5ta Parte Cultura Actividad

 

VG^WFCMAH FOCMYHVMHKH @G YGKGTWGCH LMKMQPGVMO @GC ^O@GV ^O^WCHV ^HVH CH @GIGKQH YMAGLMKMQPGVMO @G G@WAHAMÑK ^HVH CH @GIGKQH WKMYGVQM@H@ KHAMOKHC GR^GVMLGKPHC ^OCMPÍAKMAH @G CH IWGVTH HVLH@H KHAMOKHC FOCMYHVMHKH KÔACGO IHCAÑK ‑ QG@G AOVO (MKE-Q-2-Q-@->8)

^hrtg Y4 Ch arghamñk popuchr y gc hrtg popuchr4 hrtg popuchr `g hygr y boy, ch pmkturh, ch thcch, ch gsaucturh, gc fhrro imeurh`o

^roigsor4

Vghcmzh`o por4

Dosí Eñlgz

Gcmshuc Bgrkèk`gz A.M. 62678222 Mke. @g smstglhs YMMM sglgstrg

Qhkth Hkh `g Aoro, Kovmglfrg `g 6>6>

 

Hrtg popuchr  Ko gs sgkamcco `gimkmr gc hrtg popuchr, o su ahtgeorìh opugsth, gc hrtg `g ícmtgs o gcmtmsth. Gstos tírlmkos sg glpcghk phrh `gsmekhr `mstmkths hproxmlhamokgs hc igkñlgko `gc hrtg, h phrtmr `g ch aoksm`grhamñk `g quí achsg soamhc sg vgrìh lès rgicgdh`h gk íc4 chs achsgs popuchrgs o chs ícmtgs. Gsth `mstmkamñk, bgrg`grh `g ch m`gh `g chs Fgcchs Hrtgs o hrtgs gcgvh`hs vgrsus chs hrtgs fhdhs o popuchrgs, sg bh vmsto augstmokh`h gk kulgroshs oahsmokgs `urhktg gc smeco RR y RRM. Gs aolôk su utmcmzhamñk aolo smkñkmlo `g hrtg lhsmvo o lhyormthrmo, qug sgrìh gc `g lès ièamc aolprgksmñk y lgkor gxmegkamh g`uaht g`u ahtmvh mvh,, aok aoktrh trh gc hrt hrtg g au aucto cto o lmk lmkorm ormthr thrmo, mo, luabo luabo lès gx gxmeg megktg ktg ao aok k su mktgrcoautor. @g hccì sg `gsprgk`grìh, h`glès, ch m`ghc `gc lhmkstrghl (aorrmgktg prmkamphc) vgrsus vgr sus co hct hctgrk grkhtm htmvo, vo, gs `g `gamr amr,, `g ior iorlhs lhs `g hrt hrtg g agk agktrh trhcgs cgs,, aok aoktro troch` ch`hs hs y aoksulm`hs lhsmvhlgktg, hc ch`o `g iorlhs hrtìstmahs lhremkhcgs y `g lgkor  mlphato, pgro lhyor vhcìh aucturhc. @g lhkgrh smlmchr, pug`g bhfchrsg gk amgrtos aoktgxtos `g hrtg popuchr phrh rgigrmr hc iocjcorg o chs trh`mamokgs bgrg`h`hs, auhk`o ko `gc hrtg aolprolgtm`o aok ukh lmcmthkamh soamhc o pocìtmah. Ko `gfg kukah aokiuk`mrsg aok gc ^op-hrt, uk lovmlmgkto gstítmao kham`o hcrg`g`or `gc høo 8=9>.  Hceukhs `g chs gxprgsmokgs hrtìstmahs `g ahrèatgr popuchr sok chs smeumgktgs4 gc iocaco ioc acorg, rg, gc fgs fgstt sgc sgccgr cgr,, gc amk amkg g `g gv gvhsm hsmñk, ñk, ch hrt hrtgsh gshkìh kìh,, cos erhii erhiimtms mtms y, gk `gimkmtmvh, auhcqumgr arghamñk qug prgtgk`g aokgathr aok ch mklgksh lhyorìh `g chs pgrsokhs.  Hceukos arìtmaos `g hrtg aoksm`grhk qug gc gcglgkto popuchr `gerh`h hc propmo hrtg, co aokvmgrtg gk uk pro`uato `g aoksulo, aolo sm iugrh hceo `g sgeuk`o kmvg kmvgc. c. Bh Bhy y ot otro ros s ar arìt ìtma maos os o bmst bmstor ormh mh`o `org rgs s `g `gcc hr hrtg tg qu qug g ko ao aolp lphr hrtg tgk k gs gsth th vhcorhamñk, yh qug gktmgk`gk qug ko bhy `mvmsmokgs supgrmorgs g mkigrmorgs, smlpcglgktg lhkgrhs `mstmkths `g aolukmahr m`ghs, sgktmlmgktos y fgccgzh. Co popuchr ko tmgkg por quí gsthr rgøm`o aok ch ahcm`h`, gs smlpcglgktg ukh augstmñk `g lhyorìhs o lmkorìhs. Bhfrìh luabos gdglpcos `g qug ch vhcorhamñk `g hceo aolo popuchr gk uk sgktm`o kgehtmvo rgsucth fhsthktg `msautmfcg. Gk gc

 

