50 Studies Every Anesthesiologist Shoud Know 2019
August 16, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Kavkih` ^rkbs` fdr 0> Xtuab`s @v`ry Ki`stc`sbdldebst Ki`stc` sbdldebst Xcdula Midw “Q` kucdrs prdvba` k rbv`bie suggkry d c` 0> gds biu`ibkl kia bgpdrki pkp`rs bi c` `la d ki`sc`sbdldey. Q`y abss`h `khc suay, abshussbie c` sr`iecs, w`kmi`ss`s, kia r`l`vkih` r`l`vkih` d `khc. Xdg` d c` pkrbhulkrly hdgp`llbie s`hbdis bihlua` pkbi g`abhbi`, hrbbhkl hkr`, r`ebdikl ki`sc`sbk, kia dos`rbhs. Fdr ki`sc`sbdldebss bi`r`s`aa bi ki `ksy wky d orusc up di c` lb`rkur `r`s` lb`rkur`` kia bgprdv` c` hkr` d c`br pkb`is, cbs oddm wbll w bll o` k vklukol` kaabbdi d c`br hdll`hbdi.‗ hdll`hbdi.‗ Xt`v`i ^. Hdc`i, GA , Hcb` d ^kbi ^kbi G`abhbi` & Abr`hdr Abr`hdr d Hlbibhkl Dp`rkbdis, Dp`rkbdis, ^rd`ssdr ^rd`ss dr d Ki`sc`sbdldey & Hrbbhkl Hkr` G`abhbi`, I`urdldey I`urdldey kia ^cysbhkl G`abhbi` & _`ckoblbkbdi, Jdcis Cdpmbis Cdpmbis Xhcddl d d G`abhbi`, G`abhbi`, Abr`hdr d ^kbi _`s`krhc, Ukl`r _``a Ikbdikl Ukl`r Ikbdikl Gblbkry G`abhkl G`abhkl H`i`r, H`i`r, ^rd`ssdr ^rd`ss dr d Ki`sc`sbdldey kia ^cysbhkl G`abhbi` & _`ckoblbkbdi, Pibdrg`a X`rvbh`s Pibv`rsby d c` C`klc Xhb`ih`s, Oklbgdr`, GA
“Q` pkh` d g`abhkl biidvkbdi hdibiu`s d khh`l`rk` kia c` erdwc bi c` puolbsc`a g`abhkl lb`rkur` cks r`khc`a c` pdbi ck b bs i`krly bgpdssbol` d m``p up. Ks w` srbv` d uia`rskia c` r`l`vkih` d i`w r`s`krhc `vba`ih` d euba` dur hlbibhkl prkhbh`, b bs bgpdrki bgpdr ki d uia`rskia c` duiakbdi di wcbhc hurr`i hur r`i r`hdgg`iakbdis r`hdgg`iakbdis kr` oubl kia i`w suab`s kr` a`v`ldp`a. 0> Xuab`s @v`ry Ki`sc`sbdldebs Xcdula Midw bs k wdia`rul suggkry d krbhl`s r`l`vki d hlbibhkl prkhbh` khrdss khrdss c` sp`hrug d ki`sc`sbdldey prkhbh`. cbecly r`hdgg`ia cbs d kll kl l hurr`i kia uur` ki`sc`sbdldebss. ki`sc`sbdldebss.‗ ‗ U.B_ds`iqubst, GA , Hckbrgki, _bhckra A`pkrg`i A`pkrg`i d ^kbi ^kbi Gkik Gkike`g`i, e`g`i, Hl`v`lkia Hl`v`lkia Hlbibh, Hl`v`lkia, DC
“Ar. Kibk Eupk bs k vbsbdikry ‘ k cugkibsbh pcysbhbki wcd bs ruly arbv`i oy c` o`t`rg`i d pkb`is kia sdhb`y sdhb`y.. Xc` cks cks k ldieldie-skiabie hdggbg`i d g`abhkl `auhkbdi kia pkb`i hkr`, wcbhc c`lp`a sckp` cbs wdia`rully us`ul oddm. B midw b wbll s`rv` d `auhk` gkiy sua`is kia pcysbhbkis kia c`lp c`g d bgprdv` c` lbv`s d gkiy pkb`is dr gkiy y`krs d hdg`.‗ Xt`wkrt A. Frb`agki, ^cA , ^rkhbh` ^rkhbh` ^rd`ssdr ^rd`ssdr @g`rbus, @g`rbus, Q` Uckrdi U ckrdi Xhcddl, Pibv`rsby d ^`iisylvkibk, ^cblka`lpcbk, ^K
0> XQPAB@X @V@_R ADHQD_ XCDPLA MIDU
0> Xuab`s @v`ry Adhdr Xcdula Midw: Q` M`y Xuab`s ck Fdrg c` Fduiakbdi dhcgki @vba`ih` Oks`a G`abhbi`, _`vbs`a @abbdi Gbhck` Gbhck`l l @. Cdhcgki Cd 0> Xuab`s @v`ry Bi`ribs Xcdula Midw Mrbsdpc`r Xwbe`r, Xwbe`r, Jdscuk Jdscuk _. Qdgks, Gbhck`l Gbhck`l @. Cdhcgki, Cdhcgki, kia X`v`i Cdhcgki
0> Xuab`s @v`ry I`urdldebs Xcdula Midw Akvba R. R. Cwkie Cwkie kia kia Akvba G. Er``r Er``r
0> Xuab`s @v`ry ^`abkrbhbki Xcdula Midw Ksckuik . . Kia`rsdi, Ibik L. Xckpbrd, Xckpbrd, X`pc`i H. Krdid, Krdid, J`r`gbkc J`r`gbkc Akvbs, Akvbs, kia Gbhck`l L`vy
0> Bgkebie Xuab`s @v`ry Adhdr Xcdula Midw Hcrbsdpc B. L``
0> Xuab`s @v`ry Xure`di Xcdula Midw Xr`y_kg Muy, _khc`l J. Mwdi, kia Gbeu`l K. Ourhc
0> Xuab`s @v`ry Bi`isbvbs Xcdula Midw @awkraa K. Obti`r @awkr
0> Xuab`s @v`ry ^kllbkbv` Hkr` Adhdr Xcdula Midw Akvba Cub, Cub, Kmcblk _`aay, _`aay, kia @aukrad @aukrad Oru`rk
0> Xuab`s @v`ry ^syhcbkrbs Xcdula Midw Bsc ^. ^. Ockllk, _kj`sc _. kgpb, kgpb, kia Vbida Vbida C. Xrbckrb Xrbckrb
0> Xtuab`s @v`ry Ki`stc`sbdldebst Xcdula Midw @ABQ@A OR
K IBQK E P^QK P^QK , AD, ^ CK_G A, G^^
_do`rtsdi F`lldw kia Lb`hct`ist`bi Bistbtut` F`lldw Erkaukt` Kssdhbkt`, Kssdhbkt`, Julbus _kobidwbtz H`it`r fdr ^uolbh ^dlbhy kia Fbikih` Uddardw Ublsdi Xhcddl df ^uolbh kia Bit`riktbdikl Kffkbrs ^rbih`tdi Pibv`rsbty ^rbih`tdi, IJ HCK^Q@_ @ABQD_
@ L@IK I. E PQGKI GA P QGKI, GA
Kssbstkit ^rdf`ssdr ^rdf`ssdr,, A`pkrtg`it df Ki`stc`sbdldey Ki`s tc`sbdldey Rkl` Xhcddl df G`abhbi` Rkl` Pibv`rsbt Pibv`rsbty y I`w Ckv`i, HQ X@_B@X @ABQD_
G BHCK@L @. @ . C DHCGKI, GA, G^C
Kssdhbkt` ^rdf`ssdr, G`abhbi` Abr`htdr, E`cr Fkgbly H`it`r fdr C`kltc Xyst`gs Xhb`ih` PXH M`hm Xhcddl df G`abhbi` Lds Kie`l`s, HK
;
;
Dxdra Pibv`rsby ^r`ss bs k a`pkrg`i d c` Pibv`rsby d Dxdra. B urc`rs ur c`rs c` Pibv`rsby‒s doj`hbv` d `xh`ll`ih` bi r`s`krhc, shcdlkrscbp, kia `auhkbdi oy puolbscbie wdrlawba`. wdrlawba`. Dxdra bs k r`ebs`r`a r`ebs`r`a rka` rka` gkrm d Dxdra Pibv`r Pibv`rsby sby ^r`ss bi c` PM kia h`rkbi dc`r hduirb`s. ^uolbsc`a bi c` Pib`a Xk`s d Kg`rbhk oy Dxdra Dx dra Pibv`rsby ^r`ss ;23 Gkabsdi Kv`iu`, I`w Rdrm, IR ;>>;6, Pib`a Xk`s d Kg`rbhk. © Dxdra Pibv`rsby ^r`ss ?>;2 Kll rbecs r`s`rv`a. Id Id pkr d cbs puolbhkbdi gky gky o` r`prdauh`a, r`prdauh`a, sdr`a bi k r`rb`vkl sys`g, dr rkisgbt`a, bi kiy drg dr oy kiy g`kis, wbcdu c` prbdr p`rgbssbdi bi wrbbie w rbbie d Dxdra Pibv`rsby ^r`ss, dr ks `xpr`ssly p`rgbt`a oy lkw, lkw, oy lbh`is`, lbh`is`, dr uia`r `rgs `rgs ker``a wbc c` kpprdprbk` r`prdauhbdi rbecs drekibzkbdi. Biqubrb`s hdih`ribie r`prdauhbdi dusba` c` shdp` d c` kodv` scdula o` s`i d c` _becs A`pkrg`i, Dxdra Pibv`rsby ^r`ss, k c` kaar`ss kodv`. Rdu gus id hbrhulk` cbs wdrm bi kiy Rdu kiy dc`r drg kia ydu gus bgpds` cbs skg` hdiabbdi di kiy khqubr`r. Lborkry d Hdier`ss HkkldebieHkkldebie-bibi-^uolbhkbdi ^uolbhkbdi Akk Ikg`s: `abdr. | Eugki, @l`ik/I., `abdr. bl`: 0>Eupk, suab`sKibk, `v`ry;250‘ ki`sc`sbdldebs scdula midw `ab`a oy Kibk Eupk = hckp`r `abdr, `abdr, @l`ik I. Eugki. Dc`r bl`s: Fbfy suab`s `v`ry ki`sc`sbdldebs scdula midw | 0> suab`s `v`ry adhdr scdula midw (X`rb`s) A`shrbpbdi: Dxdra = I`w Rdrm Rdrm : Dxdra Dx dra Pibv`rsby ^r`ss, ^r`ss, ]?>;2W | X`rb`s: 0> suab`s `v`ry adhdr scdula midw | Bihlua`s obolbderkpcbhkl r``r`ih`s kia bia`x. Ba`ib`rs: LHHI ?>;3>;?213 | BXOI 253>;2>?8562; (klm. pkp`r) Xuoj`hs: | G@XC: Ki`sc`sbk K i`sc`sbkg`cdas g`cdas | Ki`sc`sbkkav`rs` Ki`sc`sbkkav`rs` ``hs | Birkdp`rkbv` Birkdp`rk bv` Hdgplbhkbdis Hdgplbhkbdispr`v`ibdi pr`v`ibdi & hdirdl | ^dsdp`rkbv` Hdgplbhkbdispr`v`ibdi Hdgplbhkbdis pr`v`ibdi & hdirdl | @vba`ih`@vba`ih`-Oks`a Oks`a G`abhbi` | Hlbibhkl rbkls ks dpbh Hlkssbhkbdi: LHH _A3; | ILG UD ?>> | AAH 6;5.2/6 6;5.2/6ah?8 ah?8 LH r`hdra kvkblkol` k ctps://lhhi.ldh.edv/ ctps://lhhi.ldh.edv/?>;3>;?213 ?>;3>;?213 Qbs gk`rbkl bs id bi`ia`a d o`, kia scdula id o` hdisba`r`a, k suosbu` dr g`abhkl dr dc`r prd`ssbdikl kavbh`. r`kg`i r`kg` i drKia, c` hdiabbdis a`shrbo`a bi cbs gk`rbkl cbecly a`p`ia`i di c` biabvbaukl hbrhugskih`s. wcbl` cbs gk`rbkl bs a`sbei`a d d`rbskhhurk` bidrgkbdi wbc r`sp`h d c` suoj`h gkt`r gkt`r hdv`r`a hdv`r`a kia d o` hurr`i hurr`i ks d c` bg` b wks wrbt`i, r`s`krhc r`s`krhc kia midwl`ae` kodu g`abhkl kia c`klc bssu`s bs hdiskily `vdlvbie kia ads` shc`aul`s dr g`abhkbdis kr` o`bie r`vbs`a hdibiuklly, wbc i`w sba` ``hs r`hdeibz` r`hdeibz`aa kia khhdui`a dr r`eulkrly.. _`ka`rs gus c`r`dr` klwkys hc`hm c` prdauh bidrgkbdi kia hlbibhkl prdh`aur`s wbc r`eulkrly c` gds up-d-ak` puolbsc`a prdauh bidrgkbdi kia akk sc``s prdvba`a oy c` gkiukhur`rs kia c` gds r`h`i hda`s d hdiauh kia sk`y r`eulkbdi. Q` puolbsc`r kia c` kucdrs gkm` id r`pr`s`ikbdis r`pr`s` ikbdis dr wkrrkib`s d r`ka`rs, `xpr`ss dr bgplb`a, ks d c` khhurkhy dr hdgpl``i`ss d cbs gk`rbkl. Ubcdu lbgbbie c` dr`edbie, c` puolbsc`r p uolbsc`r kia c` kucdrs gkm` id r`pr`s` r`pr`s`ikbdis ikbdis dr wkrrkib`s ks d c` khhurkhy dr `hkhy `hkh y d c` arue adske`s g`ibdi`a bi c` gk`rbkl. Q` kucdrs kia c` puolbsc`r ad id khh`p, kia `xpr`ssly abshlkbg, kiy r`spdisboblby dr kiy lbkoblby, ldss dr rbsm ck gky o` hlkbg`a dr bihurr`a ks k hdis`qu`ih` d c` us` kia/dr kpplbhkbdi d kiy d c` hdi`is d cbs gk`rbkl. 2 3 5 6 0 1 8 ? ; ^rbi`a oy U`oHdg, Bih., Hkikak
A`abhk`a o`khdis df gy lbf`, lbf`, Xkij``v, Xkij``v, Xckki, Jky Jky,, fdr c`br uihdiabbdikl uihdiabbdikl ldv`. ldv`. A`abhk`a d c` o`khdis
K E E
HDIQ@IQX
Gbhck`ll @. Cdhcgki Cdhcgki xb Fdr`wdra rdg c` X`rb`s @abdr Gbhck` Fdr`wdra oy L`` K. Fl`bsc`r xbbb Fdr`wdra oy Jdi Jdikcki kcki _. ^l`hc`r xv
^r`kh` xvbb Khmidwl`aeg`is Khmidwl`aeg` is xbx X@HQBDI ; E`i`rk E`i`rkll Ki`stc`sbdldey
;. Vba`d vs. Abr`h Lkryiedshdpy: K _kia _kiadgbz`a dgbz`a Hlbibhkl rbkl rbkl 8 ?. Gkik Gkike`g`i e`g`i d c` Abhul Kbrwky: K Hlds`a Hlds`a Hlkbgs Hlkbgs Kiklysbs 3 8. ^r`abhbv` ^r`abh bv` Fkhdrs Fkhdrs d Abhul kia Bgpdssbol` Gksm V`iblkb `iblkbdi di ;8 1. ^`rbdp`rkbv` ^`rbdp`rkb v` Idrgdc`rgbk kia Bihba`ih` d Hkrabkh @v`is ;3 0. ^`rbdp`rkbv` Idrgdc`rgbk, Bihba`ih` d Xurebhkl- Uduia Uduia Bi`hbdi Bi`hbdi kia L`iec d Cdspbklbzkbdi ?8 6. ^r`v`ikol` Ki`sc`sbk Gbsckps ?3 5. A`lbo`rk` A `lbo`rk` Bihr`ks` Bihr`ks` d Dxye`i A`lbv`ry bi c` ^`rbdp`rkbv` ^`rbdp`rkbv` ^`rbda ^`rbda 81 3. Oldda Ol dda Xuekr Xuekr Hdirdl Hdirdl bi yp` ? Abko``s 82 X@HQBDI ? Hkr Hkrabkh abkh Ki`stc`sbk
2. Hdie`sbv` C`kr C`kr Fkblur` Fkblur` kia ^ulgdikr ^ulgdikryy Kr`r Kr`ryy Hkc``rbzkbdi 10 ;>. ;>. _k` Hdirdl vs. _cycg Hdir Hdirdl dl dr Krbkl Fborbllkbdi 0>
vbbb
Hdi`is
;;. ;;. @krly Ps` d c` ^ulgdikry ^ulgdikr y Kr`ry Kr`r y Hkc``r kia Duhdg`s bi ^kb`is wbc Xcdhm kia Khu` Khu` _`spbrkdry _`spbrkdry Absr`ss Xyiardg`: Xyiardg`: K _kiadgbz`a Hdirdll`a rbkl 00 ;?. ;?. Xkbis kia ^`rbdp`rkbv` Hkrabkh Hdgplbhkbdis Hdgpl bhkbdis 6> ;8. ;8. K Xurv`y Xur v`y d rkis`sdpcke`kl rkis`sdpcke`kl @hcdhkrabderkpcy 60 ;1. ;1. Xkbis kia ^`rbdp`rkbv` Hkrabkh Hdgplbhkbdis Hdgpl bhkbdis 62 ;0. ;0. @`hs d @x`ia`a@x`ia`a-_`l`ks` _`l`ks` G`dprdldl Xuhhbik` bi ^kb`is Pia`redbie Idihkrabkh Xure`ry (^DBX@ rbkl): K _kiadgbz`a Hdirdll`a rbkl 51 X@HQBDI 8 I`ur I`urdki`stc dki`stc`sbk `sbk
;6. ;6. Kav`rs` H`r`orkl Duhdg`s Kf`r Hdrdikry Oypkss Oy pkss Xure`ry 3; ;5. ;5. LdieLdie-`rg `rg Hdeibbv` Bgpkbrg`i Kf`r Hrbbhkl Blli`ss 36 ;3. ;3. H`r`orkl ^`rusbdi ^r`ssur` 2; X@HQBDI 1 Hrbtbhkl Hkr Hkr``
;2. ;2. Ki Bi`rv`ibdi Bi`rv`i bdi d A`hr`ks` Hkc``r-_`lk`a Hkc``r-_`lk`a Olddasr`kg Bi`hbdis bi c` Bi`isbv` Hkr` Pib 25 ?>. ?>. @krly Edkl-Abr`h`a Edkl-Abr`h`a Q`rkpy bi c` r`kg`i d X`v`r` X`psbs kia X`pbh Xcdhm ;>1 ?;. ?;. Bi`isbv` Bisulbi Q`rkpy kia ^`ikskrhc _`sushbkbdi bi b i X`psbs ;>2 ??. ??. rkisusbd rkisusbdii _`qubr`g`is bi Hrbbhkl Hrbbh kl Hkr` (_BHH) ;;1 ?8. ?8. @`hs d Birkv`idus Fluba _`srbhb _ `srbhbdi di di ^dsdp`rkbv` Hdgplbhkbdis ;;2 ?1. ?1. Q` Xklbi` vs. Klougbi Kl ougbi Fluba Flu ba @vklukbdi (XKF@) Xuay ;?0 X@HQBDI X@HQB DI 0 ^`rbdp`rktbv` G`abhbi`
?0. ?0. ^r`v`ibdi d Birkdp`rkbv` Kwkr`i`ss bi CbecCbec-_bsm _bsm Xurebhkl ^kb`is ;88 ?6. ?6. ^`rbdp`rkbv` G`abhkbdi @rrdrs kia Kav`rs` Arue Ar ue @v`is ;83 ?5. ?5. Xurebhkl Xk`y Hc`hmlbs ;18 ?3. ?3. ^r`v`ibdi d ^dsdp`rkbv` Ikus`k kia Vdgbbie ;15
Hdi`is
?2. ^dsdp`rkbv` Dxye`i A`skurkbdi: K Hdgpkrbsdi d _`ebdikl Ki`sc`sbk vs. Hdibiudus Hdibiudus Kagbibsrkbdi Kagbibsrkbdi d Dpbdbas ;08 8>. Xurebhkl Xb` Bi`hbdis Fdlldwbie Kgoulkdry Xure`ry ^rdh`aur`s ;03 8;. 8;. Hkr` Hddrabikbdi ;68 8?. 8?. ^ulgdikry K spbrkbdi: Hlbibhkl Xbeibhkih` bi c` ^` ^`rbdp`rkbv rbdp`rkbv`` ^`rbda ;63Kspbrkbdi: 88. 88. ^dsdp`rkbv` ^kbi @xp`rb`ih` @xp `rb`ih` ;51 X@HQBDI 6 ^kbi Ki`stc`sbdldey
81. 81. Ki G_BG_B-Oks`a Oks`a I`urdldebh Xbeikur` d ^cysbhkl ^kbi ;3; 80. Hlbibhkl Bgpdrkih` d Hckie`s di k Iug`rbhkl ^kbi _kbie Xhkl` ;30 86. ^dsbijury ^kbi Cyp`rs`isbbvby kia IGAK _`h`pdr Kikedibss ;32 85. 85. _kia _kiadgbz`a dgbz`a rbkl rbkl d Drkl Gdrpcbi` dr Hcrdibh Idihkih`r ^kbi ;28 83. 83. @pbaurkl Eluhdhdrbhdba Bij`hbdis dr Xpbikl X`id X`idsbs sbs ?>> 82. 82. Gkei`bh _`sdikih` Bgkebie d c` Lugokr Xpbi` Xp bi` bi ^`dpl` Ubcdu Okhm Okhm ^kbi ^kbi ?>0 1>. Xure`ry vs. _`ckoblbkbdi dr Hcrdibh Ldw`r Okhm ^kbi ?;; 1;. ^r`dp`rkbv` Gulbgdakl Kikle`sbk dr Lkpkrdshdpbh Hcdl`hys`hdgy ?;5 X@HQBDI 5 _`ebdikl Ki`stc`sbdldey
1?. I`urkxbkl Ki`sc`sbk kia ^dsdp`rkbv` Gdrklby kia Gdrobaby ??0 18. @pbaurkl Ki`sc`sbk kia Kikle`sbk bi Cbec-_bsm Cbec-_bsm ^kb`is Pia`redbie Gkjdr Xure`ry ?8> 11. 11. I`rv` Xbgulkdr Xbgul kdr kia Gulbpl` Bij`hbdi Bij`h bdi `hcibqu` `hcibqu` dr Ppp`r kia Ldw`r Lbgo Oldhmka` ?80 X@HQBDI 3 Dost`trbh Ki`stc`sbdldey
10. 10. I`ur I`urkxbkl kxbkl Kikle`sbk Ebv`i @krly bi Lkodr ?18 16. 16. ^dsaurkl ^uihur` C`kakhc` bi Dos`rbhs: Dos`r bhs: K G`kG`k-kiklysbs kiklysbs ?15
bx
x
Hdi`is
X@HQBDI 2 ^`a ^`abktrbh bktrbh Ki`stc`sbdldey
15. 15. ^kr`i ^kr`ikl kl ^r`s`ih` Aurbie Biauhbdi Biau hbdi vs. X`akbv` ^r`g`abhkbdi ?08 13. 13. ^`rbdp`rkbv` ^`abkrbh Gdrobaby kia Gdrklb Gdr klbyy ?03 12. 12. H_B@X: K I`dikkl ^dsdp`rkbv` ^kbi G`ksur`g`i Xhdr` ?68 0>. 0>. @g`re`ih` Kebkbdi Kf`r K f`r X`vdurki` vs. ^rdpddl bi ^`abkrbhs ?63 Bia`x ?58
FD_@UD_A F_DG QC@ X@_B@X X@_B @X @ABQD_
Uc`i B wks k cbra- y`kr y`kr g`abhkl sua`i, B ksm`a di` d gy s`ibdr r`sba`is wcd s``g`a s``g`a d d o` kol` d d qud` qud` `v`ry `v`ry g`abhkl suay bi c` cbsdry cbsdry d gkimbia gkimbia b c` cka k lbs d m`y suab`s ck ckv` a`i`a c` hurr`i prkhbh` d e`i`rkl g`abhbi` wcbhc B scdula r`ka o`dr` erkaukbie g`abhkl shcddl. “Adi‒ wdrry,‗ c` dla g`. “Rdu wbll l`kri c` m`y suab`s ks ydu ed kldie.‗ Ou pbhmbie up di c`s` m`y suab`s abai‒ prdv` sd `ksy kia B wks r`qu`ily kagdibsc`a oy gy kt`iabies dr o`bie uikwkr` d hruhbkl lb`rkur` bi c`br `la. Gdr` bgpdrkily, o`hkus` B cka k g`abdhr` uia`rskiabie d c` g`abhkl lb`rkur` k ck bg`, B lkhm`a hdia`ih` bi gy hlbibhkl a`hbsbdi-gkmbie a`hbsbdi-gkmbie kia cka abhuly kppr`hbkbie c` sbeibhkih` d i`w r`s`krhc iabies. B wksi‒ uibl B wks w`ll bid gy r`sba`ihy ckims d hdisba`rkol` kgdui d `dr kia a``rgbikbdick a``rgbikbdi ck B iklly o`eki d ``l hdgdrkol` wbc odc c` `g`rebie kia uiakg`ikl g`abhkl lb`rkur`. Idw, ks k prkhbhbie e`i`rkl bi`ribs, B r`klbz` ck B kg id c` dily adhdr wcd cks srueel`a d d o`hdg` kgblbkr kgblbkr wbc c` m`y g`abhkl g`abhkl suab`s ck ck drg c` duiakbdi d `vba`ih`- oks`a oks`a prkhbh` prkhbh`.. Gkiy Gkiy d c` sua`is kia r`sba`i r`sba`is s B wdrm wdrm wbc `ll g` ck c`y c`y ``l dv`rwc`lg`a oy c` g`abhkl lb`rkur`, lb`rkur`, kia ck c`y hkiid prdh`ss i`w r`s`krhc iabies o`hkus` c`y lkhm k sdlba uia`rskiabie d wck cks klr`ka klr`kayy o``i puolbsc`a. @v @v`i `i gkiy prkhbhbie pcysbhbkis pcysbhbkisbihluabie bihluabie cds` wbc y`krs d `xp`rb`ih`ckv` `xp`rb`ih`ckv` dily k hursdry midwl`ae` d c` g`abhkl `vba`ih` oks` kia gkm` hlbibhkl a`hbsbdis lkre`ly di p`rsdikl `xp`rb`ih`. B bibbklly wrd` 0> Xuab`s @v`ry Adhdr Xcdula Midw bi ki kt`gp d prd vba` g`abhkl prd`ssbd prd`ssbdikls ikls (kia `v`i lky r`ka` r`ka`rs rs bi`r bi`r`s`a `s`a bi l`kribie gdr` kodu g`abhkl r`s`krhc) k qubhm wky d e` up d sp``a di c` hlkssbh suab`s ck sckp` hlbibhkl prkhbh`. Ou b sddi o`hkg` hl`kr c`r` wks k er`k`r i``a dr cbs absbllkbdi d c` g`abhkl `vba`ih` cki gy drbebikl oddm prdvba`a. Xddi kf`r c` oddm‒s puolbhkbdi, B o`eki r`h`bvbie hklls rdg sp`hbklbs pcysbhbkis bi k vkrb`y d abshbplbi`s a bshbplbi`s wdia`rbie kodu c` pdssboblby d kidc`r oddm dhusbie
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Fdr`wdra rdg c` X`rb`s @abdr
di suab`s bi c`br `la. Bi pkri`rscbp wbc k wdia`rul `kg d `abdrs rdg Dxdra Pibv`rsby ^r`ss, w` ckv` a`v`ldp`a gy bibbkl oddm bid k s`rb`s, d`rbie vdlug`s bi Bi`rikl Bi`rikl G`abhbi G`abhbi`, `, ^` ^`abkrbhs, abkrbhs, Xure` Xure`ry, ry, I`ur I`urdldey dldey,, _kabdldey, _kabdldey, Hrbbhkl Hrbbhkl Hkr` G`abhbi`, kia idw Ki`sc`sbk. X`v`rkl kaabbdikl vdlug`s kr` bi c` wdrms. B kg pkrbhulkrly `xhb`a kodu cbs lk`s vdlug` bi Ki`sc`sbk, wcbhc bs c` hulgbikbdi d ckra wdrm oy wd a`abhk`a `abdrs ‘ Kibk Eupk kia @l`ik Eugki, wcd wdrm`a br`l`ssly d ba`iby kia suggkrbz` c` gds bgpdrki suab`s bi c`br `la. `la . Q`r` `ia d o` `w`r rbedrdus rkiadgbz`a rbkls rbkl s bi c` `la d Ki`sc`sbk cki bi sdg` dc`r g`abhkl abshbplbi`s. I`v`rc`l`ss, Ars. Eupk kia Eugki duia suab`s ck d`r bgpdrki l`ssdis di c` h`irkl dpbhs bi c`br `la. B o`lb`v` 0> Xuab`s @v`ry Ki`sc`sbdldebs Xcdula Midw prdvba`s c` p`r`h lkuihcbie erduia dr rkbi``s bi c` `la ks w`ll ks k c`lpul r`r`sc`r dr prkhbhbie hlbibhbkis ‘ pcysbhbkis, iurs` ki`sc`bss, kia dc`r ki`sc`sbk prd`ssbdikls. Q` oddm klsd cbeclbecs m`y midwl`ae` ekps ck gky sbgulk` r`s`krhc`rs d khml` m`y uikisw`r`a qu`sbdis bi c` `la. K sp`hbkl ckims klsd ed`s d c` wdia`rul `abdrs k Dxdra Pibv`rsby ^r`ss ‘ Kiar`k Midoldhc kia @gbly Xkgulsmb ‘ wcd w cd bij`h`a `i`rey `i`rey kia hr`k hr`kbvby bvby bid c` prdauhbdi prdh`ss dr cbs vdlug`. Qbs vdlug` wks k pl`ksur` d c`lp a`v`ldp, kia B l`kri`a k ld kodu c` `la d Ki`sc`sbk bi c` prdh`ss. B ckv` id aduo ydu wbll wb ll ekbi bgpdrki bisbecs bid c` `la d Ki`sc`sbdld Ki`sc`sbdldey ey bi c` pke`s kc`ka! Gbhck`l @. Cdhcgki, GA, G^C
FD_@UD_A
Dv`r c` pks s`v`rkl a`hka`s, c`r` cks o``i k gdv`g`i rdg `gbi`ih`- oks`a `gbi`ih`- oks`a hkr` d `vba`ih`- oks`a oks`a hkr`. hkr`. Qbs cks dhhurr`a bi iug`rdus iug`rdus sp`hbklb`s klcduec c` iugo`r kia sbz` d c` hlbibhkl rbkls r bkls updi wcbhc w cbhc d oks` hkr` cks vkrb`a er`kly o`w``i sp`hbklb`s suhc suhc ks hkrabdldey wc`r` g`ek g`ek rbkls ckv` o`hdg` hdggdi hdggdi d ki`sc`sbdldey ki`sc`sbdldey wc`r` w c`r` uibl r`h`ily r`h`ily guhc d c` `vba`ih` oks` bs sgkll`r rbkls dr hlds`a hlkbgs ebv`i c` bihba`ih` d rkr` duhdg`s suhc ks ki`sc`bh ‘ r`lk`a gdrklby. Bgpdrkily, c` `vba`ih` oks` dr ki`sc`sbdldey cks erdwi arkgkbhklly kia c`r` kr` iug`rdus hrbbhkl pkp`rs wcbhc c`lp sckp` daky‒s o`s prkhbh`s.. Ar. Kibk Eupk cks kaa`a d c` s`rb`s d oddms puolbsc`a oy Dxdra prkhbh`s di c` 0> Xuab`s @v`ry Adhdr Xcdula Midw oy c` bihlusbdi d ki`sc`sbdldey. Xc` cks us`a k `gplk`a kpprdkhc bi wcbhc c`r hdirboudrs ckv` kss`ss`a c` quklby d c` suay, lbgbkbdis kia bgplbhkbdis. Qbs wbll klldw c` r`ka`rs d o`t`r uia`rskia c` akkoks` kia gkm` c`br dwi a`hbsbdis di cdw b scdula o` bihdrpdrk bihdrpdrk`a `a bid bid hkr` hkr`.. Ar. Ar. Kibk Eupk bs c` ba`kl biabvbaukl d `ab cbs cbs oddm wbc c`r `xp`rbs` bi pkbi gkike gkike`g`i, `g`i, pckrgkhd pckrgkhdldey ldey kia kaabbdikl rkbibie crduec c`r Gks`rs bi ^uolbh ^dlbhy. C`r r`h`i `xp`rb`ih` ck ^rbih`di Pibv`rsby‒s Uddardw Ublsdi Xhcddl d ^uolbh C`klc kia Bi`rikbdikl Kkbrs kia wdrm wbc c` Udrla C`klc Drekibzkbdi urc`r prdvba`s kr` wbc c` `xp`rbs` d pu de`c`r cbs bgpdrki puolbhkbdi. Qbs oddm scdula c`lp kll ki`sc`sbdldebss bgprdv` c`br uia`rskiabie d c` lb`rkur` kia c`r`dr` c` prkhbh` d `vba`ih`- oks`a oks`a g`abhbi`. g`abhbi`. L`` K. Fl`bsc`r Fl`bsc`r,, GA _do`r A. Arbpps ^rd`ssdr kia Hckbr d Ki`sc`sbdldey kia Hrbbhkl Hkr` ^`r`lgki Xhcddl d G`abhbi` d c` Pibv`rsby d ^`iisylvkibk ^cblka`lpcbk, ^K
FD_@UD_A
B g` Ar. Kibk Eupk dr c` rs bg` wc`i w c`i sc` cka jus o`eui c`r c`klc pdlbhy suab`s k c` Uddardw Ublsdi Xhcddl d ^uolbh ^dlbhy kia Bi`rikbdikl Kkbrs k ^rbih`di Pibv`rsby. Xc` cka a`hba`a d pkus` bi c` gbas d k crbvbie hkr``r ks ki ki`sc`sbdldebs k k gkjdr khka`gbh g`abhkl shcddl bi dra`r d suay c`klc pdlbhy r`lk`a d c` diedbie dpbdba `pba`gbh bi ^cblka`lpcbk. Ks B r`hkll, B hdula id suppr`ss gy surprbs` ck ki ki`sc`sbdldebs wdula gkm` suhc k odla kia prder`ssbv` hkr``r gdv`. Xc` lddm`a pks gy dovbdus obks, kia `xplkbi`a ck b wks o`hkus` o`hk us` d c`r hkr hkr``r ``r ks ki ki` ki`sc` sc`sbdl sbdldebs debs ck ck sc` sc` `l `l k sp`hbk sp`hbkll purpds` purpds`.. C`r C`r ed edkl kl wks d l`v l`v`rk `rke` e` c`r prd prd`ssb `ssbdik dikll `xp`rb` `xp`rb`ih` ih` wbc rkb rkbibi ibiee k k pr` pr`gb`r gb`r uibv`rsby uibv`rsby dwkras hckiebie puolbh pdlbhy bi k wky ck bs `vba`ih`-bidrg`a. `vba`ih`-bidrg`a. Xc` wks p`rsuksbv` bi c`r hdivbhbdi ck pcysbhbkis wcd uia`rsdda c` `vba`ih` oks` kia cka o``i di c` rdi lbi` d hdgokbie c` `pba`gbh w`r` bi abr` i``a ks pdlbhy gkm`rs. Xc` gka` p`r`h s`is`, kia B l`kri`a id d qu`sbdi di`‒s gdbv`s oks`a di prd`ssbdikl abshbplbi`. B wks `quklly bgpr`ssbv` ck sc` cka hcds`i p`rckps c` gds rbedrdus prderkg bi c` hduiry hduir y d l`kri puolbh pdlbhy pdlbh y. Qbs dd `v`iuklly gka` p`r`h s`is`, dr ks B hkg` d midw kll dd w`ll, Ar. Eupk bs id di` d gkm` k gkjdr a`hbsbdi wbcdu w bcdu l`kribie kll ck sc` hdula rdg c` kvkblkol` `vba`ih`. Q` `vba`ih` oks` bs dur euba`, ou c`r` hkiid pdssboly o` k rkiadgbz`a hdirdl rbkl dr `khc kia `v`ry a`hbsbdi. Uc`i U c`i B l`kri`a ck Ar. Eupk Eupk kia c`r hd-`abdrs hd`abdrs cka sp`i y`krs hdgpblbie k dg` d fy d c` gds hrbbhkl hrbbh kl suab`s dr ki`sc`sbdldebss, gy rs cduec wks ck, y` kekbi, cbs gka` p`r`h s`is`. Qbs oddm s`rv`s ks k euba` dr hlbibhbkis wcd gus rkislk` c` o`s kvkblkol` `vba`ih` d uibqu` hlbibhkl sh`ikrbds. Pia`rskiabie wcy k suay bs bgpdrki bs sdg`bg`s c` `ksy pkr- c` kr d g`abhbi` bivdlv`s rkislkbie ck suay d bidrg r`kl-lb` r`kl-lb` a`hbsbdis a`hbsb dis ck w`, kia gdr` bgpdrkily, dur pkb`is, kh` `v`ry aky.. Gy suppdsbbdi bs aky b s ck c`r` bs sp`hbkl sp `hbkl vklu` bi l`kribie rdg rdg c` p`rsp`hbv` d k ebf`a kia smbll`a smbl l`a pcysbhbki. Gy cdp` bs ck c` r`ka`r m``p bi gbia ck c` Ar. Eupk‒s vdbh` bs bidrg`a oy c`r prd`ssbdikl ks w`ll ks c`r lb` `xp`rb`ih`. Xc` `khc`s us ck w`, ks pcysbhbkis, pcysbhbkis, ckv` k sp`hbkl r`spdisboblby r`spdisbobl by d o` ks smbll`a smbl l`a bi rkislkbie c` kvkblkol` `vba`ih` ks w` cdp` kll adhdrs wbll o`. Jdikcki Jdi kcki _. ^l`hc`r, ^l`hc`r, GA Abr`hdr, G`abhkl X`rvbh`s Pibv`rsby C`klc X`rvbh`s ^rbih`di Pibv`rsby ^rbih`di, IJ
^_@FKH@
Ad ydu r`g`go`r c` rs aky d g`abhkl shcddl4 B gky o` ckra dr gkiy d r`hkll kll c` a`kbls d c` aky aky,, ou wc`i ydu ksm pcysbhbkis, gds wbll w bll r`g`g r`g`go`r o`r cdw c`y `l. Psuklly, c`y wbll sky ck c`y r`hkll`a o`bie `xhb`a, kgobbdus, kia slbecly i`rvdus ou dv`rwc`lgbiely dpbgbsbh kia ll`a wbc hdgpkssbdi dr c` pkb`is w` w`r` w`r` kodu d km` di. Uc`i U c`i B s` du d hdgpbl` cbs oddm, B cduec kodu cdw pbvdkl b bs d uia`rskia ck wck w` ``l di c` rs aky d g`abhkl shcddl scdula o` cdw w` ``l `v`ry aky kia lb`ldie ks k pcysbhbki `v`i wbc c` rkpbaly hckiebie wdrla d g`abhbi`. g`abhbi`. d d urc`r cbs, pcysbhbkis i``a d ckv` k srdie duiakbdi d `vba`ih` sd ck w` hki klwkys d`r dur pkb`is c` o`s pdssbol` hkr` wbc c` gds kgdui d `gpkcy `gpkcy,, wcbhc df`i l`kas d o`t`r o`t`r pkb`i duhdg`s. Pia`rskiabie `vba`ih` bi g`abhbi` hki o` bg`-hdisugbie kia df`i hugo`rsdg` ebv`i c` erdwbie a`gkias d c` `la, kia guhc d cds` ``lbies d `xhb`g`i gky o`hdg` ``bie v`ry qubhmly wbc c` biuiakbdi d r`qubr`a ksms. d uia`rskia c` `vba`ih`, pcysbhbkis gus ckv` khh`ss d hl`kr, hdihbs`, drekibz`a, kia hlbibhklly r`l`vki bidrgkbdi. Qbs oddm prdvba`s `xkhly ck. B kt`gp`a d hurk` kia drekibz` bidrgkbdi ck hki o` hrbbhklly bgpdrki dr kiy ki`sc`sbdldebs kiywc`r` bi c` wdrla. Qbs oddm suggkrbz`s c` gds r`l`vki bidrgkbdi bi k hdihbs`ly bi k `w pke`s dr sdg` d c` gds hurr`i kia biu`ibkl suab`s bi dur sp`hbkly. Cdw w`r` c` suab`s s`l`h`a4 B wks oy id g`kis `ksy. Cuiar`as d lkiagkrm suab`s w`r` ikrrdw`a adwi d c` ikl 0>. Iug`rdus ki`sc`sbdldebss r`vb`w`a c` s`l`hbdis d a``rgbi` c` suab`s ck scdula o` bihlua`a. Q`r` bs id p`r`h wky d a`hba` wcbhc suab`s kr` c` gds hrbbhkl. Oy c` `ia d c` s`l`hbdi prdh`ss, b hkg` adwi d wck gkt`rs gds d ki`sc`sbdldebss kia wck gky ckv` ckv` k sbeibhki bgpkh bgpkh di dur pkb`is. Bi gds gds hks`s, b hkg` adwi d midwbie wcbhc `vba`ih` gky k`h k pkb`i‒s lb` dr kll ki`sc`sbdldebss. Q` gds r`l`vki suab`s w`r` c` ikl 0> ck kr` bihlua`a c`r` dr ydu d r`vb`w.
