5CFS BMA - INSTRUMENTOS DE AERONAVES 2012 (VU).pdf

COMANDO DA AERONÁUTICA  ESCOLA DE ESPECIALISTAS DE AERONÁUTICA 

INSTRUME INSTRUMENTOS NTOS DE AERONAVES AERONAVES

INSTRUMENTOS DE AERONAVES VOLUME ÚNICO

BMA CFS 2012 IMPRESSO NA SUBSEÇÃO GRÁFICA DA EEAR

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MINISTÉRIO DA DEFESA COMANDO DA AERONÁUTICA ESCOLA DE DE ESPECIALISTAS ESPECIALISTAS DE AERONÁUTICA AERONÁUTICA

INSTRUMENTOS DE AERONAVES

Apostila da disciplina Instrumentos de Aeronaves, do Curso de Formação de Sargentos. Elaborador: Elaborador: Joel Gomes Gomes dos Santos Santos 1S BMA Marc Marcoo Aurél Aurélio io de A. A. Paula Paula 1S 1S BMA BMA Rafael Fernandes Pinheiro 2S BEI

GUARATINGUETÁ, SP

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2012 – Escola Escola de Especia Especialist listas as de Aeronáu Aeronáutica tica

É proibida a reprodução total ou parcial deste documento, de qualquer 

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SUMÁRIO Introdução ...................................... ........................................................ .................................... ........................................... ............................................. ........................ .... 1 1 INSTRUMENTOS MECÂNICOS …..................................... …...................................................... ................................. ................ ........ 2 1.1 classificação classificação e característic características as ….................................... .......................................................... .................................... .............. 2 1.2 Manômet Manômetros ros …............................................................................. ......................................................... ...................... 7 1.3 Termôme Termômetro tross …..................................... ................ 14 …....................................................... .................................... ................................. ............... .... 1.4 1.4 Siste Sistema ma pitot pitot estát estático ico .…................................................. .............. ......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ......... 16 1.5 Bússola Bússola magnética magnética …................................ ........................ 24 ….................................................. .................................... ......................... ....... .... 1.6 Exercic Exercicios ios ….................................. ......... ...... ...... ...... ... 27 ….................................................... ................................... ................................ ............... ...... 2 INSTRUMENTOS INSTRUMENTOS ELÉTRICOS .......... ............... ......... .......... ........... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .......... ......... ......... ......... ........... ........... 30 2.1 Termômetros …..................................... .............. 30 …....................................................... .................................... .................................. ................ .... 2.2 Taquímetros …................................... .............. 36 …..................................................... ................................... ................................... ...................... .... 2.3 Liquidômetros …....................................................... ................................................... ......................................... ....................... 37 2.4 Sistema Sistema Selsyn Selsyn …..................................... ...................................................... ................................... ......................................... ....................... 39 2.5 2.5 Siste Sistema ma Autos Autosyn yn .….................................... .............. 40 …...................................................... .................................... .......................... ........ .......... 2.6 Bússola elétrica …....................................... ......................................................... .................................... ..................................... ................... 42 2.7 Exercícios Exercícios .......... .............. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ........... .......... .... 43 .............. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ........ ... 46 3 INSTRUMENTOS INSTRUMENTOS GIROSCÓPICO G IROSCÓPICOS S ….................... ….................... ......... 3.1 Teoria dos giroscópios ........................... ............................................ ................................... ......................................... ........................... 46 3.2 Instrum Instrumento entoss giroscóp giroscópios ios …..................................... ........................................................ ........................................ ...................... 47 3.3 Exercícios Exercícios .......... .............. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ............ .......... ... 50 ...... ...... .... 54 4 INSTRUMENTOS INSTRUMENTOS DIGITAIS ….................................... …..................................................... ................................... ..................... ... ... 4.1 Sistema de apresentação apresentação de parâmetros parâmetros do motor motor (IEDS) …......... ......... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 54 4.2 Primary flight display (PFD) …................................... …..................................................... ................................ .............. ...... 66 4.3 Navigati Navigation on display display (ND) …............................................... ...................................................... ................................ .............. 73 Conclusão .................................. .................................................... ................................... ................................... .................................... ..................................... ................... 77 Referencias ....................................... ......................................................... .................................... ................................... ................................... .............................. ............ 78 Anexo A – Autoavaliação .................................. ................................................... ................................... .................................... .............................. ............ 79 Anexo B – Gabarito ...................................... ....................................................... ................................... .................................... ................................... ................. 80