tghtro acèsmao gsphøoc cos hutorgs (Copg `g Ygeh o Ahc`grñk `g ch Fhrah) qugrìhk `mrmemrsg hc erhk pôfcmao, hc bolfrg y ch ludgr `g ch ahccg. Aoksmeumgrok su propñsmto, pugs sus ofrhs grhk vmsths por uk pôfcmao luy bgtgroeíkgo y gspgamhclgktg `g ukh aok`mamñk soamhc lo`gsth. Aok gc tmglpo, gshs ofrhs bhk sm`o aoksm`grh`hs `g otrh lhkgrh, aolo uk hrtg `g prmlgr kmvgc. Gstg ahlfmo `g vhcorhamñk `glugstrh qug ch ahcmimahamñk `g popuchr gs `msautmfcg, ahlfmhktg y rgchtmvh. Gk ch lôsmah bhy gdglpcos luy aurmosos. Auhk`o hphrgamgrok cos Fghtcgs su lôsmah gktusmhslo h chs lhshs y ko por gcco sok vhcorh`os aolo lôsmaos `g mkigrmor ahtgeorìh. Ch mkqumgtu` `g hfrmr kugvhlgktg ch `msausmñk sofrg hrtg "popuchr", khag `gc hagr ha grah ahlm lmgk gkto to,, po porr ph phrt rtg g `g `gcc hu huto tor, r, h chs chs ao aocg cgaa aamo mokg kgs s `g hr hrtg tg "pop "popuc uchr hr"" aokt ao ktgk gkm` m`hs hs gk cos cos lu lusg sgos os `g Lí Lírm rm`h `h,, gc ah ahso so gk ph phrt rtma mauc uchr hr `g `gcc Lusg Lusgo o  Hrqum`goagshko  Hrqum`goagshk o `g Lírm`h –Loks. Hktokmo Vhlñk Qmcvh Ehraìh“. Gk uk mkmamo sg pchktgñ ch mkvgstmehamñk maokoerèimah phrh arghr ukh prmlgrh mkvgstmehamñk arìtmah sofrg ch aocgaamñk, thc proygato pgrlmtmñ augstmokhr gc hcahkag qug `mabo líto lí to`o `o po po`r `rìh ìh tg tgkg kgrr ph phrh rh hf hfhr hrah ahrr `g lh lhkg kgrh rh to toth thcc y ñp ñptm tmlh lh gc of ofdg dgto to `g mkvgstmehamñk, luabo lès, sm ch `gimkmamñk `g hrtg "popuchr" ko grh `gc to`o shtmsihatormh, hsì aolo `gshrrocchr uk gstu`mo qug `mgrh hlpcmh posmfmcm`h` `g arìtmah, h`glès `g socvgkthr cos profcglhs tgñrmaos `gc tglh. Phcgs mkqumgtu`gs hvmvhk ch kgagsm`h` `g gxpcorhr tgñrmahlgktg gc tñpmao gk augstmñk, luabo lès sm sg gspgrh rghcmzhr gc trhfhdo prèatmao `g uk ofdgto hôk `gshrtmauch`o `g chs lôctmpcgs vhrmhfcgs qug co aokstruyg.

Hrtg popuchr `g hygr y boy Cugeo `g ch `íah`h `g cos auhrgkth gk Ygkgzugch sg pro`udo gc hueg aokoam`o aolo hrtg "popuchr" o "mkegkuo", erhamhs h ch pugsth gk gsagkh `gc pmktor  cmtorhcgksg Igcmamhko Ahrvhcco, argèk`osg hsì amgrto mktgrís hcrg`g`or `gc gxñtmao `gsaufrmlmgkto qug gloamokhrìh ch arìtmah `gc lolgkto. Lg`mo smeco `gspuís, chs cgaturhs sofrg hrtg –popuchr“ qug rgsucthrok `g hqugc prmlgr gkaugktro, smeugk fhsèk`osg sofrg cos lmslos armtgrmos smk aoksm`grhr rgiorluchamokgs aokagptuhcgs, hc lgkos achrhs, km suf-achsmimahamokgs mktgrkhs, sñco `g lhkgrh egkgrhc, o aoktgxtuhcmzhk`o gc hatuhc ukmvgrso smlfñcmao y soamhc qug rggchforh chs prgsgktgs ofrhs `g hrtg "popuchr".

 

@gktro `g gsh tgrlmkocoeìh -hrtg "popuchr"-, sg gkamgrrhk otrhs gxprgsmokgs hrtìstmahs, qug fmgk o lhc, smrvgk `g smkñkmlos `gc lmslo4 hrtg "mkegkuo", hrtg "khïi", hrtg "`gc aolôk", hrtgshkìh, hrtg "prmlmtmvo" y bhsth rurhc. Ko ofsthktg ah`h ukh `g gsths `gimkmamokgs u ofdgtos posggk ahrhatgrìstmahs `msìlmcgs gktrg sì co qug aolpcmah ch `gimkmamñk egkgrhc `g hrtg "popuchr", hc gkecofhr iorlhs gxprgsmvhs `g `mstmkths iugktgs. Qm fmgk gc sgktm`o `g gstg tgxto sg `mrmeg h rgsthr ch mkegkum`h`, prmlmtmvm`h`, sgergehamñk y sufgstmlhamñk hc hrtg ko hah`ílmao y kmvgchr su vhcorhamñk, sg propokg, hsì lmslo, ukh sñcm`h y pchkmimah`h mkvgstmehamñk. Wkh mkvgstmehamñk gspgaìimah qug ko sgh ch bhfmtuh`h gk gc hrtg hah`ílmao, qug ko hagktôh sus hphrgktgs `migrgkamhs, pugs gk gc hrtg gsaochrmzh`o sg bhk `mspugsto aèkokgs gk co cos s au auhc hcgs gs duge dugehk hk to to`h `hs s chs chs ph phrt rtgs gs ml mlpc pcma mah` h`hs hs ao aok k pc pcgk gkh h ao aoka kamg mgka kamh mh.. Lmgktrhs thkto gc hrtg "popuchr" ko sg mktgerh h gsg dugeo, pugs íc sg gxpcmah por sì lmslo. Gs `gamr, phrh armtmahr gc hrtg "popuchr" aok fhsg hah`glmamsth, sg kgagsmth qug ch hah`glmh gstí gk ch aucturh popuchr, `g gsth iorlh vhc`rìhk sus arìtmahs. Gc lotmvo, ofvmhlgktg, gs rgaokstrumr ukh aokagpamñk -hrtg "popuchr"-, phrh aokstrumr ukh mkvgstmehamñk kgeh`h por ch bmstormh aokvgkamokhc, lès ukh arìtmah propmh phrh uk ofdgto phrtmauchr `msìlmc gk chs rgechs qug rmegk ch mktgkamñk gstí gs títm tmao ao-h -hrtì rtìst stma mah h bh bhfm fmtu tuhc hc gk ch ha hah` h`gl glmh mh.. @g hq hquì uì qu qug g sg sgh h kg kgag agsh shrm rmo o augst au gstmok mokhr hr chs pos posmfm mfmcm` cm`h`g h`gs s `g uk ukh h lgt lgto`o o`ocoe coeìh ìh `g mkv mkvgst gstmeh mehamñ amñk k phr phrh h thc ofdgto, `gspuís `g gsthfcgagr thkths `migrgkamhs ah`h líto`o sñco mlpokg ukh vm vmsm smñk ñk gu guro roag agkt ktrm rmst sth h -k -kug ugst stro ros s lí líto to`o `os s `g mk mkvg vgst stme meha hamñ mñk k so sok k pr pro` o`ua uato tos s guropgos gk su lhyorìh-, qug hagktôhk ch vhcorhamñk trh`mamokhc aok qug sg bh `msautm`o, gvhcuh`o y armtmah`o gc hrtg –popuchr“. Aoksmeumgktglgktg thlfmík mkacuy mka cuyg, g, gc prg prgsgk sgktg tg tgx tgxto, to, uk ukh h pro propug pugsth sth lgt lgto`o o`ocñe cñemah mah qug sg hp hprox roxmlg mlg ñptmlhlgktg, y `g lhkgrh mktgr`msampcmkhrmh, sofrg uk igkñlgko aoksm`grh`o uk "ofdgto tìpmao `g ukh rgemñk" y uk "sudgto htìpmao" `gktro `g chs rgechs oaam`gkthcgs oimamhcmzh`hs `g ch Bmstormh `gc Hrtg. Auhcqumgr hkècmsms sofrg hrtg ko hah`ílmao, rgqumgrg uk líto`o ko agrrh`o, mktgr`msa mktgr `msampcmkh mpcmkhrmo rmo y amgk amgktìimao tìimao -soamoco -soamocoeìh, eìh, hktro hktropocoe pocoeìh ìh y arìtma arìtmah h `g hrtg- phrh hfhrahr ch tothcm`h` `gc gxtgkso ofdgto, aoksgaugktglgktg gsth rgaoksm`grhamñk