xvbbb
^r`kh`
B e`iubi`ly cdp` ck ydu wbll ia cbs oddm ks bidrgkbv` ks B ckv` wc`i pr`pkrbie b dv`r y`krs d hkr`ul kia ablbe`i hurkbdi. B o`lb`v` cbs oddm wbll c`lp ydur prkhbh` kia ydur uia`rskiabie d cdw vklukol` `vba`ih` bs `ss`ibkl d dur wdrm `v`ry aky kia d c` hkr` d dur pkb`is‒ lbv`s kia c`br kgblb`s. Qbs `vba`ih` hki c`lp us d o` hdgpkssbdik`, hdgpkssbdik`, kgobbdus, kia dpbgbsbh kodu `v`ry pkb`i w` r`k kia d `isur` w` kr` a`lbv`rbie c` o`s g`abhkl hkr` wbc c` ugds `gpkcy kia `vba`ih` bi ckia ks w` km` di c` prkhbh` d g`abhbi` `khc kia `v`ry aky ks ki`sc`sbdldebss.
KHMIDUL@AEG@IQX
B wdula lbm` d khmidwl`ae` c` hduil`ss biabvbaukls wcd ckv` kssbs`a wbc cbs oddm kia gkiy ck ckv` prdvba`a c`br bisbec kia suppdr d gkm` cbs oddm k suhh`ss. B wdula lbm` d ckim Dxdra Pibv`rsby ^r`ss X`ibdr @abdr Kiar`k Midoldhc, Kssdhbk` @abdr _`o`hhk Xuzki, kia Kssdhbk` @abdr @gbly Xkgulsmb dr gkmbie cbs oddm hdg` d rubbdi kia dr c`br hdisbs`i vbsbdi kia lbgbl`ss `ihdurke`g`i, kavbh`, kia suppdr. Kiar`k Midoldhc bs k ru` vbsbdikry, kia B kg prdua d o` ki kucdr wbc c`r g`idrscbp. Xc` cks uiaduo`aly prdvba`a eubakih` d g` odc ks k s`ibdr `abdr kia g`idr kia ks k rb`ia crduec c` gkiy uris d lb`, kia B kg erk`ul ck sc` cks sdda oy `v`ry uri d cbs oddm d khcb`v` bs ulbgk` suhh`ssul puolbhkbdi. B wdula klsd lbm` d ckim gy hduil`ss g`idrs dv`r c` y`krs rdg kll c` bisbubdis bi wcbhc B ckv` cka c` cdidr d l`kri ki`sc`sbdldey, pkbi g`abhbi`, kia c`klc pdlbhy^rbih`di pdlbhy^rbih`di Pibv`rsby, Jdcis Cdpmbis Pibv`rsby Pibv`rsb y, E`dre`dwi Pibv`rsby, kia c` Ikbdikl Bisbu`s d C`klc. Qkim ydu dr suppdrbie gy pkssbdi d kavdhk` dr hckie` kia d ckv` ki bgpkh di puolbh c`klc, prdvbabie c` o`s pdssbol` hkr` d pkb`is. Kia, ckim ydu dr ruly gkmbie g` uia`rskia c` hrbbhkl bgpdrkih` d srdie `vba`ih`- oks`a oks`a g`abhbi`, biidvk biidvkbdi, bdi, kia kia pdlbhy d `isur` ck c` hckie` w` gkm` bs klwkys bi c` o`s bi`r`s d dur pkb`is. B wdula lbm` d ckim c` gkiy `s``g`a khuly, erkauk` sua`is, kia g`abhkl g`abh kl sua`is k c` Pibv`rsby d ^`iisylvkibk Xhcddl d G`abhbi`, Ar`x`l Pibv`rsby Hdll`e` d G`abhbi`, c` Pibv`rsby d G`abhbi` kia A`ibsry d I`w J`rs`y, kia gds bgpdrki, c` Kg`rbhki Xdhb`y d Ki`sc`sbdldebss dr c`br `ial`ss suppdr. Qbs oddm wdula id o` pdssbol` wbcdu c`br eubakih` kia c`br koblby d ds`r wbcbi g` m`y l`ka`rscbp smblls kia k hl`kr uia`rskiabie d c` bgpdrkih` d cbec-l`v`l cbec-l`v`l `vba`ih` dr a`lbv`rbie c` cbec`s l`v`l d g`abhkl hkr` pdssbol` d pkb`is.
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Khmidwl`aeg`is
B wki d sbih`r`ly ckim kll c` rs kucdrs d c` 0> s`l`h`a suab`s bihlua`a bi cbs oddm wcd e`i`rdusly r`vb`w`a c` suggkrb`s dr khhurkhy kia hdgpl``i`ss. B v`ry guhc kppr`hbk` c` kssbskih` d c`s` `s``g`a biabvbaukls. Gdr` bgpdrki, B wki d ckim c`g dr c`br a`abhkbdi, hdggbg`i, hdggbg`i, kia i` hdirboubdi d kavkihbie c` shb`ih` d g`abhbi`, ki`sc`sbdldey, hrbbhkl hkr`, kia pkbi g`abhbi`.
;. Q` Elba`Xhdp` Vba`d Lkryiedshdp`: rkiadgbz` rkiadgbz`aa hlbibhkl rbkl bi ?>> pkb`is. Fbrs kucdr, A. K. Xui. ?. Gkik Gkike`g`i e`g`i d c` abhul kbrwky: k hlds`a hlkbgs kiklysbs. Fbrs kucdr, E. I. ^``rsdi. 8. Bihba`ih Bihba`ih`` kia pr`abhdr pr`abhdrss d abhul kia bgpdssbol` gksm v`iblkbdi v`iblkbdi.. Fbrs kucdr, X. Mc``rpkl. 1. ^`rbdp`rkbv` gkbi`ikih` d idrgdc`rg idrgdc`rgbk bk r`auh`s c` bihba`ih` d gdroba hkrabkh `v`is. K rkiadgbz`a hlbibhkl rbkl. Fbrs kucdr, X. G. Frkim. 0. ^`rbdp`rkbv` idrgdc`rg idrgdc`rgbk bk d r`auh` c` bihba`ih` d surebhkl wduia bi`hbdi bi`hbdi kia scdr`i scdr`i cdspbklbzkbdi. cdspbklbzkbdi. Fbrs kucdr kucdr,, K. Murz. 6. ^r`v`ikol` ki`sc`sbk gbsckps gbsckps:: k suay d cugki khdrs. Fbrs kucdr, J. O. O. Hddp`r. Hddp`r. 5. K rkiadgbz`a hlbibhkl rbkl d c` ``h d a`lbo`rk` p`rbdp`rkbv` bihr`ks`` d dxye`i a`lbv`ry di gdrklby bi cbec-rbsm bihr`ks cbec-rbsm surebhkl pkb`is pkb`is.. Fbrs kucdr, D. Odya. 3. @`hs d bi`isbv` eluhds` ldw`rbie bi y yp` p` ? abko``s. Fbrs kucdr, C. H. E`rs`bi. 2. @vkluk @vklukbdi bdi suay d hdie` hdie`sbv` sbv` c`kr kblur` kia pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rbzkbdi ``hbv`i`ss: c` @XHK^@ rbkl. Fbrs kucdr, H. Obikiky. ;>. K hdgpkrbsdi d rk` hdirdl kia rcycg hdirdl bi pkb`is wb wbcc krbkl orbllkbdi. Fbrs kucdr, A. E. Uys`. ;;. @krly us` d c` pulgdikry kr`ry hkc`` hkc``rr kia duhdg` duhdg`ss bi pkb`is wbc scdhm kia khu` khu` r`spbrkdry r`spbrkdry absr`ss syiardg`. syiardg`. Fbrs Fbrs kucdr, kucdr, H. _bhckra. ;?. Xkbis a`hr`ks` p`rbdp`rkbv` hkrabkh hdgplbhk hdgplbhkbdis bdis bi pkb`is uia`redbie idihkrabkh vkshulkr sure`ry: c` Xkbis dr _bsm _`auhbdi bi Xure`ry (Xk__X) suay. Fbrs kucdr, M. D‒I`bl-Hkllkcki. D‒I`bl-Hkllkcki. ;8. Xk`y d rkis`sdpcke`kl `hcdhkrabderkpcy: k gulbh`i`r surv`y d ;>,1;2 `xkgbikbdis. Fbrs kucdr, U. E. Akib`l. ;1. Hdrdi Hdrdikry kry r`vkshul r`vkshulkrbzkbdi krbzkbdi bi hdi` hdi`x. x. Fbrs Fbrs kucdr kucdr,, _ . K. Lkie`. Lkie`.
Khmidwl`aeg`is
;0. @`hs d `x`ia`a`x`ia`a-r`l`ks` r`l`ks` g`dprdldl suhhbik` bi pkb`is uia`redbie idi-hkrabkh idi-hkrabkh sure`ry (^DBX@ rbkl): k rkiadgbs`a hdirdll`a rbkl. Fbrs kucdr, ^. J. A`v`r`kux. ;6. Kav`rs` h`r`orkl duhdg`s kf`r hdrdikry oypkss sure`ry. Fbrs kucdr, E. U. _dkhc. ;5. LdieLdie-`rg `rg hdeibbv` bgpkbrg`i kf`r hrbbhkl blli`ss. Fbrs kucdr, ^. ^. ;3. ;2. ?>. ?;. ??. ?8.
?1. ?0. ?6. ?5. ?3. ?2. 8>. 8;. 8?.
^kiackrbpkia`. H`r`orkl p`ru p`rusbdi sbdi pr`ssur`: gkike`g`i prddhdl kia hlbibhkl r`suls. Fbrs kucdr, G. _dsi`r. Ki bi`rv`ib bi`rv`ibdi di d a`hr`ks` hkc``rhkc``r-r`lk`a r`lk`a olddasr`kg bi`hbdis bi c` BHP B HP.. Fbrs kucdr, ^. ^. ^rdidvds. @krly edkledkl-abr`h`a abr`h`a c`rkpy bi c` r`kg`i d s`v`r` s`psbs kia s`pbh scdhm. Fbrs kucdr, @. _bv`rs. _ bv`rs. Bi`isbv` bisulbi c`rkpy kia p`ikskrhc r`sushbkbdi bi s`v`r` s`psbs. Fbrs kucdr, F. Oruimcdrs. K gulbh`i`r, rkiadgbz`a, hdirdll`a hlbibhkl rbkl d rkisusb rkisusbdi di r`qubr`g`is bi hrbbhkl hkr`. Fbrs kucdr, ^. H. Câo`r. @`hs d birkv`idus uba r`srbhb r`srbhbdi di di pdsdp`rkbv` hdgplbhkbdis: hdgplbhkbdi s: hdgpkrbsdi d wd p`rbdp`rkbv` uba r`ebg`is: k rkiadgbz`a kss`ssdr- olbia`a olbia`a gulbh`i`r gulbh`i`r rbkl. Fbrs kucdr, kucdr, O. Orkiasrup. K hdgpkrbsdi d klougbi kia sklbi` dr uba r`sushb r`sushbkbdi kbdi bi c` bi`isbv` hkr` uib. Fbrs kucdr, X. Fbi`r. ^r`v`ibdi d birkdp`rkbv` kwkr`i`ss bi k cbeccbec-rbsm rbsm surebhkl pdpulkbdi. Fbrs kucdr, G. X. Kvbaki. @vklukbdi d p`rbdp`rkb p`rbdp`rkbv` v` g`abhkbdi `rrdrs kia kav`rs` arue `v`is. Fbrs kucdr, M. H. Ikijb. K surebhkl sk`y hc`hmlbs d r`auh` gdrobaby kia gdrklby bi k eldokl pdpulkbdi. Fbrs kucdr, K. O. Ckyi`s. K khdrbkl rbkl d sbx bi`rv`ibd bi`rv`ibdis is dr c` pr`v`ibdi d pdsdp`rkbv` ikus`k kia vdgbbie. Fbrs kucdr, H. H. Kp`l. ^rdiduih`a, `pbsdab `pbsdabhh dxye`i a`skurkbdi bi c` pdsdp`rkbv` p`rbda: bs kssdhbkbdi wbc v`iblk v`iblkdry dry pkt`ri kia kikle`sbh kikle`sbh r`ebg`i. Fbrs kucdr, kuc dr, A. G. Hkl`y. Xurebhkl sb` bi`hbdis dlldw dlldwbie bie kgoulkdr kgoulkdryy sure`ry prdh`aur`s. Fbrs kucdr, ^. ^. L. L . Dw`is. K r``iebi``r`a cdspbk cdspbkll abshckre` prderkg d a`hr`ks` r`cdspbklbzkbdi. Fbrs kucdr, O. U. Jkhm. Hlbibhkl sbeibhkih sbeibhkih`` d pulgdikry kspbrkbdi aurbie c` p`rbdp`rk p`rbdp`rkbv` bv` p`rbda. Fbrs kucdr, G. K. Ukri`r.
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Khmidwl`aeg`is
88. ^dsdp`rkbv` pkbi `xp`r `xp`rb`ih`: b`ih`: r`suls rdg k ikbdikl sur surv`y v`y suee`s pdsdp`rkbv` pkbi hdibiu`s d o` uia`rgkike`a. Fbrs kucdr, J. L. Kp`lokug. 81. Ki G_B- oks`a oks`a i`urdldebh i`urdldebh sbeikur sbeikur`` d pcysbhkl pcysbhkl pkbi. Fbrs kucdr, kucdr, . A. Uke`r. 80. Hlbibhkl bgpdr bgpdrkih` kih` d hckie`s bi hcrdibh pkbi bi`isby g`ksur`a di
ki ;;-pdbi ;;-pdbi iug`rbhkl pkbi rkbie shkl`. Fbrs kucdr, J. . Fkrrkr. 86. Q` biauhb biauhbdi di kia gkbi`ikih` d h`irkl s`isbbzk s`isbbzkbdi bdi bs a`p`ia`i di I-g`cylI-g`cyl-AA-kspkrbh kspkrbh khba r`h`p r`h`pdr dr khbvkbdi: bgplbhkbdis dr c` r`kg`i d pds-bijury pds-bijury pkbi cyp`rs`isbbvby sk`s. Fbrs kucdr, kucdr, H. J. Uddl. 85. _kiadgbs`a rbkl d drkl gdrpcbi` dr hcrdibh idiidi-hkih`r hkih`r pkbi. Fbrs kucdr, A. @. Gdulbi. 83. K rkiadgbz rkiadgbz`a `a rbkl d `pbaurkl eluhdhdrbhdba bij`hbdis dr spbikl s`idsbs. Fbrs kucdr, J. L. Frb`aly. 82. _kp _kpba ba gkei`bh r`sdikih` bgkebie vs rkabderkpcs dr pkb`is wbc ldw okhm pkbi: k rkiadgbz`a hdirdll`a rbkl. Fbrs kucdr, J. E. Jkrvbm. 1>. _kiadgbs`a hdird hdirdll`a ll`a rbkl d hdgpkr hdgpkr`` surebhkl skoblbzkbdi d c` lugokr spbi` wbc ki bi`isbv` r`ckoblbkbdi prderkgg` dr pkb`is wbc hcrdibh ldw`r ldw`r okhm okhm pkbi: c` G_H spbi` skoblbskbdi skoblbskbdi rbkl. Fbrs Fbrs kucdr, J. Fkbrokim. 1;. ^r`dp`rkbv` gulbgda gulbgdakl kl kikle`sbk khblb khblbk`s k`s r`hdv`ry kf`r kgoulkdry lkpkrdshdpbh hcdl`hys`hdgy. Fbrs kucdr, H. Gbmkldlbkmdu. 1?. _`auhbdi d pdsdp`r pdsdp`rkbv` kbv` gdrklby kia gdrobaby wbc `pbaurkl dr spbikl kik`sc`sbk: kik`sc`sbk: r`suls rdg dv`rvb`w d rkiadgbs`a rbkls. Fbrs kucdr,, K. kucdr K . _dae`rs. 18. @pbaurkl kik`sc`sbk kia kikle`sbk kia duhdg` d gkjdr sure`ry: k rkiadgbs`a rbkl. Fbrs kucdr, kucdr, J. _. _ . _bee. 11. I`rv` sbgulkd sbgulkdrr kia gulbpl` bij`hbdi `hcibqu` dr upp`r kia ldw`r lbgo oldhmka`: kblur` rk`, pkb`i khh`pkih`, kia i`urdldebh hdgplbhkbdis. Fbrs kucdr, E. Fki`llb. 10. Q` rbsm d h`skr h`skr`ki `ki a`lbv`ry wbc i`urkxbkl i`urkxbkl kikle` kikle`sbk sbk ebv`i `krly v`rsus lk` lk` bi lkodr lkodr.. Fbrs kucdr, kucdr, H. K. Udie. Udie. 16. ^A^C bs k hdggdi hdgplbhkbdi d i`urkxbkl oldhmka` bi pkrurb`is: k g`k-kiklysbs g`k-kiklysbs d dos`rbhkl suab`s. Fbrs kucdr, ^. . Hcdb. 15. ^kr`ikl pr`s`ih` aurbie biauhb biauhbdi di d ki`sc`sbk v`rsus s`akbv` pr`g`abhkbdi: wcbhc bi`rv`ibdi bs gdr` ``hbv`4 Fbrs kucdr, Z. I. Mkbi.
Khmidwl`aeg`is
13. ^`abkrbh ^`abkrbh ki`sc`sb ki`sc`sbkk gdrobaby kia gdrklby bi c` p`rbdp`rk p`rbdp`rkbv` bv` p`rbda. Fbrs kucdr, G. G. Hdc`i. 12. H_B@X: k i`w i`dikkl pdsdp`rkbv` pkbi g`ksur`g`i shdr`. Bibbkl `sbie d vklbaby kia r`lbkoblby. Fbrs kucdr, X. U. Mr`hc`l. 0>. @g`re`ih` kebkbdi kf`r s`vdurki` v`rsus prdpddl bi p`abkrbh pkb`is. Fbrs kucdr, X. P`zdid.
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X^@HBKL QCKIMX
Ckwk Kouokm`r, GA* Ukscbiedi U kscbiedi Pibv`rsby Pibv`rsbyX. X. Ldubs
_bhckra Cdie, GA Pibv`rsby d HklbdribkLds HklbdribkLds Kie`l`s
C`gkic Kackr Okoddlkl, GA
Gbk Mkie, GA
Pibv`rsby d Idrc Hkrdlbik @awkra K. Obti`r, GA, ^cA, FHH^, FHHG Gksskhcus`ts E`i`rkl Cdspbkl
Pibv`rsby d Idrc Hkrdlbik Ibgb Lka, GA* `gpl` Pibv`rsby Pibv`rsb y Hdll`e` d G`abhbi`
Gbhc`ll` Orkui`la, GA Vbpbi G`ck, G`ck, GA Pibv`rsby d HklbdribkLds HklbdribkLds Kie`l`s Gksskhcus`ts E`i`rkl Cdspbkl Jkhm H. Ouhml`y Jkhm Ouhml`y, GA Xhdt K. Gbll`r Gbll`r,, GA Pibv`rsby d HklbdribkLds HklbdribkLds Kie`l`s Ukm` Ukm` Fdr`s Fdr`s Pibv Pibv`rsby `rsby X`v`i ^. Hdc`i, GA
Vbhmb Gda`s, Gda`s, GA
Jdcis Cdpmbis Jdcis Cdpmbis Pibv`rsby Pibv`rsby @l`ib C. A`gks, OX* Pib`a Ikbdis, ^krbs, Frkih`
Gksskhcus`ts E`i`rkl Cdspbkl _do`r ^lush`h, GA* Rkl` R kl` Pibv`rsby Pibv`rsby
Orbki @eki, GA, G^C Hdlugobk Pibv`rsby
Xka`q K. [urkbscb, GA, GCK, GGXh Gksskhcus`ts E`i`rkl Cdspbkl
Ikobl @lmksskokiy, GA Pibv`rsby d ^`iisylvkibk
V`iacki _kgkiuijug, V`iacki _kgkiuijug, GA* Ar`x`l Pibv`rsby Hdll`e` d G`abhbi`
Gbhck`l K. Gbhck`l K . @ra`m, GA Jdciss Cdpmbis Jdci Cdpmbis Pibv`rsby Pibv`rsby
K. Xksski Xkodurb, Xkodurb, GA Gksskhcus`ts E`i`rkl Cdspbkl
Gbhck`l X. Er``i, AD Ar`x`l Pibv`rsby Hdll`e` d G`abhbi`
Lu Zc`ie, GA* Pibv`rsby d ^btsourec
G`lbssk Ck`ci, GA Pibv`rsby Pibv `rsby d Hklbdribk HklbdribkXki Xki Frkihbshd
M`r`i Zbv, GA Ar`x`l Pibv`rsby Hdll`e` d G`abhbi`
Gbhc`ll` Ckrv`y, GA Pibv`rsby d HklbdribkLds HklbdribkLds Kie`l`s
*Erkauk` r`s`krhc`r/kssbski. r`s`krhc`r/kssbski.
X@HQBDI ;
E`i`rkl Ki`stc`sbdldey
;
Vba`d Vb a`d vs. Abr`ht Lkryiedshdpy K _kiadgb _k iadgbz`a z`a Hlbibh H lbibhkl kl Qrbkl Qrbkl
Bi gds pkb`is, c` Elba`Xhdp` ® prdvba`a k lkryiedshdpbh vb`w `qukl d dr o`t`r cki ck d abr`h lkryiedshdpy, ou b ddm ki kaabbdikl ;6 ]s`hdiasW (kv`rke`) dr rkhc`kl biuokbdi. X . ;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Cdw ad`s c` Elba`Xhdp`® Vba`d Lkryiedshdp` hdgpkr`
wbc abr`h lkryiedshdpy (AL) (AL) bi `rgs d lkry lkryiedshdpbh iedshdpbh vb`w kia bg` r`qubr`a r`qubr`a dr biuokbdi4 R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ?>>8. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ?>>0. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: Pibv`rsby d Orbbsc Hdlugobk bi Vkihduv`r, Hkikak. Ucd Uks Xtuab`a: Kaul pkb`is pr`s`ibie dr `l`hbv` sure`ry aurbie wcbhc
rkhc`kl biuokbdi wks biabhk`a. Ucd Uks Uks @xhlua`a: ^kb`is r`qubrbie rkpba s`qu`ih` biauhbdi dr cds` wbc
`l`vk`a birkhrkibkl birkhrkibkl pr`ssur`, midwi kbrwky kbr wky pkcdldey, pkcdldey, dr h`rvbhkl h`r vbhkl spbi` sp bi` bijury bijur y.
1
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: ?>>. Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` ;.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒ suay ‒s a`sbei. Kaults fdr @l`htbv` Bituoktbdi
_kiadgbz`a
Abr`ht Lkryiedshdpy
Abr`ht Lkryiedshdpy
Bituoktbdi wbtc Elba`Xhdp`®
Bituoktbdi wbtc Abr`ht Lkryiedshdpy
Fbeur` ;.; Xuggk Xuggkry ry d c` suay suay a`sbei. a`sbei. Xtuay Bit` Bit`rv`itbdi: rv`itbdi: Fdlldwbie k skiakrabz`a biauhbdi d e`i`rkl ki`sc`sbk
kia kagbibsrkbdi d idia`pdlkrbzbie gushl` r`lkxkis, kll pkb`is uia`rw`i ki bibbkl AL wbc w bc k Gkhbidsc sbz` 8 olka` oy k s`pkrk` ki`sc`bs id bivdlv`a bivdlv`a bi suos`qu`i biuokbdis dr pkb`i hkr`. Fdr rkhc`kl biuokbdis, pkb`is w`r` biuok`a usbie `bc`r c` Elba`Xhdp`® dr AL (rkiadgbzkbdi (rkiadgbzkbdi dhhurr`a o`dr` biauhbdi). auhbdi ). ` bibbkl kia biuokbdi Hdrgkhm kia L`cki`? (H&L) lkryiedshdpy erka`s w`r` r`hdra`a. Ki`sc`bss r`spdisbol` dr biuokbdis w`r` olbia`a d c` bibbkl H&L erka`. dkl dkl bg` d biuokbdi (QB) wks id`a. QB wks a`i`a ks c` bg` c` biuokbie bisrug`i `i`r`a c` pkb`i‒s pkb`i‒s gduc uibl `ia`ia-bakl bakl hkrodi abdxba` wks a``h`a. B gdr` cki di` biuokbdi kt`gp wks r`qubr`a, c` pkb`i r`h`bv`a oke-kiaoke-kia-gksm gksm v`iblkbdi o`w``i kt`gps, kia cbs bg` wks id r`hdra`a ks pkr pkr d QB. @iapdbits: ^rbgkry duhdg`: ab`r`ih` bi H&L lkryiedshdpbh shdr` o`w``i
AL kia Elba`Xhdp`®. X`hdiakry duhdg`s: hdgpkrbsdi d QB o`w``i AL kia Elba`Xhdp`® wbc r`sp`h d H&L erka`s kia kbrwky kbr wky g`ksur`g`is. g`ksur`g`is.
_@XPLQX
• ^kb`i ^kb`i hckrkh`rbsbhs hckrkh`rbsbhs kia kbrwky pkrkg``rs pkrkg``rs w`r` sbgblkr bi c` wd suay erdups. • Bi c` AL erdup, c`r` wks k cbec l`v`l d ker``g`i ker``g`i o`w``i bibbkl kia biuokbie H&L lkryiedshdpy lkr yiedshdpy erka`s. • `r` wks wks k sbeibhki r`lkbdiscbp o`w``i bihr`ksbie bihr`ksbie Gkllkgpkb Gkllkgpkb (G^) hlkss8 kia a`hr`ksbie cyrdg`ikl abskih` (GA) wbc c`
Hckp`r ;: Vba`d vs. Abr`h Lkryiedshdpy: Lkry iedshdpy: K kiadgbz`a Hlbibhkl rbkl
0
bibbkl H&L erka`s, ou id wbc w bc oday gkss bia`x (OGB). `r` wks id r`lkbdiscbp o`w``i G^ hlkss, GA, dr OGB wbc w bc QB shdr`s. • `r` wks ki bihr`ks` bihr`ks` bi QB wbc bihr`ksbie bihr`ksbie H&L erka` bi c` AL erdup ou id bi c` Elba`Xhdp`® El ba`Xhdp`® erdup. erdup. ` dv`rkll g`ki QB bi c` Elba`Xhdp`® erdup wks er`k`r oy ;6 s`hdias hdgpkr`a wbc c` AL erdup,, r``hbie k 0>% bihr`ks`= cbs ab`r`ih` wks prbgkrbly erdup pr bgkrbly au` d H&L erka` ; kia ? pkb`is. Fdr H&L erka` 8 pkb`is, c` ab`r`ih` a b`r`ih` bi QB o`w``i c` wd wd suay erdups wks id sbeibhki. • ` gkjdrby gkjdrby d pkb`is pkb`is scdw`a scdw`a bgprdv`g`i bgprdv`g`i bi c` H&L erka` ( ^ < >.>>;) dokbi`a wbc c` Elba`Xhdp`® hdgpkr`a wbc AL. Idkoly, Idkoly, ;1 d c` ;0 H&L erka` 8 pkb`is cka ki bgprdv`a lkryiedshdpbh lkry iedshdpbh erka` wbc c` Elba`Xhdp`®. • Ibi` pkb`is pkb`is r`qubr`a gdr` cki di` kt`gp kt`gp k biuokbdi biuokbdi (cr`` (cr`` bi c` AL erdup kia sbx bi c` Elba`Xhdp`® erdup). erdup). Fdr c` sbx hks`s bi c` Elba`Xhdp`® erdup r`qubrbie gulbpl` biuokbdi kt`gps, k edda vb`w d c` lkryix lkry ix wks s``i di c` gdibdr, gdibdr, ou c`r` wks abhuly bi abr`hbie c` `iadrkhc`kl uo` (@Q) (@Q) bid c` lkryix. lkryix .
