5-Hale, Charles A. La Transformación Del Liberalismo en México A Fines Del Siglo XIX 2002

 

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EaõO BAGÁODR

 

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tr oscirg eaõo mahdr masgi do Gáxaei caods fdm sanmi ZAZ k

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CIOFI FD ETMVTX GÁZAEI

DEIOÕGAE

 

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SAA. PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUOAI MAHDXKMAUOAI Q UIEADFKF UIEAD FKF prdsdoeakrio dm ksedosi fdm pisatavasgi eigi eiobuoti prdfigaokotd f d afdks sieakmds o Gáxaei, f d m k gasgk g kodrk qud m k camisicçk pisatavastk s d eiovartaõ d o nuçk f d m k rdirnkoazkeaõo f d m k dfuekeaõo supdrair y mk pimçtaek pisatavk i eadotçcaek d o dm eioedpti prdvkmdeadotd f d nihadroi . Eigi mi jdgis fdgistrkfi, mks afdks pisatavastk s ejiekrio eio m k cudrtd ipisaeaõo tkoti f d mis ektõmaeis eigi f d mi s mahdrkmds, pdri pkrk m k fáekfk m ;:10 Mi s

KÛIU P I U V D X A I X D U K ; : 3 >

m tifi, dm su doeagk jkhçk pkrdeçk ksdnurkfi. pissprdfigaoai pi atavasgi priemkgkhk mk eadoeak mmdnkqud m k drk fdPir fi k Gáxaei, u o g d oskbd arrdsastahmd eukofi dm ránagdo f d Pircarai Fçkz kmeko z khk m k gkfurdz. Pir supudsti, m k tdirçk sieakm pisatavastk dstkhk dstrdejkgdotd rdmkeaiokfk eio m k camisicçk pisatavastk y m k pimçtaek eadotçcaek, tdgk fdm qud y k o is j d gis ieupkfi sihrkfkgdotd d o mks pënaoks prdedfdotds. Uao dghkrni, f d h d gis pricuofazkr gës d o sus dmdgdoti s praoeapkmds pkrk eigprdofdr gdbir mis supudstis fd mk ámatd aotdmdetukm y nihdrokotd fdm Gáxaei pircarakoi y m k g k -

d o qud t k m d s supudstis kcdetkrio m k pimçtaek sieakm. odrk Mis praoeapkmds dmdgdotis f d m k tdirçk sieakm pisatavastk pudfdo jkmmkr s d d o d m pdoskgadoti f d Kunustd Eigtd y Jdrhdrt Updoedr. Gës kfdmkotd g d ieupkrá f d mks afdks dspdeçcaekgdotd sieakmds f d dstis pamkrds ndgdmis fdm pisatavasgi duripdi, f d mks f d Updoedr d o pkrtaeumkr, mks eigpkrkrá dotrd s ç y sipdskrá s u agpirtkoeak rdmktavk d o Gáxaei. Itri dmdgdoti agpirtkotd f d m k tdirçk sieakm pisatavastk cud m k haiminçk dvimutavk f d Ejkrmds Fkrwao y sihrd tifi m k fietraok fdm fkrwaoasgi sieakm , u o tárgaoi qud s d j k eiovdrtafi d o mdgk uoavdrskm pkrk mks ketatufds sieakmds f d caods fdm sanmi ZAZ. D m òmtagi dmdgdoti cud m k dseudmk jastõraek f d 580

 

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PIUAVASAUGI , MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

fdrdeji, m k eukm, k u o q u d o i d r k dxpmçeatkgdotd pisatavastk, s ç eigpkr tçk guejis supudstis pisatavastks. C i r g u m k f k

ir anaokmgdotd pir dm burastk k m d g ë o Cradfraej E krm vio Ukvanoy, cud aotdrprdtkfk pkrk Gáxaei pir d m tdõraei eiostatueaiokmastk crkoeás Dfiukrf Mkhiumkyd. Jdgis vasti qud d m

eiostatueaiokmasgi jastõraei fd Mkhiumkyd cud u o aonrdfadot d agpirtkotd f d m k pimçtaek eadotçcaek okeadotd< cud tkghaáo sanoacaektavi p k r k dm pdoskgadoti sieakm gdxaekoi. Eigtd y Updoedr s dotkr io mks hksds p k r k mks afdks ndodrkmds kedrek fdm jighrd y m k sieadfkf k g p m a k g d o t d kedptk-

fks k caods fdm sanmi x rx M k gës sihrdskmadotd cud m k afdk f d qud mk s i e a ~ f o f t ro u o irnkoasgi okturkm, subdti eigi tifi d o mk okturkmdzk k mk dvimueaõo i dm ekghai eio d m tadgpi. Dm m

jighrd eigi aofavafui dr k u o k p k r t d aotdnrkm dstd i r nkoasgi ekghakotd, y s u s afdks, erddoeaks y eigpirtkgado-

ti o i pifçko dotdofdrsd d o mi khstrketi saoi dxemusavkgdotd d o rdmkeaõo eio m k sieadfkf d o s u eiobuoti. D s t d d o td o f agadoti sõmi dr k pisahmd k trkvás f d m k eadoeak, d s fdear, k trkvás f d m k ihsdrvkeaõo fd mis cdoõgdois sieakmds, pir gdfai fd mk dxpdragdotkeaõo y m k h ò s q u d f k f d mdyds sieakmds. D o r ds ugdo, pifçk y fdhçk j k h d r u o k eadoeak f d mk sieadfkf qud sanuadrk mis priedfagadotis y mis ihbdtavis f d m k eadoeak f d m k okturkmdzk. Udnòo Eigtd y Updoedr, d m prinrdsi d r k m k gëxagk mdy sieakm , dm oavdm dquavkmdotd f d m k dvimueaõo i d m fdskrrimmi< y s u gdos kbd d r k uo gdos kbd f d iptagasgi, f d kvkoed y j k stk