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1

INTRODUÇÃO Esta apostila apostila tem a finalidade finalidade de ajudá-lo a compreender compreender o funcionamento funcionamento e os usos dos instrumentos nas aeronaves. Você, como mecânico de aeronaves, poderá ser solicitado a fazer regulagens, regulagens, troca troca e leitura dos instrumento instrumentos. s. A nossa linguage linguagem m será simples, simples, procuraremo procuraremoss comparar, durante as explicações, coisas conhecidas com a técnica. Durante o texto, você deverá ir memorizando memorizando as idéias e no final fazer a sua auto-avaliação. auto-avaliação. Recomendamos Recomendamos não passar para a próxima lição antes de ter aprendido totalmente a lição anterior. Lembre-se, de que estaremos a seu dispor para diluirmos juntos as possíveis dúvidas.

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2

1 INSTRUMENTOS MECÂNICOS Antes de estudarmos propriamente os instrumentos mecânicos iremos ver como são classificados classificados os instrumentos instrumentos das aeronaves.

1.1 Classif Classificaç icação ão e caracte caracterís rística ticass Vamos Vamos iden identifi tificar car que os instrum instrumento entoss pode podem m ser ser dividido divididoss em em quatro quatro grupos grupos confor conforme me suas funções:

1.1.1 Grupos de instrumentos instrumentos - Grupo Grupo do motor motor - Grupo Grupo de de voo - Grupo Grupo de navegaçã navegaçãoo - Grupo Grupo de miscelâne miscelâneaa a) O Grupo Grupo Motor Motor é compos composto to dos dos seguin seguintes tes inst instru rume mento ntos: s: - medidores medidores de pressão pressão (manômetros), (manômetros), - medidores medidores de temperatura (termômetr (termômetros), os), - medidor medidores es de rotaçã rotaçãoo do eixo de manivel manivelaa e - rotação das das turbinas turbinas nos motores a jato. b) O Grupo Grupo de Voo é compo composto sto dos dos segu seguin intes tes inst instrum rument entos: os: - indicador indicador de velocidade aerodinâmica aerodinâmica (velocímetro), (velocímetro), - indicador indicador de altitude (altímetro), (altímetro), - indicador indicador de subida e descida (variômetr (variômetro), o), - indicador indicador de curva e inclinação inclinação (turn and bank),

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3

d) O Grupo Grupo Miscelânea Miscelânea é composto composto dos seguintes seguintes instrumentos: instrumentos: - indicadores indicadores de temperatura (ar exterior, exterior, cabine), cabine), - medidores medidores de pressão (óleo hidráulico, degelador, degelador, oxigênio, etc), - medidores medidores de nível de combustível combustível (liquidômetros (liquidômetros), ), - indicadores indicadores de posição (flaps, trem trem de pouso, cowl flaps, etc), - indicadores indicadores do sistema elétrico elétrico (amperímetro, (amperímetro, voltímetro). A figura abaixo abaixo mostra a divisão dos instrume instrumentos ntos no painel painel da aeronave aeronave C-95 Bandeirante.

Figura 01 – Painel do C-95

1.1.2 1.1.2 Caracte Característ rísticas icas dos instrum instrumento entoss

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4

1.1. 1.1.2. 2.33 Vedaç Vedação ão dos instr instrum ument entos os Todos os instrumentos instrumentos são vedados vedados de uma ou de outra maneira. maneira. Os instrumentos instrumentos mais rústicos, rústicos, operados operados à pressão diferencial diferencial são são facilmente facilmente reconhecidos reconhecidos pela presença presença de um pequeno furo localizado localizado no fundo da da caixa de instrumentos. instrumentos. Esse orifício orifício permite que a pressão de ar interna sofra as variações causadas com a mudança de altitude da aeronave. Os instrumentos instrumentos que que são medidores medidores absolutos de pressão, pressão, o seu seu mecanismo mecanismo interno interno está embalado embalado em caixas vedadas vedadas ao ar. Estes instrumentos instrumentos são hermeticam hermeticamente ente fechados. fechados.

