrb buklftbr ib lxestlfdeb ml ib cbufb y bsljurbr ib su`sestlfdeb ml ib tre`u7 kbjeb ml clrteiembm. m) Li tatlkeska lxpiedb li brtl pbreltbi pbilaiëteda mlsml atra pufta ml vestb. Li oak`rl trbtbrëb b trbvås ml ib ekbjlf, ml rlprlslftbr b ias bfekbils obdeb ias qul sl slftëb iejbma par ufb rlibdeôf tatåkedb y daf ias qul qulrëb tlflr ufb dakufeôf lspldebi. Ias lkpibzbkelftas meceduitasas ob`rëbf sema liljemas prldesbklftl pbrb iilvbr b db`a retas tatåkedas.   Ib kltamaiajëb ml efvlstejbdeôf bdtubi dak`efb bk`bs darrelftls tlôredbs b ib oarb ml `usdbr ibs lxpiedbdeafls qul arejefbraf li brtl ^bilaiëteda. Ml ib dakp da kpil ilkl klft ftbd bdeô eôf f lftr lftrl l ib ibss kl klta tama maia iajë jëbs bs a` a`sl slrv rvbd bdea eafb fbii — du dubf bftetetb tbtetevb vb y dakpbrbtevb — dubietbtevb sl pulmlf lxtrblr klgarls dafdiuseafls pbrb lxpiedbr  li ekpuisa drlbteva mli brtestb pbilaiëteda.  BP]L FLAIË]EDA ^efturb

’^efturbs ruplstrls mli Ilvbftl lspbòai‛ (:>>> — 3>>> b.D.). Dulvb ml Biplrb (Lspbòb).Me`ugas sa`rl cafma kafadraka.

22

 

’^efturbs ruplstrls ml ias ]bsseie‛ (Brjlieb, Mlselrta ml Tbobrb, 5>>> - ?>>> b.D)7 Jbfbmlras (=>>> b.D.) Mbfzbrefls (?>>> b.D.) K÷sedas (3>>> b.D.) ^brlgb ml k÷sedas (=>>> b.D.)    

20

 

Dbrbdtlrëstedbs ml ib pefturb ruplstrl pasjibdebi, klsaiëtedb y flaiëtedb 2) Li mefbkeska mli brtl Ilvbftefa . Li brtl mli Ilvbftl lspbòai ls li lglkpia kâs dafadema ml brtl ruplstrl pasjibdebi y lf jlflrbi ib trleftlfb ml dulvbs ml ibs pravefdebs ml Iåremb, ]brrbjafb, Kurdeb, ]lruli, Dbstliiôf, Dulfdb, Gbåf, Biklrëb, Sbilfdeb y Bi`bdltl, sl dafsemlrbf klsaiëtedbs. ^rlslftbf ibs sejuelftls dbrbdtlrëstedbs7 b) Tl a`s a`slr lrvb vb lf liib liibss ufb ufb lvai lvaiud udeô eôf f qul qul vb mls mlsml ml uf brtl brtl mefâ mefâke keda da — lxprlseafestb b uf brtl lsqulkâteda — lxprlseafestb. `) Ias Ias tlkbs tlkbs peftbmas peftbmas lstâf lstâf jlfl jlflrbi rbiklf klftl tl lf b`r b`reja ejass bi ber berl l ie` ie`rl, rl, saf kafadrakas y ml lsdbsbs meklfseafls. Ib cbufb rlprlslftbmb ls, 24

 