 

`mspok`rè `g kugvhs pgrspgatmvhs phrh ch mkvgstmehamñk `gc hrtg "popuchr" gk Ygkgzugch. ^hrh hfhrahr gc tglh Gc Hrtg "popuchr"4 ofdgto tìpmao o sudgto htìpmao, sg phrtmrè `gs`g ch gvhcuhamñk `g cos gstu`mos rghcmzh`os sofrg gc tglh, `gs`g ch arìtmah bhfmtu bhf mtuhc hc -yh acè acèsma smahh- bhs bhsth th ch vms vmsmñk mñk mkt mktgr` gr`msa msampc mpcmkh mkhrmh rmh.. Qg mkt mktger gerhrè hrèk k amg amgrth rths s korlhs `g ch soamocoeìh, `g ch hktropocoeìh, ch bmstormh `gc hrtg y ch arìtmah phrh iorluc ior luchr hr ukh lgt lgto`o o`ocoe coeìh ìh y ccgehr ccgehr h ukh gxp gxpcma cmaham hamñk ñk so sofrg frg ch prè prèatm atmah ah `g `gcc aoksu ao ksulo lo y `ms `mstrm trmfua fuamñk mñk `g `gcc hrt hrtg g "p "popu opuchr chr", ", `g `gtgr tgrlmk lmkhk` hk`o o ch pos posmam mamñk ñk `g ch m`gktm`h` aucturhc `g ch pofchamñk irgktg h gstg bgabo. @g ch hktropocoeìh, sg aoksm`grhrè ch gtkoerhiìh aolo gc líto`o qug hproxmlg hc mkvgstmeh`or hc sudgto, gc hrtmsth "popuchr" y ch rupturh aok gc gtkoagktrmslo gsaochrmzh`o y soamo-aucturhc. @g ch soamocoeìh, sg tolh ch phrtmauchrm`h` `g su pgrspgatmvh, gs `gamr gk thkto ch hktropocoeìh sg gkahreh `gc "otro" aolo ofdgto `g gstu`mo, ch soamocoeìh prgeokh gc hagrahlmgkto mktgrprgthtmvo h phrtmr `g uk "kos "kosot otro ros" s",, `g gs gsth th lh lhkg kgrh rh ch otrg otrg`h `h` ` sg ao aoks kstm tmtu tumrè mrè gk uk pr proa oags gso o `g m`gktmimahamñk aok ch gxpgrmgkamh tothc y aoksufsthkamhc `gc pro`uato hrtìstmao auctu au cturh rhc. c. @g ch ar arìt ìtma mah h `g `gcc hrtg hrtg sg ph phrt rtmrè mrè `g ch ko korl rlht htmv mvh h qu qug g gx gxme meg g ph phrh rh aoksocm`hr ukh mkvgstmehamñk qug aufrh co gstítmao, co hrtìstmao y co bmstñrmao. Po`o co hktgrmor sg `gsprgk`g `g chs propugsths mktgr`msampcmkhrmhs `g Ehraìh Ahkacmkm y ^grèk Grlmky, qumgkgs propokgk ch posmfmcm`h` `g arghr líto`os aok lhyor pgkgtrhamñk sofrg cos pro`uatos hrtìstmaos qug ko sg rmegk por tíakmahs y  dumamos gsaochrmzh`os. Gs h phrtmr `g cch h mmktgerhamñk ktgerhamñk `g chs amgkamhs qug pug`gk, `g lhkgrh ìktgerh, hfhrahr chs posmfmcm`h`gs mktgrprgthtmvhs o `g aokstruaamñk `g ukh ofrh `g hrtg. @g meuhc lhkgrh sgrìh ihatmfcg gxpcorhr ch vmegkamh `g thc lgto`ocoeìh, phrh hpcmahrch sofrg auhcqumgr ofdgto smk kgagsm`h` `g `mstmkamñk gsaoch gsa ochrmz rmzh`h h`h o ko gsa gsaoch ochrmz rmzh` h`h, h, gk rgs rgsulg ulgk, k, rga rgaoko okoagr agr chs pos posmfm mfmcm` cm`h`g h`gs s `mkèlmahs `g ch propugsth mkvgstmehtmvh phrh Chtmkohlírmah. ^or sgr ukh mkvgstmehamñk hagrah `g posturhs tgñrmahs y proposmamokgs `g chs lmslhs,

mlpcmah,

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gspgaìimahlgktg sofrg gc ofdgto `g gstu`mo. @g lhkgrh qug aokagptos aolo m`gktm`h`, popuchr, bmfrm`gz y otros vhk h`qumrmgk`o gkioqugs lès hfmgrtos y icgxmf icg xmfcgs cgs phr phrh h gxp gxpcma cmahr hr pro proags agsos os o suf sufsms smstgl tglhs hs soa soamomo-gst gstítm ítmaos aos,, gs `ga `gamr  mr 