1.1.2.4 1.1.2.4 Posicionamento Posicionamento dos instrumentos instrumentos no painel da aeronave Os mecanismos de todos os instrumentos de bordo devem ser equilibrados e fixados, de maneira que suas indicações não sejam afetadas pela variação da inclinação da posição normal, até 180º para ambos os lados.

1.1.2.5 1.1.2.5 Sistema Sistema de amortecimento amortecimento Todos os instrumentos de aeronaves devem funcionar corretamente dentro das tolerâncias, sem influência de aceleração e força centrífuga. Deve-se usar fixadores apropriados, restrições restrições ou qualquer outro artifício de amortecimento amortecimento onde se torne necessário. necessário.

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5

1.1.2.7 1.1.2.7 Marcaçõ Marcações es Nos instrumentos mais antigos, as graduações do mostrador e ponteiros são revestidas com tinta luminosa. Esta pintura é uma composição tratada a rádio, que torna possível a leitura no escuro. 1.1.2.8 1.1.2.8 Iluminaç Iluminação ão dos instrum instrumento entos: s: a) Iluminação Direta Alguns instrumentos antigos são providos com um receptáculo, modelado integralmente com o alojamento do instrumento a fim de receber uma lâmpada de três volts (iluminação direta). Um anel refletor é colocado sobre o vidro de cobertura, de modo que a luz seja distribuída igualmente ao redor da superfície do mostrador. b) Iluminação Indireta Instrumentos mais modernos não possuem lâmpadas individuais. As marcações do mostrador mostrador e ponteiro são são refletidas refletidas em virtude da iluminação iluminação fluorescente fluorescente que é obtida por meio meio de lâmpadas colocadas na parte externa dos instrumentos (cabine da aeronave).

1.1.2.9 1.1.2.9 Caixa dos dos instrumentos instrumentos Vários materiais, tais como liga de alumínio, liga de magnésio, ferro, aço, ou plástico, são usados na fabricação fabricação das caixas de instrumentos. instrumentos. O Baquelite é o plástico mais utilizado. utilizado. Os instrum instrumento entoss são compost compostos os das seguint seguintes es partes: partes: a caixa caixa propriam propriamente ente dita dita e o anel retentor com o vidro do mostrador. Usam-se também gaxetas a fim de efetuar a vedação entre a caixa e o vidro do mostrador.

1.1.3 Particularidades dos painéis

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1.1.4 Marcações Marcações nos instrumento instrumentoss Devido à larga variedade de temperatura, pressões e velocidades dos diversos tipos de motores e aviões, aviões, tornou-se necessário necessário colocar colocar nos instrumentos, instrumentos, marcações marcações que assinalassem assinalassem na utilização utilização os limites limites prescritos prescritos pelos fabricantes. fabricantes. Estas marcas são feitas com tinta de cor: a - arco verde verde signi signific ficaa operação operação normal normal de func funciona ionamen mento; to; b - arco arco amarelo amarelo signifi significa ca operaçã operaçãoo com preca precauçã ução; o; c - traço traço vermelho vermelho signific significaa limite limite de funcionam funcionamento ento excedido excedido;; d - arco azul azul significa significa regime regime econômico econômico de funcionamento; funcionamento; e - marca branca colocada entre o vidro e a caixa serve serve para para indicar indicar se houve deslocamento do vidro. Nos instrum instrument entos os mais mais antigos antigos estas estas marca marcass poderão poderão ser encontr encontrada adass pintadas pintadas no vidro vidro.. Como exemplo, veja o instrumento de temperatura temperatura interturbinas interturbinas do motor PT6A-34:

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7

Os instrumentos são armazenados em suas caixas próprias, à medida que são fabricados ou provenientes das atividades de reparação de instrumentos. Os instrumentos fora de serviço são igualmente acondicionados em caixas individuais, antes de serem remetidos aos depósitos para reparações, etc. Papel de seda, tira de papel corrugado corrugado ou feltros são usados usados para proteger os instrumentos instrumentos e evitar seu movimento dentro da caixa. Cada caixa é individualmente lacrada com fita adesiva e com carimbo de aceitação do inspetor. Terminada a embalagem, de acordo com as instruções, coloca-se na caixa uma ficha que contém todas as informações necessárias. Estas informações permitem identificar o conteúdo da caixa sem abri-la, abri-la, bem como como determinar, determinar, sem maior maior trabalho, trabalho, o vencimento vencimento do período máximo máximo de armazenagem, bem como o motivo de sua substituição.