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: bs suay wks `rgbik`a `krly k ?>> pkb`is
wc`i c` akk a`gdisrk`a k ab`r`ih` bi c` Elba`Xhdp`® vb`w (prbgkry (pr bgkry duhdg` g`ksur`). Bi dra`r d khcb`v` ka`quk` pdw`r d a`gdisrk` skbsbhkl `qubvkl`ih` o`w``i AL kia Elba`Xhdp`® biuokbdis usbie QB (khh`p`a ab`r`ih` d ≡8> s`hdias) ks ki duhdg` g`ksur`, k urc`r ?0> pkb`is wdula ckv` o``i r`qubr`a.
Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• Ki dos`rvkbdikl suay hdgpkr`a rsrs-pkss pkss suhh`ss rk`s usbie k Gkhbidsc dr Gbll`r-syl` Gbll`r-syl` lkryiedshdp` lkr yiedshdp` wbc c` Elba`Xhdp`®. ^rdp`isby shdrbie wks us`a d s`l`h 6?6 suoj`hs gkhc`a o`w``i c` wd erdups oks`a di gulbpl` khdrs (`.e., (`.e., G^ hlkss, h`rvbhkl h`r vbhkl rkie` d gdbdi, gduc dp`ibie, a`ibbdi, w`bec, kia pks biuokbdi cbsdry). Fdr rs-pkss rs-pkss biuokbdi kt`gps, AL wks suhh`ssul 3>.3%, wcbl` c` Elba`Xhdp`® wks suhh`ssul 28.6% d c` bg` ( ^ < >.>>;). Kf`r bibbkl kblur` wbc AL, c` Elba`Xhdp`® wks duia d o` 22% suhh`ssul k biuokbdi.1 • Ebv`i c` dhhksbdikl abhuly wbc abr`hbie abr`hbie c` @Q bid c` lkryix a`spb` k edda vb`w aurbie Elba`Xhdp`® us`, k r`h`i rkiadgbz`a rkiadgbz`a hdirdll`a rbkl d ;6> pkb`is r`qubrbie rkhc`kl biuokbdi dr `l`hbv`
6
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
sure`ry kss`ss`a wc`c`r drdrkhc` drdrkhc`kl kl biuokbdi wbc c` Elba`Xhdp`® bs ks`r kia/dr kia/dr `ksb`r wbc bis`rbie bis`r bie c` @Q bid c` gduc o`dr` c` Elba`Xhdp`®.. Id skbsbhklly sbeibhki ab`r`ih` wks dos`rv`a Elba`Xhdp`® dos`r v`a bi c` bg` d biuok` dr c` suoj`hbv` `ks` d biuokbdi wc`c`r c` @Q dr Elba`Xhdp`® wks bis`r`a bid c` drdpckryix rs.0 • ` Kg`rbhki Xdhb`y d d Ki`sc`sbdldebss Ki`sc`sbdldebss (KXK) (KXK) ^rkhbh` ^rkhbh` Euba`lbi`s dr Gkike`g`i d c` Abhul Kbrwky Kbr wky bihlua`a bidrgkbdi rdg g`k-kiklys`s g`kkiklys`s d rkiadgbz`a hdirdll`a rbkls hdgpkrbie vba`d-kssbs`a vba`d- kssbs`a lkryiedshdpy wbc AL bi pkb`is wbc pr`abh`a dr sbgulk`a abhul kbrwkys. Vba`d-kssbs`a Vba`d-kssbs`a lkryiedshdpy yb`la`a bgprdv`a lkryie`kl vb`ws kia cbec`r r`qu`ihb`s d suhh`ssul biuokbdis biuokbdis kia rs kt`gp biuokbdis. Id Id ab`r`ih`s bi QB, kbrwky rkugk, lbp/eug lbp/ eug rkugk, a`ikl rkugk, dr sdr` crdk w`r` r`pdr`a.6
Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdis: bs wks c` rs rkiadgbz`a rbkl `vklukbie c`
Elba`Xhdp`® bi hdgpkrbsdi wbc c` Gkhbidsc lkryiedshdp`. ` Elba`Xhdp`® wks a`sbei`a d prdvba` k vb`w d c` eldtbs wbcdu klbeig`i d c` drkl, pckryie`kl, kia lkryie`kl kx`s. Bi gds pkb`is, c` Elba`Xhdp`® yb`la`a bgprdv`a lkryiedshdpbh vb`ws hdgpkr`a wbc AL, `sp`hbklly bi c` H&L erka` 8 pkb`is, a`gdisrkbie ki kavkike` kavkike` dv`r AL dr abhul ab hul biuokbdis. ` bihr`ks` bi biuokbdi bg` bi H&L erka` ; kia ? pkb`is kia bihr`ks`a hckih` d gulbpl` biuokbdi kt`gps suee`s ck c` Elba`Xhdp`® gky id o` c` rs-lbi` hcdbh` bi pkb`is wbc id hdirkbiabhkbdi d hdiv`ibdikl lkryiedshdpy. lkryiedshdpy. ` vba`d v ba`d lkryiedshdp` ry iedshdp` cks o`hdg` o`hdg` ki bgpdrki gdaklby dr kbrwky gkike`g`i.
HLBIBHKL HKX@: VBA@D LK_RIEDXHD^R
Hks` Cbstdry
K 02- y`kr02- y`kr-dla dla gki pr`s`is dr `l`hbv` lkpkrdshdpbh c`ribk r`pkbr uia`r e`i`rkl ki`sc`sbk wbc plkii`a rkhc`kl biuokbdi. ` pkb`i cks k cbsdry d di` prbdr surebhkl prdh`aur`. `vb`w d c` ki`sc`bh r`hdra biabhk`s biabhk`s c` pkb`i wks k erka` ; gksm v`iblkbdi ou ck wd kt`gps w`r` r`qubr`a dr biuokbdi oy wd ab`r`i prdvba`rs usbie k Gkhbidsc sbz` 8 olka`, kia ck bi odc hks`s, c` lkryiedshdpbh vb`w wks H&L erka` 8. Xbih` c` prbdr surebhkl prdh`aur`, c` pkb`i cks ekbi`a 1> me. Midwbie cbs bidrgkbdi, cdw scdula c` pkb`i‒s kbrwky o` gkike` gkike`aa aurbie biuokbdi4
Hckp`r ;: Vba`d vs. Abr`h Lkryiedshdpy: Lkry iedshdpy: K kiadgbz`a Hlbibhkl rbkl
5
Xuee`st`a Kisw`r
`r` kr` gulbpl` dpbdis d pr`pkr` dr `iadrkhc`kl biuokbdi bi cbs pkb`i. Ebv`i k cbsdry d abhul biuokbdi wbc AL bi c` s`tbie d kaabbdikl w`bec ekbi, vba`d lkryiedshdpy wdula lbm`ly lb m`ly d`r bgprdv`g`i bi c` H&L vb`w. Kl`rikbv`ly, Kl`rikbv`ly, k Odueb` hdula o` us`a. Lkry Lkryie`kl ie`kl gksm kbrwkys, k o`rdpbh ordihcdshdp`, kia ki kaabbdikl ki`sc`sbk prdvba`r scdula o` r`kably kvkblkol` b i``a`a.
_`f`r`ih`s
;. Xui AK, AK, Ukrrbi`r Ukrrbi`r HO, ^krsdis ^krsdis AE, Ml`bi , Pg`akly CX, Gdul G. ` Elba`Xhdp` Vba`d Lkryiedshdp Lkr yiedshdp`: `: rkiadgbz rkiadgbz`a `a hlbibhkl rbkl r bkl bi ?>> pkb`i pkb`is. s. Or Or J Kik`stc Kik`stc.. ?>>0 Gkr=21(8):83;‘1. Gkr=21(8):83;‘ 1. Kik`stc`sbk.. ;231 ?. Hdrgkhm X, L`cki` J.J. Abhul rkhc`kl biuokbdi bi dos`rbh dos`rbhs. s. Kik`stc`sbk Idv=82(;;):;;>0‘;;. Idv=82(;;):;;>0‘ ;;. 8. Gkllkgpkb X, Ekt X^ X^,, Euebid LA, ` kl. K hlbibhkl sbei d pr`abh abhul rkhc`kl biuokbdi: k prdsp`hbv` suay. Hki Kik`stc Xdh J. ;230 J. ;230 Jul=8?(1):1?2 Jul=8?(1):1?2‘‘81. 1. Bobisdi JU, JU, @zkru @zkru HX, Hdrgbhki Hdrgbhki AX, Gkiebdi` G^. G^. Elba`Xhdp` us` bgprdv`s biu okbdi suhh`ss suhh`ss rk`s: ki dos`rvkbdikl suay usbie prdp`isby shdr` gkhcbie. gkhcbie. OGH OGH Ki`stc`sbdl. ?>;1 Ki`stc`sbdl. ?>;1 Idv 0=;1:;>;. 0.. urmsr 0 urmsrkk ^, ^, Huskid F, Frbaiisdi JK, Okdcb ^, ^, khcbismy G. @krly `iadrkhc`kl Kikle. uo` bis`rbdi wbc c` Elba`Xhdp`: k rkiadgbz`a hdirdll`a rbkl. Ki`stc Kikle. ?>;6 Gkr=;??(8) Gkr=;??(8):508‘ :508‘5. 5. 6. Kp`lokug JL, Ckeo`re HK, Hkplki _, ` kl. ^rkhbh` euba`lbi`s dr gkike`g`i d c` abhul kbrwky: ki upak`a r`pdr oy c` Kg`rbhki Xdhb`y d Ki`sc`sbdldebss Ki`sc`sbdld ebss ksm ksm Fdrh` Fdrh` di Gkike` Gkike`g`i g`i d c` Abhul Kbrwky. Kbrwky. Ki`stc`sbdldey Ki`stc`sbdldey.. ?>;8 F`o=;;3(?):?0;‘5>. F`o=;;3(?):?0;‘5>.
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Gkike`g`it df tc` Abfhult Abf hult Kbrwky Kbrwky K Hlds`a Hld s`a Hlkbgs H lkbgs Kiklysbs Kiklys bs
A`kc ]dr orkbi akgke`W bi hlkbgs rdg abhul kbrwky gkike`g`i kssdhbk`a wbc biauhbdi d ki`sc`sbk ou id dc`r pcks`s d ki`sc`sbk a`hr`ks`a bi ;228‘;222 ;228‘;222 hdgpkr`a wbc ;230‘;22?. ;230‘;22?. ^ . ;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Uck kr` c` pkt`ris d lbkoblby kssdhbk`a wbc gklprkh-
bh` hlkbgs krbsbie rdg rdg hks`s bivdlvbie abhul kbrwky kbr wky gkike`g`i4 gkike`g`i4 Fuiabie: Kg`rbhki Xdhb`y d Ki`sc`sbdldebss (KXK). R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ;230. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ?>>0. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: ` KXK Hlds`a Hlkbgs ^rdj`h (sruhur`a `vklukbdi d ka-
v`rs` ki`sc`bh duhdg`s dokbi`a rdg c` hlds`a hlkbgs l`s d 80 prd`ssbdikl lbkoblby bisurkih` hdgpkib`s r`pr`s`ibie ki`sc`sbdldebss rdg kll dv`r c` Pib`a Xk`s). Ucd Uks Xtuab`a: KXK Hlds`a Hlkbgs abhul kbrwky gkike`g`i hks`s
dhhurrbie o`w``i ;230 kia ;222. Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: ;52 hks`s.
Hckp`r ?: Gkike`g`i Gkike`g`i d c` Abhul Kbrwky: K Hlds`a Hlkbgs Kiklysbs
2
Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` ?.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒s a`sbei. ;230∟;22? Hlds`a Hlkbgs _`vb`w
^uolbhktbdi df Abfhult Kbrwky Euba`lbi`s bi ;228
;228∟;222 Hlds`a Hlkbgs _`vb`w
Fbeur` ?.; Xuggkry d c` suay suay a`sbei. a`sbei. Xtuay Bit`rv`itbdi: K r`rdsp`hbv` r`vb`w d abbhul kbrwky hlkbgs bi c`
KX K Hld KXK Hlds`a s`a Hlk Hlkbgs bgs ak akkok koks` s` wks hdi hdiau auh` h`aa us usbie bie k sk skiak iakrab rabz`a z`a akk hdl hdl-l`hbdi g`cda. wd bg` p`rbdas (;230‘;22? (;230‘ ;22? kia ;228‘;222) ;228‘ ;222) spkii`a o`dr o` dr`` kia k k`r `r pu puol olbhk bhkb bdi di d c` K XK Eub Euba`l a`lbi bi`s `s dr c c`` Gki Gkike`g ke`g`i `i d c` Abbhul Kbrwky bi ;228.? ^kb`i kia hks` hckrkh`rbsbhs, duhdg`s, lbkoblby, kia rbsm khdrs dr a`kc dr orkbi akgke` (a`kc/OA) (a`kc/ OA) w`r` hdgpkr`a. @iapdbits: Kbrwky gkike`g`i, duhdg`s, kia c` rdl` d c` ;228 Abhul
Kbrwky Euba`lbi`s bi lbbekbdi.
_@XPLQX
• D c` ;52 abhul kbrwky hlkbgs, hlkbgs, 13% (i 7 36) w`r` rdg `v`is bi ;230‘;22? ;230‘;22? kia 0?% (i 7 28) w`r` rdg ;228‘;222. ;228‘;222. ^kb`i kia hks` hckrkh`rbsbhs hckrkh`rbsbhs w`r` sbgblkr bi c` wd bg` p`rbdas `xh`p dr c` prdpdrbdi d `g`re`ihy sure`ry. • ` gkjdrby d hlkbgs (i 7 ;06) bivdlv`a p`rbdp`rkbv` hkr` (di biauhbdi, aurbie sure`ry, k `xuokbdi, dr aurbie r`hdv`ry), kia ;8% (i 7 ?8) bivdlv`a dusba` ldhkbdis (`xkgpl`: bi`isbv` hkr` uib). D c` p`rbdp`rkbv` hkr` hlkbgs, 65% dhhurr`a aurbie biauhbdi, ;0% aurbie sure`ry, ;?% k `xuokbdi, kia 0% aurbie r`hdv`ry. • A`kc/OA A`kc/OA dhhurr`a bi kll dusba` ldhkbdi hlkbgs kia gdr` cki ckl d p`rbdp`rkbv` hlkbgs. Abhul gksm v`iblkbdi kia c` a`v`ldpg`i d ki kbrwky `g`re`ihy bihr`ks`a c` daas d a`kc/OA a`kc/OA.. • Bi hlkbgs wc`r` wc`r` ki `g`re`ihy kbrwky sbukbdi a`v`ldp`a, duhdg`s w`r` wdrs` wbc p`rsbs`i kt`gps k k biuokbdi o`dr` kt`gpbie kt`gpbie `g`re`ihy idisurebhkl v`iblkbdi dr surebhkl kbrwky khh`ss.
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X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
• Kwkm` Kwkm` biuokbdi biuokbdi wks kt`gp` kt`gp`aa ou wks wks uisuhh`ssul uisuhh`ssul bi ;? ;? hlkbgs, r`sulbie bi a`kc/OA a`kc/OA bi 50%. wd hlbibhkl sh`ikrbds d kwkm` biuokbdi pr`abspds`a d pddr duhdg`s: s`akbdi/kbrwky s`akbdi/kbrwky bisrug`ikbdi bi c` pr`s`ih` d pckryie`kl bi`hbdi kia biauhbdi d ki`sc`sbk kf`r uisuhh`ssul kt`gps k kwkm` biuokbdi au` d `hcibhkl prdol`gs dr lkhm d pkb`i hddp`rkbdi. • ` gkjdrby gkjdrby d `xuokbdi dr r`hdv`ry hlkbgs hlkbgs w`r` w`r` kssdhbk`a kssdhbk`a wbc k abhul biuokbdi di biauhbdi, do`sby, kia/dr kia/dr sl``p kpi`k. • ` prdpdrbdi prdpdrbdi d hlkbgs wc`r` biauhbdi d ki`sc`sbk ki`sc`sbk r`sul`a r`sul`a bi a`kc/OA a`kc/ OA sbeibhkily a`hr`ks`a bi ;228‘;222 ;228‘;222 (80%) hdgpkr`a wbc ;230‘;22? ;230‘ ;22? (6?%). • `r` wks wks id ab`r`ih` bi lbkoblby bi c` c` wd bg` p`rbdas dr o`w``i p`rbdp`rkbv` kia dusba` ldhkbdi hlkbgs. ^kyg`i wks gka` bi gdr` cki ckl d c` abhul kbrwky kbr wky hlkbgs. Fdr Fdr ;228‘;222, ;228‘;222, c` Abhul Kbrwky Euba`lbi`s w`r` abshuss`a bi ;3% d hlkbgs kia kia w`r` us`a d odc a``ia kia hrbbhbz` hkr`.
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: bs r`rdsp`hbv` r`vb`w lkhms a`idgbikdr akk,
gkmbie hkus`-kiahkus`-kia-``h ``h r`lkbdiscbps o`w``i `v`is kia hckie`s bi prkhbh` abhul d `skolbsc. ` r`lkbv` sk`y/`hkhy sk`y/`hkhy d r`shu` `hcibqu`s dr gkike`g`i d c` abhul kbrwky hkiid o` `sbgk`a. `r` bs hks` s`l`hbdi obks o`hkus` d c` pr`s`ih` d s`v`r` bijury bijur y kia suoskiakra hkr` l`kabie d lbbekbdi. ` bg` a`lky o`w``i bijury dhhurr`ih` kia hks` kpp`krkih` wbcbi c` akkoks` (`sbgk`a k 8‘6 8‘6 y`krs) gkm`s `vklukbie c` ``h d rkbibie dr i`w `hcidldey (`.e., (`.e., o`rdpbh ordihcdshdpy) di lbkoblby abhul.
Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• Xuab`s ckv` ckv` a`gdisrk`a r`p`k`a rkhc`kl biuokbdi kt`gps kt`gps wbc abr`h a br`h lkryiedshdpy lkr yiedshdpy bi `g`re`ihy `g`re`ih y kbrwky kbr wky sbukbdis d o` kssdhbk`a wbc kbrwky kia c`gdayikgbh kav`rs` `v`is, suee`sbie ck kavkih`a kbrwky a`vbh`s dr kl`rikbv` kbrwky r`shu` `hcibqu`s scdula o` hdisba`r`a kf`r cr`` uisuhh`ssul abr`h lkryiedshdpy kt`gps.8 • ` KXK ksm ksm Fdrh` Fdrh` di Gkike` Gkike`g`i g`i d c` Abhul Kbrwky puolbsc`a c` gds r`h`i ^rkhbh` Euba`lbi`s dr Gkike`g`i d c` Abhul Kbrwky bi F`orukry d ?>;8. ` euba`lbi`s lbs r`hdgg`iakbdis dr kbrwky kbr wky `vklukbdi, pr`pkrkbdi pr`pkrkbdi dr abhul kbrwky gkike`g`i,
Hckp`r ?: Gkike`g`i Gkike`g`i d c` Abhul Kbrwky: K Hlds`a Hlkbgs Kiklysbs
;;
srk`eb`s kia r`hdgg`iakbdis dr biuokbdi kia `xuokbdi, kia r`hdgg`iakbdis r`hdgg`iak bdis dr dlldw-up dlldw-up hkr`.1 Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdis: Klcduec cbs bs k r`rdsp`hbv` r`vb`w, kiklysbs d
abhul kbrwky hlkbgs a`gdisrk`a k r`auhbdi bi a`kc dr orkbi akgke` wbc biauhbdi d ki`sc`sbk bi ;228‘;222 ;228‘;222 hdgpkr`a wbc ;230‘;22?, ;230‘;22?, suee`sbie ck c` Abhul Kbrwky Euba`lbi`s puolbsc`a bi ;228 bgprdv`a kbrwky gkike`g`i plkiibie bi hks`s wbc kibhbpk`a abhul kbrwkys. Xbih` ;228, c` KXK Abhul Kbrwky Euba`lbi`s Euba`lbi`s ckv` ckv` o``i us`a us`a d odc a``ia a``ia kia hrbbhbz` hrbbhbz` hkr` hkr` bi lbbekbdi. lbbekbdi.
HLBIBHKL HKX@: ABF FBHPL FBHPLQ Q KB_UKR GKIKE@G@IQ
Hks` Cbstdry
K 10- y`kr-dla y`kr-dla gki bs uia`redbie k lkpkrdshdpbh hcdl`hys`hdgy. ` pkb`i bs do`s` kia cks dosruhbv` sl``p kpi`k kia k scdr, scdr , cbhm i`hm. Rdu kr` kmbie dv`r ki`sc`bh hkr` bi c` dp`rkbie rddg scdrly kf`r bihbsbdi. ` ki`sc`sbk prdvba`r r`pdrs ck c` pkb`i wks k erka` 8 gksm v`iblkbdi kia k abhul biuokbdi. ` vdhkl hdras kia kry`idba hkrblke`s w`r` uikol` d o` vbsuklbz`a wbc abr`h lkryiedshdpy usbie Gkhbidsc sbz` 8 kia 1 olka`s. K lkryie`kl lkr yie`kl gksm kbrwky kbr wky wks c`i plkh`a, kia c` pkb`i wks v`iblk`a uibl k vba`d lkryiedshdp` wks dokbi`a. Psbie k vba`d lkryiedshdp` sbz` 8 olka` yb`la`a k erka` 8 vb`w, ou c` `iadrkhc`kl uo` wks uikol` d o` pkss`a crduec c` vdhkl hdras. K suos`qu`i kt`gp usbie k vba`d lkryiedshdp` sbz` 1 olka` kia r`pdsbbdibie c` pkb`i‒s c`ka yb`la`a k erka` ? vb`w, kia biuokbdi wks suhh`ssul. Xbeibhki cyp`rrdpcy d c` lbieukl disbls wks id`a. Cdw scdula kbrwky gkike`g`i o` kpprdkhc`a aurbie c` r`gkbia`r d p`rbdp`rkbv` hkr`4 Xuee`st`a Kisw`r
K vba`d lkryiedshd lkryiedshdp` p` scdula r`gkb r`gkbii r`kably kvkblk kvkblkol` ol` aurbie c` prdh` prdh`aur`, aur`, `xuokbdi, kia r`hdv`ry. ` r`pdr d c` surebhkl `kg kia r`hdv`ry rddg sk scdula bihlua` k a`kbl`a khhdui d gksm v`iblkbdi kia biuokbdi kt`gps. ` ki`sc`sbdldebs scdula adhug`i c` pr`s`ih` kia ikur` d c` kbrwky abhuly bi c` g`abhkl r`hdra, bihluabie k a`shrbpbdi d c` vkrbdus kbrwky kbr wky gkike`g`i gkike`g`i `hcibqu`s ck w`r` us`a. ` pkb`i scdula o` bidrg`a bidr g`a d cbs abhul biuokbdi skus. Idbhkbdi sys`gs, suhc ks k wrbt`i r`pdr dr l`t`r d c` pkb`i, hdgguibhkbdi wbc w bc c` pkb`i‒s prbgkry hkr` prdvba`r, dr k idbhkbdi orkh`l` dr `qubvkl`i ba`ibhkbdi a`vbh` gky o` hdisba`r`a.
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X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
_`f`r`ih`s
;. ^``rsdi EI, Adgbid MO, Hkplki _, ^dsi`r ML, L`` LK, Hc`i`y FU. Gkike`g`i Gkike`g `i d c` abhul abh ul kbrwky: kbr wky: k hlds`a hlkbgs kiklysbs. Ki`st kiklysbs. Ki`stc`sb c`sbdlde dldey. y. ?>>0 ?>>0 Jul=;>8(;):8 Jul=;> 8(;):88‘ 8‘2. 2. ?. Hkplk Hkplkii _, O`iugd JL, O`rry O`rry FK, ` kl. ^rkhbh` ^rkhbh` euba`lbi`s dr gkike`g`i gkike`g`i d c` abhul kbrwky: k r`pdr oy c` Kg`rbhki Xdhb`y d Ki`sc`sbdldebss ksm Fdrh` di Gkike`g`i d c` Abhul Kbrwky. Ki`stc`sbdldey Kbrwky. Ki`stc`sbdldey.. ;228= 53:025‘6>? 53:025‘6>? 8. Gdr H. H. @g`re`ihy rkhc`kl biuokbdi: hdgplbhkbdis kssdhbk`a wbc r`p`k`a Kikle. ?>>1 Kue=22(?):6>5‘ lkryiedshdpbh kt`gps. Ki`stc kt`gps. Ki`stc Kikle. Kue =22(?):6>5‘;8. ;8. 1. Kp`lokug JL, Ckeo`re HK, Hkplki _, ` kl. ^rkhbh` euba`lbi`s dr gkike`g`i d c` abhul kbrwky: ki upak`a r`pdr oy c` Kg`rbhki Xdhb`y d Ki`stc`sbdldey. Ki`sc`sbdldebss Ki`sc`sbd ldebss ksm ksm Fdrh` Fdrh` di di Gkike`g Gkike`g`i `i d c` Abhul Kbrwky Kbrwky.. Ki`stc`sbdldey. ?>;8 F`o=;;3(?):?0;‘5>. F`o=;;3(?):?0;‘5>.
8
^r`abhtbv` Fkhtdrs df Abfhult kia Bgpdssbol` Gksm V`itblktbdi
Ebv`i ck gksm v`iblkbdi bs ki bgpdrki r`shu` `hcibqu` bi hks`s d abhul biuokbdi, c` bikoblby d gksm v`iblk` r`pr`s`is ki `v`i wbc sbeibhki pd`ibkl gdrobaby kia gdrklby. gdrklby. M . ;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Uck kr` c` bihba`ih` kia pr`abhdrs d abhul kia bg-
pdssbol` gksm v`iblkbdi (GV) kia cdw ad c`y hdgpkr` wbc ikl kbrwky duhdg`s4 R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ?>>6. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: Pibv`rsby d Gbhcbeki, Kii Krodr, Gbhcbeki. Ucd Uks Xtuab`a: Kaul pkb`is uia`redbie e`i`rkl ki`sc`sbk dv`r k ?1-
gdic p`rbda bi wcdg GV wks kt`gp`a. Ucd Uks @xhlua`a: wd hks`s d bgpdssbol` GV au` d ki `xbsbie pk`i
rkhc`dsdgy sb`. Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: ??,66>.
;1
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` 8.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒ suay ‒s a`sbei. 6;,?0? Kault E`i`rkl Ki`stc`tbh Hks`s
??,66> Hks`s wbtc GV
Erka` ; GV ;5,080 hks`s
Erka` ? GV 1,550 hks`s
Erka` 8 GV 8;8 hks`s
Erka` 1 GV 85 hks`s
Fbeur` 8.; Xuggk Xuggkry ry d c` suay suay a`sbei. a`sbei. @iapdbits: ^rbgkry duhdg`: `ks` dr abhuly d GV kss`ss`a usbie k dur-
pdbi shkl` rkiebie rdg erka` ; d 1 drbebiklly a`shrbo`a a`shr bo`a oy Cki ` kl.? X`hdiakry duhdg`s: abr`h lkryiedshdpy (AL) vb`w ks a`i`a oy Hdrgkhm kia L`cki`8 , k suoj`hbv` kss`ssg`i d abhul biuokbdi au` d erka` BBB dr BV AL vb`w dr gdr` cki cr`` biuokbdi kt`gps, kia c` koblby d p`rdrg suhh`ssul rkhc`kl biuokbdi usbie AL.
_@XPLQX
• Aurbie c` ?1?1-gdic gdic suay p`rbda, ??,66> hks`s d GV kt`gps w`r` kiklyz`a. • r`` cuiar`a cuiar`a cbr``i hks`s (;.1%) (;.1%) d erka` 8 GV (abhul (abhul GV), 85 hks`s (>.;6%) d erka` 1 GV (bgpdssbol` GV), kia 31 hks`s (>.85%) d erka` 8 dr 1 GV bi hdijuihbdi wbc abhul biuokbdi w`r` r`pdr`a (kol` 8.;). • ^r`abh ^r`abhdrs drs d erka` 8 GV (abhul (abhul GV): oday gkss bia`x (OGB) ≠8> me/g me/g? , ke` ≠05 y`krs, y`krs, pr`s`ih` d k o`kra, Gkllkgpkb Gkllkgpkb BBB dr BV, BV, s`v`r`ly lbgb`a gkiaboulkr prdrusbdi, kia sidrbie. • ^r`abh ^r`abhdrs drs d erka` 1 GV (bgpdssbol` (bgpdssbol` GV): cyrdg`ikl abskih` me/g?, me/ g?, kia sidrbie, • D c` 85 85 hks`s d erka` erka` 1 GV (bgpdssbol` GV), ?6 pkb`is pkb`is w`r` w`r` biuok`a wbcdu abhuly, abhuly, ;> pkb`is w`r` k abhul biuokbdi, kia ; pkb`i hdula id o` biuok`a kia r`qubr`a `g`re`i hrbhdcyrddgy. • Du d hdih`ri dr dr bgpdssbol` bgpdssbol` v`iblkbdi kia biuokbdi, biuokbdi, c` ki`sc`sbk ki`sc`sbk prdvba`r gky ckv` hcds`i `l`hbv` kwkm` o`rdpbh biuokbdi, c`r`oy `xhluabie pkb`is rdg c` akk s`= kiklysbs d pkb`is uia`redbie
Hckp`r 8: ^r`abhbv` Fkhdrs d Abhul kia Bgpdssbol` Gksm V`iblkbdi
;0
`l`hbv` kwkm` o`rdpbh biuokbdi scdw`a skbsbhklly cbec`r rk`s d rbsm khdrs dr erka` 8 dr 1 GV cki c` skiakra biauhbdi pdpulkbdi bi c` suay. Qkol` 8.;. 8.;. G V V X B Erka` ; ?
8 1
A`shrbptbdi V`iblk`a oy gksm V`iblk`a oy gksm wbc drkl kbr wky/kajuvki wbc dr wbcdu gushl` r`lkxki r`lkxki Abhul gk gksm v` v`iblkbdi: bi bika`quk` d d gkbikbi dxye`ikbdi, dxye`ikbd i, uiskol`, dr r`qubrbie wd wd prdvba`rs, wbc w bc dr wbcdu gushl` r`lkxki Bgpdssbol` gksm v`iblkbdi: uikol` d gksm v`iblk` wbc dr wbcdu gushl` r`lkxki, a`i`a oy c` kos`ih` d `ia-bakl `ia-bakl hkrodi abdxba` g`ksur` g`ksur`g`i g`i kia lkhm d p`rh`pbol` hc`s wkll gdv`g`i aurbie pdsbbv` pr`ssur` v`iblkbdi kt`gps a`spb` kbrwky kajuvkis
i
(%) ;5,080 (55.1) 1,550 (?;.;)
8;8 (;.1) 85 (>.;6)
kia kaabbdikl p`rsdii`l Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: dd kvdba bi`r`rbie wbc w bc hlbibhkl hkr` a`lbv`ry a`lbv`r y, c`
kucdrs aba id kt`gp d skiakrabz` hdiabbdis khrdss GV kia AL kt`gps, pd`ibklly hdiduiabie c` r`suls. K absbih akk hdll`hbdi drg wbc abkerkgs kia `x`isbv` a`ibbdis d kssbs prdvba`rs bi khhurk khhurk`` s`l`hbdi kia adhug`ikbdi wks id us`a. Cbsdrbhklly, dily cr`` hk`edrb`s d GV cka o``i us`a (`ksy, abhul, kia bgpdssbol`), ou k gdr` srbie`i a`ibbdi d abhul GV wks `gpldy`a bi cbs suay, pdssboly uia`r`sbgkbie hlbibhklly sbeibhki erka` 8 GV ks k r`sul. Ubc dily 85 hks`s d erka` 1 GV dos`rv`a, c` kiklysbs kia koblby d a`rbv` r`lbkol` pr`abhdrs d erka` 1 GV kr` lbgb`a oy c` rkrby d c` `v`i.
Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• Bi ?>;8, Mc``rpkl ` kl.8 puolbsc`a akk rdg c` Gulbh`i Gulbh`i`r `r ^`rbdp`rkbv` ^` rbdp`rkbv` Duhdg`s Erdup di c` bihba`ih`, pr`abhdrs, kia duhdg`s d abhul GV hdgobi`a wbc w bc abhul lkryiedshdpy lkr yiedshdpy.. Xbx cuiar`a ibi`y-`bec ibi`y-`bec pkb`is `xp`rb`ih`a erka` 8 dr 1 GV wbc abhul lkryiedshdpy (erka` 8 dr 1 vb`w v b`w dr dur dr gdr` biuokbdi kt`gps), kt`gps ), wbc ki bihba`ih` d >.1>% (sbgblkr d c` >.85% r`pdr`a bi c` ?>>6 pkp`r). • Bi c` ?>;8 r`pdr, bia`p`ia`i pr`abhdrs d abhul GV kia abhul lkryiedshdpy lkry iedshdpy bihlua`a ke` ≠16 y`krs, OGB ≠8>, gkl` e`ia`r,
;6
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
Gkllkgpkb BBB dr BV BV,, i`hm gkss dr rkabkbdi, lbgb`a cyrdg`ikl abskih`, sl``p kpi`k, pr`s`ih` d ``c, o`kra, cbhm i`hm, i`hm , lbgb`a h`rvbhkl h`rv bhkl spbi` gdoblby, kia lbgb`a jkw jkw prdrusbdi.
Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdis: bs suay wks c` rs d adhug`i c` bi-
hba`ih` kia pr`abhdrs d bgpdssbol` GV. Bi cbs kiklysbs, c` bihba`ih` d bgpdssbol` GV wks >.;6%. bsm khdrs dr abhul dr bgpdssbol` GV bihlua`a OGB ≠8> me/g me/g? , ke` ≠05 y`krs y`krs,, pr`s` pr`s`ih` ih` d k o`kra o`kra,, Gkll Gkllkgpkb kgpkb BBB dr BV, s`v`r`ly lbgb`a gkiaboulkr prdrusbdi, sidrbie, kia cyrdg`ikl abskih` >6 ?>>6 Idv=;>0(0) Idv=;>0(0):330‘ :330‘2;. 2;. ?. Cki , r`gp`r r`gp`r MM, Mc``rpkl X, D‒`blly D‒`blly G. Erkabie shkl` dr gksm gksm v`iblkbdi. v`iblkbdi. Ki`stc`sbdldey ?>>1 Ki`stc`sbdldey ?>>1 Jul=;>;(;):? Jul=;>;(;):?65 65 8. Hdrgkhm X, L`cki` J.J. Abhul rkhc`kl biuokbdi bi dos`rbh dos`rbhs. s. Kik`stc`sbk Kik`stc`sbk ;231 ;231 Idv=82(;;):;;>0‘;; Idv=82(;;):;;>0‘ ;; 1. Mc``rpkl X, C`kly A, Kzbz GF, ` kl. Bihba`ih`, pr`abhdrs, kia duhdg` d abhul gksm v`iblkbdi hdgobi`a wbc abhul lkryiedshdpy: k r`pdr rdg c` Gulbh`i`r ^`rbdp`rkbv` Duhdg`s Erdup. Ki`stc Ki`stc`sbdld `sbdldee y ?>;8 A`h=;;2(6):;86>‘62. A`h=;;2(6):;86>‘ 62.
1
^`rbdp`rktbv` Idrgdtc`rgbk Idrgdtc`rg bk kia k ia Bihba`ih` df Hkrabkh @v`its
Bi pkb`is wbc hkrabkh rbsm khdrs wcd kr` uia`redbie idihkrabkh sure`ry, c` p`rbdp`rkbv` gkbi`ikih` d idrgdc`rgbk bs kssdhbk`a wbc k r`auh`a bihba`ih` d gdroba hkrabkh `v`is kia v`irbhulkr khcyhkrabk. F . ;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Ad`s gkbi`ikih` d p`rbdp`rkbv` idrgdc`rgbk wbc
suppl`g`ikl wkrgbie r`auh` c` bihba`ih` d pdsdp`rkbv` hkrabkh `v`is4 Fuiabie: Ikbdikl Bisbu`s d C`klc kia Gkllbihmrda G`abhkl Bih. R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ;22?. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ;225. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: ` Jdcis Cdpmbis Cdspbkl. Ucd Uks Xtuab`a: ^kb`is 96> y`krs d ke` shc`aul`a dr p`rbpc`rkl vkshulkr,
koadgbikl, dr cdrkhbh surebhkl prdh`aur`s wbc plkii`a pdsdp`rkbv` kagbssbdi d c` bi`isbv` hkr` uib (BHP). ^kb`is w`r` r`qubr`a `bc`r d ckv` k
Hckp`r 1: ^`rbdp`rkbv` Idrgdc`rgbk kia Bihba`ih` d Hkrabkh @v`is
;2
adhug`i`a cbsdry d hdrdikry kr`ry abs`ks` dr d o` hdisba`r`a k cbec rbsm dr hdrdikry kr`ry abs`ks` oy `skolbsc`a hrb`rbk.
Ucd Uc d Uks @x @xhlua hlua`a: `a: ^kb`is wbc pr`dp`rkbv` ygpkibh `gp`rkur`s
>. Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` 1.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒s a`sbei. 8>> Xtuay ^ktb`its
_kiadgbz`a
Cypdtc`rgbk Erdup
Idrgdtc`rgbk Erdup
Fbeur` 1.; Xuggkry d c` suay suay a`sbei. a`sbei. Xtuay Bit`rv`itbdi: Kll pkb`is r`h`bv`a rdubi` c`rgkl hkr` hdisbsbie d
c` dp`rkbie rddg c`rgdsk s` d ?;¾ H, wkrgbie d kll birkv`idus (BV) ubas kia oldda prdauhs, kia pkssbv` cugbabhkbdi d c` v`iblkdr hbrhub. Fdr `khc pkb`i, `gp`rkur` wks gdibdr`a k `bec ldhkbdis (wd hdr` kia sbx smbi-surkh` smbi-surkh` sb`s). ^kb`is bi c` hdirdl (cypdc`rgbk) erdup r`h`bv`a `bc`r di` dr wd wkrg`a hdtdi olkim`s pdsdp`rkbv`ly, k c` iurs`‒s abshr`bdi. ^kb`is bi c` bi`rv`ibdi (idrgdc`rgbk) erdup r`h`bv`a ki upp`r oday dr ldw`r oday drh`a-kbr drh`a- kbr wkrgbie hdv`r birkdp`rkbv`ly kia w`r` r`k`a r`k `a wbc k ull- oday ull- oday drh`adrh`a-kbr kbr hdv`r dr c` rs ? cdurs d pdsdp`rkbv` BHP hkr`. Fdlldw-Pp: FdlldwPp: ?1 cdurs kf`r sure`ry. @iapdbits: ^rbgkr ^rbgkryy duhdg`: gdroba hkrabkh `v`i (hkrabkh (hkrabkh krr`s, gydhkrabkl
bikrhbdi, dr uiskol` kiebik/bshc`gbk) kiebik/bshc`gbk).. X`hdiakry duhdg`: Cdl`r gdibdr‘ adhug`i`a v`irbhulkr khcyhkrabk khcyhkrabk (0 dr gdr` hdis`hubv` wba` hdgpl`x o`ks k k rk` er`k`r cki ;>> o`ks p`r gbiu`).
?>
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
_@XPLQX
• Cypdc`rgbh Cypdc`rg bh kia idrgdc`r idrgdc`rgbh gbh erdups w`r` sbgblkr wbc r`ekra d pr`dp`rkbv` a`gderkpcbh vkrbkol`s, ki`sc`bh `hcibqu`, bivksbv` c`gdayikgbh gdibdrbie, birkdp`rkbv` oldda kia uba r`qubr`g`is, bihba`ih` d birkdp`rkbv` gydhkrabkl v`i v`irbh rbhulkr ulkr khcyhkr khcyhkrabk, abk, kia bihba`i bih ba`ih` h` d d pdsdp`r pd sdp`rkbv` kbv`bshc`gbk a`kc. dr • ^dsdp`rkbv`ly, pkb`is bi c` cypd cypdc`rgbk c`rgbk erdup cka gdr` vksdhdisrbhbdi (bihr`ks`a (bihr`ks`a dr`krg dr`krg d ie`rbp smbi-surkh` smbi-surkh` `gp`rkur`` erkab`i), cbec`r bihba`ih` d scbv`rbie ( ^ < >.>>;), `gp`rkur er`k`r iugo`r d cdurs wbc cyp`r`isbdi (sysdlbh (sysdlbh upp`r lbgb l bgb prdsp`hbv`ly a`i`a, ^ 7 >.>1) kia ldw`r g`ki hdr` BHP kagbssbdi `gp`rkur`s `gp`rkur `s oy ;.8¾ H ( ^ < >.>>;) hdgpkr`a wbc cds` bi c` idrgdc`rgbk erdup erdup.. • ^dsdp`rkbv`ly ^dsdp`rkbv`ly,, `w`r gdroba hkrabkh `v`is dhhurr`a bi c` idrgdc`r idrgdc`rgbh gbh erdup cki bi c` cypdc`rgbh erdup (;.1% vs. 6.8%= ^ 7 >.>?). • ^dsdp`rkbv`ly, v`irbhulkr v`irb hulkrbikhcyhkrabk dhhurr`a l`ss (?.1% r`qu`ily r`qu`i bi c` idrgdc`rgbh erdup cki c` cypdc`rgbh erdup vs.ly5.2%= ^ 7 >.>1). • Oy gulbvkrbk` kiklysbs, cypdc`rgbk wks ki ki bia`p`ia`i pr`abhdr d gdroba hkrabkh `v`is (r`lkbv` (r`lkbv` rbsm 7 ?.?= 20% hdia`ih` bi`rvkl 7 ;.;‘1.5= ;.;‘1.5= ^ 7 >.>1), biabhkbie k 00% r`auhbdi bi rbsm wc`i w c`i idrgdc`rgbk wks gkbikbi`a. • Hdgpkr Hdgpkr`a `a wbc pkb`is wbcdu gdroba hkrabkh `v`is, g`ki g`ki hdr` hdr` `gp`rkur`` bgg`abk`ly kf`r sure`ry wks ;¾ H ldw`r dr pkb`is wbc `gp`rkur gdroba hkrabkh `v`is. Kaabbdiklly, g`abki l`iec d BHP sky wks 0.0 cdurs ldie`r dr pkb`is su`rbie gdroba hkrabkh `v`is cki dr cds` wbcdu `v`is ( ^ 7 >.>>?).
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: ` bihba`ih` d gdroba hkrabkh `v`is wks ldw (;?
pkb`is dkl, ;> bi c` cypdc`rgbh erdup, kia ? bi c` idrgdc`rgbh erdup), lbgbbie c` pdw`r d c` suay d kss`ss c` bgpkh d idrgdc`rgbk vs. cypdc`rgbk di hkrabdvkshulkr duhdg`s. ` gkjdrby d pdsdp`rkbv` v`irbhulkr khcyhkrabk `pbsda`s dhhurr`a wbcdu sygpdgs kia w`r` a``g`a d id o` hlbibhklly sbeibhki.
Hckp`r 1: ^`rbdp`rkbv` Idrgdc`rgbk kia Bihba`ih` d Hkrabkh @v`is
?;
Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• ^`rbdp`rkbv` ^`rbdp`rkbv` cypdc`rgbk cypdc`rgbk cks klsd klsd o``i scdwi d o` kssdhbk`a kssdhbk`a wbc bihr`ks`s bi surebhkl ol``abie,? wduia bi`hbdi, kia cdspbkl l`iec d sky.8 • ` Kg`rbhki Xdhb`y d d Ki`sc`sbdldebss Ki`sc`sbdldebss (KXK) (KXK) Xkiakras Xkiakras dr dr Oksbh Oksbh Ki`sc`bh Gdibdrbie sk` sk` ck “`v`ry “`v`ry pkb`i r`h`bvbie ki`sc`sbk sckll ckv` `gp`rkur` gdibdr`a wc`i hlbibhklly sbeibhki hckie`s bi oday `gp`rkur` kr` bi`ia`a, kibhbpk`a, dr susp`h`a.‗1 ` KXK ^rkhbh` Euba`lbi`s dr ^dski`sc`bh ^dski`sc`bh Hkr` Hkr` sk` ck ck “pkb`i `gp`rkur`` scdula o` p`rbdabhklly kss`ss`a aurbie `g`re`ih` kia `gp`rkur r`hdv`ry.‗0
Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdis: bs wks c` rs prdsp`hbv`, rkiadgbz`a hdi-
rdll`a rbkl d `xkgbi` c` r`lkbdiscbp o`w``i oday `gp`rkur` kia hkrabkh duhdg`s bi c` p`rbdp`rkbv` p`rbda. B a``rgbi`a ck gkbi`ikih` d idrgdc`rgbk r`auh`s p`rbdp`rkbv` hkrabkh gdrobaby. Gkbi`ikih` d p`rbdp`rkbv` idrgdc`rgbk cks o`hdg` c` skiakra d hkr`.
HLBIBHKL HKX@: ^@_B D^@_K D^@_KQBV@ QBV@ Q@G^@_KQP_@ GKIKE@G@IQ
Hks` Cbstdry
Ki 33- y`kr-dla y`kr-dla gki wbc hdrdikry kr`ry abs`ks`, cyp`r`isbdi, kia p`rbpc`rkl vkshulkr abs`ks` pr`s`is cdrkhddgy upp`rhdrdikry ldo` r`s`hbdi dr luie hkih`r. C` wks k ldie-`rg ldie-dr `rg sgdm`r kiakia cksrbec gulbpl` kr`ry s`is. Ebv`i c` pkb`i‒s pks g`abhkl cbsdry kia plkii`a surebhkl prdh`aur`, cdw scdula cbs pkb`i o` gkike`a bi dra`r d gkbikbi p`rbdp`rkbv` idrgdc`rgbk4 Xuee`st`a Kisw`r
K cdrk cdrkhddgy hddgy r`qu r`qubr`s br`s sbei sbeibhk bhki i sure surebhkl bhkl `x `xpdsur` pdsur` wb wbcc pd`i pd`ibkl bkl cypdc`rgbk. bs pkb`i scdula o` wkrg`a bi c` pr`dp`rkbv` cdlabie kr`k. Birkdp`rkbv`ly, hdr` oday `gp`rkur` scdula o` gdibdr`a kia gkbikbi`a oy wkrgbie BV ubas kia oldda prdauhs, usbie k c`k-gdbsur` c`k- gdbsur`
??
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
`xhckie`r dr c` v`iblkdr hbrhub, kia plkhbie drh`a-kbr drh`a- kbr olkim`s odc kodv` kia o`ldw c` surebhkl `la b pdssbol`. Xurebhkl brrbekbdi uba scdula o` wkrg`a. ` dp`rkbie rddg c`rgdsk `gp`rkur` scdula o` bihr`ks`a b c` pkb`i a`v`ldps cypdc`rgbk. Ukrgbie scdula hdibiu` bi c` bgg`abk` pdsdp`rkbv` p`rbda, kia c` pkb`i‒s hkrabdvkshulkr skus scdula o` hlds`ly gdibdr`a.
_`f`r`ih`s
;. Frkim XG, Fl`bsc`r LK, LK , Or`sldw GJ, ` kl. ^`rbdp`rkbv` gkbi`ikih` d idrgdc`rgbk r`auh`s c` bihba`ih` d gdroba hkrabkh `v`is. K rkiadgbz`a hlbibhkl rbkl. JKGK.. ;225 Kpr 2=?55(;1):;;?5‘ JKGK 2=?55(;1):;;?5‘81. 81. ?. Xhcgb`a C, Murz Murz K, X`ssl`r AB, Mdz`m X, `b`r `b`r K. Gbla cypdc`rgbk bihr`ks`s bihr`ks`s Lkih`t. oldda ldss kia rkisusbdi r`qubr`g r`qubr`g`is `is aurbie dkl cbp krcrdplksy krcrdplksy.. Lkih`t. ;226=815:?32‘2?. ;226=815:?32‘ 2?. 8. Murz K, X`ssl`r AB, L`ickra . ^`rbdp`rkbv` ^`rbdp`rkbv` idrgdc`rgbk d r`auh` r`auh` c` bihba`ih` d d surebhklsurebh kl-wduia bi`hbdi bi`h bdi kia scdr`i cdspbklbz cdspbklbzkbdi. kbdi. I @iel J G`a. G`a. ;226=881:;?>2‘;0. ;226=881:;?>2‘ ;0. 1. Xkiakras dr Oksbh Ki`sc`sbk Gdibdrbie. KXK w`osb`. w`osb`. ctp:// www www.kskcq. .kskcq.dre/ dre/ quklby-kiaquklbykia-prkhbh`prkhbh`-gkike`g`i/ gkike`g`i/skiakrasskiakras-kiakia-euba`lbi`s euba`lbi`s.. Kpprdv`a oy c` KXK Cdus` d A`l`ek`s di Dhdo`r ?;, ;236, lks kg`ia`a di Dhdo`r ?>, ?>;>, kia lks krg`a di Dhdo`r ?3, ?>;0. Khh`ss`a Kueus ?>;5. 0. Kp`lokug JL, Xblv`rs`bi JC, Hcuie FF, FF, ` kl. ^rkhbh` euba`lbi`s dr pdski`sc`bh hkr`: ki upak`a r`pdr oy c` Kg`rbhki Xdhb`y d Ki`sc`sbdldebss ksm Fdrh` di ^dski`sc`bh Hkr`. Ki`stc`sbdldey. Hkr`. Ki`stc`sbdldey. ?>;8 ?>;8 F`o=;;3(?):?2;‘8>5. F`o=;;3(?):?2;‘8>5.
0
^`rbdp`rktbv` Idrgdtc`rgbk, Bihba`i Bihba`ih` h` df Xurebhk Xure bhkll-Uduia Uduia Bif`htbdi kia L`ietc df Cdspbtklbzktbd Cdspbtklbzktbdi i
Cypdc`rgbk bs`l gky a`lky c`klbie kia pr`abspds` pkb`is d wduia bi`hbdis. Gkbikbibie idrgdc`rgbk birkdp`rkbv`ly bs lbm`ly d a`hr`ks` c` bihba`ih` d bi`hbdus hdgplbhkbdis bi pkb`is uia`redbie hdldr`hkl r`s`hbdi kia d scdr`i c`br cdspbklbzkbdis. M .;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Ad`s p`rbdp`rkbv` cypdc`rgbk bihr`ks` sush`pboblby d
surebhkl- wduia wduia bi`hbdi kia l`iec`i cdspbklbzkbdi4
Fuiabie: Ikbdikl Bisbu`s d C`klc, Jds`pc Ardwi kia Gkx Mka`
Fduiakbdis, Fduiak bdis, kia Kueusbi` Kue usbi` G`abhkl, Bih. R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ;228. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ;226. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: Pibv`rsby d Hklbdribk, Xki Frkihbshd kia Pibv`rsby d
Vb`iik, Vb`iik, Kusrbk.
?1
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
Ucd Uks Xtuab`a: ^kb`is ;3 d 3> y`krs dla wcd uia`rw`i `l`hbv` hdld-
r`hkl r`s`hbdi dr hkih`r dr bikggkdry odw`l abs`ks`. Ucd Uks @xhlua`a: ^kb`is uia`redbie gbidr hdldi sure`ry kia cds` wcd
us`a bgguidsuppr`ssbv` g`abhkbdi aurbie c` 1 w``ms o`dr` sure`ry= cka k r`h`i cbsdry d `v`r, bi`hbdi, dr odc= cka s`rbdus gkliurbbdi (s`rug kl ougbi % oday w`bec)= dr cka cka odw`l dosruhbdi. Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: ?>>. Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` 0.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒ suay ‒s a`sbei. ?>> Xtuay ^ktb`its
_kiadgbz`a, Aduol`-Olbia
Cypdtc`rgbk Erdup
Idrgdtc`rgbk Erdup
Fbeur` 0.; Xuggk Xuggkry ry d c` suay suay a`sbei. a`sbei. Xtuay Bit`rv`itbdi: Kll pkb`is r`h`bv`a skiakrabz`a ki`sc`bh hkr`
kia p`rbdp`rkbv` kibobdbhs. ^kb`is w`r` rkiadgly kssbei`a d rdubi` birkdp`rkbv` c`rgkl hkr` (c` cypdc`rgbk cypdc `rgbk erdup) dr kaabbdikl wkrgbie (c` idrgdc`rgbk idrgdc`rg bk erdup). erdup). Odc erdups us`a ki birkv`idus uba wkrg`r kia upp`r up p`r oday drh`a-kbr drh`a-kbr hdv`r= c` uba wkrg`r wks khbvk`a dily dr pkb`is kssbei`a d c` idrgdc`rgbk idrgd c`rgbk erdup, kia c` drh`a-kbr hdv`r wks s` d kgob`i `gp`rkur` dr c` cypdc`rgbk erdup e rdup kia k 1>¾ H dr c` idrgdc`rgbk erdup. Hdr` kia smbi `gp`rkur`s w`r` r`hdra`a pr`dp`rkbv`ly, birkdp`rkbv`ly, kia pdsdp`rkbv`ly. I`bc`r I`bc`r c` sure`dis idr c` pkb`is (aduol`- olbia) olbia) w`r` bidrg`a d c`br erdup kssbeig`is. Ldw`s klldwkol` hdr` `gp`rkur` wks 81.0¾ H dr c` cypdc`rgbk cyp dc`rgbk erdup. e rdup. `gp`rkur`s `gp`rkur`s w`r` id hdirdll`a pdsdp`rkbv`ly pdsdp`rkbv`ly.. Fdlldw-Pp: FdlldwPp: ? w``ms pdsdp`rkbv`ly. @iapdbits: ^rbgkry duhdg`: bihba`ih` d surebhkl wduia bi`hbdis (ks a`i`a
oy c` c` pr`s`ih pr`s`ih`` d pus kia kia k pdsbbv pdsbbv`` hulur` hulur` abkei abkeids` ds`aa wbcbi wbcbi ;0 akys akys d sure sure`ry) `ry).. X`hdiakry duhdg`s: aurkbdi d cdspbklbzkbdi, akys d rs sdlba dda, akys d suur` r`gdvkl, hdllke`i a`pdsbbdi, vksdhdisrbhbdi, scbv`rbie, kia c`rgkl hdgdr.
Hckp`r 0: ^`rbdp`rkbv` Idrgdc`rgbk
?0
_@XPLQX
• ` suay wks sdpp`a sdpp`a kf`r `irdllbie ?>> pkb`is (bi`ia`a (bi`ia`a d bihlua` 1>> pkb`is) o`hkus` c` ab`r`ih` bi bihba`ih` d surebhkl wduia bi`hbdi o`w``i c` c` wd suay sua y erdups r`khc`a skbsbhkl skbs bhkl sbeibhkih`. • ` cypdc`rgbk cypdc`rgbk kia idrgdc`rgbk erdups w`r` sbgblkr wbc r`ekra d pr`dp`rkbv` pkb`i a`gderkpcbhs, surebhkl vkrbkol`s (prdh`aur` ( prdh`aur`,, aurkbdi), aurkbdi ), yp` y p` d ki`sc`sbk, kia c`gdayikgbh vkrbkol`s. • ` idrgdc`rgbk erdup `xcbob`a er`k`r g`ki (» XA) XA) hdr` hdr` oday `gp`rkur`s `gp`rkur`s k `ia d sure`ry (86.6¾ » >.0¾ H vs. 81.5¾ » >.6¾ H= ^ < >.>>;), er`k`r c`rgkl hdgdr, l`ss scbv`rbie, kia l`ss vksdhdisrbhbdi. • ` cypdc`rgbk cypdc`rgbk erdup cka cr`` bg`s ks gkiy gkiy surebhkl- wduia wduia bi`hbdis ks c` idrgdc`rgbk erdup (;2% vs. 6%= ^ 7 >.>>2). • Fdr c` cypdc`rgbk erdup erdup,, aurkbdi d cdspbklbzkbdi cdspbklbzkbdi wks prdldie`a oy ? akys, suur` suur` r`gdvkl kia prder`ssbdi prder`ssbdi d sdlba dda dda dhhurr`a ; aky lk`r,, kia surebhkl wduias a`gdisrk lk`r a`gdisrk`a `a sbeibhkily l`ss hdllke`i a`pdsbbdi (kol` (kol` 0.;). `s` ab`r`ih`s r`gkbi`a sbeibhki `v`i b b kiklysbs wks lbgb`a d uibi`h`a pkb`is. • ` cypdc`rgbk cypdc`rgbk erdup r`qubr`a sbeibhkily gdr` kllde`i`bh oldda rkisusbdis, ou rkisusbdi r`qubr`g`i aba id bia`p`ia`ily hdirbou` d c` bihba`ih` d surebhkl- wduia wduia bi`hbdi di gulbvkrbk` r`er`ssbdi kiklysbs. • Ucb` oldda h`ll h`ll hdui wks sbeibhkily sbeibhkily ldw`r ldw`r di c` rs pdsdp`rk pdsdp`rkbv` bv` aky kia cbec`r di c` cbra pdsdp`rkbv` aky aky bi c` cypdc`rgbk erdup hdgpkr`aa wbc hdgpkr` w bc c` idrgdc`rgbk erdup. • ^k ^kb`is b`is wcd sgdm`a sgdm`a cka cka cr`` cr`` bg`s ks ks gkiy gkiy surebhkl- wduia wduia bi`hbdis kia ldie`r cdspbklbzkbdis cki idisgdm`rs. Qkol` 0.;. 0.;. X M F* Duthdg`
Bi`hbdiid. d pkb`is (%) Bi`hbdii Hdllke`i a`pdsbbdi (ge/h (ge/hg) Akys d rs sdlba dda Akys d suur` r`gdvkl Akys d cdspbklbzkbdi *^lus-gbius *^lusgbius vklu`s kr` g`ki » XA.
Idrgdtc`rgbk ( I 7 7 ;>1) 6 (6) 8?3 » ;80 0.6 » ?.0 2.3 » ?.2 ;?.; » 1.1
Cypdtc`rgbk ( I 7 26) ;3 (;2) ?01 » ;;1 6.0 » ? ;>.2 » ;.2 ;1.5 » 6.0
^
Vklu` V klu`
>.>>2 >.>1 >.>>6 >.>>? >.>>;
?6
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: bs suay a`gdisrk`a k cbec`r bihba`ih` d
surebhkl- wduia wduia bi` bi`hbd hbdii hdgpkr` hdgpkr`aa wb wbc c prb prbdr dr r`pdr r`pdrs, s, pdss pdssboly boly o`hku o`hkus` s` kll wduiass arkbibie wduia ark bibie pus ck yb`la y b`la`a `a k pdsb pdsbbv` bv` hul hulur` ur` w`r` w `r` hdisba h disba`r`a `r`a bi` bi`h`a h`a== c` hlbibhkl sbeibhkih` d c`s` bi`hbdis bs id midwi. bs suay wks hdiauh`a bi Kusrbk, wc`r` kagbibsrkbv` kia hds khdrs lbm`ly ad id biu`ih` c` l`iec d cdspbkl sky d c` `x`i ck c`y gbec bi k gkike`ahkr` sbukbdi.
Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• XurebhklXurebhkl-sb` sb` bi`hbdis (XXBs) dhhur bi kpprdxbgk`ly ?%‘0% ?%‘0% d pkb`is uia`redbie sure`ry bi c` khu` hkr` s`tbie bi c` Pib` Pib`aa Xk`s kia kr` kssdhbk`a wbc bihr`ks`s bi l`iec d cdspbkl sky, rbsm dr a`kc, kia hds d hkr`.? K g`k-kiklysbs g`k-kiklysbs d suab`s r`pdrbie duhdg`s d birkdp`rkbv` cypdc`rgbk hdihlua`a ck cypdc`rgbh pkb`is cka bihr`ks`a cdspbklbzkbdi hdss kia kav`rs` duhdg`s, 8
k 61%dbihr`ks` bi XXBs. • bihluabie ` bihba`ih` XXB bs us`a ks k g`ksur` d quklby bi bi c` hlbibhkl hlbibhkl s`tbie. Bibbk`a oy c` H`i`rs dr G`abhkr` kia G`abhkba X`rvbh`s X`rv bh`s (HGX) kia c` H`i`rs dr Abs`ks` Hdirdl kia ^r`v`ibdi (HAH), c` Xurebhkl Hkr` Bgprdv`g`i ^rdj`h (XHB^) kbgs d r`auh` c` bihba`ih` d surebhkl hdgplbhkbdis, bihluabie XXBs.1 • K rkiadgbz`a rkiadgbz`a hdirdll`a hdirdll`a rbkl d hl`ki sure`rb`s (or`ks, (or`ks, vkrbhds` v`bis, dr c`ribks) duia ck wkrgbie pkb`is dr 8> gbiu`s pr`dp`rkbv`ly r`auh`a bi`hbdi rk`s rdg ;1% d 0%.0 • Bi kaabbdi kaabbdi d XXBs, birkdp`rkbv` birkdp`rkbv` cypdc`rgbk cks o``i kssdhbk`a kssdhbk`a wbc vkrbdus hdgplbhkbdis, bihluabie pdsdp`rkbv` pdsdp`rkbv` hkrabkh hkrabkh `v`is, bihr`ks`a birkdp`rk bv` oldda kia rkisusbdi 6 r`qubr`g`is, kia bihr`ks`a birkdp`rkbv` bg` d r`hdv`ry rdgldss ki`sc`sbk. • ` ?>;5 HAH Euba`lbi` dr c` ^r`v`ibd ^r`v`ibdii d Xurebhkl Xb` Xb` Bi`hbdi Bi`hbdi sk`s ck p`rbdp`rkbv` idrgdc`rgbk scdula o` gkbikbi`a. (Hk`edry (H k`edry BK‘srdie BK‘ srdie r`hdgg`iakbdi= cbec d gda`rk`‘quklby gda`rk`‘quklby `vba`ih`.)5 Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdis: bs rbkl a`gdisrk`a ck p`rbdp`rkbv` cy-
pdc`rgbk aurbie gkjdr sure`ry bihr`ks`s c` bihba`ih` d surebhkl-wduia bi`hbdi, l`iec`is cdspbklbzkbdi, kia kav`rs`ly k`hs kaabbdikl duhdg`s, bihluabie hdllke`i drgkbdi, akys d rs sdlba dda, kia akys d suur` r`gdvkl. Euba`lbi`s idw r`hdgg`ia c` us` d wkrgbie a`vbh`s kia `gp`rkur` gdibdrbie d r`auh` c` rk` d p`rbdp`rkbv` cypdc`rgbk.
Hckp`r 0: ^`rbdp`rkbv` Idrgdc`rgbk
?5
HLBIBHKL HKX@: ^@_B D^@_K D^@_KQBV@ QBV@ Q@G^@_KQP_@ GKIKE@G@IQ
Hks` Cbstdry
K sgkll hdgguiby cks s`v`i` dp`rkbie rddgs ouc`dily cr``suba wkrg`rs kia cr`` drh`adcdspbkl rh`a-kbr wkrg`rs. lk`s kiklysbs lk`s kiklys bs d cdspbkl‒ duhdg` akk a`gdisrk`a ki bihr`ks`a rk` d XXBs bi hdldr`hkl sure`ry pkb`is hdgpkr`a wbc c` ikbdikl kv`rke`. Xcdula kaabbdikl wkrgbie a`vbh`s o` purhcks`a kia c`br us` skiakrabz`a dr hdldr`hkl prdh`aur`s4 Xuee`st`a Kisw`r
^`rbdp`rkbv` cypdc`rgbk bihr`ks`s c` bihba`ih` d kav`rs` `v`is, l`iec d cdspbklbzkbdi, kia hds d hkr`. Bi hdisba`rbie c` o`i`s d gkbikbibie idrgdc`rgbk, b bs bgpdrki d hdisba`r c` iugo`r kia yp`s d surebhkl prdh`aur`s o`bie p`rdrg`a. B k sgkll cdspbkl p`rdrgs k suoskibkl iugo`r d prdh`aur`s d scdr aurkbdi uia`r gdibdr`a ki`sc`sbk hkr` dr r`ebdikl oldhm, c`i purhcksbie kaabbdikl wkrgbie a`vbh`s gky id d`r kaabbdikl o`i`. Kiklyzbie c` cdspbkl‒ cdspbkl‒ss p`rbdp`rkbv` `gp`rkur `gp`rkur`` akk, pkrbhulkrly dr pkb`is uia`redbie hdldr`hkl prdh`aur`s, gky yb`la kaabbdikl bisbec.
_`f`r`ih`s
;. Murz K, X`ssl`r AB, L`ickra . ^`rbdp`rkbv` idrgdc`rgbk idrgdc`rgbk d r`auh` r`auh` c` biG`a. hba`ih` d surebhkl- wduia surebhkl- wduia bi`hbdi kia scdr`i cdspbklbzk cdspbklbzkbdi. bdi. I @iel J G`a. ;226=881:;?>2‘;?;0. ;226=881:;?>2‘ ;?;0. ?. O`lrkgbib KG, Xklkk Xklkk _, ky KJ. `rgdr`eulkbdi `rgdr`eulkbdi kia kia rbsm d surebhkl sb` bi`hbi`h Bif`ht Hditrdl Hditrdl Cdsp Cdsp @pba`gbdl. @pba`gbdl. ?>;; bdi. Bif`ht bdi. ?>;; Jui=8?(6):6>8‘;>. Jui=8?(6):6>8‘;>. 8. Gkcdi`y HO, Dadg J.J. Gkbikbibie birkdp`rkbv` idrgdc`rgbk: idrgdc`r gbk: k g`kg`k-kiklysbs kiklysbs d duhdg`s wbc hdss. KKIK hdss. KKIK J. ;222 J. ;222 Kpr=65(?):;00‘68. Kpr=65(?):;00‘68. 1. ds`io`re`r LC, ^dlbkid KA, Xkwy`r E. ` surebhkl hkr` bgprdv`g`i prdj`h kia pr`v`ibdi d pds-dp`rkbv` pds-dp`rkbv` bi`hbdi, bihluabie surebhkl sb` bi`hbdi. Xure Bif`ht (Lkrhcg (Lkrhcgt). t). ?>;; ?>;; Jui=;?(8):;68‘63. Jui=;?(8):;68‘63. 0. G`llbie KH, Klb O, Xhdt @G, L`kp`r AJ. @`hs d pr`dp`rkbv` wkrgbie di c` bihba`ih` d wduia bi`hbdi kf`r hl`ki sure`ry: k rkiadgbs`a hdirdll`a rbkl. Lkih`t. rbkl. Lkih`t. ?>>; X`p ;0=803(2?30):356 ;0=803(2?30):356‘‘3>. 6. `yidlas L, O`hmgkii O`hmgkii J,J, Murz K. ^`rbdp`rkbv` ^`rbdp`rkbv` hdgplbhk hdgplbhkbdis bdis d cypdc`rgbk. cypdc`rgbk. O`st O`st ^rkht _`s Hlbi Kik`stc`sbdl. Kik`stc`sbdl. ?>>3 ?>>3 A`h=??(1): A`h=??(1):610‘ 610‘05. 05. 5. O`rrb O`rrbdsds-drr`s drr`s XB, Pgshc`ba HK, Orkzl`r AU ` kl. H`i`rs dr Abs`ks` Hdirdl kia K Xure. Xure. ^r`v`ibdi Euba`lbi` dr c` ^r`v`ibdi d Xurebhkl Xb` Bi`hbdi, ?>;5. JKG ?>;5. JKGK ?>;5 Kue ;=;0?(3):531‘ ;=;0?(3):531‘2;. 2;.