d o dm eksi fd Eigtd) fd rdndodrkeaõo f d m k

dspdead j u g k o k . Gës kmmë f d dstks ndodrkmafkfds, mks facd-

rdoeaks do sus afdks cudrio p k r k Gáxaei g ë s erçtaeks y sanoacaektavks qud mks s dgdbkozks , y f d dsks fac dr doeaks g d ieupkrá do sdnuafk. M k ihrk f d Eigtd cud a o t d r p r d t k f k d o Gáxaei k m g d o i s fadz kûis kotds qud m k f d Updoedr, d o p k r t d quazë pir qud Eigtd d r k g k y i r y eigdozõ k puhmaekr u o k ndodrkeaõo

kotds, pdri d o p k r td tkghaáo pirqud d r k crkoeás. D o t k o t i qud Pdfri Eiotrdrks Dmazkmfd y Nkhaoi H k r r d f k eioieadrio mks afdks f d Eigtd d aoemusi k á m p d r s i o k m g d o t d d o Pkr çs ,

 

PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

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okfk gdois qud d o ;:6:, pieis gdxaekois vakbkhko k Aonmk tdrrk y oi jky prudhks f d doeudotris samm).amkrds fd gdxaek ois eio Updoedr . Udûkmëhkgis d o dm ekpçtumi v qud d m pragdr doskyi eigtdkoi d o Gáxaei, Fd m k dfuekeaõo girkm f d Hkrrdfk, kpkrdeaõ d o ;:35, gadotrks sio mis kûis ;:>6-;:>4 mis qud prihkhmdgdotd sdûkmko m k dotrkfk f d mks afdks f d Updoedr k m k vafk aotdmdetukm gdxaekok. Uõmi uois pieis gdxaekois mdydrio k Updoedr do aonmás, y pkrded emkri qud m k gkyir pkrtd f d dmmis supadrio f d ám k trkvás f d Crkoeak, kfiofd s u ihrk mmdnõ sirprdofdotdgdotd tkrfd. M k pragdrk trkfueeaõo crkoedsk f d Updoedr kpkrdeaõ d o ;:>;, pdri o i cud jkstk ;:>6, eio m k tko puhmaeatkfk dfaeaõo crkoedsk f d Vjd Ut ufy i c Uieaiminy eukofi Updoedr doeiotrõ u o pòhmaei gdxaekoi. K pkrtar f d dotioeds, d m munkr dmd Updoedr dstuvi ksdnurkfi y rëpafkgdotd s d eiovartaõ d o dm tdõraei sieakm duripdi gës eatkfi d o Gáxaei, km anukm qud mi cud d o tifk m k Kgáraek jaspkok. ; Pkrk eigprdofdr m k keinafk fdm fkrwaoasgi d o Gáxaei d s odedskrai rdspiofdr k m gdois k fis prdnuotks pir sdpkrk fi. M k pragdrk d s euëofi y eõgi mmdnkrio mks ihrks f d Fkr wao k Gáxaei, y m k sdnuofk sd rdcadrd k m gifi d o qud mis gdxaekois utamazkrio sus afdks. Fkrwao drk uo okturkmast okturkmastk, k, o i u o tdõraei sieakm< oudstri praoeapkm aotdrás o i tadod qud vdr eio d m agpketi f d sus afdks d o m k haiminçk gdxaekok saoi eio s u kpmaekeaõo k m pdoskgadoti sieakm. Fkfi qud m k òmtagk Eigtd okeaõ d o ;>1:, Updoedr d o ;:80. Carst Praoeapads (;:38), fd Updo edr, cud puhmaekfi d o crkoeás d o ;:>;< Vjd Utufy i c Uieaiminy (;:>5) kpkrdeaõ eigi motrifuetaio k mk Ueadoed Uieakm (;:>6). Dstd òmtagi gitavõ u o agpirtko td doskyi fd Pkum Bkodt, Mk Ueadoed sieakmd d t m k pjamisipjad konmkasd , Xduud fds fdux giofds ° fd oivadghrd fd ;:>6, pp. pp. : ; ~ ; ; 0 qud aofufkhmdgdotd eiotrahuyõ k facuofar do Gáxaei mks afdks fd Updoedr. Vkghaáo juhi kotds dm doskyi fd Kunustd Mkundm, Mds Átufds pjamisipjaquds d o Konmdtdrrd , ahaf. ;4 fd cdhrdri fd ;:36, pp. 150-14>, qud drk uok mkrnk rdsdûk fd Carst Praoeapads ksç eigi dm mahri fd Vjáifumd Xahit, M k Psyej Psyejiminad iminad konmka sd (;:>0). Pri hkhmdgdotd dstks fis puhmaekeaiods oi tuvadrio gueji dei d o Gáxaei, pdri oi fará qud j d aovdstankfi eio dxjkustavafkf dm ksuoti . Mk pragdrk i[rk fd Updo edr, Uieakm Utktaes (;:4;), ouoek cud trkfueafk km crkoeás o a km dspkûim, y sus pragdris doskyis o i sd trkfubdrio jkstk 2caods fd mis kûis ;:>0. D o dspkûim oi kpkrdeaõ okfk fd Updoedr kotds fd ;:>:. ;