1.2 Manômetros Manômetros utilizados utilizados nas aeronaves aeronaves As aeronaves utilizam utilizam uma vasta vasta gama de manômetros manômetros para diversos diversos fins, tais como: manômet manômetro ro de combust combustível ível,, de pressão pressão hidráuli hidráulica, ca, de oxigênio oxigênio etc. etc. Para melhor melhor compree compreensão nsão,, antes de iniciarmos o estudo destes manômetros, manômetros, estudaremos estudaremos seus componentes internos.

1.2.1 1.2.1 Compone Componente ntess internos internos dos manôme manômetros tros mecânic mecânicos os Os principais mecanismos internos usados nos instrumentos mecânicos são:

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8

Aumentando Aumentando a pressão no interior do tubo, haverá haverá uma tendência tendência para modificar a secção transversal de elíptica para circular. Devido à flexibilidade que possui, o tubo reagirá procurando desfazer essa curvatura, movendo assim sua extremidade livre. Este movimento da extremidade livre, absolutame absolutamente nte proporcional proporcional à pressão pressão existente no interior interior do tubo, tubo, é transmitido transmitido ao ponteiro através do sistema de transmissã transmissãoo da alavanca, pinhões, pinhões, setor dentado dentado etc. O tubo tubo de Bourd Bourdon on mede mede tanto tanto press pressão ão alta alta como como bai baixa, xa, mas mas é mai maiss uti utili lizad zadoo para para medi medirr pressão alta. Mede pressão diferencial, porque mede a diferença de pressão entre a interna do tubo e a externa, que é a atmosférica. A sua robustez é empregada de acordo com a capacidade do manômetro. Os tubos de Bourdon usados em manômetros até 1000 libras são chamados "fracos" e são fabricados fabricados de cobre, latão ou bronze; os "fortes" "fortes" são fabricados de aço cromo, aço níquel ou aço molibdênio, molibdênio, usados em manômetros manômetros acima de 1000 libras. libras.

b) DIAFRAGMA O diafragma é um mecanismo interno usado para medir baixas pressões.

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9

são compensadas para evitar que a temperatura influa na sua indicação. Não há entrada de pressão dentro dentro de sua câmara, que é hermeticamente hermeticamente fechada. fechada. Havendo contração contração de deflexão da câmara, esse movimento será transmitido ao ponteiro por meio de elos, alavancas, pinhões, setor dentado, etc. Normalmente são usadas três cápsulas de aneróide para aumentar a área de contato e, em virtude disso, tornar tornar o instrumento instrumento mais mais sensível. sensível. São empregados empregados na sua construção: construção: cobre, latão, bronze ou níquel.

Figura 06 – Cápsula Cápsula Aneróide Aneróide Como vimos, o tubo tubo de Bourdon Bourdon e o diafragma diafragma são medidores medidores de pressão diferencial diferencial,, enquant enquantoo a cápsula anerói aneróide de mede mede pressão pressão absoluta absoluta.. Vamos Vamos ver agora alguns alguns instrum instrumento entoss que utilizam estes mecanismos. mecanismos.

1.2.2 Tipos de manômetros manômetros usados usados nas aeronaves: aeronaves: a) Manôme Manômetro tro de combust combustível ível (Fuel (Fuel Pressure Pressure))

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Nos motores não superalimentados, ou nos superalimentados internamente, utiliza-se unicamente unicamente a conexão "fuel". "fuel". A ligação ligação do ar fica fica aberta e a pressão pressão de ar, na caixa do instrumento, instrumento, será, portanto a atmosférica. atmosférica.