 

sgphrhrcos `g hkachs tglporhcgs y soamhcgs. Gc ofdgtmvo gs gvhcuhr ch vmegkamh `g chs koamokgs `g hrtg "popuchr", aucturh popuchr, hrtgshkìh, hrtg "mkegkuo" y rgpchk rgp chktgh tghrco rcos s ao aokag kagptu ptuhcl hclgkt gktg. g. M`g M`gktm ktmima imahr, hr, cug cugeo eo `g `hr por sg sgkth kth`o `o su vmegkamh, ch kugvh aok`mamñk `gc hrtg ko hah`ílmao o ko gsaochrmzh`o gk ch aorrmgktg `g ch armtmah aoktglporèkgh. ^ropokgr ukh aokamgkamh lgto`ocñemah phrh gc ofdgto gk augstmñk. ^ostgrmorlgktg sg rgqugrmrè gkdumamhr ch koamñk `g m`gktm`h` y hpcmahr su `gimkmamñk sofrg chs gxprgsmokgs hrtìstmahs gktgk`m`hs aolo aol o hct hctgrm grm`h` `h` hrt hrtìst ìstmah mah,, phr phrh h rga rgaoko okoagr agr qug gxm gxmstg stg ukh m`g m`gktm ktm`h` `h` au auctu cturhc rhc gsa gs aochrm chrmzh zh`h `h

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korlhcmzhamñk `g ch vhcorhamñk hrtìstmah. Gktokags sg coerhrè `gsarmfmr qug ch prgsgkamh `g phrh`melhs aolo cos `g ecofhc eco fhcmzh mzhamñ amñk, k, pos poslo` lo`grk grkm`h m`h` ` y lo` lo`grk grkm`h m`h` ` lo` lo`mima mimahk hk cos aok aokagp agptos tos `g m`gktm`h`, hah`ílmao, ko hah`ílmao, hpcmah`os hc hrtg "popuchr", aolo bgabo aoktglporèkgo. H phrtmr `g uk armtgrmo `g `mstmkamñk soamhc, hrtìstmah o aucturhc ch prgsgkamh `gc hrtg –popuchr“ aolo ofdgto y, qug, por gxtgksmñk, sg ccgvh bhsth cos hrtmsths pro`uatorgs `g gstg rgkecñk `g ch pro`uaamñk hrtìstmah sureg `gc pchktghlmgkto aokagptuhc `g hrtg y hrtmsth "popuchr" aolo uk ofdgto gchforh`o por ukh –aucturh“ o sufaucturh, qug ccgvh por hpgccm`o popuchr. Vgaokoamgk`o `g gsth lhkgrh qug thkto ch lgto`ocoeìh propugsth, aolo ch vhcorhamñk `gc hrtg h qug sg ccgeh ccgeh gk gst gsth h mkv mkvgst gstmeh mehamñ amñk, k, hkt hktgs gs qug ofd ofdgtu gtuhcm hcmzh zh gs su sufdg fdgtuh tuhcms cmsth, th, pgrlmtmgk`o `hr uk gkioqug `msìlmc hc `gc ofdgto igtmabmzh`o o `mvmkmzh`o, lès fmgk prñxmlo hc `gc pro`uato aucturhc, gvoah`or `g ukh aucturh `gtgrlmkh`h. Ch mk mktg tgka kamñ mñk k gs ccge ccgehr hr h gk gktg tgk` k`gr gr qu qug g gc hr hrtg tg "pop "popuc uchr hr"" rg rgsp spok ok`g `g h uk ukh h gxpcmahamñk smlfñcmah `gc ukmvgrso `g sus pro`uatorgs, qug hfhrah hlpcmhlgktg to`os cos tñpmaos `g su sgr `g ukh lhkgrh kh`h supgrimamhc, km mkegkuh. @g lhkgrh qug ch mlposmfmcm`h` `g aoksm`grhr dgrèrqumahlgktg gc hrtg hah`ílmao y gc hrtg ko hah`ílmao, mlpcmah rgiorluchr korlhs `g hprgamhamñk, vhcorhamñk y lgto`ocoeìh `gc hrtg gk egkgrhc. Imkhclgktg, gc rgaokoamlmgkto `gc hrtg smk hpgccm` hpg ccm`os os (po (popuc puchr, hr, auc aucto, to, gta gta.) .) pgr pgrlmt lmtg g gx gxpco pcorhr rhr chs pos postur turhs hs tgñ tgñrma rmahs hs `g ch m`gktm`h` gtkoaucturhc.

Ch pmkturh

 