 

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585

prdnuotk fdshirfk mis mçgatds f d Gáxaei y kekrrdk eiosani dm prihmdgk ndodrkm f d s a d m fkrwaoasgi sieakm fdravõ g ë s fdm pripai F kr w ao i f d itrks cudotds, pis tdr nkr dgis d sk prdnuotk y ois ieupkrdgis pragdri fdm tdgk kpkr dotdgdo t d gës fardeti f d m k trkosgasaõo. Eigi mi j k gistrkfi Xihdrti Girdoi, d m fkrwaoasgi dgpdzõ k eioiedrsd d o Gáxaei prihkhmdgdotd k praoeapais f d mis kûis sdtdotk fdm sanmi ZAZ y oi cud eatkfi f d gk o d r k cir gkm jkstk ;:>4, eukofi Busti Uadrrk s d rdcaraõ pir mi gdois fis vdeds k Fkrwao y k mk mdy nrkofaisk fdm trkoscirgasgi f d ^kmmked . Pudfd sdr qud, eigi mi sunadrd Girdoi, Fkrwao cudrk g ë s eioieafi pir V j d Fdsedot i c Gko (;:>;) qud pir Vjd Iranao i c Updeads (;:41), fdhafi k m agpketi gkyir qud d m pragdr mahri prifubi dotrd mis ektõmaeis . Mks agpmaekeaiods rdmanaisks f d mk tdirçk f d mis irçndods fdm j i g h r d cudrio d m tdgk f d guejks eiotrivdrsaks d o m k prdosk gdxaekok, dgpd zkofi d o ;:>:, eukofi M k Siz fd G áxaei xaei   D m E dotaodmk Ektõma  i y M k Amustrkeaõo ktõmaek dotkhmkrio faseusaiods eio mis jdrgkois Uadrrk y itris rdfketirds fdm rdeaáo cuofkfi M k Mahdrtkf . Fd jdeji, Pircarai Pkrrk, dm bivdo rdfketir bdcd f d m k sdeeaõo eadotçcaek, sd saotaõ ihmankfi k rdeirfkr k mis pimága eis ektõmaeis qud dm fkrwaoasgi drk guy facdrdotd fdm pisata vasgi f d Gamm, Hkao, Eigtd d aoemusi f d Updoedr, y qud m k gkyirçk f d mis pisatavastks rdeahçko m k japõtdsas fkrwaoastk eio dsedptaeasgi y jkstk eio jistamafkf. Fdhafi km stktus ica eakm qud dm pisatavasgi tdoçk do mk dfuekeaõo supdrair, m k pra gdrk ipisaeaõo ektõmaek km fkrwaoasgi d o Gáxaei cud prihk hmdgdotd gdois agpirtkotd qud m k eiotrivdrsak suseatkfk pir ástd do mis eçreumis pisatavastks. 8 M k emkvd pkrk eigprdofdr dm agpketi f d Fkrwao d o Gáxa

ei, eigi suedfd do tkotis itris eksis fd trkosgasaõo aotd mdetukm, rkfaek d o dm jdeji fd qud cud eioieafi k trkvás f d cudotds crkoedsks. M k kedptkeaõo fd Fkrwao d o Crkoeak cud mdotk, oi pir m k ipisaeaõo ektõmaek saoi pirqud dstkhk cudrtdGirdoi , Pimágaek pp. ;>-68. D m krtçeumi f d Pk r r k kpkrdeaõ d o M k Mahdrtkf dm 80 fd ietuhrd f d ;:>:. 8

 

586

PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

gdotd kr r kankfk m k ipisaeaõo f d mis eadotçcaeis k m k tdirçk f d m k tr kos c ir gkeaõo f d mks dspdeads, sihrd tifi m k ipisaeaõo fdm kekfágaei Ndirnds Euvadr y sus sdnuafirds eiotrk mks afdks emdm E j d vkmadr f d Mkgkrel. Kfdgës, d o Crkoeak mis pkrtafkrais fdm trkoscirgasgd mis crkoedsds sadgprd prdca radrio dstd tárgaoi k m f d dvimueaõo ) ei-osafdrkhko qud Fkrwao sagpmdgdotd r ds ueatkhk y p d r p d t u k h k mks tdirçks f d Mkgkrel f d mis kûis ;:00 k ;:80 d o munkr f d aotrifuear afdks oudvks y rdvimueaiokraks. D m Irando ekusõ piei rdvud mi d o Cr koeak eukofi s d puhmaeõ pir pr agdr k vdz y o i skmaõ oaonuok dfaeaõo crkoedsk j k s t k ;:38. Km o i doeiotrkr u o eadotçcaei qud quasadrk trkfuear d m mahri, dm dfatir huseõ k Emágdoed Xiydr, u o k aotdmandotd dseratirk f d tdgks deioõ gaeis y sieakmds. Xiydr drk uok trkoscirgastk eiovdoeafk, f d cudrtds ipaoaiods kotaemdraekmds, y kûkfaõ k s u trkfueeaõo u o pimágaei prdckeai fd eksa eaoeudotk pënaoks, kfdgës f d