slj÷f slj÷ f ia iass pr prlo loes esta tare rebm bmat atls ls ls lspb pbòa òail ils, s, tëpe tëpedb db ml mlii di diek ekb b tlkp tlkpib ibma ma klsaiëteda. Bpbrldlf fuklrasbs rlprlslftbdeafls ml cejurbs oukbfbs lf lsdlfbs qul mecelrlf cufmbklftbiklftl mli brtl crbfda dbftâ`reda. Tl a`slrvbf ufb slrel ml lsdlfbs ml ib vemb datemebfb7 dbzb, mbfzbs, rldailddeôf ml crutas. Ibs cejurbs lstâf tambs lf kavekelfta. d) Lf lstb lstbss dulvb dulvbs, s, ibs cejurbs cejurbs sl bilgbf bilgbf mli fbturbi fbturbieska, eska, ml mlstbd stbdâfmas âfmasl l li bcâf ml rlprlslftbdeôf ml ib bddeôf7 ias brtestbs bibrjbraf li dulrpa y ibs pelrfb pel rfbss ml ibs cejurb cejurbss pb pbrb rb efmedb efmedbrr li kav kaveke ekelft lfta. a. Ib car carkb kb lst lstb`b b`b medtbmb par ib slfsbdeôf eftlrear y fa par ib a`slrvbdeôf lxtlrear. 0) Turjekelfta ml uf brtl lsqulkâteda y carkbiestb . Lf Lspbòb, ^artujbi y lf atrbs zafbs ml Lurapb, sl lfdulftrbf fuklrasbs dbvlrfbs qul lvemlfdebf uf dbk`ea dbk` ea ml lsteia y qul par liia sl ibs efdiuyl efdiuyl (bmlkâs ml ias rlsuit rlsuitbmas bmas ml ib mbtbdeôf daf Dbr`afa 2=), lf li brtl Flaiëteda. ^asllf dbrbdtlrls lspldëcedas7 b) Li brtl rtl ru rupl plst strl rl sl tr trb bfsca fscark rkb b rbm rbmed edbi bikl klft ftl l lf ufb lxp xprl rlse seôf ôf lsqulkâtedb, rëjemb y carkbiestb, mlsbpbrldelfma ibs rlprlslftbdeafls `eakôrcedbs fbturbiestbs dbse lf su tatbiembm. Tl a`slrvbf kuitetum ml sejfas peftbmas lf mevlrsbs carkbs7 deftbs afmuibmbs, dërduias, puftas, ru rulm lmbs bs,, sa sail ils, s, ls lstr trli liib ibss y dr drud udls ls,, sëk` sëk`ai aias as ml bi bidb dbfd fdl l prac pracuf ufma ma y mecëdeils mecëd eils ml eftlrpr eftlrprltbr. ltbr. Lf bijufb bijufbss dulvbs bpbrldlf bpbrldlf sejf sejfas as `eakarc `eakarcas as qul qu l rl rldu dulr lrmb mbf f ib ceceju jurb rb ou oukb kbfb fb88 rlpr rlprls lslf lftb tbde deaf afls ls se seke keib ibrl rlss sl lfdulftrbf lf môiklfls y klfoerls. `) lsqulkbtezbdeô Ib lxtrlkb lxtrlkbmb mb lsqu lsqulkb tezbd bdeôf eôf ymlsllstl brtl sl vefdui duib bbdtevem bi pradl pradlsa sa ml lsqulkbtezbdeôf f mllkbtez ib lsdreturb rlibdeafb dafvef ufb bdtevembm bm klftbi sekeibr. d) Ga Gaob obff ffls ls Kb Kbre refj fjlr lr sa sast stel elfl fl qul qul ib ibss pe peft ftur urbs bs rupl ruplst strl rlss fl flai aiët ëted edbs bs sek`aiezb`bf ias bftlpbsbmas y qul ibs dulvbs qul ibs daftelflf lrbf sbftubreas mafml sl rlfmëb duita b ias kulrtas. Ias pul`ias flaiëtedas ob`rëbf drlëma qul ias bftlpbsbmas sl trbfscarkb`bf lf bstras, ml boë ib pracuseôf ml me`ugas ml sails y lstrliibs. Ibs rlprlslftbdeafls ml slrls kafstruas ia iilvb b drllr lf ib lxestlfdeb ml uf meas mli delia vlflrbma daka mestre`uemar ml ib vemb qul lstb`b bsadebma daf sëk`aias tbils daka li sai, ib rulmb, li obdob y ib darfbklftb ml delrvas. Li sejfa mli obdob, kuy crldulftl, ls eftlrprltbma daka li sëk`aia mli rbya `ibfmema par ib kbfa mli meas ml ias delias. 4) \f br brtl tl emla emla — piâs piâste ted da . ^b ^brb rb ib kb kbya yarë rëb b ml ia iass ls lstu tume meas asas as ml mlii brtl brtl prloestôreda, ib trbfsedeôf mli ^bilaiëteda bi Flaiëteda supafl uf mldiefbr ml ib bdtevembm piâstedb, sa`rl tama lf ia qul sl rlcelrl b ib pefturb. Tef lk`brja, li brtl jlakltrezbftl mli Flaiëteda rlprlslftb ufb bkpiebdeôf ml ib slfse`eiembm lståtedb, bi lftrbr lf gulja ufb jrbf dbpbdembm mli slr oukbfa7 ib dbpbdembm ml b`strbddeôf. b) Li brte brtest stb b ml mlii Flai Flaiët ëted eda a dr drlô lô bija bija fulv fulva, a, bi bilg lgbm bma a ml mlii kufm kufma a ve vesu subi bi y pramudta ml su ekbjefbdeôf. Li me`uga flaiëteda ls uf tepa ml ilfjubgl sek`ôieda ml mecëdei dakprlfseôf, prldesbklftl par ib bitb kbfeclstbdeôf ml ib dbpbdembm ml b`strbddeôf. `) Li brtl brtl m ml l lstl lstl pl plrëa rëama ma ls ls uf b brtl rtl emla — piâsteda, ls mlder, qul trbfsketl par klm klmea eass piâ iâst sted edas as ufb eml mlb b8 sl ml mltl tlrk rkef efb b ib cark carkb b par ufb dafdlpdeôf eftlildtubi y fa par ib a`slrvbdeôf ml uf a`glta. d) Ibs rlprlslftbdeafls saf sejfas7 sl ob obf f lx lxtr trbë bëma ma mli a`g `glt lta a ib ibss dubiembmls mlstbdbmbs, rlsestlftls yliqul klfas dbk`ebf.b Ml ufb bdtetum kâs fbturbiestb b`elrtbkâs b slfsbdeafls, brtestb ob pbsbma uf

2=

 

kufma brtësteda b`elrta b ib eftlfdeôf klftbi. Li a`glta fa ob sema rlpramudema, sefa qul ob sema efmedbma b trbvås ml ufb dafvlfdeôf. =) Li brtl mli Flaiëteda lstâ dbrbdtlrezbma par ib sëftlses y ib sekpiedembm carkbi . Ib sëftlses rlcilgb ib vaiuftbm ml drlbr ufb ufembm b pbrter ml ib kuitepiedembm. Ib sekpiedembm efmedb ib vaiuftbm ml dafstruer daf padas lilklftas. Ls uf brtl carkbiestb qul uteiezb eftlfsbklftl rldursas ml dakpasedeôf, tbils daka7 ib sekltrëb, ibs meveseafls pbrbilibs y ibs rlpltedeafls rljuibrls. Lsduiturb

’Slf ’Slfus us fl flai aiët ëted edb‛ b‛ ml ib Lm Lmbm bm mli mli Da Da`r `rl l ( (> > — =: =:>> >> b.D. b.D.)) Ub Ubde deke kelf lfta ta brqulaiôjeda ml ^iadfeh (Tlr`eb). Da`rl cufmema, 2> dk ml bita.