Figura 07 – Manômetro Manômetro de combustível combustível para motor aspirado Legenda: PSI = libras por polegada quadrada. P = pressão da bomba de combustível. V = pre press ssão ão atmo atmosf sfér éric ica. a. Nos motores superalimentados externamente, a ligação do ar deverá ser feita na câmara

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11

b - quando o motor é alimentado alimentado externamente externamente,, compressor, compressor, o instrumento instrumento trabalha trabalha com a pressão do combustível e a pressão do ar do compressor. A unidade de medida usada no "fuel pressure" é lbs/pol2 e usa como mecanismo interno o tubo de Bourdon "fraco".

b) MANÔMETRO DE ÓLEO LUBRIFICANTE (OIL PRESSURE) Indica a pressão a que o óleo está sendo forçado através do motor, mancais e nos vários pontos de lubrificação. Uso: avisar ao piloto ou ao mecânico acerca de (1) - falha falha na bomba bomba de óleo; óleo; (2) - linha linha quebrada quebrada ou ou com restriç restrições ões;; (3) desregul desregul

são de ól

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12

(3) - indicar a perda de potência do motor em qualquer qualquer altitude. altitude.

Figura 10 – Manômetro de admissão A unidade unidade de medida usada no "manifold "manifold pressure" pressure" é a polegada polegada de Hg possui como como mecanismo mecanismo interno interno foles duplos, duplos, sendo um diafragma diafragma e uma cápsula aneróide.

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Figura 12 – Manômet Manômetro ro de sucção sucção Uso: indicar, continuadamente, a quantidade de sucção existente no sistema e ajudar na regulagem da bomba de sucção. O manômetro de sucção usa como mecanismo interno um diafragma. A unida unidade de d

edid

ada é a polegada polegada de Hg. Esta varia varia de 3,75 3,75 pol. de Hg a 4,25 4,25 pol.

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1.3 Termômet Termômetros ros Os tipos de termômetros usados nas aeronaves são: - pres pressã sãoo de lí líqu quid idoo - bimetál bimetálico ico - elétr elétric icos os - par térmico térmico Vamos Vamos iniciar iniciar o estudo estudo dos term termôme ômetros tros de press pressão ão a líqui líquido do e bime bimetáli tálico. co. Os termômetros termômetros elétrico elétrico e par térmico serão estudados no texto referente a instrumentos instrumentos elétricos.

1.3. 1.3.11 Term Termôme ômetr troo a pressã pressãoo de líqui líquido do Os termômetros de pressão a líquido servem para indicar temperaturas nos mais variados sistemas da aeronave.

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Aquecido o bulbo, o líquido que se acha nele expandir-se-á uniformemente e correspondente ao aumento de temperatura; por conseguinte, esse líquido forçará o tubo de Bourdon distendendo-o, o qual transmitirá esse movimento ao ponteiro. Este tipo de termômetro é usado em aviões monomotores devido ao tubo capilar ter no máximo 3 metros de comprimento.

1.3.2 Termômetros Termômetros bimetálic bimetálicos os São duas tiras de metal, delgadas, de diferentes coeficientes de dilatação, assim como o ferro e o latão. Fixado um ponteiro a uma caixa de instrumento, tem-se um termômetro bimetálico.

1.3.2.1 Funcionamento Funcionamento Quase todas as matérias matérias sólidas se dilatam quando aquecidas. aquecidas. Se medir a proporção proporção de

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As duas tiras de metal, uma de latão e outra de ferro, ambas presas uma na outra. Com o aumento de temperatura temperatura,, o latão tende a se expandir mais que o ferro, ferro, e a tira bimetálica curvarse-á. Quando Quando a temperatura temperatura cair, a tira de latão contrair-se-á contrair-se-á mais do que o comprimento comprimento da tira de ferro e a curvatura serão inversos.

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1.4.1 1.4.1 Tipos Tipos de tubo de Pitot Pitot Basicamente há dois tipos de tubos de Pitot. O primeiro é destinado à instalação no nariz da fuselagem. O outro tipo é destinado à instalação na ponta da asa. Apesar de diferirem ligeiramente quanto à construção, esses tipos têm as mesmas partes componentes e o mesmo orifício de funcionamento.

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O tubo Pitot no indicador indicador de velocidade velocidade aerodinâmica aerodinâmica é provido de uma resistênc resistência ia elétrica elétrica aquecedora aquecedora a fim de impedir impedir a formação formação de gelo. A pressão dinâmica é transmitida transmitida por conexões de tubos herméticos ao indicador de velocidade aerodinâmica (velocímetro). A pressão estática é transmitida ao velocímetro, altímetro e indicador de subida e descida (climb).