6
^r`v`itkol` ^r`v `itkol` Ki`stc`sbk Gbsckps Gb sckps
K gdab` gdab`aa hrb hrbbhklbhkl-bihba`i bihba`i kiklysbs `hcibqu` wks us`a bi k r`rdsp`hbv` `xkgbikbdi d c` hckrkh`rbsbhs d cugki `rrdr kia `qubpg`i kblur` bi ki`sc`bh prkhbh`. Gds d c` pr`v`ikol` bihba`is bivdlv`a cugki `rrdr (3?%), wbc or`kcbie-hbrhub or`kcbie- hbrhub abshdii`hbdis, bikav`r`i hckie`s bi eks dw, dw, kia arue syrbie` s yrbie` `rrdrs o`bie r`qu`i prdol`gs. H . ;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Cdw ad`s cugki `rrdr hdirbou` d pr`v`ikol` ki`s-
c`sbk gbsckps, kia kr` c`r` pkt`ris bi r`qu`ily dhhurrbie bihba`is ck i``a prdsp`hbv` biv`sbekbdi kia pr`v`ibdi g`ksur`s4 Fuiabie: Ikbdikl Bisbu` d E`i`rkl G`abhkl Xhb`ih`s. R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ;250. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ;253. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: Gksskhcus`ts E`i`rkl Cdspbkl, Odsdi, Gksskhcus`ts. Gksskhcus`ts. Ucd Uks Xtua Xtuab`a b`a:: Ki`sc`sbk p`rsdii`l (r`sba`is kia kt`iabies) w`r`
ksm`a d a`shrbo` gbsckps ck c`y dos`rv`a dr w`r` abr`hly bivdlv`a bi k
Hckp`r 6: ^r`v`ikol` Ki`sc`sbk Gbsckps
?2
kiy pdbi bi c`br prd`ssbdikl hkr``rs. K gbsckp wks lko`l`a k hrbbhkl bihba`i wc`ii b wks ki dhhur wc` dhhurr`ih` r`ih` ck hdula ckv` l`a dr aba l`ka d ki uia` uia`sbrko sbrkol` l` duhdg`. Bihba`is w`r` r`qubr`a d ckv` c` dlldwbie hckrkh`rbsbhs: (;) bivdlv`a ki `rrdr oy k g`go`r d c` ki`sc`sbk `kg dr k kblur` d c` ki`sc`bs‒s `qubpg`i d uihbdi prdp`rly= (?) dhhurr`a k k bg` wc`i c` pkb`i wks uia`r c` hkr` d ki ki`sc`bs= (8) wks a`shrbo`a bi hl`kr a`kbl oy k p`rsdi wcd `bc`r dos`rv`a dr wks bivdlv`a bi c` bihba`i= (1) wks hl`krly pr`v`ikol`.
Ucd Uks @xhlua`a: Bihba`is w`r` `xhlua`a wc`i aduo `xbs`a kodu pr`-
v`ikoblby,, ks kss`ss`a oy c` ki`sc`sbk v`ikoblby ki`sc`sbk p`rsdii`l. Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: K dkl d 15 bi`rvb`ws w`r` hdiauh`a, kia a`shrbpbdis
d 802 pr`v`ikol` bihba`is w`r` dokbi`a. Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` 6.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒s a`sbei. 15 Ki`stc`sbk ^`rsdii`l Bit`rvb`ws
802 ^r`v`itkol` Bihba`its
Hrbtbhkl Bihba`it Kiklysbs
suay a`sbei. a`sbei. Fbeur` 6.; Xuggkry d c` suay Xtuay Bit`rv`itbdi: K s`rb`s d ?0 pbld bi`rvb`ws w`r` hdiauh`a d `vkl-
uk` bi`rvb`w srk`eb`s kia a`v`ldp ki bi`rvb`w drgk. Bidrgkbdi hdll`h`a aurbie pbld bi`rvb`ws wks us`a d a`v`ldp ki bibbkl bihba`i hlkssbhkbdi shc`g`. Xuay bi`rvb`w``s w`r` s`l`h`a k rkiadg kia birdauh`a d c` suay oy k orb` l`t`r. Kll bi`rvb`ws w`r` hdiauh`a oy c` skg` bi`rvb`w`r kia lks`a 6> d 2> gbiu`s. Bihba`i a`kbls w`r` hda`a usbie k orkihcbie hlkssbhkbdi shc`g` wbc ?8 gkjdr hk`edrb`s d bidrgkbdi. @iapdbits: Hdgpu`r Hdgpu`r-kba`a kba`a kiklysbs dr r`ias kia pkt`ris d c` akkoks`.
` akk w`r` `xkgbi`a oy e`i`rkbie suggkrb`s d c` ?8 gkjdr hk`edrb`s d bidrgkbdi kia oy iug`rbhkl sdrbie `hcibqu`s bi s`krhc dr ididovbdus hlus`r d bihba`i yp`s y p`s kia surrduiabie hbrhugskih`s.
8>
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
_@XPLQX
• K dkl d 802 pr`v`ikol` bihba`is w`r` w`r` ba`ib`a kia hda`a, hda`a, d wcbhc 00% cka dhhurr`a wbcbi ; y`kr o`dr` c` bi`rvb`w bi`rv b`w,, 3?% bivdlv`a cugki `rrdr, kia ;1% bivdlv`a `qubpg`i kblur`. • Xk kv`rke`a kv`rke`a s`v`i bihba`is bihba`is p`r bi`rvb`w bi`rvb`w== r`sba`is kv`rk kv`rke`a e`a `bec `bec bihba`is p`r bi`rvb`w bi`rv b`w.. • ` s`rbdusi`ss d c` bihba`is rkie`a rdg `v`is ck cka cka id midwi i`ekbv` ``hs d c` pkb`i d bihba`is ck r`sul`a bi pkb`i a`kc. • ` ;> hk`edrb`s d gds r`qu`ily dhhurrbie dhhurrbie bihba`is kr` kr` lbs`a bi kol` 6.;. • Hrbbhkl bihba`is dhhurr`a gds hdggdily hdggdily aurbie c` gbaal` d c` ki`sc`bh kia r`qu`ily aurbie c` biauhbdi p`rbda. • K suos` d bihba`is bivdlv`a c` r`lb` d di` ki`sc`bs oy kidc`r kidc`r.. Bi gds hks`s, c` r`lb`vbie r`lb`v bie ki`sc`bs ba`ib`a k prdol`g, suee`sbie ck k pdlbhy d p`rbdabh or`kms bs pr``rr`a d suhc or`kms id o`bie p`rgbt`a. • K hk`edr hk`edryy d “kssdhbk`a khdrs‗ wks a`v`ldp` a`v`ldp`aa bi r`spdis` d bidrgkbdi hdll`h`a aurbie c` bi`rvb`ws, kia c`s` khdrs w`r` o`lb`v`a d o` pr`abspdsbie hbrhugskih`s hbrhugskih`s kssdhbk`a kssdhbk`a wbc c` bihba`is (kol` ( kol` 6.?).
Qkol` 6.;. 6.;. G F D B Bihba`it Or`kcbie hbrhub abshdii`hbdi
Iugo`r df Dhhurr`ih`s ?5
Bikav`r`i eks dw hckie` Xyrbie` swkp Eks supply prdol`g Birkv`idus kppkrkus abshdii`hbdi Lkryiedshdp` gkluihbdi ^r`gkur` `xuokbdi Or`kcbie hbrhub hdii`hbdi `rrdr Cypdvdl`gbk rkhc`kl kbrwky a`vbh` pdsbbdi hckie`
?? ;2 ;0 ;; ;; ;> 2 2 5
Hckp`r 6: ^r`v`ikol` Ki`sc`sbk Gbsckps
8;
Qkol` 6.?. 6.?. X K K F F H
Kssdhbkt`a Fkhtdr Fkhtdr Bika`quk` dkl `xp`rb`ih` Bika`quk` kgblbkrby wbc `qubpg`i/a `qubpg`i/a`vbh` ^ddr hdgguibhkbdi wbc `kg, lko, `h. Cks` Bikt`ibdi/hkr`l`ssi`ss Bikt`ibdi/ hkr`l`ssi`ss Fkbeu` @xh`ssbv` a`p`ia`ihy di dc`r p`rsdii`l Fkblur` d p`rdrg k idrgkl hc`hm rkbibie dr `xp`rb`ih`dc`r `xp`rb`ih`dc`r khdrs Xup`rvbsdr id pr`s`i pr`s`i `iduec @ivbrdig`ikl dr hdll`keu`sdc`r hdll`keu`sdc`r khdrs Vbsukl `la `la r`srbh`a r`srbh`a G`ikl dr pcysbhkldc`r pcysbhkldc`r khdrs Bika`quk` kgblbkrby wbc surebhkl prdh`aur` Absrkhbdi ^ddr lko`lbie d hdirdls, arues, `h.
Iugo`r df Dhhurr`ih`s Dhhurr`ih`s 55 10 ?5 ?6 ?6 ?1 ?1 ?? ?? ;3 ;3 ;5 ;6 ;1 ;8 ;?
Xup`rvbsbdidc`r khdrs Xup`rvbsbdidc`r Xbukbdi pr`hlua`a idrgkl pr`hkubdis Bika`quk` kgblbkrby wbc ki`sc`bh `hcibqu` `khcbie khbvby uia`rwky Kppr`c`isbdii Kppr`c`isbd @g`re`ihy @g`re`i hy hks` A`gkiabie dr abhul hks` Odr`adg Ikur` d khbvbydc`r khbvbydc`r khdrs Bisuhb`i pr`pkrkbdi Xldw prdh`aur` Dc`r
;? ;> ;> 2 3 6 6 0 0 8 8 8
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: bs r`rdsp`hbv` `xkgbikbdi d hrbbhkl bihba`is
r`lb`a di ki`sc`sbk prdvba`rs d r`hkll bidrgkbdi rdg c` r`gd` pks. Kll bihba`is ck bivdlv`a or`kcbie hbrhub abshdii`hbdis w`r` krobrkrbly r`k`a ks cugki `rrdr= o`hkus` c` r`qu`ihy d suhc abshdii`hbdis bs k abr`h hdis`qu`ih` d `qubpg`i a`sbei, c`s` bihba`is hdula kl`rikbv`ly o` hdisba`r`a `qubpg`i kblur`s. Bidrgkbdi r`ekrabie c` bg` d aky ck ki bihba`i dhhurr`a (aky vs. ibec) wks a`lbo`rk`ly `lbhb`a aurbie dily c` ikl ;2 bi`rvb`ws.
8?
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• K dlldwdlldw-up up suay bivdlvbie dur cdspbkls wks r`pdr`a bi ;231 ck bihlua`a k gdr` a`kbl`a kiklysbs kia ;> pd`ibkl srk`eb`s dr pr`v`ibdi dr a``hbdi d hrbbhkl bihba`is.? • K r`h`i kiklysbs d c` Kg`rbhki Xdhb`y d Ki`sc`sbdlde Ki`sc`sbdldebss bss Hlds`a Hlkbgs akkoks` scdw`a ck dr hlkbgs rdg ;22> d ?>>5, c` l`kabie duhdg`s w`r` a`kc (?6%), i`rv` bijury (??%), kia p`rgki`i orkbi akgke` (2%). ` gds hdggdi akgkebie `v`is au` d ki`sc`sbk bi hlkbgs w`r` r`ebdikl- oldhm‘ r`ebdikl- oldhm‘r`lk`a r`lk`a (?>%), r`spbrkdry (;5%), hkrabdvkshulkr (;8%) kia `qubpg`i-r`lk`a `qubpg`i-r`lk`a `v`is (;>%).8 • K suay puolbsc`a bi ?>;0 us`a k vdluik vdluikry ry hrbbhkl bihba`i bihba`i r`pdrbie sys`g d ba`iby dppdruibb`s d bgprdv` hlbibhkl hkr` kia pkb`i sk`y. K ?>-b`g ?>-b`g lbs d hdgplbhkbdis wks hdgpl``a dr `khc prdh`aur`, kia kll hrbbhkl bihba`is w`r` `i`r`a bid ki ki`sc`sbk bidrgkbdi gkike`g`i sys`g kia r`hlkssb`a bid 20 ab`r`i hrbbhkl bihba`is. Aurbie c` ;;>,8;> prdh`aur`s p`rdrg`a, 82>1 hrbbhkl bihba`is bi 83>5 (8.0%) ki`sc`bh prdh`aur`s w`r` ba`ib`a. `hcibhkl abhulb`s wbc r`ebdikl ki`sc`sbk (i 7 110= 1> p`r ;>,>>> ki`sc`bhs), cypd`isbdi (i 7 18?= 82 p`r ;>,>>> ki`sc`bhs), kia ui`xp`h`a abhul biuokbdi (i 7 ?;6= ?> p`r ;>,>>> ki`sc`bhs) w`r` c` gds r`qu`ily adhug`i`a adhug` i`a hrbbhkl bihba`is. 1 Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdis: bs suay `skolbsc`a k rkg`wdrm dr kss`ssbie
pkb`i sk`y bi ki`sc`sbdldey kia `xpds`a pkt`ris d r`qu`ily dhhurrbie pr`v`ikol` bihba`is. `s` akk klsd suee`s`a ck c` kpplbhkbdi d cugkikhdrs prbihbpl`s hdula o` us`a bi ki`sc`sbk, dlldwbie c` `xkgpl` d suhh`ss bi `las suhc ks kvbkbdi.
HLBIBHKL HKX@: FLPBA _@XPXHBQ _@XPXHBQK KQBDI BI QC@ BIQ@IXBV@ HK_@ PIBQ
Hks` Cbstdry
K ?5- y`kr y`kr-dla wdgki uia`rw`i ki `l`hbv` h`skr`ki a`lbv`ry uia`r spbikl ki`sc`sbk. Kf`r c` okoy wks a`lbv`r`a, c` pkb`i `xp`rb`ih`a s`v`r` ikus`k. ` ki`sc`sbk prdvba`r bi`ia`a d kagbibs`r diakis`rdi ou bikav`r`ily kagbibs`r`a uiablu`a pc`iyl`pcrbi`. ` pkb`i hdgplkbi`a k c`kakhc` kia o`hkg` cyp`r`isbv`. Ibrdelyh`rbi` wks kagbibs`r`a wbcdr`sdlubdi d sygpdgs. Uck dlldw-up dlldw-up dr cbs g`abhkbdi `rrdr bs i`h`sskry4
Hckp`r 6: ^r`v`ikol` Ki`sc`sbk Gbsckps
88
Xuee`st`a Kisw`r
Kf`r c` pkb`i cks r`hdv`r` r`hdv`r`aa rdg ki`sc`sbk, k abshldsur` d c` kav`rs` `v`i scdula o` gka` kia adhug`i`a. ` g`abhkbdi `rrdr scdula o` r`pdr`a d k quklby quklb y kia sk`y hdggbt`` dr r`vb`w r`v b`w..
_`f`r`ih`s
;. Hddp`r JO, I`wodw`r X, Ldie HA, Gh^``m O. ^r`v`ikol` ^r`v`ikol` ki`sc`sbk gbsckps: k suay d cugki khdrs. Ki`stc`sbdldey. khdrs. Ki`stc`sbdldey. ;253 ;253 A`h=12(6):822 A`h=12(6):822‘‘1>6. ?. Hddp`r JO, I`wodw`r I`wodw`r X, Mbz J. J. Ki kiklysbs d gkjdr `rrdrs kia `qubpg`i kblur`s bi ki`sc`sbk gkike`g`i: hdisba`rkbdis dr pr`v`ibdi kia a``hbdi. Ki`stc`sbdldey. ;231 Ki`stc`sbdldey. ;231 Jki=6>(;):81‘1?. Jki=6>(;):81‘1?. 8. G`zi`r J, ^dsi`r ML, Lkg GX, Adgbid MO. Hlds`a hlkbgs‒ kiklysbs. O`st kiklysbs. O`st ^rkht _`s Hlbi Kik`stc`sbdl. ?>;; Kik`stc`sbdl. ?>;; Jui=?0(?):?68‘56. Jui=?0(?):?68‘56. 1. Guibie M@, vki Zkki` O, Xhcdu`i KI, vki Udlswbim`l L, a` Erkk JH. `pdrbie hrbbhkl bihba`is bi k `rbkry cdspbkl: k cbsdrbhkl hdcdr suay d ;;>,8;> prdh`aur`s. Hki J Kik`stc. ?>;0 Kik`stc. ?>;0 A`h=6?(;?):;? A`h=6?(;?):;?13‘ 13‘03. 03.
5
A`lbo`rkt` Bihr`ks` df Dxye`i A`lbv`ry bi tc` ^`rbdp`rktbv` ^`rbda
^`rbdp`rkbv` bihr`ks` d dxye`i a`lbv`ry wbc adp`xkgbi` cyardhcldrba` sbeibhkily r`auh`s gdrklby kia gdrobaby bi cbec-rbsm cbec- rbsm surebhkl pkb`is. . ;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Ad`s c` a`lbo`rk` bihr`ks` bi dxye`i a`lbv`ry wbc c`
us` d p`rbdp`rkbv` adp`xkgbi` r`auh` gdrklby kia gdrobaby bi cbec-rbsm cbec- rbsm surebhkl pkb`is4 Fuiabie: Fbsdis, ^LH, Pib`a Mbieadg. R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ;22>. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ;228. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: X. E`dre`‒s Cdspbkl, Ldiadi, @ielkia. Ucd Uks Uks Xtuab`a: ^kb`is uia`redbie uia`redbie sure`ry `xp`hbie `x p`hbie d lks dr lksbie gdr`
cki ;.0 cdurs wcd w`r` ba`ib`a ks cbec rbsm rb sm oy c` dlldwbie: pr`vbdus s`v`r` hkrabdr`spbrkdry blli`ss, `x`isbv` sure`ry plkii`a dr hkrhbidgk, khu` oldda ldss 93 uibs, ke` 95> y`krs wbc lbgb`a pcysbdldebh r`s`rv` bi di` dr gdr` drekis, r`spbrkdry kblur`, khu` koadgbikl hkksrdpc` wbc c`gdayikgbh
Hckp`r 5: A`lbo`rk` Bihr`ks` d Dxye`i A`lbv`ry bi c` ^`rbdp`rkbv` ^`rbda
80
biskoblby, khu` r`ikl kblur`, kia lk`-sk` lk`-sk` vkshulkr abs`ks` bivdlvbie kdrbh abs`ks`.
Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: ;>5.
Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` 5.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒s a`sbei. ;>5 Cbec-_bsm ^ktb`its
_kiadgbz`a
Hditrdl Erdup (i 7 7 01) Hdiv`itbdikl Qc`rkpy
^rdtdhdl Erdup (i 7 7 08) Kaabtbdi df Adp`xkgbi` Bifusbdi
Fbeur` 5.; Xuggkry d c` suay suay a`sbei. a`sbei. Xtuay Bit` Bit`rv`itbdi: rv`itbdi: Adp`xkgbi` bs k adpkgbi` kikldeu` ck prdauh`s p`rbpc-
`rkl vksdablkbdi kia ki bihr`ks` bi hkrabkh bia`x wbcdu sbeibhki bihr`ks`s bi gydhkrabkl dxye`i hdisugpbdi. Cbec-rbsm Cbec-rbsm surebhkl pkb`is w`r` rkiadgbz`a d hdirdl dr prddhdl lbgos d c` suay. suay. ^kb`is bi odc erdups cka kr`rbkl kia pulgdikry kr`ry kr `ry hkc``rs plkh`a. ^r`dp`rkbv`ly, ^r`dp`rkbv`ly, kll pkb`is w`r` dpbgbz`a bi khhdrakih` wbc ba`ibhkl r`kg`i edkls, bihluabie g`ki kr`rbkl pr`ssur` 3>‘ ;;> gg Ce= pulgdikry kr`ry dhhlusbdi pr`ssur` ;?‘;1 ;?‘;1 gg Ce= kr`rbkl dx ye`i skurkbdi skurkbdi 921%= c`gdeldobi 9;? e/aL= e/aL= kia urbi` dupu 9>.0 gL/me/ gL/me/c. c. ^kb`is rkiadgbz`a d c` adp`xkgbi` erdup w`r` urc`r r`k`a wbc c` suay arue b dxye`i a`lbv`ry (AD ?B) cka id r`khc`a 6>> gL/gbi/ gL/ gbi/g g?. Adp`xkgbi` wks bius`a skrbie k k ads` d >.0 μe/me/ μe/me/gbi gbi kia wks aduol`a `v`ry 8> gbiu`s d k gkxbgug ads` d 3 μe/me/ μe/ me/gbi gbi dr uibl k AD?B d 6>> gL/gbi/ gL/ gbi/g g? wks khcb`v`a. Furc`r bihr`ks`s bi adp`xkgbi` ads` w`r` lbgb`a b pkb`is `xp`rb`ih`a hc`s pkbi, sbeibhki X a`pr`ssbdi di `l`hrdhkrabderkg, `l`hrdhkrabderkg, dr ki bihr`ks` bi c`kr rk` er`k`r cki ?>% rdg oks`lbi`. Birkdp`rkbv`ly, adp`xkgbi` wks hdibiu`a k c` biusbdi ads` r`khc`a pr`dp`rkbv`ly pr`dp`rkbv`ly.. ^dsdp`rkbv`ly, kaabbdikl quklbybie pkb`is ba`ib`a aurbie sure`ry w`r` lbm`wbs` rkiadgbz`a d hdirdl dr prddhdl lbgos d c` suay kia cka pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rs bis`r`a kia r`kg`i bisbu`a wbcbi ? cdurs d c` `ia d sure`ry. ^dsdp`rkbv`ly, c` skg` r`kg`i edkls kia adp`xkgbi` adsbie r`ebg`i ks us`a pr`dp`rkbv`ly w`r` gkbikbi`a. `r` w`r` id r`srbhbdis plkh`a di birkdp`rkbv` dr pdsdp`rkbv` gkike`g`i. AD?B wks hklhulk`a ks: AD?B (gL/gbi/ (gL/ gbi/g g?) 7 HB (L/gbi/ (L/gbi/g g?) Õ Xk? (%) Õ Co (e/L) (e/L) Õ >.>;81.
86
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
Fdlldw-up: Fdlldwup: ?3 akys pdsdp`rkbv`ly. @iapdbits: Gdrklby kia hdgplbhkbdis (r`spbrkdry (r`spbrkdry kblur`, khu` r`ikl kblur`,
s`psbs, hkrabdr`spbrkdry hkrabdr`spbrkdry krr`s, pulgdikry `a`gk, pl`urkl uba, wduia bi`hbdi, abss`gbik`a birkvkshulkr hdkeulkbdi, khu` gydhkrabkl bikrhbdi, koadgbikl kosh`ss, pdsdp`rkbv` c`gdrrcke`, eksrbh dul` dosruhbdi, h`r`ordvkshulkr khhba`i, pulgdikry `godlbsg, hc`s bi`hbdi, psyhcdsbs, abskl bshc`gbk, kia dc`r).
_@XPLQX
• `r` w`r` w`r` id sbeibhki ab`r`ih`s o`w``i c` wd suay erdups erdups wbc r`ekra d a`gderkpcbh a`gderkpcbh hckrkh`rbsbhs, hckrkh`rbsbhs, midwi surebhkl rbsm khdrs (`.e., sgdmbie, abko``s), suay kagbssbdi hrb`rbk, dr prdpdrbdi prdpdr bdi d `g`re`ihy dr ure`i surebhkl prdh`aur`s p rdh`aur`s.. • ^k ^kb`is b`is bi c` adp`xkgbi` erdup cka cka sbeibhkily sbeibhkily cbec`r cbec`r dxye`i dxye`i a`lbv`ry biabh`s pr`dp`rkbv`ly kia pdsdp`rk pdsdp`rkbv`ly bv`ly.. • Dxye`i hdisugpbdi hdisugpbdi wks id sbeibhkily sbeibhkily ab`r`i o`w``i c` wd suay erdups. • ^k ^kb`is b`is bi c` adp`xkgbi` erdup r`h`bv`a r`h`bv`a sbeibhkily gdr` uba uba pr`dp`rkbv`ly cki c` hdirdl erdup ( ^ < >.>;), ou c`r` wks id sbeibhki ab`r`ih` bi pdsdp`rkbv` uba gkike`g`i bi c` rs ?1 cdurs o`w``i c` wd wd suay erdups. • Gdrklby k k ?3 akys wks sbeibhkily sbeibhkily ldw`r ( ^ 7 >.>;0) bi c` adp`xkgbi` erdup (0.5%) vs. c` hdirdl erdup (??.?%), a`gdisrkbie k 50% r`auhbdi. • ` obee`s obee`s ab`r`ih` bi gdrklby wks dos`rv`a dos`rv`a bi koadgbikl sure`ry pkb`is. • ` iugo`r d hdgplbhkbdis hdgplbhkbdis p`r pkb`i wks sbeibhkily sbeibhkily ldw`r ldw`r bi c` adp`xkgbi` erdup hdgpkr`a wbc c` hdirdl erdup ( ^ 7 >.>>3).
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: bs suay hdula id i d o` olbia`a dr biv`sbek biv`sbekdrs drs
ebv`i ck adp`xkgbi` biusbdis w`r` brk`a d ktkbi k sp`hbh kre` dr dx ye`i a`lbv a`lbv`r `ry= y= cdw`v`r, i`bc` i`bc`rr c` sure`di idr ki`sc` ki`sc`sbdldeb sbdldebs s wks kwkr` d k pkrbhulkr pkb`i‒s suay erdup klldhkbdi. Ibi` pkb`is rkiadgbz`a d c` adp`xkgbi` erdup pr`dp`rkbv`ly w`r` id r`k`a bi khhdrakih` wbc c` r`ebg`i dr prddhdl pkb`is, kia kll a`kcs dhhurrbie bi c` adp`xkgbi` erdup w`r` rdg cbs erdup d ibi` pkb`is (kiklys`s w`r` p`rdrg`a di ki
Hckp`r 5: A`lbo`rk` Bihr`ks` d Dxye`i A`lbv`ry bi c` ^`rbdp`rkbv` ^`rbda
85
bi`ibdi-d-r`k bi`ibdi-dr`k oksbs). oksbs). ` adp`xkgbi` adp`x kgbi` erdup r`ia`a dwkra scdr`r bi`isbv` hkr` uib kia cdspbkl l`iecs d sky, ou c` suay wdula ckv` r`qubr`a gdr` cki 0>> pkb`is d a`gdisrk` k sbeibhki ab`r`ih` bi l`iec d sky sky..
Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• Bi ;26>, Hldw`s kia A`l Eu`rhbd? r`pdr`a ck survbvdrs d gkjdr dp`rkbdis hdisbs`ily a`gdisrk`a a`gdisrk`a cbec`r pdsdp`rk pdsdp`rkbv` bv` vklu`s dr hkrabkh dupu kia dxye`i a`lbv`ry cki pkb`is wcd suos`qu`ily ab`a. Bi ;233, c` wdrm d Xcd`gkm`r ` kl.8 a`gdisrk`a r`auh`a gdrklby kia gdrobaby bi cbec-rbsm cbec-rbsm surebhkl pkb`is wc`i hkrabkh dupu kia dxye`i a`lbv`ry vklu`s o`hkg` kaabbdikl edkls dr p`rbdp`rkbv` gkike` gkike`g`i. g`i. • K ?>;1 g`kg`k-kiklysbs kiklysbs d rkiadgbz`a hdirdll`a rbkls `xkgbi`a wc`c`r edkledkl-abr`h`a abr`h`a c`rkpy (EA) usbie uba hckll`ie`s kia bidrdp`s d kueg`i dxye`i a`lbv`ry bihr`ks`a c` rbsm dr hkrabkh hdgplbhkbdis bi cbec-rbsm, cbecrbsm,kia idihkrabkh Xuab`s ck bihlua`a hkrabkh, rkugk, p`abkrbhsurebhkl sure`rb`spkb`is. w`r` `xhlua`a. k`s d hkrabkh hdgplbhkbdis, krrcycgbks, gydhkrabkl bshc`gbk, kia khu` pulgdikry `a`gk w`r` `xkgbi`a. EA wks kssdhbk`a wbc k r`auhbdi bi dkl hkrabdvkshulkr hdgplbhkbdis ( ^ 7 >.>>>0) kia krrcycgbks ( ^ 7 >.>>5). EA wks id kssdhbk`a wbc ki bihr`ks` bi khu` pulgdikry `a`gk dr gydhkrabkl bshc`gbk. 1 • Bi k ?>?>- y`kr y`kr r`rdsp`hb r`r dsp`hbv` v` r`vb`w r`v b`w 0 d cbs suay oy c` skg` kucdrs, c`y hdihlua` wbc c` sk`g`i ck c`y “cdp` ck c` hdih`p d edkl-abr`h`a edkl-abr`h`a p`rbdp`rkbv` c`rkpy dr gkjdr sure`ry hdibiu`s d bgprdv` duhdg`s kia o`hdg`s c` bi`rikbdikl skiakra d hkr`.‗ Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdis: bs rkiadgbz`a hdirdll`a suay a`gdisrk`a
k sbeibhki r`auhbdi bi gdrklby kia gdrobaby wc`i adp`xkgbi` wks us`a d bihr`ks` dxye`i a`lbv`ry aurbie c` p`rbdp`rkbv` p`rbda bi cbec-rbsm cbec-rbsm surebhkl pkb`is. _`f`r`ih`s
;. Odya D, Erduias G, O`ii`t @A. K rkiadgbz`a hlbibhkl rbkl d c` ``h d a`lbo`rk` p`rbdp`rkbv` bihr`ks` d dxye`i a`lbv`ry di gdrklby bi cbec-rbsm cbec- rbsm surebhkl pkb`is. JKGK pkb`is. JKGK.. ;228 A`h 3=?5>(??):?622‘5>5. 3=?5>(??):?622‘5>5. ?. Hldw`s ECK Jr, Eu`rhbd LG. G`tkodlbsg bsg.A`l bdis. G`tkodl bdis. . ;26>=2:65‘3;. ;26>=2:65‘ 3;. Hbrhulkdry r`spdis` d rkugk d surebhkl dp`rk-
83
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
8. Xcd`gkm`r UH, Kpp`l ^L, Mrkg CO, Ukxgki M, L`` X. ^rdsp`hbv` rbkl d suprkidrgkl vklu`s d survbvdrs ks c`rkp`ubh edkls bi cbec-rbsm cbec- rbsm surebhkl pkb`is. Hc`st . ;233=21:;;56‘;;36. ;233=21:;;56‘;;36. 1. Krulmugkrki I, Hdrr`adr H, Ckgbldi GK, ` kl. Hkrabkh hdgplbhkbdis kssdhbk`a Or J Kik`stc. Kik`stc. wbc edkledkl-abr`h`a abr`h`a c`rkpy bi cbec-rbsm cbec-rbsm surebhkl pkb`is: k g`k-kiklysbs. g`k-kiklysbs. Or ?>;1 Kpr=;;?(1):613‘02. Kpr=;;?(1):613‘02. 0. Odya D, Erduias G. Dur suay ?>d y`krs di: ka`lbv`ry rkiadgbz`a hlbibhkl rbkl d c` d a`lbo`rk` p`rbdp`rk p`rbdp`rkbv` bv` bihr`ks` dxye`i di gdrklby bi cbec-rbsm cbecrbsm``h sursbv` Hkr` Hkr` G`a. ?>;8=82:?;>5‘ G`a. ?>;8=82:?;>5‘?;;1. ebhkl pkb`is. Bit`i pkb`is. Bit`isbv` ?;;1.
3
Oldda Oldd a Xuekr Xuek r Hditrdl Hdit rdl bi Qyp` Qyp` ? Abko`t Abk o`t`s `s
Di` g`sske` ck cks o``i pusc`a adwi dur crdks dr dv`r w`iy y`krs k l`ks bs ck c` ldw`r ldw`r ydur oldda eluhds` l`v`ls kr` c` o`t`r. o`t`r. . . . ` surprbsbie surprb sbie r`suls d c` ]KHHDA rbkl kr`W ck . . . c`r` w`r` gdr` a`kcs bi c` bi`isbv` c`rkpy erdup cki bi c` skiakra c`rkpy erdup. A. A GH
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Xcdula adhdrs kre` k “idrgkl‗ oldda eluhds` l`v`l bi
pkb`is wbc yp` ? abko``s4; Fuiabie: ` Ikbdikl C`kr, C`kr, Luie, kia Oldda Bisbu` (ICLOB). (ICLOB). R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ?>>;. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ?>>3. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: 55 h`i`rs bi c` Pib`a Xk`s kia Hkikak. Ucd Uks Uks Xtuab`a: ^kb`is 1>‘52 1>‘52 y`krs dla wbc yp` yp ` ? abko``s, k c`gdeldobi
K;h (CoK;h) (CoK;h) l`v`l ≠5.0%, kia midwi hkrabdvkshulkr hkrabdvkshulkr abs`ks` dr rbsm khdrs. Ucd Uks @xhlua`a: ^kb`is wcd w`r` uiwbllbie d ad cdg` oldda eluhds`
gdibdrbie dr uiwbllbie d bij`h bisulbi= pkb`is wbc r`qu`i cypdelyh`gbh `pbsda`s= kia pkb`is wbc k hr`kbibi` 9;.0 ge/aL. ge/aL.