  Ibs measbs measbs — kbmrls kbmrls a ’Slfus ’Slfus‛‛ flaiëtedbs flaiëtedbs obf pl plrmema rmema ib slf slfsubi subiembm embm q qul ul tl tlfë fëbf bf ib ibss Slfu Slfuss pb pbil ilai aiët ëted edbs bs y kuls kulstr trbf bf uf ufb b ls lstr trud udtu turb rb pi piâs âstetedb db cark carkbi bi mlrevbmb ml ib carkb clklfefb plra kuy lsteiezbmb. Lf bijufas lglkpibrls sl plrde`l ufb dafsemlrb`il `liilzb, vejar y tlfseôf b`strbdtas. Lf jlflrbi, saf ml plqulòa tbkbòa. Tl obf lfdaftrbma lglkpias lf `brra, oulsa, pelmrb y da`rl.

2<

 

Dlrâkedb

’Dlrâkedb flaiëtedb‛ ml ib Dulvb ml Wuolras (=4>> y li 45?> b. D.). Kusla  Brqulaiôjeda ml Dôrma`b Dôrma`b (Lspbòb).

  \fb drlbdeôf drlbdeôf brtëstedb mlstbdb`il lf l lii Flaiëteda ls ib dlrâkedb, tb tbfta fta lf su carkb daka lf su mldarbdeôf. Ib dlrâkedb bseâtedb y ljepdeb, lf pbrteduibr, lvemlfdebf ib jrbf dbpbdembm piâstedb mli bicbrlra flaiëteda. Ibs dakufembmls mli Feia sa`rlsbielraf par li tbilfta pbrb li makefea ml ib carkb, kelftrbs qul lf pefturb sa`rl dlrâkedb sl mlstbdbraf ias bseâtedas. Ib mld mldarb arbdeô deôf f ml ias rldepe rldepelft lftls ls mlplfm mlplfmeô eô ml ibs mev mevlrs lrsbs bs trbmed trbmedeaf eafls ls duiturbils y sl lfdulftrbf katevas peftbmas, bpiedbmas, ekprlsas l efdesas. Iibkb ib btlfdeôf li lkpila ml ib lsperbi daka kateva mldarbteva y sl ib bsadeb sejfecedbma sek`ôieda7 ltlrfembm, ia quledas, fa telfl cef. l mli Fla  dafBibij÷f mld mldarbr arbr ias rldepe rldepelftl lftlss dafib me` me`ugas ugas jl jlakåtr akåtredas, l lii oak`r oak`rl Flaiëteda iëteda puma ob`lr a`lmldema bi mlsla ml iilfbr uf lspbdea vbdëa, lvemlfdebfma ufb ml ibs dbrbdtlrëstedbs mli brtl ml kudoas pul`ias preketevas. Tl ob a`slrvbma lf li lstumea mli brtl ml lstas pul`ias, ufb lspldel ml tlkar b ib suplrcedel vbdëb, qul ekpuisb bi brtestb b iilfbr daf efsdrepdeafls, me`ugas y jrb`bmas tama lspbdea vbdëa. B lstl slftekelfta sl ia dafadl daf li fak`rl ml oarrar vbdue , ls mlder, oarrar bi vbdëa.  Brquetldturb

Dafstruddeafls makåstedbs ’Dbsb lf Thbrb @rbl‛, lf ibs Esibs Ardbmbs (Lsdadeb, 40>> b.D). Bi vlr lstbs dbsbs sl a`slrvb qul klmëbf ufas => k 0, y dafstb`bf ml ufb jrbf ob`etbdeôf dubmrbmb daf ufb doeklflb qul ib usb`bf pbrb dadefbr y daka dbilcbddeôf. 23

 

Ibs dbsbs tbk`eåf daftlfëbf bijufas kul`ils oldoas ml pelmrb y sus tldoas culraf du`elrtas ml kbmlrbs y olildoas ml kbr.

Kafuklftas kljbiëtedas ’Klfoer ml Dbrfbd‛ (Crbfdeb, >> — 0>>> b.D.) Dafgufta ml 0.54< lglkpibrls mespulstas lf oeilrbs ml 22 pelmrbs. Ibs pelzbs vbf mlsml ias 0> k b ias 5> dk ml bita.

2:

 

’Maiklf‛ dlrdbfa b @esdljiel (^uiib, Etbieb). Lmbm ml @rafdl (00-25>> (00-25>> b. D.).

’Kafuklfta ml Ttaflolfjl‛. (23>>-2=>> bfl). Tbies`ury (Efjiltbrrb). Meâkltra mli dërduia ml Tbrslf7 4> k.