ougdrisks oitks y eigdotkrais fasdgaokfis k tifi mi mkrni fdm tdxti. Pir sa dsti cudrk piei, ekghaõ dm suhtçtumi eio dm cao f d rdkmzkr m k eiotrahueaõo f d Fkrwao k m k afdk f d prinrd si. F k r w a o o i pusi ihbdeaiods k mk trkfueeaõo d o sç, pdri fdspuás f d m k tdredrk dfaeaõo ;:>0) r a ¾m k qud sd aoemuçko oudvis y ihstaokfis e i g d o t k r a i s - huseõ itri trkfuetir,

tkoti pkrk dm Irando eigi pkrk s u mahri rdeaáo puhmaekfi, M k fdsedof doeak. Uao dghkrni, o i pufi jkmmkr oaonòo eadotçcaei dgaodotd qud s d doekrnkrk fdm priydeti.22c Ougdrisis rksnis fdm fdhktd c r o ~ á s

sihrd Fkrwao

tuvadrio u o k rápmaek dxketk d o m k pragdck faseusaõo agpir

tkotd qud sihrd s us afdks tuvi munkr d o Gáxaei, d o m k Ksi eakeaõo Gdtifõcamk Nkhaoi Hk r r d f k f u r k o t d mis gdsds f d cdhrdri y gkrzi f d ;:>>. M k faseusaõo eigdozõ eio u o hrd v d trkhkbi ckvirkhmd k m okturkmastk qud prdsdotõ Pdfri Oi Oi radnk, u o ds tufakotd fd gdfaeaok, y k ástd sanuaõ uok dxtdoSáksd Xihdrt D. Utdhhaos, Crkoed , d o Nmael, Eigpkrotaud Xd e dp taio pp. ;;>-;3>< tkghaáo Maofk M. Emkrl, Uieakm Fkrwaoasg a o Crkoed Toavdrsa  

fkf fd Kmkhkgk, ;1:6), pp. 1-8:. Dm tçtumi Fkrwao iranaokm fd Xiydr drk Iu Mias f u prinrds ejdz mds dtrds irnkoasás< dm fd drk H y Gdkos i c Fds Okturkm Udmdetaio ir Vjd Prdsdruktaio i c Ckuirdf Xkeds a o Vjd Utrunnmd ir Ma d.

 

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584

s k erçtaek odnktavk f d m k tdirçk f d Fkr wao rd k maz k f k pir Hkrrdfk, dotrdgdzemkfk eio hrdvds fdemkrkeaiods pri f k r waoastks f d mis eigpkûdris fd dstufais fd O iradnk, P k r r k y Gkoudm Cmirds. 6 Hk rrd f k s d odnõ k k e d p tk r qud m k i h rk f d Fk rwa o rd p rd sd o tk sd u o k v d r f k f d r k tdirçk eadotçcaek . Udnòo ám, s u ihrk drk agprdsaiokotd d o d m oavdm fdseraptavi, pdri Fk rwa o oi fdgistrõ mks mdyds qud s u p u d s t k g d o t d fdfubi fd m k ihsdrvkeaõo f d mis jdejis. H k r r d f k eudstaioõ dxtdoskgdotd m k oi fd g is t rk fk kcargkeaõo jdejk pir Fkr  wao f d qud sõmi s d t r k o s g a t ç k o mis õrnkois g ë s ò tamd s y sdýkmõ s u aoekpkeafkf p k rk dxpmaekr m k dxastdoeak f d õrnk ois aoòtamds i giostruisafkfds. Hk rrd f k d o e i o trk h k supd rair m k tdirçk gës gifdstk f d M k g k re l pirqud sag pmdg dotd fdstkekhk m k favdrsacaekeaõo nrkfukm f d mks dspdeads vavado m k jdrdoeak f d ekrketdrçstaeks kfquarafks pir mk aotdr tds keeaõo eio dm dotiroi d o munkr f d k sd o tk r dm surnagadoti f d oudvks dspdeads pir dm priedsi f d sdmdeeaõo o k t u r k P Eigi mis erçtaeis crkoedsds kotds qud ám, H k r r d f k ihbdtk h k pkrtaeumkrgdotd dm mdonukbd gdtkcõraei fd Fkrwao, k crk sds eigi m k sdmdeeaõo okturkm i m k muejk pir m k dxastdoeak , qud sdnòo ám trktkhko f d ieumtkr m k ckmtk f d ranir eadotçcaei. Eiostkotdg dotd rdeirfkhk k su s d s t u f a k o t d s qud d m t d g k dmd sus rduoaiods dr ko dm gátifi m k mõnaek , d o kghis

pkrdeçk pdoskr eukofi fdemkrõ2 D o dcdeti, sa kmni ckvirded y dxpmaek dm oitkhmd áxati f d m k japõ tdsas trkoscirgastk, d s dm hrammkotd dstami fdm kutir, kyufkfi f d

uok aoeigpkrkhmd raqudzk f d fdtkmmds qud, dovudmtis y dghdmmd eafis pir e i o taou k s gdtëcirks, cirgko mk g ë s s d f u e ti rk fds

erapeaõo fdm eiobuoti f d mis s d r d s irnkoazkfis y f d s u ao cao atk

vkradfkf. 3

pp. 1>-;:N (sdsaiods fdm 84 fd cdhrdri k m m d o dm tdxti fd Girdoi, Pimágaek pp. 64-;86. 4 Kokmds pp. ;;1-;80 (Girdoi, Pimágaek pp. 35-36). 3 Kokmds p ;:; (Girdoi, Pimágaek pp. ;;1-;80). ;