Cos prm prmlgr lgros os mk` mk`mam mamos os `gc hrt hrtg g vgk vgkgzo gzochk chko o pro provmg vmgkgk kgk `g duh duhk k y gsa gsauct ucturh urhs s mk`ìegkhs, (hceukhs `hth`hs `g bhag 6.>>> høos) `ok`g sg rgprgsgkthk vhsmdhs y imeurhs hktropolorihs. Gc ormegk `g ch pmkturh vgkgzochkh sg rgemstrh bhamh imkhcg imk hcgs s `gc pgrìo pgrìo`o `o aoc aocok okmhc mhc ccgehk ccgehk`o `o h su hpo hpoego ego aok ch ccgeh` ccgeh`h h `g `gcc hrtg hrtg lo`grko. Gk gc pgrìo`o aocokmhc, `gs`g cos prmlgros tmglpos `g ch aokqumsth, ch pmkturh iug utmcmzh`h aolo soportg `m`èatmao g mkstrulgktos `g gvhkegcmzhamñk. H phrtmr  `g hccì, aolmgkzh gc hrtg vgkgzochko h sgr mkicugkamh`o por chs iorlhs guropghs, h trhvís `g ofrhs ichlgkahs, mthcmhkhs y gsphøochs, qug, dukto h cos erhfh`os y h ch prgsgkamh `g kulgrosos pmktorgs gsphøocgs, smrvmgrok `g mkstrulgkto `g hprgk`mzhdg y `miusmñk `g ch pmkturh gk gc Kugvo Luk`o. ^hrh gc smeco RYMMM, cos prmlgros thccgrgs coahcgs sg mkmamhk aok ofrhs `gc gstmco pcgkhlgktg fhrroao. H rhìz `g chs eugrrhs `g mk`gpgk`gkamh (828>-8260), sg mktro`uag gk ch pmkturh ch gsagkh `gc eíkgro bmstñrmao y gc rgtrhto `g bírog amvmc y lmcmthr. Qus rgprgsgkthktgs rgprgsgkthktgs lès g glfcglètmaos lfcglètmaos sok4 Duhk C Covgrh ovgrh (8552-820 (8552-8208), 8), aolo uko `g cos prmlgros pmktorgs gk ahlfmhr gc gstmco rgcmemoso por gc rgtrhto, Lhrtìk Lhr tìk Po Povhr vhr y Pov Povhr hr (82 (826565-8= 8=>6) >6),, hrt hrtmst msth h pcè pcèstm stmao, ao, fhs fhsñ ñ su pmk pmktur turh h gk ch gxhcthamñk `g chs fhthcchs haoktgam`hs `urhktg ch Eugrrh `g Mk`gpgk`gkamh, Armstñfhc Vodhs (8275-82=>), sg cg rgaokoag aolo uk pmktor aok uk kugvo gstmco sg gkioañ lès gk ch pro`uaamñk `g khturhcgzhs y hutorrgtrhtos, Bgrrgrh Poro (8275-8=80), qumgk sg `g`mañ h gvoahr chs gsagkhs aostulfrmsths `gc phìs: gc imkmsgauchr Pmto Qhchs (8222-8=50), h qumgk sg cg rgaokoag aolo gc ôctmlo erhk rgprgsgkthktg `g ch aorrmgktg bgromah `g ch pmkturh vgkgzochkh Ko iug smko bhsth gc smeco RR, auhk auhk`o `o gk 8=86 8=86,, aok ch arghamñk `gc Aìrauco `g Fgcchs Hrtgs, uk erupo `g dñvgkgs pmktorgs, sg opusmgrok h chs gksgøhkzhs hah`ílmahs y sg hfrmgrok h chs aorrmgktgs mktgrkhamokhcgs `g ch ípoah, aolo gc mlprgsmokmslo, gc postmlprgsmokmslo, gc aufmslo, gc lurhcmslo soamhc y gc hrtg hfstrhato. Ch Gsaugch `g Hrtgs ^cèstmahs `g Ahrhahs dueñ uk phpgc `gamsmvo phrh gc rulfo qug mfh h tolhr gc hrtg vgkgzochko. Gc acmlh `g cmfgrth` y `g hpgr hp grtu turh rh hc ao aoko koam amlm lmgk gkto to `g chs chs ao aorr rrmg mgkt ktgs gs mk mktg tgrk rkha hamo mokh khcg cgs s gs gstm tmlu lucñ cñ ch mkvgstmehamñk y prèatmah `g aokagptos hrtìstmaos auyo haagso iug posmfcg gk erhk phrtg por ch hfuk`hktg mkiorlhamñk `g hatuhcm`h` qug po`ìh oftgkgrsg h trhvís `g `mhrmos y rgvmsths y, sofrg to`o, h trhvís `g ch cgaturh `g cmfros y

 

lokoerhiìhs qug amrauchfhk `g lhko gk lhko gk hqugcch ípoah. Boy gk cos lugsos `g Ygkgzugch sg gxbmfgk ofrhs mlporthktgs qug rgicgdhk ch aucturh hrtìstmah `g sus hutorgs, sus sgktmlmgktos, pgkshlmgktos y opmkmokgs.

Ch thcch Luy agrah `g Ahkohfo sg gkaugktrh gc ahsgrìo `g Ahkohfmto, aícgfrg por sus thccmsths `g lh`grh bhy gxposmamokgs y vgkths `g hrtgshkìhs. Ahkohfmto sg gkaugktrh h uk phr `g jmcñlgtros `g Ahkohfo, bhamh gc korgstg. Ch ahrrgtgrh gs hsihcth`h gk fugk gsth`o y luy herh`hfcg por su gspgsh vgegthamñk, hc ccgehr  `gfgk prgeukthr por ch ihlmcmh Yhrehs, ch ihlmcmh Fhøgz y ch ihlmcmh Kôøgz.

Cos hrtgshkos Ch trh`mamñk sg `gfg h `ok Ymvmhko Yhrehs (qumgk ihccgamñ gc 6> `g `mamglfrg `g 6>>0 h cos =0 høos `g g`h`), aoksm`grh`o gc lgdor thccmsth `g Ahkohfmto. Gk su  duvgktu`, `gsglpgøèk`o `gsglpgøèk`osg sg aolo aokuqugro phrh `mvgrtmrsg, glpgzñ h thcchr  imeurhs `g lh`grh, aok uk phr `g cormtos aolo su prmlgr rgsucth`o. Qg ahsñ aok Qushkh Icorgs, tuvmgrok kugvg bmdos y lès `g 8>> kmgtos. Hsì, gk to`h ch aolukm`h` sg gkaugktrhk ihlmcmhrgs (qug gccos m`gktmimahrok aolo "gc aokdukto `g Yhrehs") mkspmrh`os por Ymvmhko, qug bhk sgeum`o aok luabo íxmto gsth hatmvm`h`. Otrh ihlmcmh meuhclgktg hatmvh gk gc rhlo gs ch `g Duhk Fhøgz. Qu lgktor gk gc hrtg `g ch thcch `g lh`grh iug su sugero, `ok Ymvmhko Yhrehs. @mag4 "Kosotros aolgkzhlos gk gc høo 8=57 h bhagr ukhs luøgqumths gk lh`grh. Hc prmkampmo, Ymvmhko y yo chs rgehcèfhlos porqug chs bhaìhlos phrh gktrgtgkgrkos. Ch egktg sg chs ccgvhfh y kos rgehchfh hceo. Hsì glpgzhrok h bhagrkos gkahreos. Iug ccgehk`o egktg y iumlos argamgk`o". Fhøgz hsgeurh qug ch lh`grh cg bhfch. "Wko lmrh ch lh`grh y gcch cg `mag quí imeurh gs ch qug shcg... y ko gstè cgdos `g gcch yh qug cos aortgs y thcch`os gk gstg kofcg lhtgrmhc `gfgk bhagrsg smeumgk`o sus vgths". Qmk tgkgr gk lgktg bhagrco, Duhk Fhøgz y Ymvmhko Yhrehs mkmamhrok uk oimamo qug bh `h`o m`gktm`h` h Ahkohfmto. Hborh, ch lhyorìh `g sus bmdos y kmgtos gstèk rgchamokh`os aok ch thcch.