Dbrbdtlrëstedbs ml ib brquetldturb flaiëtedb 2) Ib ldafakëb pramudtevb supusa ufb fulvb rlibdeôf daf ib fbturbilzb8 åstb lrb sakltemb y trbfscarkbmb trbfscarkbmb par li oak`rl. Li jrbf buklfta ml ib pa`ibdeôf pa`ibdeôf y ib fldlsembm ml ias bjreduitarls ml vever mafml fa ob`ëb rlcujeas fbturbils, lxej lx ejel elra raf f ufb ufb vb vbst stb b dafs dafstr trud udde deôf ôf ml ve veve velf lfmb mbs. s. Tu Turj rjeô eô bsë bsë ib brquetldturb makåstedb.

2?

 

0) Kafu Kafuklfta klftas s kljb kljbiëteda iëtedas s. Li Li kljbieteska  ls uf clfô clfôkl klfa fa du duititur urbi bi qul qul dafse da fsestl stl lf dafstr dafstruer uer kafukl kafuklfta ftass mevlrs mevlrsas as daf pel pelmrb mrbss ml kuy jrb jrbfml fmlss meklfseafl meklf seaflss (kljb  ; jrb jrbfml, ietoas  ; pe pelm lmrb rb). ). Li cada cada arej arejef efbr brea ea ml ia iass kafuklftas kljbiëtedas cul ib ^lfëfsuib E`åredb b pbrter mli EEE keilfea b.D., mecufmeåfmasl iulja par li fartl ml Lurapb y li Klmetlrrâfla. Li kljbieteska bpbrldeô pastlrearklftl lf mevlrsas plrëamas oestôredas lf Arelftl, Adlbfëb y  Âcredb. Tl obf dibsecedbma ias kafuklftas kljbiëtedas mli flaiëteda lf ias sejuelftls tepas7 Klfoerls7 saf pelmrbs ilvbftbmbs ml jrbf tbkbòa (ml 2> b 0> kltras ml bitu biturb rb)) dibv dibvbm bmbs bs lf li su suli lia a y qu qul l b vl vldl dlss ls lstâ tâf f bj bjru rupb pbmb mbss lf bie bieflb flbdea deafls fls,, da daka ka ib ml Dbr Dbrfbd fbd (Cr (Crbfd bfdeb), eb), qul dak dakprl prlfm fml l 0.5 0.54< 4< klfoerls. Ib sejfecedbdeôf ml lstas kafuklftas fa ls câdei ml mlsdecrbr, y se `elf bijufas lstb`bf rlibdeafbmas daf duitas kartuareas (lrbf efmedbmarls ml slpuiturbs), atras fa. Môiklfls7 saf dâkbrbs slpuidrbils carkbmbs par sapartls vlrtedbils y du`el du `elrtb rtbss par ias iasbs bs oa oareza rezaftb ftbils ils88 lf lii liias as sl lf lfdul dulftr ftrbf bf rls rlstas tas ml dbmâvlrls y bgubrls cuflrbreas. Bijufas môiklfls lstâf rldu`elrtas par  t÷kuia t÷k uiass ml telrrb telrrb,, atr atras as eft eftljr ljrbf bf dafstr dafstrudd uddeaf eafls ls car carkbm kbmbs bs pa parr uf ufb b sudlseôf ml môiklfls qul carkbf uf darrlmar qul iilvb obstb ib dâkbrb prefdepbi. Drakildos7 sa saf f kl klfo foer erls ls mesp mespul ulst stas as lf dërd dërdui uias as qu qul l b` b`uf ufmb mbf f lf Ef Efji jibt btlr lrrb rb,, mlst mlstbd bdâf âfma masl sl pa parr su ka kafu fukl klft ftbi biem embm bm li ’Dra ’Draki kild ldo o ml Ttaflolfjl‛. Ib pbrtl dlftrbi ml Ttaflolfjl darrlspafml bi Flaiëteda, selfma li rlsta ml ufb åpadb bftlrear. Ttaflolfjl lstâ carkbma par  dërduias dafdåftredas ml kafaietas dubmrbfjuibrls y defda treietas lf carkb ml olrrbmurb. Ibs pelmrbs lstâf daiadbmbs daf ufb prldeseôf tbi qul iibkb ib btlfdeôf, sa`rl tama se tlflkas lf dulftb ias lsdbsas klmeas tådfedas mli flaiëteda y ibs meklfseafls ml ibs pelmrbs (lftrl dubtra y sles kltras ml biturb y plsbf dubrlftb y defda taflibmbs). Li drakildo sl lfdulftrb arelftbma obdeb li pufta mafml sbil li sai lf li saistedea ml vlrbfa, y lf lsb cldob lf uf pufta mltlrkefbma ml ib dafstruddeôf, bpbrldl li sai bi bpuftbr lf li oarezaftl. Tl supafl qul Ttaflo Tta flolfj lfjl l obyb obyb sem sema a uf a`slrv a`slrvbta btarea rea bs bstra trafôk fôkeda eda ml ibs duitu duiturbs rbs bjrëdaibs ml ib zafb. Ib rlibdeôf lftrl li sai y li dafgufta kafuklftbi 