Kokmds

f d gkrzi). V k g h a á o

 

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Hk r r d f k caokmazõ s u faseursi jkeadofi odcdrdoeak k mis fkrwaoastks duripdis y k sus erçtaeis, tifis mis eukmds fdstk ekrio fd gkodrk prigaodotd do mis fdhktds crkoedsds f d mis kûis sdsdotk y sdtdotk. Pir dbdgpmi, dxprdsõ eadrtk sagpktçk jkeak mk ipaoaõo fdm suedsir f d Euvadr, Cmiurdos, quado fabi qud m k ihrk f d F k r w a o d r k pripknkofastk y prisdmatastk. Udnòo mis faseçpumis f d Fkrwao, uoi fdhçk kedptkr dm trkos cirgasgi i rdsanokrsd k qud mi ekmacaekrko eigi u o ckoëtaei i u o rdtrõnrkfi . P k r k fdgistrkr s u puoti, Hk r r d f k eatõ uoks pkmkhrks f d m prdckeai f d X iydrk s u trkfueeaõo fdm Irando2 M k fietraok f d Fkr wao d s m k rdvimueaõo rkeaiokm fdm prinrds i q u d s d piod d o kotknioasgi mõnaei eio mk rdvdmk e a õo fd mk ekçfk ... d o eukoti k gç, g a dmdeeaõo dstë y k hdejk2 g d fdeafi pir dm prinrdsi . H ýejodr y Jkdeldm jaeadrio pkrdeafks kcargkeaio d s , fabi Hkrrdfk< p k r k dmmis, kedptkr k Fkrwao s d jkhçk vudmti u o ksuoti f d cd , o i f d eadoeak. Km gasgi tadgpi, aoemusi trkoscirgastks eigi Juxmdy y Vipaokr f eiotaoukhko suhrkykofi m k okturkmdzk japitátaek f d mks eioemusaiods f d Fkrwao.   F d gifi qud mi gës qud pifçk fdearsd d s qud d m fkr waoas gi d r k s updr air k mks fietraoks rrdf caokmastks y tdimõnaeks. Ua kmnòo fçk - e i o e m u y õ s d minrk cirgumkr u o k tdirçk sktascketirak sihrd dm irando f d mks dspdeads, Fkrwao s d r ë sao fufk eiosafdrkfi eigi uoi f d sus gës amustrds prdeursirds . : D m fdhktd sihrd d m fkrwaoasgi fdguds tr k kotds qud okfk qud Hk r r d f k y tkm vdz sus dstufakotds) d s tk h k o trkospi oadofi k Gáxaei t k o t i mis fieugdotis eigi mis tárgaois Uihrd Padrrd-Gkrad-Bdko Cmiurdos váksd Utdhhaos, Crkoed , p . ;50. Hkrrdfk utamazõ prihkhmdgdotd m k tdredrk dfaeaõo fd Fd M 2Iranaod fds dspdeds (Pkras, ;:>0), d o mk eukm sd aoemuçk dm prdck eai fd Xiydr k m k pragdrk dfaeaõo dm p k s kbd eatkfi sd jkmmk do dm òmtagi përrkci fd mk p . MZZA). D m doskyi fkrwaoastk fdm camõsici g k t d r a kmastk kmdgëo Mufwan Hýejodr kpkrdeaõ d o crkoeás d o ;:31< m k Jastiard fd mk eráktaio f ds dtrds irnkoasás f kpr ds mds mias okturdmm d s d o ;:>6. H kr r dfk eatõ Mds Ueadoeds okturdmmds Pkrçs, ;:>>), 3), fd Pkum Vipaokrf. Gdoeaioõ ksagasgi k Bdko-Miuas K ookof [uëtrdscknds f d Hrdku, quado dserahaõ uok sdrad fd aocmuydotds krtçeumis sihrd dm trkoscirgasgi d o mk

Xduud fds fdu.x giofds ;:31), qud ds prihkhmd qud sd mdydrko d o Gáxaei . : Kokmds , p. ;:3 Girdoi , Pimág Pimágae aek p . ;8 6 ).

 

 

PIUAVrQAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

58>

fdm fdhktd d o Crkoeak. Jky qud sdûkmkr, pir dbdgpmi, qud m k pkmkhrk trkoscirgasgi cud dgpmdkfk eksa dxemusavkgdotd d o sus faseusaiods< rkrk vdz kpkrdeaõ dm tárgaoi dvimueaõo .

D o sdnuofi munkr, Hkrrdfk pkrdeçk dstkr mahrkofi u o k hktk mmk f d kotdgkoi pdrfafk, puds s d jkmmõ docrdotkfi k sus fis kmugois gës fdstkekfis, P k r r k y Cmirds, quadods s d gis trkrio sdfueafis pir Fkrwao. Vkm vdz p k r k dmmis mks gdtëci rks y dm dstami fdm okturkmastk (ksç eigi d m dmieudotd prdckeai f d Xiydr) d r k o gës ktrketavis qud m k ran u ri sk ( y k u s t d r k ) mõnaek pisatavastk f d Hkrrdfk. I tkm vdz, eigi sunaraõ P k r r k k sus erçtaeis ektõmaeis u o kûi fdspuás, dmmis d stk h k o dmkhi rkofi y k u o pisatavasgi cmdxahmd y jdtdrifixi qud s d k p k r tkhk fd mk ranafdz f d s u gdotir. Pir òmtagi, kuoqud d m fdhk t d f d ;:>> ois p d rg atd eioiedr d m g dekoasg i a ot droi fdm priedsi fd trk o sg asaõ o f d mks afdks f d F k r w a o k Gáxaei,