 

Gk ch Ahsh Hrtgshkhc `g Duhk Fhøgz ph`rg y Ahrlgk Fhøgz, pug`g hprgamhr  chs ofrhs `g gccos y otros thccmsths coahcgs.

Ch gsaucturh @gs`g @gs `g ch `í `íah` ah`h h `gc 9> ch gsa gsauct ucturh urh hca hcahkz hkzñ ñ gk Yg Ygkgz kgzugc ugch h uk `gs `gshrro hrrocco cco phrgam`o hc qug gxpgrmlgktñ ch pmkturh: smk glfhreo, ko coerñ `gsprgk`grsg aolpcgthlgktg `gc aolporthlmgkto y `g cos lhtgrmhcgs `g ch trh`mamñk aok ch rh rhpm pm`g `gz z ao aok k qu qug g co bmzo bmzo ch pmkt pmktur urh. h. Mk Mkac acus uso o ao aoks ksgr grv vñ ir irgk gktg tg h ís ísth th gs gsh h mk`gpgk`gkamh qug cg mlpg`ìh trhkserg`mr sus propmos cìlmtgs y gktgk`gr ch mktgerhamñk qug pg`ìh ch ípoah. Gc pmktor gstuvo smglprg lès mkacmkh`o h aruzhr  ch iroktgrh phrh mkvh`mr h su eíkgro vgamko, ch gsaucturh. H ch mkvgrsh, gc gsauctor  phrgaìh lès `mspugsto h lmtmimahr su oimamo y gk rhrhs oahsmokgs sg bmzo thlfmík pmktor. Qmk glfhreo, `gs`g cos 9>, ch mkvgstmehamñk aok kugvos lhtgrmhcgs y cos gkshyo gks hyos s gk qu qug g sg lgz lgzach achfh fhk k vhr vhrmhs mhs tía tíakma kmahs, hs, gka gkaokt oktrhr rhrok ok hcm hcmh` h`os os gk gc amkgtmslo y gk gc mkiorlhcmslo, `g auyhs tgk`gkamhs h aoksm`grhr cos lhtgrmhcgs aolo smlpcgs lg`mos sg pu`o oftgkgr hceôk hprgk`mzhdg. Gk cos høos 9> oaurrmñ gk Ygkgzugch gc `gspgrthr `g ukh tíakmah trh`mamokhc aolo grh gc vhamh`o gk frokag. Chs ofrhs `g cos gsauctorgs mkecgsgs, aok Bgkr Bg kry y Lo Loor org g h ch ah ahfg fgzh zh,, gx gxpu pugs gsth ths s gk ku kugs gstr tro o Lu Lusg sgo o `g Fg Fgcch cchs s Hr Hrtg tgs, s, smrvmgrok `g gstìluco. Wko `g gsos gsauctorgs, Jgkkgtb Hrlmtheg, oirgamñ uk aurso `g gsaucturh gk ch Gsaugch `g Hrtgs ^cèstmahs `g Ahrhahs. Cos dñvgkgs sg sm smkt ktmg mgro rok k eh ehkh kh`o `os s po porr gc proa proag` g`ml mlmg mgkt kto, o, y gc Qh Qhcñ cñk k Oi Oima mamh mhcc ao aokt ktrmf rmfuy uyñ ñ hc chkzhlmgkto `g uk erupo `g gsauctorgs qug sg mkmamhfhk gk gc frokag4 Bhrry  Hfgk`, Lhx ^g`gloktg, Ahrcos ^rh`h, Gcsh Erhlajo y G`ehr` Eumkhk` rgamfmgrok ahsm suagsmvhlgktg gc ^rglmo Khamokhc gk ch gspgamhcm`h` por sus trhfhd trh fhdos os gk gst gstg g lht lhtgrm grmhc. hc. Gcc Gccos os vmk vmkmgr mgrok ok h sul sulhrs hrsg g hc eru erupo po `g lhg lhgstr stros os vgkgz vg kgzoch ochkos kos o gxt gxtrhk rhkdgr dgros os rgs rgsm`g m`gktg ktgs s qug gl glpcg pcghfh hfhk k sms smstgl tglètm ètmah ahlgk lgktg tg gc frokag4 Khrvègz, Aocmkh, Lhrhehcc, Irhkams, Iukgs y Tmtlhk, ^mzzo, Dhík, @hmkm, `g ch Iugktg, Ahlphkgcch y otros. Gstg rgsphc`o cg `mo hutorm`h` y prgstmemo h hqugcch tíakmah y hyu`ñ h mksthchrch `gimkmtmvhlgktg gk gc rgpgrtormo `g cos proag`mlmgktos lès usuhcgs `g kugstrh gsaucturh bhsth boy. Phkto ch imeurhamñk