1.4.2 1.4.2 Aplicaçã Aplicaçãoo do tubo tubo de Pitot Pitot São usados especialmente para o funcionamento dos instrumentos: altímetro, velocímetro

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1.4.3 Finalidade, Finalidade, funcioname funcionamento nto do velocímetro, velocímetro, indicador indicador de subida e descida e altímetro. altímetro. a) VELOCÍ VELOCÍMET METRO RO O velocímetro mostra a proporção da velocidade na qual o avião se desloca através do ar. A não ser em condições normais ao nível do mar, a velocidade aerodinâmica indicada é diferente da velocidade verdadeira. Contudo, o piloto pode calcular, pela velocidade aerodinâmica indicada, a velocidade verdadeira, se ele conhecer a altitude na qual está voando, a direção e a

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b) INDICADOR INDICADOR DE SUBIDA SUBIDA E DESCIDA DESCIDA O indicador indicador de velocidade vertical vertical (climb) (climb) ou indicador de subida, como como é comumente chamado, indica a velocidade na qual o avião está subindo ou descendo em pés por minuto. É empregado também para se verificar a velocidade máxima de subida durante um teste de "performance", ou em serviço real. Possui como mecanismo interno um diafragma e está ligado à pressão estática do tubo de Pitot. À medida que a pressão estática varia, esta alteração será transmitida pelo diafragma ao

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O ponteiro do mostrador move-se para uma ou outra direção conforme o avião está indo

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À medida que o avião vai descendo, o aneróide contrai-se por causa da pressão e os

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Quando o ponteiro longo (minutos) completar a primeira volta, o ponteiro médio (das

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magnética também é usada como instrumento de reserva para a navegação e em caso de pane dos

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56

a) SISTEMA DE INDICAÇÃO INDICAÇÃO DE DE TORQUE DO MOTOR Na Aeronave C-105 Amazonas o sistema de indicação de torque do motor funciona da seguinte forma: O sensor de torque n° 1 envia sinal à AFU (Auto Feather Unit  –  unidade de auto embandeiramento embandeiramento). ). A AFU usa este sinal para a lógica do sistema de auto embandeiramento. embandeiramento. O mesmo sinal sinal também é enviado para para o IEDS dando a indicação indicação de torque na cabine.

Figura Fig ura 56 – Indicação Indicação de torque torque (sensor (sensor nº1) No caso de falha do sensor n° 1 o sistema possui o sensor de torque n° 2. Esse sensor envia o sinal ao EEC (Computador do Motor). Em seguida essa informação processada pelo EEC

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57

Figura 57 – Indicação de torque (sensor 2)

b) SISTEMA DE INDICAÇÃO INDICAÇÃO DA ITT ITT °C A temperat temperatura ura do motor motor (Inter (Inter Turbine Turbine Temper Temperatur aturee - ITT) ITT) é medida medida com termopa termopares res (1). (1). 9 termopares termopares medem medem a ITT. Cada Cada termopar termopar é construído construído de dois dois diferentes diferentes materiais, materiais, cromel e alumel. Com o aumento da da temperatura temperatura gera-se gera-se uma micro micro voltagem voltagem proporcional proporcional à temperatura temperatura interpretada e mostrada pelo IEDS.

Figura 62 – Indicação de ITT

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58

O resistor é utilizado para correções de bancada, o valor da resistência consta na placa de identificação e dados do motor “Engine Reference Data” (2). O termopar compensador funciona

como um compensador para a temperatura ambiente.

Figura Fig ura 58 – Placa de identificação e dados do motor “Engine Reference Data”

c) SISTEMA SISTEMA DE INDICAÇÃO INDICAÇÃO DA DA VELOCIDADE VELOCIDADE DA DA HÉLICE HÉLICE (NP) A velocidade de rotação da hélice é medida por um sensor conhecido como “pick up” localizado na parte superior da caixa de redução (RGB  –  Reducion Gear Box). Os pulsos elétricos são gerados quando os dentes da engrenagem passam pelo campo magnético do sensor. O sinal é enviado ao IEDS que o converte para a indicação de NP.