piei ois faed sihrd eõgi s d kprivdejkrio dstks afdks d o d m

pdoskgadoti sieakm. Mis pimdgastks sd ieupkrio simkgdotd f d mis kspdetis eadotçcaeis y gdtifimõnaeis f d m irando f d mks dspdeads. M k dseudmk jastõraek y eigpkrkfk fd fdrdeji, k m anukm qud mis dmdgdotis praoeapkmds f d m k tdirçk sieakm pisatavastk, o i cmirdeaõ d o Gáxaei j k s t k fdspuás f d ;:3>. K u o q u d j k h ç k sdûkmds f d qud mis supudstis f d m k dseudmk jastõraek kcdetk rio k Gkrakoi Itdri do mis kûis e u k r d o t k , d m dcdeti cud fáham eigpkrkfi eio m k aocmudoeak qud ekuskrio do Krndota

o k y Ejamd. Eigi mi jdgis sundrafi, mk Xdcirgk gdxaekok, d m n rk o eiocmaeti afdimõnaei f d gdfakfis fdm sanmi, cud eigi u o pkrtdknuks aotdmd aotdmdetukm etukm qud kpkrtõ m k eirradotd fdm fdrd eji okturkm y d m eiostatueaiokmasgi fietraokrai. M k dseudmk jastõraek k r n u g d o t k h k qud mks mdyds o i d r k o u o k d o t a f k f khstrketk krhatrkrakgdotd agpmdgdotkfks pir d m mdnasmkfir y qud oi tdoçko dxastdoeak aofdpdofadotd, saoi qud d s t k h k o irnëoaekgdotd rdmkeaiokfks eio m k sieadfkf y s u f d sk rri  mmi.1 Vkmds supudstis eiotrahuydrio d o n r k o pkrtd k drisaiSáksd J d r g u o o Lkotiriwaez, Ukvanoy k o f t j d Jastiraekm Uejiim i c Mkw , Mkw ammkrt rmy Xeumdw, 45 (;15>), pp. 583-565.  

 

58:

PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

o k r m k cd d o mis afdkmds eiostatueaiokmds, u o k drisaõo qud jdgis rkstrdkfi d o dm ekpçtumi g fdsfd mk Eioviektirak fd ;:3> y mk eiosdeudotd e k g p k û k d o pri f d mk rdaostkurkeaõo fdm Udokfi jkst k dm pr inr kg k f d rdcirgk eiostatueaiokm f d M k M a h drtkf   J d gis s dûkmkfi m k agpirtkoeak qud p k r k m k ekgpkûk f d m Udokfi tuvi m k Jastirak fd Dstkfis Toafis f d Mkhiumkyd, t rkfuea fk d o Gáxaei d o ;:>0. D o s u irando, dm pisatavasgi crkoeás y m k dseudmk jastõraek kmdg kok f d fdrdeji eigpkrtçko u o kotknioasgi jkeak mis kmahatrkrais ekghais sieakmds y mdnkmds agpudstis pir m k Xdvimueaõo crkoedsk< tkghaáo eigpkrtçko u o k kedotukfk erddoeak eigòo ei gòo do m k dvimueaõo irnëoaek f d m k sieadfkf. Ksç puds, mis fdcdosir d s f d m k pimçtaek eadotçcaek, eigi dvi mueaioastks sieakmds qud drko, pifçko hdhdr f d Mkhiumkyd, d m eiotaoukfir crkoeás f d m k d s e u d m k k md g k o k , tkoti eigi f d Eirotd y U pdoedr. ; Km anukm qud M k hiumk yd, rdejkzkhko k m gasgi tadgpi m k fdgierkeak y m k f a etkf u r k y s d g is t r k h k o pkrtafkrai s dmd u o nihadroi e i o s tatueaiokm cudrtd hkskfi dgpçraekgdotd d o m k prdsdrvkeaõo f d u o irfdo sieakm eiosdrvkfir. Km dxkga o k r m k s af d k s sieakmds pisatavastks. d o d m Gáxaei

pistdrair k ;:3> , fdhdrois r d eirfkr uoi f d mi mi¾¾s tdg ks h ë s a  eis f d d s t d d s t u f a i2 d m f d s krrimmi fdm pisatavaso;i d o u o emagk pimçtaei nihdrokfi pir mk igoaprdsdoeak emdm;taati mahdrkm. Dm

m ah d r k ma s gi trauocõ d o ;:3> y k pkrtar f d dotioeds cud rdquasati p k r k tifi áxati pimçtaei m k kfjdsaõo cirgkm km erdfi ma mah hd rkm doekrokfi do mks M d yds f d Xdcirgk y d o m Eiostatueaõo fd ;:4>. D o r d s ugdo, mks afdks qud dxkgaokgis dr ko mks f d Y u o dstkhmasjgdot, u o k ámatd mahdrkm, y uok pkrtd f d oudstri prihmdgk eiosastd d o fasedroar eõgi s d rdmkeaiokhko d m pisatavasgi y d m mahdrkmasgi d o d m pdoskgadoti sieakm gdxaekoi. F d mis fis dmdg dotis praoeapkmds f d m k tdirçk sieakm pisata v astk, m k s ihrks f d Eigtd y U p d oedr, ¹euëm f d mks fis eiondoakhk gd gdbb i r eio m k j d rdoeak mahdrkm gdxaekok9 M k ipaM khiumkyd dseraha õ D s s ka s u r m k ua uad d dt md mds s fietraods fd C r df d ra e Ejkrmds Ukvanoy P kras , ; :68), r d agprds i d o Á t u f ds euotd euot d gpirkaods sur m Kmmc gknod dt m   s pkys smkvds (Pkr ç s, ; :43, y d o trds pistdrairds dfaeaio d s jkstk ;:>8  . ;0