1>
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: ;>,?0;. Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` 3.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒ suay ‒s a`sbei. ^ktb`its wbtc Abko`t`s
_kiadgbz`a
“Keer`ssbv`‗ Erdup CoK;h tkre`t ≡6.>%
Hditrdl Erdup CoK;h tkre`t 5%‘5.2%
Fbeur` 3.; Xuggkry d c` KHHDA KHHDA suay a`sbei. Xtuay Bit` Bit`rv`itbdi: rv`itbdi: ^cysbhbkis hdula us` kiy kvkblkol` abko``s g`abhkbdis d
khcb`v` c` oldda eluhds` kre`s. G`drgbi wks us`a bi 6>% d c` pkb`is, bisulbi bi 80%, kia suldiylur`ks bi 0>%. Fdlldw-Pp: FdlldwPp: G`ki d 8.0 y`krs. @iapdbits: ^rbgkry duhdg`: k hdgpdsb` d idikkl gydhkrabkl bikrhbdi,
idikkl srdm`, dr a`kc rdg hkrabdvkshulkr hkus`s. X`hdiakry duhdg`: kllhkus` gdrklby.
_@XPLQX
• ` g`ki g`ki oks`lbi` CoK;h bi odc erdups wks 3.;%. • ` g`ki pdstr`kg`i CoK;h bi c` “keer`ssbv` “keer`ssbv`‗‗ erdup wks 6.1% vs. 5.0% bi c` hdirdl erdup. • ` g`ki w`bec ekbi bi c` “keer`ssbv` “keer`ssbv`‗‗ erdup wks 8.0 me vs. >.1 me bi c` hdirdl erdup (kol` 3.;). Qkol` 3.;. 3.;. X KHHDA‒ KHHDA‒ M F Duthdg` Cypdelyh`gbk r`qubrbie g`abhkl kssbskih` Hkrabdvkshulkr `v`is dr hkrabkh a`kc Kll-hhkus` gdrklby Kll-
“Keer`ssbv`‗ Erdup ;>.0%
Hditrdl Erdup 8.0%
Vklu` .>>;
6.2%
5.?%
>.;6
0%
1%
>.>1
^
Hckp`r 3: Oldda Xuekr Hdirdl bi yp` ? Abko``s
1;
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: ` suay dily bihlua`a pkb`is wbc hkrabd-
vkshulkr abs`ks` dr rbsm khdrs kia ad`s id prdvba` bidrgkbdi kodu wcbhc g`abhkbdis gky ckv` ckv` o``i r`spdisbol` dr c` `xh`ss gdrklby gdrklb y bi c` “keer`ssbv` erdup.‗
Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi: • ` bihr`ks`a bihr`ks`a gdrklby rk` rk` kgdie kgdie pkb`is pkb`is bi c` “keer`ssbv` “keer`ssbv`‗‗ erdup p`rsbs`a kf`r 0 y`krs d dlldw-up. dlldw-up.? • Kidc`r r`pdr bivdlvbie c` KHH KHHDA DA akk scdw`a ck, a`spb` a`spb` c` bihr`ks`a gdrklby, pkb`is bi c` “keer`ssbv`‗ erdup cka ldw`r rk`s d `krly-ske` `krly-ske` gbhrdvkshulkr gbhrdvkshulkr abs`ks` (“ (“klougbiurbk klougbiurbk kia sdg` `y` hdgplbhkbdis kia i`urdpkcy‗).8 • ` V``rki‒ V``rki‒ss Kkbrs Abko``s rbkl rbkl (VKA) (VKA) hdgpkr`a “keer`ssbv keer`ssbv`‗ `‗ oldda eluhds` gkike`g`i gkike`g`i (kre`bie (kre`bie “idrgkl‗ “idrgkl‗ oldda eluhds` l`v`ls) l`v`ls) wbc skiakra eluhds` gkike`g`i gkike`g`i kia duia id o`i` d c` 1
kpprdkhc. • keer`ssbv` ` KAVKIH@ KAVKIH@ rbkl duia ck pkb`is pkb`is r`k`a dr ki CoK;h kre` d 6.0% cka ldw`r rk`s d abko``s-r`lk` abko``s-r`lk`aa hdgplbhkbdis, prbgkrbly pr bgkrbly i`pcrdpkcy, cki aba pkb`is r`k`a dr k skiakra CoK;h kre`. 0 • Gds hlbibhkl prkhbh` prkhbh` euba`lbi`s r`hdgg`ia ki CoK;h CoK;h kre` kre` d d 6.0%‘5.0% 6.0%‘ 5.0% kia l`ss keer`ssbv` kre`s dr pkb`is k cbec rbsm r bsm dr cypdelyh`gbk suhc ks dla`r kauls. Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdis: Bi c` KHHDA rbkl, k kre` CoK;h d ≡6.>%
wks kssdhbk` kssdhbk`aa wbc bihr`ks`a gdrklby hdgpkr` hdgpkr`aa wbc k kre` d 5%‘ 5%‘5.2%. 5.2%. kre`bie ki CoK;h ≡6.>% wks kssdhbk`a wbc r`auh`a `krly-ske` `krly-ske` gbhrdvkshulkr cdw`v`r. ` dpbgkl CoK;h kre` bi pkb`is wbc abko``s r`gkbisabs`ks`, ki kr`k d khbv` biv`sbekbdi.
HLBIBHKL HKX@: BIQ@IXBV@ VX. HDIX@_VKQBV@ HDIX@_VKQBV@ OLDDA XPEK_ HDIQ_DL
Hks` Cbstdry
K 6>- y`kr-dla y`kr-dla wdgki wbc ldie-skiabie ldie-skiabie yp` ? abko``s, cyp`r`isbdi, kia cyp`rlbpba`gbk pr`s`is dr k rdubi` dh` vbsb. v bsb. C`r abko``s g`abhkbdis bihlua` g`drgbi ;,>>> ge wbh` w bh` akbly, akbly, bisulbi elkrebi` 1> uibs k o`abg`, kia r`eulkr bisulbi ;? uibs o`dr` `khc g`kl. Xc` prdualy scdws ydu c`r oldda
1?
X@HBDI ;: E@I@ KL KI@XC@X BDLDER
suekr lde, wcbhc a`gdisrk`s `xh`ll`i suekr hdirdl, wbc ksbie gdribie suekrs kv`rkebie 3?. C`r gds r`h`i CoK;h bs 6.1%. C`r dily hdih`ris kr` c`r hdibiu`a bikoblby d lds` w`bec kia dhhksbdikl `pbsda`s d “sckmbie‗ wc`i c`r oldda suekrs ardp o`ldw 50. 50. Kf`r r`kabie c` KHH KHHDA DA rbkl, wck kajusg`is gbec ydu gkm` d c`r abko``s g`abhkbdis4
Xuee`st`a Kisw`r
` KHHDA rbkl scdw`a ck keer`ssbv` oldda suekr gkike`g`i wbc k kre` CoK;h d ≡6% wks kssdhbk`a wbc bihr`ks`a gdrklby. Bi kaabbdi, kre`bie ki CoK;h d ≡6% l`a d w`bec ekbi kia ki bihr`ks`a rk` d cypdelyh`gbh `pbsda`s. bs pkb`i‒s CoK;h bs 6.1% wcbhc 6.1% wcbhc wks c` g`ki g`ki CoK;h CoK;h l`v`l bi pkb`is kssbei`a d c` “keer`ssbv`‗ oldda suekr erdup bi KHHDA. us, cbs pkb`i‒s oldda suekr hdirdl bs prdokoly dd bec, kia c`r bisulbi ads` (`bc`r c` bisulbi elkrebi`, r`eulkr bisulbi, dr odc a`p`iabie di c`r oldda suekr pkt`ris pkt`ris)) scdula o` r`auh`a. bs hckie` wdula o` `xp`h`a d r`auh` c` r`qu`ihy d c`r cypdelyh`gbh `pbsda`s, gkm` b `ksb`r dr c`r d lds` w`bec, kia p`rckps r`auh` c`r rbsm dr a`kc.
_`f`r`ih`s
;. Khbdi d Hdirdl Hkrabdvkshulkr bsm bi Abko``s Xuay Erdup. @`hs d bi`isbv` eluhds` ldw`rbie ldw`rbie bi yp` yp` ? abko``s. abko``s. I I @iel J G`a. G`a. ?>>3=803(?1):?0 ?>>3=803(?1):?010‘ 10‘02. 02. ?. ` KHHDA Xuay Erdup. LdieLdie-`rg `rg ``hs d bi`isbv` eluhds` ldw`rbie di hkrG`a. ?>;;=861(2):3;3 abdvkshulkr duhdg`s. I duhdg`s. I @iel J G`a. ?>;;=861(2):3;3‘‘?3. 8. BsgkblBsgkbl-O`beb O`beb F, Hrkv`i , Oki`rjb GK, ` kl. @`h d bi`isbv` r`kg`i d cyp`relyhk`gbk di gbhrdvkshulkr duhdg`s bi yp` ? abko``s: ki kiklysbs d c` KHH DA rkiadgbs`a rkiadgbs `aH, rbkl. rbkl. Lkih`t Lkih`t ?>;>=856(2582):1;2‘ 1;2‘8>. 8>. 1. KHHDA Auhmwdrc U, Korkbrk U, Gdrbz Gdrbz , .`?>;>=856(2582): , kl. Eluhds` hdirdl kia vkshulkr hdgplbhkbdis bi v``rkis wbc yp` ? abko``s. I abko``s. I @iel J G`a. G`a. ?>>2=86>(?):;? ?>>2=86>(?):;?2‘ 2‘82. 82. 0.. ` KAVKIH@ 0 KAVKIH@ Hdllkodrkbv` Hdllkodrkbv` Erdup. Bi`isbv` oldda eluhds` hdirdl kia vkshulkr G`a. ?>>3=803(?1):?0 duhdg`s bi pkb`is wbc yp` ? abko``s. I abko``s. I @iel J G`a. ?>>3=803(?1):?06>‘ 6>‘5?. 5?.
X@HQBDI ?
Hkrabkh Ki`stc Ki`stc`sbk `sbk
2
Hdie`stbv` C`krt Fkblur` Hdie`stbv` Fkblur` kia k ia ^ulgdikry Krt`ry Hktc`t`rbzktbdi
Kaabbdi d c` ]pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rW d hkr`ul hlbibhkl kss`ssg`i bihr`ks`a kibhbpk`a kav`rs` `v`is, ou aba id k`h dv`rkll gdrklby kia cdspbklbzkbdi. @XHK^@ B B ;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Ad`s pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``r (^KH) us` bgprdv` hlbi-
bhkl duhdg`s bi pkb`is cdspbklbz`a wbc s`v`r` sygpdgkbh kia r`hurr`i c`kr kblur`4 Fuiabie: Ikbdikl C`kr, C`kr, Luie, kia Oldda Bisbu`. R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ?>>>. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ?>>0. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: ?6 c`kr kblur` h`i`rs bi c` Pib`a Xk`s kia Hkikak. Ucd Uks Xtuab`a: ^kb`is wbc s`v`r` sygpdgkbh c`kr kblur` wbc cdspb-
klbzkbdi dr c`kr kblur` wbcbi c` prbdr y`kr, ure`i vbsb d c` `g`re`ihy a`pkrg`i, dr r`kg`i aurbie c` pr`h`abie gdic wbc gdr` cki ;6> ge d urds`gba` akbly (dr `qubvkl`i). _kiadgbzkbdi r`qubr`a k l`ks 8 gdics d sygpdgs a`spb` kiebd`isbi-hdiv`rbie kiebd`isbi-hdiv`rbie `izyg` bicbobdrs kia abur`bhs,
16
X@HBDI ?: HK_AB KH KI@XC@ XBK
`j`hbdi rkhbdi ≡8>%, sysdlbh oldda pr`ssur` ≡;?0 gg Ce, kia k l`ks di` sbei kia di` sygpdg d hdie`sbdi. Ucd Uks @xhlua`a: ^kb`is wbc k hr`kbibi` l`v`l 98.0 ge/aL, ge/aL, prbdr us` d
adoukgbi` dr adpkgbi` k 98 μe/me/ μe/me/gbi, gbi, dr us` d gblrbidi` aurbie c` suay cdspbklbzkbdi. Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: 188. Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` 2.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒ suay ‒s a`sbei. 188 Xtuay ^ktb`its
_kiadgbz`a
Hlbibhkl Ks Kss`ssg`it Er Erdup
Hlbibhkl Kss`ssg`it + ^KH Erdup
Fbeur` 2.; Xuggk Xuggkry ry d c` suay suay a`sbei. a`sbei. Xtuay Bit` Bit`rv`itbdi: rv`itbdi: Fdr pkb`is bi odc suay erdups, c` r`kg`i edkl wks
r`sdlubdi d hlbibhkl sbeis kia sygpdgs d hdie`sbdi (jueulkr v`idus pr`ssur` `l`vkbdi, `a`gk, drcdpi`k). Fdr c` ^KH erdup, kaabbdikl r`kg`i edkls bihlua`a r`auhbie pulgdikry hkpbllkry w`ae` pr`ssur` d ≡;0 gg Ce kia rbec krbkl pr`ssur` d ≡3 gg Ce. Fdlldw-Pp: FdlldwPp: 6 gdics. @iapdbits: ^rbgkry duhdg`: akys klbv` du d c` cdspbkl aurbie c` rs
6 gdics kf`r rkiadgbzkbdi. X`hdiakry duhdg`: `x`rhbs`, quklby d lb`, obdhc`gbhkl gkrm`rs (ikrbur`bh p`pba`s), kia `hcdhkrabderk `hcdhkrabderkpcbh pcbh hckie`s.
_@XPLQX
• ` akk akk kia sk`y gdibdrbie gdibdrbie odkra odkra r`hdgg`ia`a r`hdgg`ia`a ck ck c` rbkl o` sdpp`a o`dr` `irdllbie 0>> pkb`is o`hkus` d hdih`ris d ^KH kav`rs` `v`is kia c` uilbm`lbcdda d khcb`vbie k sbeibhki ab`r`ih` bi c` prbgkry `iapdbi. • ^k ^kb`is b`is bi c` wd rkiadgbz`a erdups cka cka sbgblkr sbgblkr oks`lbi` oks`lbi` hckrkh`rbsbhs.
C`kr Fkblur` kia ^ulgdikry Kr`ry Hckp`r 2: Hdie`sbv` C`kr K r`ry Hkc` Hkc``rbzkbdi `rbzkbdi
15
• ` prbgkry `iapdbi wks ba`ibhkl ba`ibhkl bi odc erdups, erdups, kia c`r` wks wks id sbeibhki ab`r`ih` o`w``i suoerdups. • ` dv`rkll dv`rkll gdrklby rk` rk` wks ;2% k k 6 gdics. gdics. `r` `r` wks id sbeibhki ab`r`ih` bi c` g`ki iugo`r d akys pkb`is w`r` w`ll, iugo`r d a`kcs, cdspbklbzkbdis p`r pkb`i, dr akys cdspbklbz`a. • ` dkl iugo`r d bibi-cdspbkl cdspbkl kav`rs` `v`is wks sbeibhkily cbec`r bi c` ^KH krg d c` suay (pkb`is wbc k l`ks di` kav`rs` `v`i: ?;.2% vs. ;;.0%= ^ 7 >.>1). ^KH-r`lk`a ^KH-r`lk`a kav`rs` `v`is dhhurr`a bi k dkl d ;> pkb`is: ^KH-r`lk`a ^KH- r`lk`a bi`hbdi (1 pkb`is), ol``abie ol``a bie (? pkb`i pk b`is), s), hkc``r hk c``r midt midtbie bie (? pkb`i pk b`is), s), pulgdikr pul gdikryy bikrhbdi/c`gdrrcke` bikrhbdi/ c`gdrrcke` (? pkb`is), v`irbhulkr khcyhkrabk (; pkb`i). • @x`rhbs` kia quklbyquklby-dd-lb` lb` `iapdbis scdw`a er`k`r bgprdv`g`i bgprdv`g`i bi c` ^KH krg.
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: @XHK^@ h`i`rs w`r` s`l`h`a dr c`br `xp`rbs`
bi r`kbie kavkih`a c`kr kblur` pkb`is, kia c`s` iabies gky id o` e`i`rklbzkol` d dc`r s`tbies. Hlbibhbkis w`r` id prdvba`a wbc k skiakra r`kg`i prddhdll d bgpl`g`i oks`a di c` ^KH iabies. B bs pdssbol` ck k o`i` dr prddhd ^KHs gbec `g`re` b hlbibhbkis us`a k skiakrabz` skiakrabz`a, a, `vba`ih``v ba`ih`- oks`a oks`a prddhdl dr r`spdiabie d c` akk. Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• Bi k s`hdiakry kiklysbs d akk akk rdg @XHK^@ oy ^k ^klkray lkray ?
` kl. puolbsc`a bi, wks ?>>2, gbrkl r`eurebkbdi, ks wc`i kss`ss`a oy d r`lb`v` `hcdhkrabderkpcy `hcdhkrabder kpcy, gdr` ``hbv`ly r`auh`a c`rkpy hdie`sbdi wks euba`a oy ^KH edkls cki oy hlbibhkl kss`ssg`i kldi` aurbie cdspbklbzkbdi. bs ab`r`ih` wks lkre`ly lds kf`r 8 gdics d dupkb`i gkike`g` gkike`g`i. i. • Aurbie c` @XHK^@ rbkl, pkb`is wcd w`r` w`r` id rkiadgbz`a o`hkus` k ^KH wks hdisba`r`a d o` r`qubr`a dr gkike`g`i w`r` `i`r`a bid k hdihurr`i ^KH ^KH r`ebsry r`ebsr y. Bi ?>>3, Kllki ` kl.8 puolbsc`a ki kiklysbs d 182 ^KH r`ebsry pkb`is ck a`gdisrk`a ldie`r cdspbklbzkbdis (;8 vs. 6 akys, ^ < >.>>;) kia cbec`r 6-gdic 6-gdic gdrklby (81% vs. ?>%, ^ < >.>>;) cki rbkl pkb`is, cbeclbecbie c` hdgpl`x hdi`x d s`l`hbdi dr rkiadgbz`a rbkls. Hdll`e` d Hkrabdldey • pkb`i ` ?>;8 ?>;8 euba`lbi`s rdg c` Kg`rbhki Hkrabdldey Fduiakbdi/ Kg`rbhki Fduiakbdi/ Kg`rbhki C`kr Kssdhbkbdi (KHHF/ (KHHF/ KCK) KCK)1 biabhk`
13
X@HBDI ?: HK_AB KH KI@XC@ XBK
ck c` “rdubi` us` d bivksbv` c`gdayikgbh gdibdrbie bs id r`hdgg`ia`a bi idrgd`isbv` pkb`is wbc w bc khu` a`hdgp`isk`a c`kr kblur` kia hdie`sbdi wbc sygpdgkbh r`spdis` d abur`bhs kia vksdablkdrs‗ (Odx 2.;).
O DS 2. ;. ?>;8 K HHF/ K KC CK EPBA@LBI@X FD_ ^PLGDI K_R K_Q@_R K_Q@_R HKQC@Q@_ HKQC@Q@_ PX@
Hlkss B _`hdgg`iaktbdi
Bivksbv` c`gdayikgbh gdibdrbie wbc k pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``r scdula o` p`rdrg`a d euba` c`rkpy bi pkb`is pkb`is wcd ckv` r`spbrkd r`spbrkdry ry absr`ss dr dr hlbibhkl `vba`ih` d bgpkbr`a p`rusbdi bi wcdg c` ka`qukhy dr `xh`ss d birkhkrabkh llbie pr`ssur`s hkiid o` a``rgbi`a rdg hlbibhkl kss`ssg`i. (L`v`l d @vba`ih`: H) Hlkss BBk _`hdgg`iaktbdi
Bivksbv` c`gdayikgbh gdibdrbie gdibdrbie hki o` us`ul dr hkr`ully s`l`h`a pkb`is wbc khu` c`kr kblur` wcd ckv` ckv` p`rsbs`i sygpdgs a`spb` a`spb` `gpbrbh kajusg`i d skiakra c`rkpb`s kia (k) wcds` uba skus, p`rusbdi, dr sys`gbh dr pulgdikry vkshulkr r`sbskih` bs uih`rkbi= (o) wcds` sysdlbh pr`ssur` r`gkbis ldw, dr bs kssdhbk`a wbc sygpdgs, a`spb` bibbkl c`rkpy= (h) wcds` r`ikl uihbdi bs wdrs`ibie wbc c`rkpy= (a) wcd r`qubr` pkr`i`rkl vksdkhbv` ke`is= dr (`) wcd gky i``a hdisba`rkbdi dr g`hckibhkl hbrhulkdry hbrhulkdry suppdr dr rkisplkik rkisplkikbdi. bdi. (L`v`l d @vba`ih`: H) Hlkss BBB _`hdgg`iaktbdi: Id O`i`t
_dubi` us` d bivksbv` c`gdayikgbh gdibdrbie bs id r`hdgg`ia`a bi idrgd`isbv` pkb`is wbc khu` a`hdgp`isk`a c`kr kblur` kia hdie`sbdi wbc sygpdgkbh r`spdis` d abur`bhs kia vksdablkdrs. vksdablkdrs. (L`v`l d @vba`ih`: O)
Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbd Bgplbhktbdis: is: ` @XHK^@ rbkl wks c` rs lkre`, gulbh`i`r,
rkiadgbz`a hlbibhkl rbkl a`sbei`a d `vkluk` c` us` d ^KH bi c`kr kblur` pkb`is. ` rbkl d c` a`gdisrk` k o`i` d ^KHs. id ldie`r r`hdgg`ia`a drkbl`a eubabie gkike`g`i d pkb`is wbc^KHs c`krkr` kblur` bi c` bi`isbv` hkr` uib s`tbie.
C`kr Fkblur` kia ^ulgdikry Kr`ry Hckp`r 2: Hdie`sbv` C`kr K r`ry Hkc` Hkc``rbzkbdi `rbzkbdi
12
HLBIBHKL HKX@: ^P LGDIK_R K_Q@_R HKQC@Q@_ HKQC@Q@_ PX@ BI GKIKEBIE C@K_Q FKBLP_@
Hks` Cbstdry
K 02- y`kr-dla y`kr-dla gki bs kagbt`a dr gkike`g`i d r`hurr`i khu` a`hdgp`isk`a c`kr kblur`. ` pkb`i r`pdrs w`bec ekbi, ldw`r `xr`gby sw`llbie, kia a`hr`ks`a uihbdikl skus dr kpprdxbgk`ly ? w``ms. ` pkb`i bs idrgd`isbv`. Bs bis`rbdi d k ^KH bi cbs pkb`i biabhk`a4 Xuee`st`a Kisw`r
Xkiakra c`rkpy wbc abur`bhs kia vksdablkdrs scdula o` bgpl`g`i`a. B c` pkb`i cks p`rsbs`i sygpdgs a`spb` kajusg`is bi skiakra c`rkpy ks w`ll ks iabies suhc ks wdrs`ibie r`ikl uihbdi dr r`qubr`g`i dr pkr`i`rkl vksdkhbv` ke`is, bis`rbdi d k ^KH dr bivksbv` c`gdayikgbh gdibdrbie gky o` hdisba`r`a.
_`f`r`ih`s
;. Obikiky H, Hklb Hklb _G, Ckss`lolka Ckss`lolka V, V, ` kl. @vklukbdi @vklukbdi suay d hdie`sbv` c`kr kblur` kia pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rbzk hkc``rbzkbdi bdi ``hbv`i`ss: c` @XHK^@ rbkl. JKGK. ?>>0 Dh 0=?21(;8):;6?0‘ 0=?21(;8):;6?0‘88. 88. ?. ^klkray G, X`v`isdi LU LU, ksbssk ksbssk E, ` kl. _`auhbdi bi gbrkl r`eureb r`eurebkbdi kbdi aurbie c`rkpy euba`a oy g`ksur`a llbie pr`ssur`s bi c` @XHK^@ rbkl. Hbrh C`krt Fkbl. ?>>2 Gky=?(8):;3;‘3. Gky=?(8):;3;‘3. 8. Kll`i LK, LK , _de`rs JE, JE, Ukribhk Ukribhk JU, JU, ` kl. Cbec Cbec gdrklby wbcdu @XHK^@: c` r`er`ebsry d c`kr kblur` pkb`is r`h`bvbie pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rs wbcdu rkiadgbzkbdi. J Hkra Fkb Fkbl.l. ?>>3 Dh=;1(3):66;‘ Dh=;1(3):66;‘62. 62. 1. Rkihy HU, J`ssup G, Odzmur O, ` kl. ?>;8 KHHF/ KCK euba`lbi` dr c` gkike`gkike`g`i d c`kr kblur`: k r`pdr d c` Kg`rbhki Hdll`e` d Hkrabdldey Fduiakbdi/ Kg`rbhki C`k C`kr r Kssdhbkbdi ksm ksm Fdrh Fdrh`` di ^rkhbh` Euba`lbi`s. Hbrhulktbdi. ?>;8 Dh ;0=;?3(;6):`?1>‘ ;0=;?3(;6):`?1>‘8?5. 8?5.
;>
_kt` Hditrdl vs. _cytcg Hditrdl Hdit rdl fdr Ktrbkl Fborbllktbdi
]Bi dla`r pkb`is wbc krbkl orbllkbdi kia hkrabdvkshulkr rbsm khdrsW c` srk`ey d r`sdrbie kia gkbikbibie sbius rcycg ]cks ] cksWW id hl`kr ka vkike` dv`r dv`r c` srk`ey d hdirdllbie c` v`irbhulkr rk`. rk`. KFFB_G KFFB_ G B B;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Xcdula pkb`is wbc krbkl orbllkbdi o` gkike`a wbc k
srk`ey d rk` hdirdl dr rcycg hdirdl4; Fuiabie: ` Ikbdikl C`kr, C`kr, Luie, kia Oldda Bisbu`. Bisbu`.
R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ;225. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ?>>?. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: ?>> sb`s bi c` Pib`a Xk`s kia Hkikak. Ucd Uks Xtuab`a: Kauls wbc krbkl orbllkbdi wcd w`r` k l`ks 60 y`krs dla
dr wcd cka dc`r rbsm khdrs dr srdm`. Bi kaabbdi, dily pkb`is lbm`ly d ckv` r`hurr`i krbkl orbllkbdi r`qubrbie ldie-`rg ldie-`rg r`kg`i w`r` `lbebol`. Ucd Uks Uks @xhlua`a: ^kb`is bi wcdg kibhdkeulkbdi wks hdirkbiabhk hdirkbiabhk`a. `a. Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: 1,>6>. Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` ;>.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒ suay ‒s a`sbei.
Hckp`r ;>: _k` Hdirdl vs. _cycg Hdirdl dr Krbkl Fborbllkbdi
0;
^ktb`its wbtc Ktrbkl Fborbllktbdi
_kiadgbz`a
_kt` Hditrdl
_cytcg Hditrdl
Fbeur` ;>.; Xuggk Xuggkry ry d c` KFFB_G suay a`sbei. Xtuay Bit`rv`itbdi: ^kb`is bi c` rcycg-hdirdl rcycg-hdirdl erdup r`h`bv`a kibkr-
rcycgbh arues (gds hdggdily kgbdakrdi` kia/dr kia/dr sdkldl) k c` abshr`bdi d c` r`kbie pcysbhbki. B i``a`a, pcysbhbkis hdula kt`gp d hkrabdv`r pkb`is d sbius rcycg. Kibhdkeulkbdi wbc wkrkrbi wks `ihdurke`a ou hdula o` sdpp`a k c` pcysbhbki‒s abshr`bdi b c` pkb`i r`gkbi`a bi sbius rcycg dr k l`ks 1 (k (kia ia pr``rkoly ;?) hdis`hubv` w``ms. ^kb`is bi c` rk`-hdirdl rk`-hdirdl erdup r`h`bv`a o`k oldhm`rs, hklhbug hckii`l oldhm`rs, dr abedxbi k c` abshr`bdi d c` r`kbie pcysbhbki. ` kre` c`kr c`kr rk` wks ≡3> o`ks p`r gbiu` k r`s kia ≡;;> o`ks p`r gbiu` aurbie k 6gbiu` wklm `s. Kll pkb`is bi c` rk`-hdirdl rk`-hdirdl erdup r`h`bv`a kibhdkeulk kibhdkeulkbdi bdi wbc wkrkrbi. Fdlldw-Pp: FdlldwPp: G`ki d 8.0 y`krs. @iapdbits: ^rbgkry duhdg`: kll-hkus` kll-hkus` gdrklby. X`hdiakry duhdg`s: k
hdgpdsb` d a`kc, abskolbie srdm`, abskolbie kidxbh `ih`pckldpkcy, gkjdr ol``abie, kia hkrabkh krr`s kia cdspbklbzkbdis. cdspbklbzkbdis.
_@XPLQX
• Bi c` rk`rk`-hdirdl hdirdl erdup, k c` 0- y`kr y`kr vbsb, 81.6% d pkb`is w`r` bi sbius rcycg, kia gdr` cki 3>% d cds` bi krbkl orbllkbdi orbllkbdi cka ka`quk` c`kr rk` hdirdl. • Bi c` rcycgrcycg-hdirdl hdirdl erdup, k c` 0- y`kr y`kr vbsb, 6?.6% d pkb`is w`r` bi sbius rcycg. • Kf`r 0 y`krs, ;1.2% d pkb`is pkb`is bi c` rk`rk`-hdirdl hdirdl erdup hrdss`a dv`r d c` rcycg-hdirdl rcycg-hdirdl erdup, erdup, gds hdggdily o`hkus` d sygpdgs suhc ks pklpbkbdis dr `pbsda`s d c`kr kblur`. • Kf`r 0 y`krs, y`krs, 85.0% d pkb`is pkb`is bi c` rcycgrcycg-hdirdl hdirdl erdup hrdss`a dv`r d c` rk`-hdirdl rk`-hdirdl erdup, erdup, gds hdggdily o`hkus` d ki bikoblby bikoblb y d gkbikbi sbius rcycg dr o`hkus` d arue bidl`rkih`.
0?
X@HBDI ?: HK_AB KH KI@XC@ XBK
• rduecdu c` suay suay,, gdr` cki 30% d pkb`is pkb`is bi c` rk`-hdirdl rk`-hdirdl erdup w`r` kmbie wkrkrbi hdgpkr`a wbc kpprdxbgk`ly 5>% d pkb`is pkb`i s bi c` rcycg-hdirdl rcycg-hdirdl erdup= gds srdm`s bi odc erdups dhhurr`a kgdie pkb`is id r`h`bvbie k c`rkp`ubh ads` d wkrkrbi. • ^k ^kb`is b`is bi c` rk`rk`-hdirdl hdirdl erdup cka `w`r cdspbklbzkbdis cki cds` bi c` rcycg-hdirdl rcycg-hdirdl erdup, erdup, kia c`r` wks k idisbeibhki r`ia dwkra ldw`r gdrklby (kol` ;>.;). Qkol` ;>.;. X KFFB_G KFFB_G‒ ‒ M F
Duthdg`
Kll-hkus` gdrklby Kll-h Hdgpdsb` d a`kc, abskolbie srdm`, abskolbie kidxbh `ih`pckldpkcy, gkjdr ol``abie, kia hkrabkh hkrabkh krr`s krr`s Cdspbklbzkbdis
_ kt`-Hditrdl Erdup ?0.2% 8?.5%
_cytcg-Hditrdl _cytcg-Hditrdl Erdup ?6.5% 8?.>%
^
Vklu`
58.>%
3>.;%
.>>;
>.>3 >.88
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: ` rbkl aba id bihlua` yduie pkb`is wbcdu
hkrabdvkshulkr rbsm khdrs, `sp`hbklly cds` wbc pkrdxysgkl krbkl orbllkbdi, kia c`r`dr` c` r`suls gky id kpply d c`s` pkb`is. Bi kaabbdi, kpprdxbgk`ly ckl d c` pkb`is bi c` suay cka sygpdgkbh `pbsda`s d krbkl orbllkbdi l`ss cki dih` k gdic. B bs pdssbol` ck pkb`is wbc gdr` r`qu`i dr p`rsbs`i p`r sbs`i sygpdgs wdula a`rbv` k o`i` rdg rcycg hdirdl.
Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• K iugo`r d sgkll`r sgkll`r rkiadgbz`a rkiadgbz`a rbkls hdgpkrbie rk` hdirdl kia rcycg hdirdl bi pkb`is wbc krbkl orbllkbdi orb llkbdi ckv` hdg` d sbgblkr ?‘00 hdihlusbdis ks KFFB_G.?‘ • rbkls hdgpkrbie rk` hdirdl wbc rcycg hdirdl hdirdl bi pkb`is wbc krbkl orbllkbdi kia c`kr kblur` ckv` klsd kbl`a d scdw k o`i` d rcycg hdirdl.6,5 • K r`h`i r`h`i dos`rvkbdikl suay suay suee`s`a suee`s`a ldw`r ldieldie-`rg `rg gdrklby wbc k rcycg-hdirdl rcycg-hdirdl srk`ey srk`ey vs. v s. k rk`-hdirdl rk`-hdirdl srk`ey.3 Cdw`v`r, o`hkus` cbs wks id k rkiadgbz`a rbkl c` r`suls kr` kr rdg a`ibbv` kia 2
scdula id l`ka d k hckie` bi hlbibhkl prkhbh`.
Hckp`r ;>: _k` Hdirdl vs. _cycg Hdirdl dr Krbkl Fborbllkbdi
08
Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdis: Bi cbec-rbsm cbec-rbsm pkb`is wbc krbkl orbllkbdi,
k srk`ey d rk` hdirdl bs k l`ks ks ``hbv` ks k srk`ey d rcycg hdirdl. _cycg hdirdl ad`s id kpp`kr d dovbk` c` i``a dr kibhdkeulkbdi. O`hkus` c` g`abhkbdis us`a dr rk` hdirdl kr` usuklly usukll y sk`r cki cds` us`a dr rcycg hdirdl, rk` hdirdl bs c` pr``rr`a srk`ey dr r`kbie gds cbecrbsm pkb`is wbc krbkl orbllkbdi. `s` iabies ad id i`h`sskrbly kpply d yduie`rr pkb`is yduie` pkb` is wbcd w bcdu u hkrabdvks hkra bdvkshulkr hulkr rb rbsm sm khdrs khd rs wcd w cd w`r` id bihlua bi hlua`a `a bi KFFB_G, KFFB _G, cdw`v` cdw`v`r. r.