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59

Figura Fig ura 59 – Indicação de NP Como vimos anteriormente, o sinal de NP que vai para o EEC é obtido do sensor de torque n° 2, já o sinal para o EPC (Computador (Computador da Hélice) é obtido pelo sensor em questão. questão.

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60

d) SISTEMA SISTEMA DE INDICAÇÃ INDICAÇÃO O DE NH A velocidade de giro giro da turbina de alta pressão pressão é obtida por 2 sensores sensores localizados na caixa de acessórios (AGB “accessory gear box”). São “pick up” de funcionamento semelhantes

aos sensores de NP. O sensor de NH n° 2 tem duas bobinas. Uma delas envia sinal ao IEDS para a indicação de NH na cabine, a outra envia sinal ao EEC para controle da potência. O sensor n° 1 também envia sinal ao EEC em caso de falha do sensor n° 2.

Figura 61 – Indicação de NH

4.1.2 INDICAÇÕE INDICAÇÕESS DA TELA SECUNDÁRIA SECUNDÁRIA a) SISTEMA DE DE INDICAÇÃO INDICAÇÃO DE DE NL A velocidade de giro da turbina de baixa pressão, NL, é obtida por meio de um sensor, com funcionamento semelhante ao sensor de NH, que está localizado no lado direito do motor. A informação é captada e em seguida enviada ao IEDS.

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61

Figura 62 – Indicação de NL

b) INDICAÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE LUBRIFICAÇÃO LUBRIFICAÇÃO Para a indicação no IEDS do sistema de lubrificação do motor, além dos avisos “warning” e “caution” que o sistema possui, temos as informações de pressão e temperatura do

óleo do motor A informação da pressão do óleo do motor é captada pelo sensor e enviada ao IEDS.

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62

O Sensor de temperatura temperatura do óleo óleo do motor está situado situado sobre o corpo corpo da válvula da bomba de pressão de óleo. Através Através do conector elétrico o sinal é enviado ao IEDS.

Figura 64 – Sensor de Temperatura do Óleo Diagrama simplificado do sistema de lubrificação, avisos e indicações do óleo do motor:

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63

c) INDICA INDICAÇÃO ÇÃO DO SISTEMA SISTEMA DE COMB COMBUST USTÍVE ÍVEL L A indicação indicação da quantidade de combustível combustível funciona da seguinte seguinte forma: As sondas (capacitores variáveis) instaladas nos tanques auxiliares (1) e principal (2) e ainda uma com sistema de compensação (3) obtém a informação da quantidade de combustível nos tanques. tanques. O sinal gerado gerado pelas pelas sondas sondas é enviado, enviado, por meio meio da fiação (4) que interliga interliga o sistema, à unidade de controle (5). A unidade de controle processa o sinal e em seguida o envia ao IEDS (6) e ao painel de abastecimento e desabastecimento (7).

Fi Figur guraa 66 – Indicação Indicação de Quantidade Quantidade de Combustível Combustível

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64

No IEDS também é mostrada mostrada a temperatura do combustível, combustível, essa informação informação é obtida por um sensor (1) instalado no tanque principal esquerdo.

Fi Figur guraa 68 – Indicação de Quantidade de Combustível O sistema de indicação de fluxo de combustível possui um transmissor de fluxo, localizado localizado logo abaixo do arranque-gerador arranque-gerador e ao lado dos ignitores. ignitores. Esse transmissor transmissor obtém a informação informação e a envia ao IEDS.

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65

4.1.3 SISTEMA SISTEMA DE AVISOS O IEDS possui o sistema de avisos “Caution” e “Warning” que informam falhas ou indica quando um determinado sistema não está operando. Por exemplo, se o gerador DC esquerdo não está fornecendo energia à barra, então, é acesa a luz 1DC GEN como um aviso de “warning” (alerta). Os avisos “warning” envolvem alertas de maior comprometimento do

sistema.