lstbrëb vefduibma b ias retas dbkplsefas ml ib clrteiembm. Semla ’Ttaflolfjl bi mlsdu`elrta‛ Fbteafbi Jlajrbpoed   Li maduklftbi "Ttaflolfjl bi mlsdu`elrta" lxbkefb ib favlmasb tlarëb mli brqulôiaja `retâfeda Kehl ^brhlr ^lbrsaf. Tl daiadb bi bftejua kafuklfta lf li dlftra ml ufa ml ias dakpilgas dakpi lgas rliejeasas prloestôredas prloestôredas kâs jrbfmls jrbfmls mli kufma. Fulvbs mbtbdeafls mbtbdeafls par li kåtama mli Dbr`afa 2= ml ibs drlkbdeafls cuflrbrebs ml Ttaflolfjl, Efjibtlrrb, efmedbf qul li kafuklfta cul uteiezbma daka dlklftlrea mlsml sus arëjlfls, mlspuås mli bòa 4>>> b.D., obstb `bstbftl mlspuås ml qul sl lrejelrbf ibs pelmrbs jrbfmls, birlmlmar ml mas kei > b. D.   Ml liia mbrâ mbrâ dulftb li maduklf maduklftbi tbi "Ttaflolfj "Ttaflolfjl l bi mlsdu`elrta" mlsdu`elrta",, qul lxbkefb lxbkefb ib favlmasb favlmasb tlarëb mli brqulôiaja `retâfeda Kehl ^brhlr ^lbrsaf, qul daiadb bi bftejua kafuklfta lf li dlftra ml ufa ml ias dakpilgas rliejeasas prloestôredas kâs jrbfmls mli kufma. Tu lquepa lstâ lxdbvbfma prul`bs sarprlfmlftls qul sustlftbf ufb veseôf tatbiklftl fulvb ml Ttaflolfjl y ml quelfls ia dafstruylraf. Fbrrbma par Mafbim Tutolribfm, li maduklftbi rlvlib fulvb lvemlfdeb ml ib lxestlfdeb ml ib deumbm plrmemb, ml par ia klfas 4>> vevelfmbs, lf ias birlmlmarls mli bftejua kafuklfta. 25

 

  Tl ob lspl lsplduibm duibma a sa`rl su sejfeced sejfecedbma bma murbftl murbftl sejias sejias y sl ob bsadebma bsadebma ib lstrudturb lstrudturb daf daf plrsafbgls, tbils daka Klriëf, li kbja mli rly Brtura, ias mruembs y Bpaia, li meas mli sai. Ttaflolfjl ob lstbma lfvulita lf li kestlrea murbftl kâs ml = kei > bòas y boarb, uf brqulôiaja brqulô iaja drll ob`lr mlsdu`elrta, mlsdu`elrta, cefbiklftl, cefbiklftl, su vlrmbmlra vlrmbmlra prapôseta. prapôseta. Ibs rlvlibdeafl rlvlibdeaflss daklfzbraf dubfma li lquepa mlsdu`rl, b padas heiôkltras ml Ttaflolfjl, ibs preklrbs prul`bs ml ib lxestlfdeb ml uf bslftbkelfta oukbfa mlsdafadema ml = kei > bòas ml bftejùlmbm. Daf 4>> vevelfmbs, daka këfeka, sl trbtb mli bslftbkelfta oukbfa ml ib Lmbm ml ib ^elmrb kâs jrbfml qul sl ob lfdaftrbma lf li fartl ml Lurapb. Lf su dlftra, sl lfdulftrbf ias rlstas ml uf kestlreasa sljufma dërduia. Ibs lxdbvbdeafls y ib mbtbdeôf daf li kåtama mli Dbr`afa 2= rlvlibf qul lstl kafuklfta lrb dbse ufb råpiedb ml Ttaflolfjl, plra dafstruema lf kbmlrb, y qul bk`as dërduias sl lrejelraf bi keska telkpa. Kelftrbs ias brqulôiajas efvlstejb`bf ml quå kbflrb pamrëbf ob`lr lstbma dafldtbmas lstas mas kafuklftas rlbiezbf atra lxtrbarmefbrea obiibzja7 ufb bvlfemb dlrlkafebi ml 4> kltras ml bf bfdo doa a ol oldo dob b ml plml plmlrf rfbi bi bp bpes esaf afbm bma, a, qul pb pbrt rtl l ml mlii sl slju jufm fma a dë dërd rdui uia, a, li ml kbml kbmlrb rb,, lf Murrefjtaf Zbiis. Ls li ÷feda dbkefa ml lstl tepa obiibma lf Jrbf @rltbòb, y dafmudl merldtbklftl bi rëa Bvaf, qul sl lfdulftrb lf ibs dlrdbfëbs. U tambvëb oby kâs mlsdu`rekelftas ekprlseafbftls. ^azas iilfas ml oulsas ml bfekbils mbf emlb ml dôka vevëbf ias qul dafstruylraf Ttaflolfjl. \fas bjuglras ml pastl obiibmas lf ia bita ml ufb daiefb daiefb dlrdb mli rëa pamrëbf efcarkbrfas efcarkbrfas sa`rl ib kbflrb lf ib qul trbtb`bf b sus kulrtas, y li pbpli qul li jrbf dërduia ml pelmrb dukpiëb lf sus retubils. ^brhlr ^lbrsaf dafsemlrb qul Ttaflolfjl cul dafstruema pbrb ias bfdlstras7 uf kafuklfta ml pelmrb pbrb b iasbvlfembs lspëretuspradlseafbils ml ias kulrtas. Ibsjrbf fulvbs lxdbvbdeafls qul lstb`b ufema parbiagbr jrbfmls b atra dërduia, dafstruema rlvlibf lf kbmlrb, qul rlprlslftb`b li kufma ml ias vevas. Lf li mëb kâs ibrja mli bòa y lf li kâs darta, ias kafu ka fukl klft ftas as sl bief bieflb lbf f ml kbflr kbflrb b ekpr ekprls lsea eafb fbft ftl l daf li sa saii fbdel fbdelft ftl l y li pa pafe felf lftl tl.. Ias obiibzjas bdtubils sujelrlf qul lf lsas mëbs lspldebils, li saistedea ml efvelrfa y ml vlrbfa, keils ml plrsafbs ml tamb Jrbf @rltbòb, y tbi vlz ml atrbs pbrtls tbk`eåf, sl rlufëbf pbrb iilvbr b db`a mas jrbfmls clstevbils qul kbrdb`bf li dedia mli bòa, y ml sus vembs. Sebgb`bf lf li saistedea ml vlrbfa pbrb bjrbmldlr b ias bfdlstras par mbr vemb y clrteiembm b ib telrrb, y lf li ml efvelrfa pbrb slpuitbr b sus kulrtas. Klmebftl ufb dak`efbdeôf ml lxtrbarmefbreas mlsdu`rekelftas, ekâjlfls jlflrbmbs par  dakputbmarb ml bitb tldfaiajëb y rldafstruddeafls ml jrbf dbiembm, Ttaflolfjl bi mlsdu`elrta `refmb ekprlseafbftls rlvlibdeafls sa`rl ufa ml ias jrbfmls kestlreas brqulaiôjedas mli kufma.