 

PIUAVASAUGI , MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

581

oaõo qud prdvkmded, ksdotkfk d o mis kûis fd ;160 pir Mdi pimfi Rdk d o sus dstufais fdm pisatavasgi gdxaekoi, ds m k f d qud cud Updoedr dm kutir qud gës aocmuyõ d o Gáxaei pirqud sus afdks eiostatuçko uok gdbir bustacaekeaõo rkeaiokm f d mis d m k hurnudsçk d m nrupi k m qud yi j d aotdrdsds ffdoigaokr d m d s t gdxaekok, h m a s j g d o t mahdrkm. Uao rdejkzkr prdcdrafi odedskrakgdotd mk eioemusaõo f d Rdk, pripioni qud rddxk gaodgis m k eudstaõo f d m k aocmudoeak eigdozkofi o i pir mis aotdrdsds f d uok supudstk emksd ksedofdotd i jdndgõoaek saoi pir mks afdks gasgks, d m pisatavasgi f d Eigtd y f d Updoedr. Jkhçk, d o dm pdoskgadoti sieakm f d dstis fis kutirds , fis f a cd r d oeaks ekpatkmds rdmdvkotds pkrk d m agpketi qud ekusk rio d o Gáxaei. Tok tdoçk qud vdr eio mks gkodrks f d eioe eioedd sieakm y mk eio misd peaiods rdmkeaõo fd ástd eio aofavafuis har dmmiirnkoasgi aotdnrkhko. fdm qud Mo itrk, sus fastaotks eioed eioe priedsi gasgi f d dvi mueaõo. Kpkrtd f d dstks facdrdoeaks tdõraeks, Eigtd y Updoedr prdsdotkrio sus afdks f d fastaotk gkodrk, mi qud toghaáo kcdetõ dm gifi d o qud cudrio rdeahafks y utamazkfks d o Gáxaei. Kf Kfdd gës, cud facdrdotd m k rdmkeaõo qud mks afdks f d Eigte Updoedr gkotuvadrio eio itrks eirradot ds fdm pdoskgadoti pisatavastk sieakm (i pitdoeakm gdotd sieakm) s i h r d tifi eio d m fkrwaoasgi y m k dseudmk jastõraek m fdrdeji-. Ástks sio dotioeds mks eiosafdrkeai ds aotdrrdmkeaiokfks odsVkoti ndodrkm dstufai. nuçko oudstri Eigtd eigi Updoedr qud eioeahadrio d m irnkoasgi sieakm pkrtadofi m m k haiminçk< o i ihstkotd, dm pragdri utama mk casaiminçk, pkrk dmueafkr zõ m k haiminçk, i gës dxketkgdotd mk m k okturkmdzk iranaokm fdm jighrd, gadotrks qud d m sdnuo fi m k utamazõ eigi gifdmi pkrk mk sieadfkf do tifis sus kspdetis. D o dm ekpçtumi v sdûkmkgis qud Eigtd s d hksõ d o mks aovdstankeaiods casaimõnaeks f d s u tadgpi pkrk fdgistrkr qud dm kmtruasgi drk uo rksni jugkoi gës cuofkgdotkm qud dm dniçsgi, qud dm sdotagadoti sieakm drk uok cudrzk gës   qud dm eiocmaeti . Uao dghkrni, pifdrisk mks pdrsioks dotrd ekutdmk Eigtd sõmi m k kokminçk dotrd m k pripusi eio guejk

 

550

PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

okturkmdzk y m k sieadfkf j u g k o k y rdejkzõ mk afdk f d qud m k sieaiminçk tuvadrk su irando d o m k haiminçk. Pkrk Updoedr, d o ekghai, m k sieadfkf j u g k o k o i drk saoi uok dxtdosaõo f d m k okturkmdzk, y d m dstufai f d m k sieaiminçk fdpdofçk f d m k hai-

minçk.;;

D o m k vasaõo fdm irnkoasgi sieakm f d Updoedr drk hësaek mk afdk f d m k sieadfkf sagpmdgdotd eigi u o ~ n r d n f i f d aofa vafuis. O i s d pudfd mmdnkr k u o k vdrfkfdrk tdirçk f d m k sieadfkf - d s e r a h a õ d o s u p rag d r m a r i k o i s d r aovdsta nkofi m k okturkmdzk f d mis aofavaf..uis qta.d m k eigpiodo. Eigdozõ sus trds praoeapkmds ihrks sieaqmõnaeks eio uois supudstis aoeiodxis kfquarafis do su t dgprkoi eiotketi eio d m utamatkrasgi f d Hd o tj k g , dm aoeiocirgasgi rdmanaisi y m k deioigçk fdmmkassdz-ckard. Vkmds supudstis nuakrio tifi s u pdoskgadoti, k u o eukofi k g d oufi eiotrkfdeçko m k oieaõo gasgk f d irnkoasgi sieakm. D o ekghai, mis supudstis f d Eigtd kedrek fd m k sieadfkf ouoek cudrio aoeiodxis i kasmkfis. Eukofi j k h mk h k f d mks pdeumakrafkfds fdm irnkoasgi sieakm, Eigtd utamazkhk tárga ois eigi eiosdosi cuofkgdotkm , krgioçk y simafkra fkf < y sadgprd pmkotdõ, d o sieaiminçk eigi d o haiminçk, m k odedsafkf fd priedfdr f d mi ndodrkm k mi pkrtaeumkr. Kuoqud gdois aoemaokfi qud Updoedr k kpmaekr oieaiods haimõnaeks k m k tdirçk sieakm, td rg ao õ fdskrrimmkofi u o eioedpti g ës  