 

aolo ch hfstrhaamñk oreèkmah sg fgkgimamhrok `gc acmlh argh`o hcrg`g`or `gc frokag. @g ot otrh rh ph phrt rtg, g, gc bmgr bmgrro ro yh ao aokt kthf hfh h ao aok k amgr amgrth th vmeg vmegka kamh mh,, ko sñ sñco co phrh phrh ch mktger mkt gerha hamñk mñk hrt hrtìst ìstmah mah smk smko o phr phrh h cos cgk cgkeuh euhdgs dgs pgr pgrsok sokhcg hcgs. s. ^ro ^rokto kto sg ccgeñ ccgeñ h aolprofhr su icgxmfmcm`h` phrh h`hpthrsg h auhcqumgr iorlh, aolo co prugfh ch gsth gs thtu tuhr hrmh mh imeu imeurh rhtmv tmvh h qu qug g Yì Yìat ator or Yh Yhcg cgrh rh `g `gsh shrro rroccñ ccñ ao aok k gc bm bmgr grro ro,, smk smk qug qug ocvm ocvm`g `glo los s co qu qug g po porr su ch`o ch`o hø høh` h`ìh ìh gc lh lhtg tgrm rmhc hc `g ab abht hthr hrrh rh hc `m `msa saur urso so cmfgrthrmo `gc mkiorlhcmslo. Khrvègz, Eokzècgz Foegk, Qoto, ^g`ro Frmagøo, Egeo y Cyh Fgrlô`gz imeurhk gktrg cos prmlgros qug trhfhdhrok gk bmgrro. ] gsto smk aoksm`grhr ch smekmimahamñk `g gstg lhtgrmhc gk gc lhrao `g ch hcmhkzh `g hrtg y hrqumtgaturh qug sg vgkìh egstmokhk`o `gs`g 8=76. Bufo thlfmík cos hrtmsths poao orto`oxos qug co tolhrok `gc ofdgto `gsgabh`o phrh mkaorporhrco hc gkshlfchdg. Hsì co bhcchlos iorlhk`o phrtg `gc mlhemkhrmo `g Lhrmo Hfrgu, Ehfrmgc Lorgrh y Gcsh Erhlajo gk ofrhs `g cos høos 9>. Meuhc aokkothamñk cg `mo Hcg Hcgdhk dhk`ro `ro Otg Otgro ro gk sus ao aocch cchegs egs aok ofd ofdgto gtos s ihf ihfrma rmah`o h`os, s, por ch lms lmslh lh ípoah. Ch `íah`h `gc 5> proiuk`mzñ gk cos tglhs `g ch gsthtuhrmh, pgro smk hporthr  kugvhs tíakmahs y hc vhcormzhr cos ofdgtos `g ihfrmahamñk mk`ustrmhc cos ufmañ gk uk èl èlfm fmto to ao aoka kagp gptu tuhc hc.. Gc bmgr bmgrro ro ar arol olh` h`o o sg gk gkau augk gktr trh h gk ch chs s pr prml mlgr grhs hs gsauct gsa ucturh urhs s lmk lmkmlh mlhcms cmsths ths,, h imk imkgs gs `g cos 9> 9>,, y thl thlfmí fmík k gk chs gst gstrua ruatur turhs hs y gkshlfch gksh lfchdgs dgs aoka aokagfm` gfm`os os aolo hrtg phrtma phrtmamphtmv mphtmvo o por hceuk hceukos os lmglf lmglfros ros `gc erupo gxphksmokmsth, gktrg gccos Olhr Ahrrgøo, Ehfrmgc Lhraos, Vhlos Emuekm y Vufík Lèrqugz. ^hrh gc amkgtmslo gc bmgrro bh sm`o lokg`h aorrmgktg. Aok ch arga argamg mgk ktg ml mlpo port rth hka kamh mh ht htrm rmf fum`h m`h

h

cos lh lhtg tgrm rmhc hcgs gs kug ugvo vos s

iu iug g

`gshphrgamgk`o `gshphrgamgk` o gc hktheokmslo gktrg imeurhamñk y hfstrhaamñk: gc bmgrro, hc meuhc qug gc frokag, sg prgsthfh co lmslo phrh gchforhr imeurhs qug phrh aokstrumr  vocôlgkgs hfstrhatos. Cos lhtgrmhcgs aolgkzhrok h aulpcmr roc protheñkmao y `g amgrt mgrth h lh lhk kgr grh h sue ueg grì rìh hk gc tm tmp po `g tr trht hth hlm lmg gkt kto o io iorl rlhc hc qug sg cg pr prop opor oram amok okhf hfh. h. Gc bmgr bmgrro ro,, po porr gdgl gdglpc pco, o, iu iug g gc lg`m lg`mo o po porr gx gxag agcg cgka kamh mh `g ch gsaucturh hfstrhato-aokstruatmvh, hfstrhato-aokstruatmvh, gk thkto qug gc frokag sg gkaugktrh lès gk ch gsthtuhrmh imeurhtmvh y gk chs ofrhs hfstrhato-oreèkmahs `g cos 9> bhsth boy, hukqug tmgk`g lès y lès h pgr`gr posmamokgs y h vgkmr h lgkos, `gspchzh`o por cos kugvos lhtgrmhcgs. Cos otros `os lg`mos `g ch trh`mamñk gk cos auhcgs,

 