]larëbs lxpiedbtevbs mli Brtl Flaiëteda

2) Zeiolk Zarrefjlr ls li prefdepbi lxpasetar ml ib tlarëb ml ib b`strbddeôf y  jlakltrezbdeôf mli brtl mli Flaiëteda. Lf su a`rb ’B`strbddeôf y Fbturbilzb‛ (25>?) pibftlb ibs sejuelftls dafsemlrbdeafls7 b) Li dbk` dbk`ea ea ml lsteia l lftrl ftrl li brtl ^ ^bila bilaiëteda iëteda y li brtl brtl Flaiët Flaiëteda eda sl bsa bsadeb deb daf da f ib trb trbfs fsed edeô eôf f ml uf ufb b ldaf ldafak akëb ëb mlpr mlprlm lmbm bmar arb b b uf ufb b ld ldaf afak akëb ëb pramudtarb. Ib bptetum klftbi qul iibkbkas b`strbddeôf lftrb lf gulja eftlfsbklftl lf ib vemb mli bjreduitar slmlftbrea y åstl ml`l arjbfezbr  su vemb ldafôkedb dbiduibfma ibs mevlrsbs lstbdeafls, prajrbkbfma ib selk`r sel k`rb b y ib dasld dasldob. ob. Ib veseôf veseôf bj bjumb umb,, ib oeplrs oeplrslfs lfse`e e`eiem iembm bm ml ias slftemas ml bumedeôf y aicbta mli dbzbmar, meskefuylraf lf li bjreduitar y sl mlsbrraiiô ib dbpbdembm ml prlveseôf y li plfsbkelfta rbdeafbi. ^ar  atrb at rb pbrt pbrtl, l, li bjre bjredu duititar ar — jbfb jbfbml mlra ra ml mlii Fl Flai aiët ëted eda, a, ma make kefb fbma marr y rlkamlibmar ml ib fbturbilzb, prltlfmeô b trbvås mli brtl rlkamlibr y

0>

 