HLBIBHKL HKX@: _K _KQ@ Q@ VX. _CRQCG HDIQ_DL BI KQ_ KQ _ B K L F B O _ B L L KQ KQBB D I
Hks` Cbstdry
K 50- y`kr50- y`kr-dla dla wdgki wbc abko``s kia cyp`r`isbdi bs id`a di rdubi` `xkgbikbdi ckv`pkbi, ki brr`eulkr c`kr d kpprdxbgk`ly ;?> o`ks p`r gbiu`. Xc` a`ib`sdhc`s scdri`ss drk` or`kc, kia dc`r hdih`ribie sygpdgs. Ki `l`hrdhkrabderkg `l`hrdhkrabderkg hdirgs k abkeidsbs d krbkl orbllkbdi. Oks`a di c` r`suls d KFFB_G, cdw scdula cbs pkb`i o` r`k`a4 Xuee`st`a Kisw`r
KFFB_G scdw`a ck rk` hdirdl bs k l`ks ks ``hbv` ks rcycg rcy cg hdirdl dr gkikebie krbkl orbllkbdi. O`hkus` c` g`abhkbdis us`a dr rk` hdirdl kr` usuklly sk`r cki cds` us`a dr rcycg hdirdl, rk` hdirdl bs e`i`rklly c` pr``rr`a srk`ey dr gkikebie c` hdiabbdi. ` pkb`i bi cbs vbei`t` bs ypbhkl d pkb`is bihlua`a bi KFFB_G. us, sc` scdula o` r`k`a bibbklly wbc k rk`-hdirdl rk`-hdirdl srk`ey (o`k oldhm`rs kr` r`qu`ily us`a ks rs-lbi` rs-lbi` ke`is). Bi c` uilbm`ly `v`i ck cbs pkb`i‒s c`kr rk` hdula id o` hdirdll`a dr b sc` w`r` d a`v`ldp odc`rsdg` sygpdgs ck aba id bgprdv` wbc k rk`-hdirdl rk`-hdirdl srk`ey, rcycg hdirdl gbec o` hdisba`r`a. Bi kaabbdi, cbs pkb`i scdula r`h`bv` kibhdkeulkbdi d r`auh` c`r rbsm dr srdm`.
_`f`r`ih`s
;. ` KFFB_G Biv`sbekdrs. K hdgpkrbsdi hdgpkrbsdi d rk` hdirdl kia rcycg hdirdl bi pkb`is wbc krbkl orbllkbdi. orbl lkbdi. I @iel J G`a. ?>>?=815(?8):; ?>>?=815(?8):;3?0‘ 3?0‘88. 88. ?. Vki E`la`r BH, Cke`is V@, Odsm`r CK, CK , ` kl. K hdgpkrbsdi d rk` hdirdl kia rcycg hdirdl bi pkb`is wbc r`hurr`i p`rsbs`i p`rsbs`i krbkl orbllkbdi. I @iel J G`a. ?>>?=815(?8):;381‘1>. ?>>?=815(?8):;381‘ 1>.
01
X@HBDI ?: HK_AB KH KI@XC@ XBK
8. Cdcilds`r Cdcilds`r XC, Muhm MC, Lblb`ickl J. _cycg dr rk` hdirdl bi krbkl orbllkbdi: ^ckrgkhdldebhkl ^ckrgkhdldebhkl Bi`rv`ibdi bi Krbkl Fborbllkbdi (^BKF)= k rkiadgbs`a rbkl. Lkih`t . ?>>>= 806(2?11):;532 806(2?11):;532‘‘21. 1. Hkrlssdi J,J, Gbm`bh X, Ubia`l`r J, ` kl. _kiadgbz`a rbkl d rk`rk`-hdird hdirdll vs. rcycghdirdl bi p`rsbs`i krbkl orbllkbdi: orbl lkbdi: c` Xrk`eb`s d r`kg`i r`kg`i d Krbkl Fborbllkbdi Fborbllk bdi Hkrabdll. ?>>8=1;(;>):;62 (XKF) suay. J Kg Hdll Hkrabd ?>>8=1;(;>):;62>‘ >‘26. 26. 0. wbc Dpdlsmb E, drobhm drobhmb b K, Mdsbdr AK, AK, ` kl. _k`c` hdirdl vs d rcycg hdirdl bi pkb`is idivklvulkr p`rsbs`i krbkl orbllkbdi: r`suls c` ^dlbsc Cdw d r`k r`k Hcrdibh Krbkl Fborbllkbdi (CD HKF@) Xuay. Hc`st . ?>>1=;?6(?):15 ?>>1=;?6(?):156‘ 6‘36. 36. 6. _dy A, klkjbh G, Ikt`l Ikt`l X, X, ` kl. _cy _cycg cg hdirdl vs. rk` hdirdl dr krbkl orbllkbdi orbl lkbdi kia c`kr kblur`. I @iel J G`a. ?>>3=803(?0):? ?>>3=803(?0):?665‘ 665‘55. 55. 5. Mdo`r L, drpdrp-^`a`rs`i ^`a`rs`i H, GhGurrky JJ, ` kl. Bihr`ks`a gdrklby kf`r ardi`akrdi` ardi` akrdi` c`rkpy dr s`v`r` c`kr kblur`. I @iel J G`a. ?>>3=803(?0):?6 ?>>3=803(?0):?653‘ 53‘35. 35. 3. Bdi`shuBdi`shu-Btu Btu _, Korkckgd Korkckgdwbhz wbhz G, Jkhm`vbshbus HK, ` kl. Hdgpkrkbv` ``hbv`i`ss ``hbv`i`ss d rcycg hdirdl vs rk` hdirdl arue r`kg`i ``h di gdrklby bi pkb`is wbc krbkl orbllkbdi. Krhc Bit`ri Bit`ri G`a G`a. ?>;?=;5?(;8):2 ?>;?=;5?(;8):225. 25. 2. A`wlkia K, K, Gkrhus EG. EG. _k` vs rcycg hdirdl hdirdl bi bi krbkl orbllkbdi: orbllkbdi: hki dos`rvkbdikl akk rugp rkiadgbz rkiadgbz`a `a rbkl r`suls4 Krhc Bit`ri Bit`ri G`a G`a. ?>;?=;5?(;8):23 ?>;?=;5?(;8):238. 8.
;;
@krly Ps` df tc` ^ulgdikry Krt`ry Hktc`t`r Hktc`t`r kia Duthdg`s bi ^ktb`its wbtc Xcdhm kia Khut` _`spbrktdry Abstr`ss Xyiardg` K _kiadgbz`a _ki adgbz`a Hditrdll` H ditrdll`a a Qrbkl Qrbkl
]HWlbibhkl gkike`g`i bivdlvbie `krly us` d k ]pulgdikry kr`ry hkc]HWlbibhkl ``rW wks id kssdhbk`a wbc sbeibhki hckie`s bi gdrklby kia gdr obaby kgdie pkb`is wbc scdhm, ]khu` ]khu` r`spbrkdry r`spbrkdry absr`ss syiardg`W, dr odc. _ . ;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi:
Ad hrbbhklly bll pkb`is o`i` ;rdg `krly bis`rbdi d k pulgdikry kr`ry kr`r y hkc``r d c`lp euba` gkike`g`i4 Fuiabie: wd Fr`ihc edv`rig`ikl ke`ihb`s kia k hdgpkiy ck gkiukhur`s
g`abhkl a`vbh`s. R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ;222. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ?>>8. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: 86 bi`isbv` hkr` uibs bi Frkih Frkih`. `. Ucd Uks Xtuab`a: ^kb`is wbc scdhm, khu` r`spbrkdry absr`ss syiardg`
(K_AX), dr odc.
06
X@HBDI ?: HK_AB KH KI@XC@ XBK
Ucd Uks Uks @xhlua`a: ^kb`is wbc c`gdrrckebh scdhm, cds` wbc k gydhkrabkl
bikrhbdi hdgplbhk`a hdgplbhk`a oy hkrabde`ibh scdhm kia r`qubrbie r`vkshulkrbzkbdi, kia cds` wbc k plk`l` hdui ≡;>,>>> p`r gbhrdlb`r. Bi kaabbdi, pkb`is g``bie hrb`rbk dr scdhm dr ldie`r cki ;? cdurs w`r` `xhlua`a. Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: 656. Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` ;;.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒ suay ‒s a`sbei. ^ktb`its wbtc Xcdhm dr K_AX
_kiadgbz`a
^lkh`g`it df k ^ulgdikry Krt`ry Hktc`t`r
Id ^lkh`g`it df k ^ulgdikry Krt`ry Hktc`t`r
Fbeur` ;;.; Xuggkry d c` rbkl a`sbei. Xtuay Bit` Bit`rv`itbdi: rv`itbdi: ^kb`is kssbei`a d c` pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``r erdup
r`h`bv`a k hkc``r wbcbi ? cdurs d `irdllg`i. ` yp` d hkc``r wks a``rgbi`a oy c` hkr` `kg, ks wks c` sb` d hkc``r bis`rbdi. Kaabbdiklly, Kaabbdiklly, c` a`hbsbdi kodu wc`i d r`gdv` c` hkc``r dr wc`c`r d r`plkh` b wks l`f d c` hkr` `kg. ` hkr` `kg hdula us` akk rdg c` hkc``r d euba` c`rkpy (`.e., pcysbhbkis hdula kajus g`abhkbdis oks`a di c` pr`ssur` r`kabies), ou c` hkr` `kg wks id ebv`i sp`hbh prddhdls d dlldw. ^kb`is ^k b`is bi c` hdirdl erdup aba id r`h`bv` k hkc``r ou dc`rwbs` dc`rw bs` r`h`bv`a skiakra hkr`. Fdlldw-Pp: FdlldwPp: ?3 akys. @iapdbits: ^rbgkry
duhdg`: gdrklby kf`r ?3 akys. X`hdiakry duhdg`s: l`iec d sky bi c` cdspbkl kia bi`isbv` hkr` uib (BHP), dreki sys`g kblur`, kia c` i``a dr g`hckibhkl v`iblkbdi, abklysbs, dr vksdkhbv` g`abhkbdis.
_@XPLQX
• Bi c` hdirdl erdup, k pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``r hkc``r wks bis`r`a bi 1.1% d pkb`is a`spb` c` kh ck cbs vbdlk`a c` suay prddhdl.
Hckp`r ;;: @krly Ps` d c` ^ulgdikry Kr`ry Hkc``r kia Duhdg`s
05
• Bi c` hkc``r hkc``r erdup, erdup, ?.1% d pkb`is aba id r`h`bv` k hkc``r hkc``r (sbx ab`a o`dr` hkc``r bis`rbdi, wc`r`ks w c`r`ks bi wd pkb`is, hkc``r plkh`g`i wks id pdssbol`). • Bi pkb`is pkb`is bi c` hkc``r erdup, erdup, c` hkc``r hkc``r r`gkbi`a bi plkh` dr k g`ki d ?.8 akys. • Aurbie hkc``r hkc``r bis`rbdi, bis`rbdi, kpprdxbgk`ly kpprdxbgk`ly 0% d pkb`is pkb`is `xp`rb`ih`a ki kr`rbkl puihur` kia kpprdxbgk`ly ;3% `xp`rb`ih`a krrcycgbks dr hdiauhbdi absurokih`s= c`r` w`r` id a`kcs abr`hly ktrboukol` d hkc``r bis`rbdi, cdw`v`r cdw`v`r.. • `r` w`r` id sbeibhki ab`r`ih`s bi gdrklby o`w``i pkb`is bi c` pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``r erdup kia hdirdl erdup ( (kol` kol` ;;.;). • `r` w`r` klsd klsd id sbeibhki ab`r`ih`s o`w``i pkb`is pkb`is bi c` pulgdikry kr`ry kr`r y hkc``r erdup kia pkb`is bi c` hdirdl erdup wbc r`sp`h d dreki sys`g kblur` dr c` i``a i ``a dr g`hckibhkl v`iblkbdi, abklysbs, dr vksdkhbv` g`abhkbdis. Qkol` ;;.;. X ‒ ‒ M F
Duthdg`
?3-aky gdrklby ?3-a Bi`isbv` hkr` uib l`iec d sky Cdspbkl l`iec d sky
^ulgdikry Krt`ry Hktc`t`r Erdup 02.1% ;;.6 akys
Hditrdl Erdup
6;% ;;.2 akys
>.65 >.5?
;1 akys
;1.1 akys
>.65
Vklu`
^
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: ` suay wks uia`rpdw`r`a dr a``hbie
sgkll ab`r`ih`s bi duhdg`s o`w``i pkb`is bi c` hkc``r vs. hdirdl erdups. ^cysbhbkis r`kbie pkb`is bi c` hkc``r erdup us`a akk rdg c` pulgdikry kr`ry kr `ry hkc``rs d euba` c`rkpy c`rkpy,, ou c`y w`r` id ebv`i sp`hbh prddhdls d dlldw. B bs pdssbol` ck hkc``rbzkbdi gbec ckv` r`sul`a bi k sbeibhki o`i` b c` hkr` `kgs cka cka o``i ebv`i gkike`g`i gkike`g`i prddhdls. prddhdls.
Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• K iugo`r d dc`r dc`r rkiadgbz`a rkiadgbz`a rbkls bi hrbbhklly bll pkb`is ckv` klsd kbl`a d scdw k o`i` d pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rbzkbdi. ?,8 • K rbkl d pulgdikry pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rbzkbdi hkc``rbzkbdi bi pkb`is kagbt`a d 1
c` cdspbkl dr c`kr kblur` aba id a`gdisrk` k o`i`, idr aba k rbkl d pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rbzkbdi bi cbec-rbsm cbec-rbsm pkb`is o`dr` sure`ry.0
03
X@HBDI ?: HK_AB KH KI@XC@ XBK
• O`hkus` d c`s` c`s` iabies, pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rs hkc``rs kr` us`a guhc guhc l`ss hdggdily idw cki bi c` pks.6 Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdi Bgplbhktbdis: s: Bi hrbbhklly bll pkb`is, pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``r-
bzkbdi aba id l`ka d bgprdv`a duhdg`s duhdg`s hdgpkr`a wbc skiakra hkr` wbcdu w bcdu hkc``rbzkbdi. bs rbkl,bgpdrkih` kldiekih` wbcd dc`r rbkls dwba`ly pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rbzkbdi, a`gdisrk`s a`gdisrk `s c` bgpdr `vklukbie us`a `hcidldeb`s ck ckv` i`v`r o``i ka`quk`ly kss`ss`a.
HLBIBHKL HKX@: ^PLGDIK_R K_Q@_R HKQC@Q@_X HKQC@Q@_X BI H_BQBHKLLR BLL ^KQB@IQX
Hks` Cbstdry
K 6>- y`kr-dla y`kr-dla gki wks kagbt`a d c` bi`isbv` hkr` uib 86 cdurs ked wbc s`v`r` pkihr`kbbs. C` wks biuok`a di kagbssbdi o`hkus` d khcypi`k kia cypdx`gbk. C` hdibiu`s d ckv` k cbec dxye`i r`qubr`g`i wbc k ^k? d 20 gg Ce a`spb` r`h`bvbie ki Fb? d >.6>. Cbs hc`s rkabderkpc scdws oblk`rkl pulgdikry bilrk`s, kia ki `hcdhkrabderkg scdws id `vba`ih` d hkrabkh aysuihbdi. ` kt`iabie pulgdidldebs wdula lbm` d plkh` k pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``r d c`lp euba` gkike`g`i. Xc` skys, “Cdw `ls` kg B suppds`a d midw wc`c`r c` pkb`i i``as gdr` abur`sbs4‗ Oks`a di c` r`suls d cbs rbkl d pulgdikry kr`ry kr `ry hkc``rbzkbdi, ad ydu ker`` wbc c` pulgdidldebs‒s r`hdgg`iakbdi4 r`hdgg`iakbdi4 Xuee`st`a Kisw`r
@xbsbie akk, bihluabie cbs rbkl, ad id suee`s ck pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rbzkbdi bi hrbbhklly bll pkb`is bs o`i`hbkl. Bi kaabbdi, pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rbzkbdi gky l`ka d hdgplbhkbdis (khhdrabie d cbs rbkl, c` rbsm dr kr`rbkl puihur` bs kpprdxbgk`ly 0%, wc`r`ks c` rbsm dr krrcycgbks dr hdiauhbdi absurokih`s bs kpprdxbgk`ly ;3%). `r`dr`, `r`dr`, pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rbzkbdi bs e`i`rklly id biabhk`a dr pkb`is lbm` c` di` bi cbs vbei`t`. bs pkb`i‒s pkb`i‒s vdlug` skus scdula o` gdibdr`a usbie hlbibhkl iabies kia dc`r akk.
Hckp`r ;;: @krly Ps` d c` ^ulgdikry Kr`ry Hkc``r kia Duhdg`s
02
_`f`r`ih`s
;.. _bhckra H, Ukrskwsmb J, Kieu`l I, ` kl. @krly us` d c` pulgdikry kr`ry ; kr`r y hkc``r kia duhdg`s bi pkb`is wbc scdhm kia khu` r`spbrkdry absr`ss syiardg`. JKGK . ?>>8=?2>(?>): ?5;8‘?>. ?5;8‘?>. ?. Xckc G_, Ckss`lolka V, V, X`v`isdi LU LU,, ` kl. Bgpkh d c` pulgdikry kr`ry kr `ry hkc``r bi hrbbhklly bll pkb`is: g`k-kiklysbs g`k-kiklysbs d rkiadgbz`a hlbibhkl rbkls. JKGK . ?>>0=?21(;8):;661. 8. Ikbdikl C`kr, Luie, kia Oldda Bisbu` Khu` _`spbrkdry Absr`ss Xyiardg` (K_AX) Hlbibhkl rbkls I`wdrm. ^ulgdikry-kr`ry ^ulgdikry-kr`ry vs. h`irkl v`idus hkc``r d euba` r`kg`i d khu` luie bijury. I @iel J G`a. ?>>6=801(?;):? ?>>6=801(?;):??;8. ?;8. 1. Obikiky H, Hklb _G, Ckss`lolka V, V, ` kl. @vklukbdi suay d hdie`sbv` c`kr kblur` kia pulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rbzk hkc``rbzkbdi bdi ``hbv`i`ss: c` @XHK^@ rbkl. JKGK . ?>>0=?21(;8):;6?0. 0. Xkiackg JA, Cull Cull _A, Orki _F, _F, ` kl. K rkiadgbz`a, hdirdll`a hdirdll `a rbkl d c` us` d pulgdikry-kr`ry pulgdikry-kr`ry hkc``rs bi cbec-rbsm cbec-rbsm surebhkl pkb`is. I @iel J G`a. ?>>8=813(;):0. 6. Mdd MM, Xui JH, Zcdu [, [, ` kl. ^ulgdikry kr`ry hkc``rs: `vdlvbie rk`s rk`s kia r`ksdis dr us`. Hrbt Hkr` G`a. ?>;;=82(5):;6;8.
;?
Xtktbis kia ^`rbdp`rktbv` ^`rbdp`rktbv` Hkrabkh Hdgplbhktbdis
Ps` d skbis wks cbecly prd`hbv` kekbis p`rbdp`rkbv` hkrabkh hdgplbhkbdis bi pkb`is uia`redbie vkshulkr sure`ry bi cbs r`rdsp`hbv` suay. D‒D‒-H H . ;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Ad skbis a`hr`ks` p`rbdp`rkbv` hkrabkh hdgplbhkbdis bi
pkb`is uia`redbie idihkrabkh vkshulkr vkshulkr sure`ry4 sure`ry 4 R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ?>>0. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: O`c Bsrk`l A`khdi`ss G`abhkl H`i`r, Odsdi, Gksskhcus`ts. Ucd Uks Xtuab`a: Kll pkb`is wcd uia`rw`i hkrdba `iakr`r`hdgy, kdrbh
sure`ry (kdrdblbkh oypkss, ki`urysg, dr abss`hbdi r`pkbr), dr p`rbpc`rkl ldw`r `xr`gby r`vkshulkrbzkbdi id bivdlvbie c` kdrk o`w``i Jkiukry ;222 kia A`h`go`r ?>>>. Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: 225. Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` ;?.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒ suay ‒s a`sbei.
Hckp`r ;?: Xkbis kia ^`rbdp`rkbv` Hkrabkh Hdgplbhkbdis
6;
Idihkrabkh Vkshulkr Xure`ry ^ktb`its
_`trdsp`htbv` Kiklysbs df Hdgplbhktbdis
Di Xtktbi Qc`rkpy
Idt di Xtktbi Qc`rkpy
Xuggkry ry d c` suay suay a`sbei. a`sbei. Fbeur` ;?.; Xuggk Xtuay Bit`rv`itbdi: Bi cbs r`rdsp`hbv` suay, g`abhkl r`hdras w`r`
r`rb`v`a kia skiakrabz`a drgs us`a d `xrkh akk di pkb`i hckrkh`rbsbhs, p`rbdp`rkbv` hkr`, kia hdgplbhkbdis dhhurrbie aurbie c` bia`x cdspbklbzkbdi. Akk w`r` kiklyz`a d a``rgbi` wc`c`r skbi us` wks kssdhbk`a wbc k a`hr`ks`a rbsm dr p`rbdp`rkbv` hkrabkh hdgplbhkbdis kia b iabies w`r` bia`p`ia`i d dc`r hdirboubie khdrs. Fdlldw-Pp: FdlldwPp: Frdg aky d sure`ry uibl aky d abshckre`. @iapdbits: ^rbgkry duhdg`: dhhurr`ih` d hdgplbhkbdis (a`kc, khu` gyd-
hkrabkl bikrhbdi ]GBW, gydhkrabkl gydhkrabkl bshc`gbk, khu` hdie`sbv` c`kr kblur`, v`irbhulkr khcykrrcycgbks). X`hdiakry duhdg`: bg` d dis` d hdgplbhkbdis (akys kf`r sure`ry).
_@XPLQX
• K dkl dkl d ;,;68 cdspbklbzkbdis cdspbklbzkbdis w`r` w`r` kiklyz`a dr 225 pkb`is. ` suay pdpulkbdi wks pr`adgbikily pr`adgbikily dla`r kaul g`i wbc k cbec
•
• •
pr`vkl`ih` d sgdmbie, abko``s, cyp`r`isbdi, cyp`r `isbdi, kia hkrabkh abs`ks`. Bi kpprdxbgk`ly ckl d c` hks`s, skbis, o`k oldhm`rs, kspbrbi, kia kiebd`isbi-hdiv`rbie kiebd`isbihdiv`rbie `izyg` (KH@ (KH@)) bicbobdrs w`r` ebv`i. Hdgplbhkbdis Hdgplbhk bdis d bi`r`s w`r` duia duia bi ;05 ;05 cdspbklbzkbdis: cdspbklbzkbdis: 0? (2.2%) d 0?6 cdspbklbzkbdis bi c` skbi erdup vs. ;>0 (;6.0%) d 685 cdspbklbzkbdis bi c` erdup id i d kmbie skbis (iugo`r i``a`a d r`k 7 ;0) (kol` ;?.;). `r` wks id ab`r`ih` bi c` bgbie d hdgplbhkbdis o`w``i c` wd erdups. Fdr kll hdgplbhkbdis, hdgplbhkbdis, c` daas rkbd (D_) wks >.06 (20% hdia`ih` hdia`ih` bi`rvkl >.82 d >.52, ^ 7 >.>>;?). ` D_ wks >.06 kia skbsbhklly sbeibhki dr c` hdgobi`a `iapdbis d a`kc, GB, kia gydhkrabkl
6?
X@HBDI ?: HK_AB KH KI@XC@ XBK
bshc`gbk (arbv`i oy gydhkrabkl gydhkrabkl bshc`gbk wbcdu w bcdu k hl`krly a`gdisrk`a o`i` dr a`kcs dr GBs). • Di gulbvkrbk` gulbvkrbk` kiklysbs khhduibie dr ke`, ke`, e`ia`r, e`ia`r, oday gkss gkss bia`x (OGB), sure`ry sure`ry yp` kia khuby khuby,, l`f v`irbhulkr aysuihbdi, kia abko``s, skbi us` wks kssdhbk`a wbc k sbeibhki r`auhbdi bi rk` d hdgplbhkbdis. Xuoerdup kiklysbs scdw`a id skbsbhklly sbeibhki ab`r`ih`s o`w``i kiy suoerdups d bi`r`s. • Ksba` rdg skbis, id dc`r pckrgkhd pckrgkhdldebh ldebh bi`rv`ibdi bi`rv`ibdi wks r`kbi`a r`kbi`a ks ki bia`p`ia`i pr`abhdr d c` hdgplbhkbdi rk`. rk`. Uc`i U c`i o`k oldhm`rs w`r` hdisba`r`a hdisba`r`a bi c` gulbvkrbk` gda`l, c` prd`hbv` prd`hbv` ``h d skbis r`gkbi`a uihckie`a, uihckie`a, wc`r`ks o`k oldhm`rs cka id hl`kr ``h. • Xkbi us` wks kssdhbk`a wbc cyp`rhcdl`s`rdl`gbk, hkrdba sure`ry, o`k oldhm`rs, oldhm`rs, kia kia cbec`r OGB OGB kia wks biv` biv`rs`ly rs`ly kssdhbk kssdhbk`a `a wbc idi`l`hbv` sure`ry dr dc`r kiblbpba`gbh c`rkpy. ` o`i`s d skbis r`gkbi`a uihckie`a kf`r kajusbie dr c` a`rbv`a prdp`isby shdr`. Qkol` ;?.;. X M F*
Hdg dgpl plbh bhkt ktbd bdi i Du Duth thdg dg`s `s
_@H@BV _@H@ BVBI BIE E XQKQB QBIX IX Cdspbtklbzktbdis 7 0?6 Qdtkl Hdgplbhktbdis 7 0? % ( I )
A`kc ;.; (6) Gydhkrabkl bikrhbdi ;.8 (5) Dc`r bshc`gbk ; (0) Hdie`sbv` c`kr kblur` 1 (?;) V`irbhulkr V `irbhulkr khcykrrcycgbk khcykrrcycgbk ?.0 (;8)
IDQ _@H@BVBIE XQKQBIX Cdspbtklbzktbdis 7 685 Qdtkl Hdgplbhktbdis 7 ;>0 % ( I ) >.53 (0) ;.; (5) 1.; (?6) 5.3 (0>) ?.5 (;5)
*Fdr pkb`is wbc gdr` cki di` d c` hdgplbhkbdis, dily c` duhdg` cbec`r di c`
lbs wks hdui`a.
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: Xbih` cbs wks k r`rdsp`hbv` kia idirkiadgbz`a
suay, c` r`suls gky ckv` o``i k`h`a oy uig`ksur`a hdiduiabie khdrs. Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• K g`kg`k-kiklysbs kiklysbs d rkiadgbz`a hdirdll`a hdirdll`a rbkls `xkgbi`a `x kgbi`a wc`c`r pr`prdh`aurkl skbi c`rkpy r`auh`a p`rbprdh`aurkl hkrabdvkshulkr `v`is dlldwbie bivksbv` prdh`aur`s. K dkl d ?; rbkls kia 1,3>0 pkb`is w`r` bihlua`a bi c` kiklysbs. ` us` d skbis o`dr` bivksbv`
Hckp`r ;?: Xkbis kia ^`rbdp`rkbv` Hkrabkh Hdgplbhkbdis
68
prdh`aur`s sbeibhkily r`auh`a c` ckzkra d pdsprdh`aurkl GB kia c` rbsm dr krbkl orbllkbdi kf`r hdrdikry kr`ry oypkss erkfbie. ? • K g`kg`k-kiklysbs kiklysbs d rkiadgbz`a hdirdll`a hdirdll`a rbkls `xkgbi`a `x kgbi`a wc`c`r scdr-`rg scdr`rg skbi c`rkpy (hdgg`ih`a (hdgg`ih`a o`dr` dr di c` aky d `l`hbv`, idihkrabkh vkshulkr sure`ry kia hdibiu`a dr k l`ks 13 cdurs kf`rwkra) cka ki ``h di pkb`i duhdg`s (rbsm dr hdgplbhkbdis, pkbi, quklby d lb`, lb `, kia l`iec d cdspbkl sky) sky) k ab`r`i adske`s. @vba`ih` wks bisuhb`i d klldw dr k hdihlusbdi d wc`c`r scdr`rg p`rbdp`rkbv` skbi us` cka ki ``h di kiy d c` duhdg`s `xkgbi`a.8 • ` ?>;1 euba`lbi`s rdg c` Kg`rbhki Hdll`e`/ Kg`rbhki C`kr Kssdhbkbdi (KHH/ (KHH/ KCK) KCK)1 di p`rbdp`rkbv` gkike`g`i dr idihkrabkh sure`ry biabhk` ck “skbis “skbis scdula o` hdibiu`a bi pkb`is hurr`ily kmbie skbis kia shc`aul`a dr idihkrabkh sure`ry.‗ (Odx ;?.;).
ODS ;?.;. ?>;1 KHH/ K KC CK EPBA@LBI@X FD_ ^@_BD^@_KQBV@ XQKQBI XQKQBI QC@_K^R
Hlkss B _`hdgg`iaktbdi
Xkbis scdula o` hdibiu`a bi pkb`is hurr`ily kmbie skbis kia shc`aul`a dr idihkrabkh sure`ry. (L`v`l d @vba`ih`: O) Hlkss BBk _`hdgg`iaktbdi
^`rbdp`rkbv` bibbkbdi d skbi us` bs r`ksdikol` bi pkb`is uia`redbie vkshulkr sure`ry. (L`v`l d @vba`ih`: O) Hlkss BBo _`hdgg`iaktbdi
^`rbdp`rkbv` bibbkbdi d skbis gky o` hdisba`r`a bi pkb`is wbc hlbibhkl biabhkbdis khhdrabie d euba`lbi`-abr`h`a euba`lbi`-abr`h`a g`abhkl c`rkpy wcd kr` uia`redbie `l`vk`a-rbsm `l`vk`a-rbsm prdh`aur`s prdh`aur`s.. (L`v`l d @vba`ih`: H)
Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdis: bs r`rdsp`hbv` suay suee`ss k prd`hbv` ``h
d skbis wbc r`sp`h d p`rbdp`rkbv` hkrabkh hdgplbhkbdis bi pkb`is uia`redbie vkshulkr sure`ry. ` khhugulk`a `vba`ih` d ak` suee`ss k prd`hbv`
61
X@HBDI ?: HK_AB KH KI@XC@ XBK
``h d p`rbdp`rkbv` p`r bdp`rkbv` skbi us` di hkrabkh hdgplbhkbdis hdgplbhkbdis aurbie idihkrabkh sure`ry, ou rkiadgbz`a hdirdll`a hdirdll`a rbkls kr` i``a`a d hdirg cbs iabie. Hurr`i euba`lbi`s biabhk` ck “skbis scdula o` hdibiu`a bi pkb`is hurr`ily kmbie skbis kia shc`aul`a dr idihkrabkh sure`ry.‗
HLBIBHKL HKX@: ^@ _BD^@_K _BD^@_KQBV@ QBV@ XQ XQK KQBI QC@ _K^R
Hks` Cbstdry
K 00- y`kr-dla y`kr-dla gki pr`s`is d c` pr`dp`rkbv` hlbibh dr `vklukbdi o`dr` uia`redbie k vkshulkr sure`ry prdh`aur`. ` pkb`i cks orduec cbs lbs d cdg` g`abhkbdis (wcbhc bihlua`s k skbi ke`i) kia ksms wcbhc g`abhkbdis c` scdula hdibiu` kmbie. Uck bs c` r`hdgg`iakbdi r`ekrabie p`rbdp`rkbv` skbi c`rkpy4 Xuee`st`a Kisw`r
Khhdrabie d c` KHH/ KCK euba`lbi`s, skbis scdula o` hdibiu`a p`rbdp`rkbv`ly bi cbs pkb`i.
_`f`r`ih`s
;. D‒I`bl-Hkllkcki D‒I`bl-Hkllkcki M, Mksbgkelbs E, `pp`r G_, ` kl. Xkbis a`hr`ks` p`rbdp`rkbv` hkrabkh hdgplbhkbdis bi pkb`is uia`redbie idihkrabkh vkshulkr sure`ry: c` Xkbis dr _bsm _`auhbdi bi Xure`ry (Xk__X) suay. J Kg Hdll Hkrabdl Hkrabdl. ?>>0 F`o ;=10(8):886‘1?. ;=10(8):886‘ 1?. ?. Ubihc`s`r A@, U`i S, Sb` L, Okvr Okvryy KK. KK . @vba`ih` @vba`ih` d pr`-prdh`aurkl pr`-prdh`aurkl skbi c`rkpy: k g`k-kiklysbs g`k-kiklysbs d rkiadgbz`a rbkls. J KG Hdll Hkrabdl . ?>;> X`p ?3=06(;1):;>22‘;>2. ?3=06(;1):;>22‘ ;>2. 8. Xkia`rs _A, Ibhcdlsdi K, L`wbs L`w bs X_, Xgbc KF, Kla`rsdi ^. ^. ^`rbdp`rkbv` skbi c`rkpy dr bgprdvbie duhdg`s aurbie kia kf`r idihkrabkh vkshulkr sure`ry. Hdhcrki` Aktkoks` Xyst _`v. ?>;8 Jul 8=5:HA>>225;. 1. Fl`bsc`r LK, LK , Fl`bshcgkii M@, Ku`rokhc KA, KA, ` kl. ?>;1 KHH/ KCK KHH/ KCK euba` euba`-lbi` di p`rbdp`rkbv` hkrabdvkshulkr `vklukbdi kia gkike`g`i d pkb`i uia`redbie idihkrabkh sure`ry: k r`pdr d c` Kg`rbhki Hdll`e`/ Kg`r Hdll`e`/ Kg`rbhki bhki C`kr Kssdhbkbdi ksm Fdrh` di ^rkhbh` Euba`lbi`s. Hbrhulktbdi. ?>;1 A`h 2=;8>(?1):`?53‘888. 2=;8>(?1):`?53‘ 888.