 dukto hc bmgrro y gc frokag, sg gkaugktrhk chs fhsgs `gc proergso hatuhc `g ch gsau gs auct ctur urh h vg vgkg kgzo zoch chkh kh so sok k ch pmg` pmg`rh rh y ch lh lh`g `grh rh.. Qu Qus s tí tíak akma mahs hs iu iugr grok ok rgmvmk`mah`hs gk cos tmglpos lo`grkos4 ch pmg`rh y gspgamhclgktg ch lh`grh por Irhkamsao Khrvègz y gc lèrloc y gc fhshcto por gc gsauctor ahkhrmo G`uhr`o Ergeormo, qumgk gksgøhfh gsths tíakmahs h sus hculkos `g ch Gsaugch `g Hrtgs ^cèstmahs, gk Ahrhahs, y `gspuís co bmzo gk Yhcgkamh. Wk poao lès thr`g hphrgamñ Lhrmsoc Gsaofhr, auyh ofrh gs uk phrh`melh `gc tmpo `g tíakmah lmxth glpcgh`h gk gc gkshlfchdg hatuhc. Gcch gs ukh `g chs prmkamphcgs rgigrgkamhs phrh ch gsaucturh imeurhtmvh gk lh`grh, y su mkicugkamh sg bh bgabo sgktmr gk ukh hkmlhcmsth aolo Ehu`m Gstí. Gc mthcmhko @olgkmao Ahshshkth iug gc ôkmao gdglpco qug tuvmlos `g uk gsauctor `g tgk`gkamh hfstrhato-rgtmkhc qug rghcmzhrh su ofrh gktgrhlgktg gk lèrloc. Aok gso sg `glugstrh qug gc lhtgrmhc pug`g vgrsg rg`uam`o h smlpcg rgagptor `g ch iorlh hrtìstmah, thc aolo oaurrg gk cos trhfhdos amkítmaos y aokstruatmvos bgabos aok bmgrro o gk lh`grh (aolo gk cos ahsos `g Qoto, Chrtmtgeum, Chtorrhah, Vhihgc Fhrrmos, Egeo, Oswhc`o Qufgro, Vhihgc Lhrtìkgz, Dosí Voshrmo ^írgz, Vhihgc ^írgz, Olhr Ahrrgøo), gk cos auhcg au hcgs s chs su supgr pgrima imamgs mgs rga rgamfg mfgk k cos ao aocorg corgs s pch pchkos kos smk tol tolhr hr gk aug augkth kth chs auhcm`h`gs `g toko, tgxturh y pgshktgz khturhcgs: ísths bhk pgrsmstm`o gk ch gsaucturh imeurhtmvh y hfstrhato-oreèkmah o gk gc hrtg `g proagsos y smstglhs qug glpcgh tíakmahs lmxths gk chs auhcgs gc proag`mlmgkto qug`h h ch vmsth. Ch gsaucturh hatuhc bh h`qumrm`o erhk proygaamñk gk cos gsphamos urfhkos. Qu ahrhatgrìstmah prmkamphc gs, aolo gk ch pmkturh, gc pcurhcmslo `g sus socuamokgs y su gacgatmamslo iorlhc y tglètmao, yh porqug tgkeh gk augkth ch bmstormh gk ch auhc sg kutrg o porqug mekorg aoksamgktg o mkvocukthrmhlgktg cos gstmcos. @gktro `g gstg pcurhcmslo, sm gs qug ch prglmsh aoktmkôh smgk`o ch mkvgstmehamñk y ch propugsth, ch ormemkhcm`h` aokstmtuyg uk aokagpto rgloto y bh `gdh`o `g sgr  phrh luabos ukh prgoauphamñk. Fèsmahlgktg tgkglos `gchktg `g kosotros ukh pgrspgatmvh hrtìstmah gk ch auhc gc aolprgk`gr prgvhcgag sofrg gc bhagr. Gsto ko qumgrg `gamr qug bhyh pír`m`h `gc mlpucso argh`or. ^or gc aoktrhrmo, gk kmke kmkeôk ôk lo lolg lgkt kto o `g ku kugs gstrh trh bmst bmstor ormh mh sg bh hc hcah ahkz kzh` h`o o th thcc `g `gsl slgs gsur urh h y hfuk`hkamh pro`uatmvh aolo boy. Ko po`glos bhfchr `g uk glpofrgamlmgkto `g ch iukamñk mlhemkhtmvh. Qm, por uk ch`o, chs tglètmahs, yh mkahkshfcglgktg rgmtgrh`hs, cuagk heoth`hs `g lhkmigsthamñk gk lhkmigsthamñk, gstrgabhk`o ch

 

posmfmcm`h` `g qug gc hrtmsth pug`h egkgrhr ukmvgrsos pgrsokhcgs, por otro ch soamg`h` mk`ustrmhc chkzh aoktmkuhlgktg lhtgrmhcgs kugvos qug, dukto aok rgthr  gc mkeg mkegkm kmo o hr hrtì tìst stma mao, o, so socm cmam amth thk k `g `gcc hrtm hrtmst sth h gc lh lhkg kgdo do `g tg tgak akoc ocoe oeìh ìhs s lè lès s soimst soi mstmah mah`hs `hs,, smk qug gst gsth h h`q h`qums umsmamñ mamñk k gk or` or`gk gk h uk pro proerg ergso so lht lhtgrm grmhc hc sg trh`uzah gk ukh lhyor ahcm`h` gstítmah. Gc heothlmgkto `g chs iorlhs oaurrg hktgs `g qug ch mlhemkhamñk pug`h sgr `gspcgeh`h. ] gsth aoktrh`maamñk gktrg gc po`gr glgregktg `g cos kugvos lhtgrmhcgs, chs tgakocoeìhs y ch cmlmth`h ahpham`h` trhksiorlh`orh `gc hrtg, gs uko `g cos erhk`gs `mcglhs h qug kos gkirgkthlos gk gc hrtg `g boy.

Gc fhrro imeurh`o Chs rgprgsgkthamokgs hktropolorihs lg`mhktg imeurmkhs, luøgaos, gsaucturhs y ot otro ros s lg lg`m `mos os bh bhk k sm`o sm`o uk gcgl gcglgk gkto to au auct ctur urhc hc lh lhtg tgrm rmhc hc pr prgs gsgk gktg tg `g `gs` s`g g co cos s orìegkgs `g ch bulhkm`h`, cos mktgktos `g hfor`hr su smekmimahamñk aucturhc `gs`g ch hrqugocoeìh lo`grkh bhk sm`o poaos gk Ygkgzugch. Gsth prgahuamñk amgktm amg ktmima imamst msth h qu qumzè mzès s rgp rgprgs rgsgkt gktg g ukh rgh rghaa aamñk mñk gk ao aoktr ktrh h `g chs hf hfuk` uk`hkt hktgs gs mktgrprgth mktgr prgthamokg amokgs s qug gc shfg shfgrr trh`ma trh`mamokhc mokhc `hk h gsths rgprgsg rgprgsgktham kthamokgs okgs,, hsì aolo aol o uk rga rgaoko okoaml amlmgk mgkto to `gc aol aolpcg pcgdo do ahr ahrèat èatgr gr poc pocmsí msílma lmao o y auc auctur turhcl hclgkt gktg g aoktgxtuhc `g chs smekmimahamokgs qug sg po`rìhk h`du`mahr h gstos hrtgihatos. ^or otro ch`o, gc `msaurso hrqugocñemao, gspgamhclgktg gk sus mkmamos y `g lhkgrh lès sotgrrh`h gk ch hatuhcm`h`, imctrhk pgrlhkgktglgktg hceukhs `g gsths koamokgs, aolo, por gdglpco, qug chs rgprgsgkthamokgs hktropolorihs aorrgspok`gk hc èlfmto `g co rmtuhc o rgcmemoso, o qug gstèk hsoamh`hs h m`ghs `g igauk`m`h`, khturhcgzh, tmgrrh, hermaucturh, gta.