makefbr li ufevlrsa cëseda8 par lsa fa ia trbfsdre`eô daka lrb, sefa qul dafstruyô piâstedbklftl ufa prapea. `) Ib tlfm tlfmlfdeb lfdeb b ib b`s b`strbdd trbddeôf eôf sl ml`l ml`l b ufb efklfs efklfsb b efqueltum efqueltum eftlrear  eftlrear  mli oak`rl flaiëteda, pravadbmb par ias clfôklfas ml ib fbturbilzb, ml ias qul vevëb plfmelftl. Btarklftbma par ufb sudlseôf ml lvlftas, qul fa iajrb`b lxpiedbrsl delftëcedbklftl, makefbma par ib fldlsembm ml rlpasa y queltum crlftl b ia dbk`ebftl, dbôteda y dakpilga, li Oak`rl mli flaiëteda sl arelftô obdeb carkbs piâstedbs qul rlcilgbrbf ibs dasbs lf su carkb kâs sekpil y klfas trbfsetareb. @usdô ib sljurembm b trbvås ml ufb ekbjlf piâstedb seftåtedb y jlakltrezbmb. Bi b`bfmafbr ib rlbiembm ve vese se`i `il, l, mlgb mlgb`b `b ml ib ibma ma ib bfse bfselm lmbm bm pram pramud udem emb b par par ia iass clfô clfôkl klfa fass kutb`ils ml ib fbturbilzb. Li sai, par lglkpia, qul bpbrldl lf carkbs meclrlftls slj÷f ias kaklftas mli mëb, cul me`ugbma sekpilklftl daka uf dërduia pbrb obdlria bprlolfse`il. Li jlakltreska lrb ib praylddeôf ml ufb slfsbdeôf ml makefea sa`rl ib fbturbilzb. Bsë daka sl ekpafëbf sa`rl ib fbturbilzb daf ib maklstedbdeôf y ib bjreduiturb, makefb`bf ibs carkbs piâstedbs b trbvås ml ib jlakltrezbdeôf y ib lsteiezbdeôf. Bmlkâs, åstb sl bsadeb daf ibs cbduitbmls klftbils qul lstekuibf lstl tepa ml meslòa7 li plfsbkelfta b`strbdta.  0) Li brqulôiaja `retâfeda Kehl ^brhlr ^lbrsaf dakprul`b lf li bòa 0>>< qul li Drakildo ml Ttaflolfjl dukpiëb trls cufdeafls7 b) Dlklftlrea ml ias bfdlstras 7  Fulvbs mbtbdeafls par li kåtama mli Dbr`afa 2= ml ibs drlkbdeafls cuflrbrebs ml Ttaflolfjl, Efjibtlrrb, efmedbf qul li kafuklfta cul uteiezbma daka dlklftlrea mlsml sus arëjlfls, mlspuås mli bòa bò a 4> 4>>> >> b. b.D. D.,, obst obstb b `b `bst stbf bftl tl ml mlsp spuå uåss ml qu qul l sl lrej lrejel elrb rbf f ib ibss pe pelm lmrb rbss jrbfmls, birlmlmar ml mas kei > b. D. \fas bjuglras ml pastl obiibmas lf ia bita ml ufb daiefb dlrdb mli rëa Bvaf pamrëbf efcarkbrfas sa`rl ib kbflrb lf ib qul trbtb`bf b sus kulrtas, y li pbpli qul li jrbf dërduia ml pelmrb dukpiëb lf sus retubils. `) Tbftubrea ml bmarbdeôf bi sai 7 Lf li mëb kâs ibrja mli bòa y lf li kâs darta, ias kafuklftas sl bieflbf ml kbflrb ekprlseafbftl daf li sai fbdelftl y li pafelftl. Tl obf lfdaftrbma pesbmbs birlmlmar ml ib zafb mli Drakildo qul ef efme medb dbf f prad pradls lsea eafl flss ml ia iass biml bimlbf bfas as mli mli iu iujb jbrr yl ylfm fma a b Ttaf Ttaflo lolf lfjl jl lf dafk da fklk lkar arbd bdea eafl flss pu puft ftub ubil ils. s. Te sl telf telfl l lf du dulf lftb tb ib jl jlak aklt ltrëb rëb ml ib dafstruddeôf mli Drakildo, pamrëbf slr clstevembmls lf ias saistedeas ml efvelrfa y ml vlrbfa. d) A`slrvbtarea bstrafôkeda7

02

 

^ibftb mli ’Kafuklfta ml Ttaflolfjl‛. (23>>-2=>> bfl). Tbies`ury (Efjiltbrrb). Meâkltra mli dërduia ml Tbrslf7 4> k.

Dafdiuseafls mli Brtl Flaiëteda

2) Ibs kbfeclstbdeafls brtëstedbs mli Flaiëteda saf kuy vbrebmbs. Ib bdtevembm piâstedb sl lxprlsô lf ibs pbrlmls ml ibs dbvlrfbs (pefturb pbreltbi a ruplstrl)8 lf ib lsdu lsduititur urb b lf pelm pelmrb rb,, `b `brr rra a dade dadema ma,, ouls oulsa, a, pe pelm lmrb rb y da da`r `rl8 l8 y lf ib mldarbdeôf rldepelftls ml dlrâkedb. Murbftl lstl tepas plrëama sl mlsbrraiiô ib brquetldturb ml makåstedb y rliejeasb, arejefâfmasl vbreas ml dafstruddeafls. 0) Ibs pef peftur turbs bs flaiëte flaiëtedbs dbs sl dbrbdt dbrbdtlre lrezbf zbf pa parr uf ufb b lxp lxprls rlseôf eôf  lsqulkâtedb, lxprlseaf lxpr lseafestb estb y  carkbiestb. Ibs rlprlslft rlprlslftbdeaf bdeafls ls saf sejfas7 sl obf lxtrbëma mli a`g a`glta lta ibs dubiem dubiembml bmlss kâs kâs mlstb mlstbdbm dbmbs, bs, kâs rls rlsest estlf lftls tls y qul klfas klfas dbk`ebf. Li a`glta fa ob sema rlpramudema, sefa qul ob sema efmedbma b trbvås ml ufb dafvlfdeôf. 4) Lf li Flaiëteda surjl ib dlrâkedb daka lxprlseôf brtëstedb. Gufta b ib pefturb, ib lsduit lsduiturb urb y ib dlrâke dlrâkedb db rlc rlcilg ilgbf bf uf brt brtl l  emla — piâsteda,  ls mlder, li brtl jlaklt jla kltrez rezbf bftl tl mli mli Flaië Flaiëted teda a rlp rlprls rlslft lftb b ufb ufb bk bkpie piebde bdeôf ôf ml ib slf slfse` se`eiem eiembm bm lståtedb, bi lftrbr lf gulja ufb jrbf dbpbdembm mli slr oukbfa7 ib dbpbdembm ml b`strbddeôf. =) Atra jrbf bpartl mli plrëama Flaiëteda ls li surjekelfta ml ib brquetldturb. Ias bjreduitarls fldlsetbraf rlcujeas pbrb vever, par tbfta, sl dafstruylraf dbsbs. ^lra tbk`eåf ilvbftbraf kafuklftas kljbiëtedas daf cefls retubils7 klfo kl foer erls ls,, mô môik iklf lfls ls y dr drak akil ildo dos. s.  Ib cufd cufdea eaf fbi biem emb bm btre btre` `uem emb b b ib ibss 00