Figur iguraa 70 - avisos “warning” e “caution” do IEDS

4.1.4 PÁGINA PÁGINA DE MANUTENÇÃO MANUTENÇÃO

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66

Figura Fig ura 71 - Página Página de de manut manutençã ençãoo do do IEDS IEDS

4.2 Sistema Sistema Eletrônico de Instrument Instrumentos os de Voo

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67

Figura Fig ura 73 - Arquitet Arquitetura ura do Sistema Sistema EFIS EFIS O EFIS mostra todos os dados necessários para o piloto e copiloto mediante quatro telas, duas para o piloto e duas para o copiloto. Os dados de atitude são mostrados na tela primária de voo (PFD) e os dados de navegação são mostrados na tela de navegação (ND). O Controle dos modos de operação do sistema se realiza através dos painéis de controle do EFIS (EFCP) e de índices (ICP). No caso de uma falha no sistema integrado de aviônica a aeronave possui um instrumento integrado eletrônico de reserva, que é independente, conhecido como IESI que apresenta os parâmetros críticos para o voo. Legenda:

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Todas estas informações informações são mostradas mostradas na Tela Primária de Voo (PFD).

Fi Figu gura ra 74 - Tela Tela do do PFD/ PFD/ND ND A unidade de dados do ar (ADU) recebe informação dos tubos de Pitot e sensores de pressão estática estática e de temperatura. temperatura. A partir desses desses dados a ADU calcula os parâmetros parâmetros que correspondem aos dados do ar.

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A HRU é uma unidade do sistema (AHRS) é feita de três giroscópios de fibra ótica e três acelerômetros

Figura 77 – Unidade de referencias primárias de atitude e posição (HRU)

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Figura Fig ura 81 - Indica Indicador dor de veloc velocidad idadee vertic vertical al

d) INDICAÇÃO INDICAÇÃO DE ATITUDE ATITUDE E DIREÇÃO Por meio do Sistema de Referência de Atitude e Direção (AHRS), o PFD mostra os dados de atitude mediante a representação de uma esfera de atitude, os dados de direção em

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74

como, informações de freqüências de radio navegação como, TACAN, VOR-DME, ADF; e de comunicações V/UHF, IFF.

a) MODO MODO ROSE ROSE Permite a visualização visualização com escala a 360°. Mostram ainda os demais dados dados habituais habituais do ND:

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Figura Fig ura 87 - Modo Modo MAP

d) INDICAÇÕE INDICAÇÕESS DE FALHA FALHA

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Fi Figu gura ra 89 - Pain Painel el EFCP EFCP

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77

CONCLUSÃO

Em nosso nosso estudo estudo vimos vimos à classif classificaç icação ão dos instrume instrumentos ntos conform conformee os grupos grupos de funções funções,, suas características e os seus mecanismos de funcionamento, tendo uma visão particular de cada um. Verificamos que os instrumentos são bastante delicados, requerendo um cuidado especial no seu manuseio e transporte.

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78

Referencias

GIBSON GIBSON JACQUES JACQUES MARCÍ MARCÍLIO LIO - VOL. 1 e 2 EEAR. Instrumentos Instrumentos Giroscópic Giroscópicos, os, Módulos Módulos I, II, III, III, e IV, CFS/BEI, 2004. EEAR. Instrumentos Instrumentos Eletrônic Eletrônicos, os, Módulo Módulo I e II, II, CFS/BEI, 2004. EEAR. Aviônica, Aviônica, Módulo Único, Único, CFS/BEI, 2006. 2006.

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ANEXO ANEXO A - Auto-av Auto-avaliaç aliação ão 65 - Para efeito efeito de estudo os instrumen instrumentos tos são divididos divididos em quatro quatro grupos. grupos. ( ) certo

( ) er r a d o

66 - O tubo de Bourdon é um mecanismo mecanismo usado usado nos liquidômetros liquidômetros e instrumentos instrumentos giroscópicos. giroscópicos. ( ) certo

( ) er r a d o

67 - O tubo tubo de Bourdon forte é usado usado no manômetro manômetro de de pressão hidráulica. hidráulica.

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ANEXO NEXO B - Gabar abarit itoo 1 - grupo grupo de vôo, vôo, grupo grupo mo moto tor, r, grupo grupo naveg navegaçã açãoo e grupo grupo misce miscelâ lânea nea.. 2 - Pertence Pertence ao grupo grupo motor motor 3 – bússol bússolaa e cronô cronôme metr troo 4 - certo 5 - certo

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33 - Certo. to.

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