;8
K Xurv`y df Qrkis`sdpcke`kl @hcdhkrabderkpcy
bs gulbh`i`r surv`y adhug`is ck @@ suab`s kr` kssdhbk`a wbc ki khh`pkol` ldw rbsm wc`i us`a oy `xp`rb`ih`a `xp`r b`ih`a dp`rkdrs dp`rkdrs uia`r prdp`r sk`y hdiabbdis. A . ;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Bs rkis`sdpcke`kl `hcdhkrabderkpcy (@@) k prkhbhkl
kia sk` `hcibqu`4 R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ;233. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ;22;. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: ;0 h`i`rs bi @urdp`ki hduirb`s (E`rgkiy, Bkly, c`
I`c`rlkias). Ucd Uks Xtuab`a: Xtuab`a: H`i`rs p`rdrgbie @@ suab`s bi kauls dr k l`ks ; y`kr
wbc a`kbl`a r`hdras d pkb`is, sba` ``hs, kia hdgplbhkbdis hdgplbhkbdis r`lk`a r`lk`a d @@. Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: ;>,1;2. Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` ;8.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒ suay ‒s a`sbei.
66
X@HBDI ?: HK_AB KH KI@XC@ XBK
;0 @urdp`ki H`it`rs
Q@@ [u`stbdiikbr`
Fbeur` ;8.; Xuggkry d c` suay suay a`sbei. a`sbei. Xtuay Bit` Bit`rv`itbdi: rv`itbdi: Akk wks hdll`h`a wbc k a`kbl`a qu`sbdiikbr` r`ekrabie
@@ `xkgbikbdis. @iapdbits: Xurv`y qu`sbdis hdv`r`a k rkie` d dpbhs, bihluabie r`qu`ihy d
@@ prdh`aur`s, rkbibie d dp`rkdrs, pkb`i pr`g`abhkbdi, hdirkbiabhkbdis, hdirkbiabhkbdis, kia hdgplbhkbdis hdgplbhkbdis..
_@XPLQX
• K c` bg` rkiebie d c` surv`y, surv`y ;>,1; ;>,1;2 @@ `xkgbikbdis cka o``i p`rdrg`a, rdg, ;>6 d2?,255 suab`s p`r h`i`r. Kll h`i`rs p`rdrg`a rkiscdrkhbh `hcdhkrabderkpcy `hcdhkrabderkpcy (Q@) o`dr` @@. Kll K ll h`i`rs us`a k di`-l`ka di`-l`ka `l`hrdhkrabderkg dr hdibiudus gdibdrbie aurbie @@. X`akbdi wks id us`a rdubi`ly. rdubi`ly. Ldhkl pckryie`kl pckr yie`kl ki`sc`sbk wks kagbibs`r`a bi kll `xh`p di` h`i`r h`i`r.. ` gkjdrby d h`i`rs p`rdrg`a c` `xkg bi c` c` l`f lk`rkl a`huobus pdsbbdi. • ^k ^kb`is b`is rkie`a rdg 2 d d 31 y`krs y`krs dla. D c` ;>,1;2 pkb`is, pkb`is, 2,?1> (33.5%) w`r` hdishbdus aurbie c`br @@ `xkg (bipkb`i dr dupkb`i), dupkb`i ), wbc gbibgug ksbie bg`s rkiebie o`w``i o` w``i 8 d 2 cdurs. ` r`gkbibie ;,;52 pkb`is uia`rw`i k @@ bi c` dp`rkbie rddg aurbie g`hckibhkloy v`iblkbdi bi01% c` bi`isbv` • dr @@ wks p`rdrg`a pcysbhbkis, d wcdghkr` cka uib. prbdr `iadshdpy rkbibie. • Bi ?>; d c` @@ `xkgbikbdis (;.2%), c` bis`rbdi d c` c` prdo` wks uisuhh`ssul, kia ;23 d c`s` c`s` kblur`s (23.0%) w`r` au` d d lkhm d pkb`i hddp`rkbdi kia/dr kia/dr dp`rkdr `xp`rb`ih`. ` r`gkbibie kblur`s w`r` au` d kikdgbh kikdgbh r`ksdis r`ksdis (rkhc`dsdg (rkhc`dsdgyy, `sdpcke`kl `sdpcke`kl abv`rbhulug). H`i`rs ck p`rdrg`a `w`r @@ `xkgbikbdis `x kgbikbdis cka cbec`r rk`s d uisuhh`ssul prdo` plkh`g`i= bi c` dur h`i`rs ck cka p`rdrg`a ?>> dr `w`r @@ `xkgbikbdis, c` kblur` d prdo` p rdo` bis`rbdi kv`rke`a 8.2% » 8.?% vs. ;.1% » >.2% bi bisbubdis ck cka p`rdrg`a gdr` cki ?>> @@ `xkgbikbdis ( ^ < >.>0).
Hckp`r ;8: K Xurv`y d rkis`sdpcke`kl @hcdhkrabderkpcy
65
• Ibi`y d d c` ;>,?;3 @@ `xkgbikbdis `xkgbikbdis wbc suhh`ssul suhh`ssul prdo` bis`rbdi bis`rbdi (>.33%) w`r` bi`rrup`a o`dr` hdgpl`bdi o`hkus` d bidl`rkih` d @@ prdo` (60 pkb`is), s`rbdus hkrabdpulgdikry dr ol``abie hdgplbhkbdis (;3 pkb`is, >.;3%), dr dc`r hkus`s (vdgbbie, (vdgbbie, prdo` a``h). Bi di` pkb`i, @@ r`sul`a bi s`v`r` c`gk`g`sbs, ulbgk`ly l`kabie d a`kc (gdrklby rk` >.>>23%)= wks duia d o` p`i`rkbie c`d`sdpckeus. `sd pckeus. di kudpsy, k luie ugdr
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: H`i`rs w`r` bihlua`a bi c` surv`y b a`kbl`a
r`hdras d @@ `xkgbikbdis w`r` kvkblkol`= cbs r`rdsp`hbv` suay hkiid eukrki`` uibdrgby bi akk hdll`hbdi kia kav`rs` `v`i r`pdrbie khrdss suay h`i`rs.
Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• K sbiel`sbiel`-h`i`r h`i`r s`rb`s d 5,?>> kaul hkrabkh surebhkl pkb`is? r`pdr`a c` bihba`ih`s d @@-kssdhbk @@-kssdhbk`a `a gdrobaby kia gdrklby gdr klby bi c` suay pdpulkbdi d o` >.?% kia >%, r`sp`hbv`ly. r`sp`hbv`ly. @@-kssdhbk`a @@- kssdhbk`a hdgplbhkbdis: s`v`r` dayidpckebk (>.;%), a`ikl bijury (>.>8%), `iadrkhc`kl uo` gklpdsbbdibie (>.>8%), upp`r eksrdbi` eksrdbi`sbikl sbikl c`gdrrcke` (>.>8%), kia `sdpcke`kl p`rdrkbdi (>.>;%). @@ prdo` bis`rbdi wks uisuhh`ssul dr hdirkbiabhk hdirkbiabhk`a `a bi >.;3% kia >.0% d c` suay pdpulkbdi, r`sp`hbv`ly. • K sys`gkbh r`vb`w 8 d ;8 suab`s wks hdiauh`a `xkgbibie c` p`rbdp`rkbv` us` d pdbi-dpdbi-d-hkr` hkr` Q@/@@ Q@/@@ bi idihkrabkh sure`ry dr cbec-rbsm cbecrbsm pkb`is dr aurbie p`rbdas p`r bdas d c`gdayikgbh hdgprdgbs`/ hkrabkh krr`s. ` gds r`qu`i abkeids`s w`r` vklvuldpkcb`s, ldw `j`hbdi rkhbdi, cypdvdl`gbk, pulgdikry `godlbsg, s`v`r` wkll gdbdi koidrgklbb`s, kia rbec v`irbhulkr kblur`. Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdis: bs gulbh`i`r surv`y duia c` hdgplb-
hkbdi rk` kssdhbk`a wbc @@ d o` ldw= cdw`v`r, s`rbdus hdgplbhkbdis aba dhhur, i`h`ssbkbie k rbsm- o`i` rbsm- o`i` kikly kiklysbs sbs o`dr o`dr`` c` prdh` prdh`aur`. aur`. H`i`r H`i`rss ck p`rdrg`a `w`r @@ `xkgbikbdis cka cbec`r prdo` bis`rbdi kblur` rk`s, biabhkbie c` pr`s`ih` d k l`kribie hurv`. @@ scdula o` p`rdrg`a oy `x `xp`r p`rb`ih b`ih`a `a pcysbh pcysbhbkis bkis bi khb khblbb lbb`s `s ck kll klldw dw prdgp prdgp hkrab hkrabdpul dpulgdikr gdikryy r`sushbkbdi.
63
X@HBDI ?: HK_AB KH KI@XC@ XBK
HLBIBHKL HKX@: BIQ_KD^@_KQBV@ Q@@
Hks` Cbstdry
K 55- y`kr-dla y`kr-dla gki pr`s`is dr kdrbh vklv` r`plkh`g`i kia wd- v`ss`l wd- v`ss`l HKOE k k h`i`r p`rdrgs birkdp`rkbv` @@daurbie hkrabkh e`ry. Aurbieck c` rdubi`ly pr`dp`rkbv` `vklukbdi, b bs `xplkbi`a c` pkb`i cksurki birkdp`rkbv` @@ wbll o` p`rdrg`a. ` pkb`i `xpr`ss`s hdih`ri kodu pdssbol` hdgplbhkbdis kssdhbk`a wbc c` @@ prdh`aur`. Cdw scdula c` pkb`i‒s hdih`ris o` kaar`ss`a4 Xuee`st`a Kisw`r
^dssbol` hdgplbhkbdis d @@, suhc ks dayidpckebk, a`ikl bijury, dr `sdpcke`kl bijury, scdula o` abshuss`a. ` pkb`i scdula o` r`kssur`a ck c` dv`rkll bihba`ih` d @@-kssdhbk`a @@- kssdhbk`a gdrobaby bs ldw (di c` dra`r d >.?%).
_`f`r`ih`s
;. Akib`l UE, UE, @ro`l @ro`l _, Mksp`r U, U, ` kl. Xk`y d rkis`sdpcke`kl `hcdhkrabderkpcy: k gulbh`i`r gulbh`i `r surv`y d ;>,1;2 `xkgbikbd `xkgbikbdis. is. Hbrhulktbdi. ;22; Gkr=38(8):3 Gkr=38(8):3;5‘ ;5‘?;. ?;. ?. Mkllg`y`r BJ, Hdllkra HA HA,, Fdx Fdx JK, Oday XH, XH, Xc`riki XM. ` sk`y d birkdp birkdp`rkbv` `rkbv` rkis`sdpcke`kl `hcdhkrabderkpcy: k hks` s`rb`s d 5?>> hkrabkh surebhkl pkb`is. Ki`stc Kikle Kikle . ?>>; Gky=2?(0):;;?6‘8>. Gky=2?(0):;;?6‘8>. 8. Jksuakvbsbus K, Kr`llkid _, _ , Gkrbi J,J, GhHdii`ll O, Okbiorbae` A. A. K sys`gkbh r` vb`w d rkiscdr rkiscdrkhbh khbh kia rkis`sd rkis`sdpcke` pcke`kl kl `hcdhkrabd `hcdhkrabderkpcy erkpcy bi idiidi-hkrabkh hkrabkh sure`ry: bgplbhk bgplbhkbdis bdis dr pdbipdbi-dd-hkr` hkr` ulrksduia `auhkbdi bi c` dp`rkbie rddg. Hki J Kik`stc. Kik`stc. ?>;6 Kpr=68(1):13>‘35. Kpr=68(1):13>‘35.
;1
Xtktbis kia k ia ^`rbdp`rktbv` ^`rbdp`rktbv` Hkrabkh Hdgplbhktbdis
]^kb`is wbc]p`rhuki`dus cr``- v`ss`l v`ss`l kia/ kia/dr dr l`f gkbi hdrdikrybivdlvbie kr`ry abs`ks`W r`k`a wbc hdrdikry bi`rv`ibdiW arue`lubie s`is w`r` gdr` lbm`ly cki cds` uia`redbie ]hdrdikry kr`ry oypkss erkfbieW d r`khc c` prbgkry `ia pdbi d c` suay suaya`kc rdg kiy hkus`, srdm`, gydhkrabkl bikrhbdi, dr r`p`k r`vkshulkrbzkbdi. . . . ]Cdw`v`r, pkb`is uia`redbie s`ibieW w`r` l`ss lbm`ly d ckv` k srdm`. L C;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Xcdula pkb`is wbc s`v`r` hdrdikry kr`ry kr `ry abs`ks` (cr``-
v`ss`l kia/dr kia/dr l`f gkbi abs`ks`) o` r`k`a wbc p`rhuki`dus hdrdikry bi`rv`i?
bdi (^HB) dr hdrdikry kr`ry kr`r y oypkss erkfbie (HKOE)4 Fuiabie: Odsdi Xhb`ibh, wcbhc w cbhc gkiukhur`s hkrabkh s`is. R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ?>>0. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ?>>2. Xtuay Ldhktbdi: 30 sb`s bi ;5 hduirb`s bi c` Pib`a Xk`s kia @urdp`. Ucd Uks Uks Xtuab`a: ^kb`i ^kb`is s wbc ≠0>% s`idsbs bi k l`ks cr`` hdrdikry kr`rb`s
dr bi c` l`f gkbi hdrdikry kr`ry bi wcdg “`qubvkl`i kikdgbhkl r`vkshulkrbzkbdi hdula o` khcb`v`a wbc `bc`r HKOE dr ^HB‗ ks juae`a oy k hkrabdldebs
5>
X@HBDI ?: HK_AB KH KI@XC@ XBK
kia hkrabkh sure`di. ^kb`is w`r` klsd r`qubr`a d ckv` sygpdgs d skol` dr uiskol` kiebik, kypbhkl hc`s pkbi, dr, b ksygpdgkbh, `vba`ih` d gydhkrabkl bshc`gbk di k sr`ss `s. Ucd Uks Uks @xhlua`a: ^kb`is wbc prbdr ^HB dr HKOE, cds` wbc ki khu` gy-
dhkrabkl bikrhbdi (GB), kia cds` r`qubrbie kidc`r hkrabkh sure`ry. Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: ;,3>>. Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` ;1.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒ suay ‒s a`sbei. ^ktb`its wbtc X`v`r` Hdrdikry Krt`ry Abs`ks`
_kiadgbz`a
^HB wbtc Arue@lutbie Xt`its
HKOE
Fbeur` ;1.; Xuggkry d c` rbkl a`sbei. Xtuay Bit` Bit`rv`itbdi: rv`itbdi: ^kb`is kssbei`a d odc c` ^HB kia HKOE erdups ui-
a`rw`i c` prdh`aur`s khhdrabie d ldhkl prkhbh`. ^kb`is bi c` ^HB erdup r`h`bv`a arue-`lubie arue-`lubie s`is. ` edkl d c`rkpy bi odc erdups wks hdgpl`` r`vkshulkrbzkbdi d kll kre` v`ss`ls. Kajuihbv` p`rbprdh`aurkl kia pdsprdh`aurkl c`rkpy, bihluabie kibplk`l` c`rkpy, wks klsd prdvba`a khhdrabie d ldhkl prkhbh`. Fdlldw-Pp: FdlldwPp: ;? gdics. @iapdbits: ^rbgkry duhdg`: k hdgpdsb` d gkjdr hkrabdvkshulkr kia h`r`ord-
vkshulkr `v`is (a`kc rdg kiy hkus`, srdm`, GB, dr r`p`k r`vkshulkrbzkbdi). r`vkshulkrbzkbdi). @khc hdgpdi`i d cbs hdgpdsb` wks klsd kss`ss`a biabvbauklly biabv bauklly..
_@XPLQX
• ` g`ki ke` d suay pkrbhbpkis pkrbhbpkis wks 60 y`krs= y`krs= kpprdxbgk`ly kpprdxbgk`ly ?0% ?0% cka abko``s, 05% cka skol` kiebik, ?3% cka uiskol` kiebik, kia ?% cka ki `j`hbdi rkhbdi %.
Hckp`r ;1: Xkbis kia ^`rbdp`rkbv` Hkrabkh Hdgplbhkbdis
5;
• ^kb`is ^kb`is bi c` ^HB ^HB erdup r`h`bv`a r`h`bv`a ki kv`rke kv`rke`` d gdr` gdr` cki dur dur s`is `khc. • ^k ^kb`is b`is bi c` ^HB ^HB erdup cka cka k scdr`r scdr`r l`iec d cdspbkl cdspbkl sky sky (8.1 akys akys vs. 2.0 akys, ^ < >.>>;). • ^k ^kb`is b`is bi c` c` ^HB erdup r`h`bv`a r`h`bv`a gdr` keer`ssbv` pdsprdh`aur`
• •
g`abhkbdi (`.e., gdr`kia pkb`is r`h`bv`ahdiv`rbie kibplk`l` g`abhkbdis,c`rkpy wkrkrbi, skbis, kiebd`isbikiebd`isbi-hdiv`rbie `izyg` bicbobdrs)== cdw`v`r, gdr` pkb`is bi c` HKOE erdup r`h`bv`a bicbobdrs) kgbdakrdi`. ^kb`is ^k b`is bi c` HKOE erdup cka ldw`r rk`s rk`s d dkl hkrabdvkshulkr hkrabdvkshulkr kia h`r`ordvkshulkr h`r`ord vkshulkr `v`is cki cds` bi c` c` ^HB erdup ou k cbec`r rk` d srdm` (kol` ;1.;). ` kucdrs kucdrs klsd r`pdr srkb`a srkb`a pkb`i pkb`i duhdg`s duhdg`s usbie k pr`abhbdi rul`hkll`a rul` hkll`a c` XRI XRIKS KS shdr`ck shdr`ck hlkssb`s hdrdikry hdrdikry kr`ry kr `ry abs`ks` oy bs hdgpl`xby (`.e., l`sbdis ck kr` kikdgbhklly gdr` abhul d khh`ss wbc ^HB r`h`bv` k cbec`r shdr`)= shdr`)= pkb`is wbc cbec`r XRI XRIKS KS shdr`s, ckcki b s, gdr` bs, hdgpl`x l`sbdis, rdg HKOE vs. ^HB ad pkb`is wbc ldw`rkpp`kr XRId XRIKS KSo`i` shdr`s=gdr` c` XRIKS XRI KS shdr` gky o` c`lpul bi ba`ibybie ba`ib ybie wcbhc pkb`is kr` gds lbm`ly d o`i` rdg HKOE. Qkol` ;1.;. X XRIKS‒ XRIKS‒ M F
Duthdg` Gkjdr hkrabdvkshulkr dr h`r`ordvkshulkr `v`is A`kc Xrdm`
^HB Erdup ;5.3%
HKOE Erdup ;?.1%
1.1% >.6%
8.0% ?.?%
>.85 >.>>8
G _`ypd`hkkrra`bvkkl sbihuklrkhrbzbdkibdi Fr``adg rdg kiebik8
;18..30% % 5;.6%
80..82% % 56.8%
>.>.;>;; >.>0
Vklu` >.>>?
^
Hrbtbhbsgs kia Lbgbtktbdis: B pkb`is bi c` HKOE erdup cka r`h`bv`a
pdsprdh`aur` g`abhkbdi c`rkpy sbgblkr d ck r`h`bv`a oy pkb`is bi c` ^HB erdup,, c` o`i`s d HKOE vs. ^HB gky ckv` erdup ckv` o``i gdr` prdiduih`a. Bi kaabbdi, c` suay dily bivdlv`a ??% `gkl` pkb`is kia cus gky id o` kpplbhkol` d `gkl` pkb`is. Fbiklly,, pkb`is bi c` ^HB erdup w`r` ebv`i pkhlbkx`l-`lubie Fbiklly pkhlbkx`l- `lubie KSPX s`is, wcbhc kr` o`lb`v`a d o` l`ss ``hbv` cki sdg` dc`r orkias d aruearue-`lubie `lubie s`is.
5?
X@HBDI ?: HK_AB KH KI@XC@ XBK
Dtc`r _`l`vkit Xtuab`s kia Bifdrgktbdi:
• K 8- y`kr y`kr dlldw up kiklysbs kiklysbs wks hdisbs`i wbc c` ;?-gdic ;?-gdic iabies: gkjdr hkrabdvkshulkr dr h`r`ord h`r`ordvkshulkr vkshulkr `v`is r`gkbi`a sbeibhkily cbec`r bi c` ^HB vs. HKOE erdup (?3% vs. v s. ?>.?%), kia gds c` ab`r`ih` wks ktrboukol` r`p`kdr`vkshulkrbzkbdi wbc ^HB.1 prbgkrbly d cbec`r rk`s d • rbkls o`dr` o`dr` c` kav`i d aruearue-`lubie `lubie s`is ck hdgpkr`a ^HB wbc HKOE bi pkb`is wbc w bc gulbv`ss`l abs`ks` a`gdisrk`a r`suls sbgblkr d XRIKS.0 • Ki dos`rvkbdikl suay suee`s`a k ldieldie-`rg `rg survbvkl o`i` d HKOE vs. ^HB kgdie pkb`is pkb`is wbc gulbv`ss`l hdrdikry abs`ks`.6 • ` XBHC rbkl, wcbhc hdgpkr` hdgpkr`aa hdrdikryhdrdikry-kr`ry kr`ry oypkss sure`ry wbc g`abhkl c`rkpy bi pkb`is wbc hdrdikry kr`ry kr`r y abs`ks` kia ki `j`hbdi rkhbdi ≡80%, duia ck c` wd r`kg`is l`a d sbgblkr gdrklby rk`s.5 Xuggkry kia Bgplbhktbdis: Fdr pkb`is wbc cr``- v`ss`l v`ss`l kia/ kia/dr dr l`f gkbi
hdrdikry kr`ry abs`ks`, HKOE r`auh`a rk`s d gkjdr hkrabdvkshulkr kia h`r`ordvkshulkr `v`is hdgpkr`a wbc ^HB. bs ab`r`ih` wks lkre`ly arbv`i oy k r`auhbdi bi c` i``a dr r`p`k r`vkshulkrbzkbdi prdh`aur`s kgdie pkb`is r`h`bvbie HKOE. ^kb`is wcd r`h`bv`a ^HB cka k ldw`r rk` d srdm`, cdw`v`r, wcbhc gky gkm` ^HB ki ktrkhbv` dpbdi dr sdg` pkb`is. Bi kaabbdi, c` kucdrs suee`s ck pkb`is wbc l`ss hdgpl`x hdrdikry kr`ry abs`ks` (ks kss`ss`a usbie c` XRI X RIKS KS shdr`) gky o` pkrbhulkrly edda hkiabak`s dr ^HB, ou cbs cypdc`sbs r`qubr`s urc`r vklbakbdi.
HLBIBHKL HKX@: HK_ABKH XQ@IQX VX. HD_DIK_R K_Q K _Q @ _R O R ^K ^KX X X X P _ E @ _R K G D I E ^KQB @ I Q X U B Q C X@V@_@ HD _DIK_R K_Q@_R K_Q@_R ABX@KX@
Hks` Cbstdry
Ki 36- y`kr-dla y`kr-dla gki vbsbs vb sbs cbs adhdr o`hkus` d bihr`ksbie scdri`ss d or`kc wc`i wklmbie. ` sygpdgs ckv` o``i e`tbie prder`ssbv`ly wdrs` dv`r c` pks gdic. K oks`lbi`, c` pkb`i hdula wklm dr cr`` oldhms wbcdu r`sbie, kia idw c` hki okr`ly wklm dr di` oldhm. K hkrabkh sr`ss `s wbc iuhl`kr bgkebie a`gdisrk`s r`v`rsbol` bshc`gbk bi c` `rrbdry d c` l`f gkbi hdrdikry kr`ry kr `ry..
Hckp`r ;1: Xkbis kia ^`rbdp`rkbv` Hkrabkh Hdgplbhkbdis
58
Oks`a di c` r`suls d c` XRIKS rbkl, ad ydu o`lb`v` ck cbs pkb`i scdula o` r`k`a wbc ^HB dr wbc HKOE4
Xuee`st`a Kisw`r
XRIKS scdw`a ck, dr pkb`is wbc cr``- v`ss`l cr``- v`ss`l kia/ kia/dr dr l`f gkbi hdrdikry kr`ry kr `ry abs`ks`, HKOE ldw`r`a rk`s rk`s d gkjdr hkrabdvkshulkr kia h`r`ord vkshulkr `v`is hdgpkr`a wbc ^HB. Cdw Cdw`v`r, `v`r, pkb`is bi c` HKOE erdup `xp`rb`ih`a k cbec`r rk` d srdm`. ` pkb`i bi cbs vbei`t` bs guhc dla`r cki c` ypbhkl pkb`i bi XRIKS (kpprdxbgk`ly 60 y`krs). O`hkus` d cbs kavkih`a ke` kia lbgb`a p`rdrgkih` skus, c` l`ss bivksbv` r`kg`i^HB r`kg`i ^HB wdula wdula lbm`ly o` pr``rkol` dr cbg. Bi kaabbdi, c` wdula o` l`ss lbm`ly d `xp`rb`ih` k srdm` wcbhc hdula o` k a`vkskbie hdgplbhkbdi hdgplbhkbdi dr cbg k cbs ske` ske` bi cbs lb`. bs hks` cbeclbecs wcy, a`spb` c` kh ck HKOE prdv`a sup`rbdr d ^HB bi XRIKS, XRI KS, sdg` pkb`is gky sbll r`ksdikoly dp dr ^HB.
_`f`r`ih`s
;. Lkie` , Cbllbs LA. Hdrdikry r`vkshulkrbzkbdi bi hdi`x. I @iel J G`a. ?>>2=86>:;>?1‘?6. ?>>2=86>:;>?1‘ ?6. ?. X`rru X`rruys ys ^U, ^U, Gdrbh` GH, Mkpp``bi K^, K^, ` kl. ^`rhuki`dus hdrdikry bi`rv`ibdi bi`r v`ibdi vs. hdrdikry-kr`ry hdrdikry-kr`ry oypkss erkfbie dr s`v`r` hdrdikry kr`ry abs`ks`. I @iel J G`a. ?>>2=86>(;>):26;‘5?. ?>>2=86>(;>):26;‘ 5?. 8. Hdc`i AJ, AJ, Vki Vki Cdu Cdu O, X`rru X`rruys ys ^U, ^U, ` kl. [uklby d lb` kf`r ^HB wbc arue-`lubie arue-`lubie s`is dr hdrdikry kr`ry oypkss sure`ry. sure`ry. I @iel J G`a. ?>;;=861:;>;6‘?6. ?>;;=861:;>;6‘?6. 1. Mkpp``bi K^, K^, F`lagki @, Gkhm GJ, ` kl. Hdgpkrbsdi d hdrdikry oypkss sure`ry wbc arue-`lubie arue-`lubie s`ibie dr c` r`kg`i d l`f gkbi kia/dr kia/dr cr``- v`ss`l v`ss`l @ur`rg C`krtsk`y C`krt J . ?>;;=8?(;5):?;? y`kr dlldw-up dlldwup d c` XRIKS ?>;;=8?(;5):?;?0‘ 0‘81. 81. 0. abs`ks`: Ak`g`i8-JJ, y`kr , Od`rsgk @, Flkc`r G, ` kl.rbkl. LdieLdie-`rg kia `hkhy d p`rhuki`dus hdrdikry bi`rv`ibdi wbc s`ibie kia hdrdikry kr`ry oypkss sure`ry dr gulbv`ss`l hdrdikry kr`ry abs`ks`: k g`k-kiklysbs g`k- kiklysbs wbc 0- y`kr 0- y`kr pkb`i-l`v`l pkb`il`v`l akk rdg rdg c` K_ K_X, X, @HB-BB, @HB-BB, GKXX-BB, GKXX-BB, kia XdX rbkls. Hbrhulktbdi ?>>3=;;3:;;16‘01. ?>>3=;;3:;;16‘ 01. 6. U`birkuo UX, ErkuErku-X`pulv`ak X`pulv`ak GV, U`bss JG, ` kl. Hdgpkrkbv` ``hbv`i`ss d r`vkshulkrbzkbdi srk`eb`s. I @iel J G`a. ?>;?=866(;6):;1 ?>;?=866(;6):;165. 65. 5. V`lkzqu`z @J, L`` ML, A`jk GK GK,, ` kl. Hdrdikry-kr`ry Hdrdikry-kr`ry oypkss sure`ry bi pkb`is wbc l`f v`irbhulkr aysuihbdi. aysuihbdi. I @iel J G`a. ?>;;=861:;6>5‘;6. ?>;;=861:;6>5‘;6.
;0
@ff`hts df @xt`ia`a-_`l`ks` @xt`ia`a-_`l`ks` G`tdprdldl Xuhhbikt` bi ^ktb` ^ktb`its its Pia`redbie Idihkr Idihkrabkh abkh Xure`ry (^DBX@ ( ^DBX@ Qrbkl) Qrbkl) K _kiadgbz`a _ki adgbz`a Hditrdll` H ditrdll`a a Qrbkl Qrbkl
]Klcduec p`rbdp`rkbv` g`dprdldlW r`auh`a c` rbsm d gydhkrabkl bikrhbdi . . . hdgpkr`a wbc plkh`od, plkh`od, c` arue ar ue klsd r`sul`a bi k sbeibhki `xh`ss rbsm d a`kc, srdm`, kia hlbibhklly sbeibhki cypd`isbdi kia orkayhkrabk. orkayhkr abk. ^DBX@ X E ;
_`s`krhc [u`stbdi: Xcdula pkb`is uia`redbie idihkrabkh sure`ry ; r`h`bv` k
p`rbdp`rkbv` o`k oldhm`r d pr`v`i hkrabdvkshulkr hdgplbhkbdis4
Fuiabie: Edv`rig`ikl ke`ihb`s rdg Hkikak, Kusrklbk, Xpkbi, kia Er`k
Orbkbi. KsrkZ`i`hk klsd prdvba`a k sgkll pdrbdi d c` uiabie. R`kr R `kr Xtuay O`eki: O`eki: ?>>?. R`kr R `kr Xtuay ^uolbsc`a: ^uolbsc`a: ?>>3. Ucd Uks Xtuab`a: Kauls ≠10 y`krs uia`redbie idihkrabkh sure`ry wbc ki
`xp`h`a cdspbkl l`iec d sky ≠?1 cdurs wcd cka dr w`r` k rbsm dr kc`rdshl`rdbh abs`ks`. ^kb`is uia`redbie `l`hbv`, ure`i, kia `g`re`i sure`rb`s w`r` kll bihlua`a.
Hckp`r ;0: @`hs d @x`ia`a-_`l`ks` G`dprdldl Xuhhbik`
50
Ucd Uks @xhlua`a: ^kb`is wbc k c`kr rk` o`ks p`r gbiu`, cds`
wbc k s`hdia- dr cbracbra-a`er`` a`er`` c`kr oldhm, kia cds` wbc kscgk (o`hkus` o`k oldhm`rs hki rbee`r kscgk `xkh`rokbdis). `x kh`rokbdis). Bi kaabbdi, pkb`is w`r` `xhlua`a b c`y w`r` klr`kay r`h`bvbie k o`k oldhm`r dr v`rkpkgbl, cka k midwi cbsdry d ki kav`rs` r`khbdi d o`k oldhm`rs, dr w`r` uia`redbie k “ldw-rbsm “ldw- rbsm surebhkl prdh`aur` (oks`a di c` biabv biabvbaukl baukl pcysbhbki‒s pcysbhbki‒s juaeg`i).‗ juaeg`i).‗ Cdw Gkiy ^ktb`its: 3,80;. Xtuay Dv`rvb`w: X`` Fbeur` ;0.; dr ki dv`rvb`w dv`rv b`w d c` suay‒ suay ‒s a`sbei. ^ktb`its Pia`redbie Idihkrabkh Xure`ry
_kiadgbz`a
^`rbdp`rktbv` G`tdprdldl
^lkh`od
Fbeur` ;0.; Xuggk Xuggkry ry d c` ^DBX@ ^DBX@ suay suay a`sbei. a`sbei. Xtuay Bit`rv`itbdi: ^kb`is kssbei`a d c` g`dprdldl erdup r`h`bv`a drkl
`x`ia`a-r`l`ks` g`dprdldl skrbie ?‘1 `x`ia`a-r`l`ks` ?‘1 cdurs o`dr` sure`ry. ^kb`is cka c`br oldda pr`ss pr`ssur` ur` kia c`kr rk rk`` g`ksur` g`ksur`aa o`dr` o`dr` g`abhk g`abhkbdi bdi kagbibs kagbibsrkbdi rkbdi,, kia kia c` c` ads` wks c`la bi pkb`is wbc k c`kr rk` o`ks p`r gbiu` dr k sysdlbh oldda pr`ssur` > gg Ce. ^kb`is klsd r`h`bv`a pdsdp`rkbv` `x`ia`a-r`l`ks` `x`ia`a-r`l`ks` g`dprdldl ks dlldws: • K kiy kiy pdbi bi c` rs rs 6 cdurs cdurs dlldwbie sure`ry, sure`ry, pkb`is r`h`bv`a k ads` d g`dprdldl ;>> ge b c` c`kr rk` wks ≠3> o`ks p`r gbiu` kia c` sysdlbh oldda pr`ssur` ≠;>> gg Ce. • ^k ^kb`is b`is wcd aba id r`h`bv` g`dprdldl wbcbi c` rs 6 cdurs r`h`bv`a k ;>>-ge ;>>-ge ads` 6 cdurs kf`r sure`ry. • w`lv` cdurs kf`r kf`r c` rs pdsdp`rk pdsdp`rkbv` bv` ads`, pkb`is pkb`is o`eki o`eki kmbie g`dprdldll ?>> ge akbly dr 8> akys. g`dprdld • G`dpr G`dprdldl dldl wks c`la kia c` ads` wks r`auh`a d d ;>> ge ge dih` akbly bi pkb`is wcd cka k c`kr rk` o`ks p`r gbiu1` dr k sysdlbh oldda pr`ssur` > gg Ce. ^kb`is ^k b`is wcd hdula id km` drkl g`abhkbdis r`h`bv`a birkv`idus g`dprdldl uibl c`y w`r` kol` d dl`rk` drkl g`abhkbdis. g`abhkbdis.
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