 

dafstrudd dafs truddeafls eafls plrketl dibsecedbribs dibsecedbribs lf brquetldturb makåstedb  y brquetldturb retubi. Tëftlses mli tlkb li Brtl lf li ^bilaiëteda y li Flaiëteda

  Ib tådfedb ls li sejfa ml oakefezbdeôf, puls ls li bspldta qul meclrlf meclrlfdeb deb bi slrr oukb sl oukbfa fa mli mli bf bfek ekbi bi.. Li oak` oak`rl rl lstâ lstâ db dbpb pbde detb tbma ma pbrb pbrb cb`r cb`red edbr br pa parr ib darrlibdeôf lftrl kbfa y aga, y par li mlsbrraiia ml su dlrl`ra y ml su sestlkb flrveasa.   ]ama lstum lstumea ea prlo prloestôre estôreda da sl ` `bsb bsb lf li li bfâieses bfâieses ml ias me mevlrsa vlrsass utlf utlfseiea seieass cb`redbmas par ias oak`rl8 ekpartbftls dafdiuseafls sa`rl ib vemb mli oak`rl prloestôreda pulmlf lxtrblrsl mli lstumea ml ias obiibzjas brqulaiôjedas. Tl lkpilbf mas kåtamas ml mbtbdeôf ml côseils pbrb rlbiezbrias7 Dbr`afa 2=  (D  2=). Delra pardlftbgl ml dbr`afa lf li dulrpa ml tama arjbfeska sl dakpafl mli esôtapa D   2=. Lstl esôtapa sl mlseftljrb b ufb vliadembm dafstbftl lf uf esôtapa ml fetrôjlfa. ^lra ib rbzôf lftrl li D 2= y li D 20 sl kbftelfl dafstbftl kelftrbs li arjbfeska rlfulvb sus praveseafls ml D 2= bi daklr y bi rlsperbr. Tef lk`brja, dubfma kulrl, ib rbzôf lftrl li D  2=  y li D  20  lkpelzb b mlsdlfmlr b ufb vliadembm dafs da fstb tbft ftl, l, dafd dafdrl rltb tbkl klft ftl l sl rl rlmu mudl dl b ib ke ketb tbm m db dbmb mb bò bòas as..  2=   20 Dafadelfma ib rbz rbzôf ôf lftrl li D  y li D , sl pulml dbiduibr li bòa lf 



qul kureô li arjbfeska. Lstl kåtama fa ls cbie`il kâs biiâ ml :>.>>> bòas. ^atbsea — Brjôf  (H2>  — BP=>). Murbftl ibs lrupdeafls vaidâfedbs sl mlpasetb ufb dbpb ml dlfezb qul daftelfl li esôtapa ml patbsea H 2>. Lstl esôtapa sl mlseftljrb lf li esôtapa ml brjôf BP =>, rlmudeåfmasl b ib ketbm dbmb 2.42> keiiafls ml bòas. B ias côseils obiibmas par ml`bga a par lfdekb ml ibs dbpbs cldobmbs ml dlfezb vaidâfedb sl ils pulml bsejfbr, puls, cldobs suplrearls a efclrearls. Lstl kåtama ls cbie`il obst ob stb b vbre vbreas as ke keiiiiaf afls ls ml bòas bòas,, plra plra ia iass côse côseil ilss fa se selk lkpr prl l ls lstâ tâf f dafvlfelftlklftl dafvlfelftlklf tl eftlrdbibmas lftrl dbpbs ml dlfezbs vaidâfedbs.

  Ias lstumeas lstumeas ml ias obiibzjas brqulaiôjedas y su dakpilklftbdeôf daf ibs tlarëbs ltfajrâcedbs ml kltamaiajëb dakpbrbtevb y dubietbtevb plrketlf dafdiuer  qul qu l li sl slrr dbk`ebftls, ou oukb kbfa fa tetelf l ib dbpb demb mbm m daka ml drlb drlf lbrli r prlslftl. du duititur urb b bm bmbp bptâ tâfm fmas asl l b setubdeafls dbk`ebftls , lfl tbfta lf db li pbde pbsbma @e`ieajrbcëb Mlipartl, Olfre.25?0. Mlipartl, Olfre.25?0. Ib ekbjlf ml ib kuglr lf li brtl prloestôreda.   Kbmrem7 Estka. Jelmeaf, Teljcrelj.255.. Li dak dakpil pilga ga Bur Bureòb eòbdada-^lr ^lreja ejarme rmelfs lfsl l lf li ^bë ^bës s Sbsda. Tbf Tl`bsteâf7 Lm. K\FE@L. Zarrefjlr, Zeiolk. 25>?. B`strbddeôf y Fbturbilzb. Kåxeda7 Cafma ml Duiturb Ldafôkedb. Semlajrbcëb ^brhlr ^lbrsaf, Kehl. 0>>