eijdrdotd fdm irnkoasgi sieakB.m Eigtd, Eiurs , vim. 6, p . 881< J d r h d r t Updoedr, Vjd Utufy i{ Uieaiminy \;:>5; K o o Krhir , ;13;   , ekp. ;6, Prdpkrktaio a o Haiminy . Updoedr rdeioieaõ eio bustaeak k Eigtd eigi d m pragdri d o dstkhmdedr mk rdmkeaõo dotrd eadoeak y vafk y dotrd eadoeak y sieadfkf ahaf., p. 811). ;8 M k eatk f d Updoedr dstë tigkfk fd Uieakm Utktaes (;:4;), p. mN, rdpdtafk d o B . ^ . Hurriw, Duimutaio kof Uieadty2 K Utufy a o Saetirako Uieakm Vjdiry ( Ekghrafnd , ;13:), p. ;11. P k r k d m krnugdoti f d Eigtd váksd Eiurs, vim. 6, pp. ;:8-;:1. Eigtd rdeioieaõ, sao dghkrni, qud d o mks eadoeaks aoirnëoaeks fdhd priedfdrsd fd mks pkrtds k m tifi. Sákosd tkghaáo h t i s fis vkmaisis dosk yis2 B i j o E. Nrddod, Haiminy kof Uieakm Vjdiry a o tjd Oaodtddotj Edotury2 Kunustd Eigtd k o f J d r h d r t Updoedr , Erataek\ Prihmdgs a o tjd Jastiry i c Ueadoed,, Gk r s j k m m Emkndtt (eigp.), Gkfasio, ;141, p. 66;, y ^. G. Uagio , Ueadoed Jdrhdrt Updoedr kof tjd 'Uieakm Irnkoasg' , Biurokm ¾i c tjd Jastiry i Afdks, 8; (;130), pp. 816-811. ;;

 

PIUAVASAUGI , MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

55;

D m priedsi f d dvimueaõo sieakm drk gueji gës okturkmastk pkrk Updoedr qud pkrk Eigtd. D m pragdri vdçk dm ekghai f d mi jigináodi k mi jdtdrináodi, f d mi sagpmd k mi eigpmdbi, eigi kmni uoavdrskm d o tifk m k okturkmdzk. Dsti tdoçk s u dxpmaek eaõo d o dm jdeji fd qud ekfk cudrzk ketavk prifued gës f d u o ekghai e k f k ekusk prifued gës f d u o dcdeti- . Mis dsera tis sieaimõnaeis f d Updoedr dstkhko tkejiokfis eio kokminçks kstrioõgaeks, cçsaeks, ndimõnaeks y ziimõnaeks. D o Eigtd, m k tdirçk pisatavastk fdm prinrdsi sieakm , kuoqud emkrkgdotd rdmkeaiokfk eio m k casaiminçk y m k haiminçk, pkrdeçk eiocirgkr s d eigi uok hòsqudfk kpkrtd, mi qud ám mmkgõ dm dstufai faoë gaei f d m k vafk eimdetavk fd m k jugkoafkf . M k kokminçk hësa

e k f d Eigtd drk dotrd mks dtkpks f d m k gdotd jugkok (tdimõnaek, gdtkcçsaek y pisatavk) y mks dtkpks f d m k sieadfkf.

Pkrk ám, dm prinrdsi dstkhk d o m k gkodrk d o qud padosko mis jighrds, aofavafukm i eimdetavkgdotd, y f d dstd gifi irfdok h k s u d o tiroi d o cirgk rkeaiokm. Pkrk Updoedr, dm prinrdsi drk dm kvkoed d o m k gkodrk do qud mis jighrds s d kfkptko k mis ekghais aodvatkhmds d o sus eareuostkoeaks. D m prinrdsi o i d s u o keeafdotd, o a okfk hkbi dm eiotrim fdm jighrd, saoi uok odedsafkf hdodcaeaisk 2 ástk cud s u ckgisk fdemkrkeaõo. ;5 D o s u camisicçk pisatavk, Eigtd jazi gueji jaoekpaá d o d m gátifi, d o m k emksacaekeaõo f d mks eadoeaks hkskfk d o m k erd eadotd eigpmdbafkf f d ástks, uok emksacaekeaõo qud Updoedr f d cirgk dxpmçeatk. D m pdoskgadoti f d Eigtd s d rdejkzõgës fardetkgdotd d o Gáxaei (y d o tifk Mktaoikgára prdstõ ek ) k rdirnkoazkr m k dfuekeaõo supdrair, k aotrifuear u o sas tdgk uoavdrskm qud pdrgatadrk kpmaekr dm gátifi eadotçcaei k m dstufai f d mis cdoõgdois. Updoedr dstkhk gdois aotdrd skfi d o dm gátifi y gës d o fdgistrkr, pir dbdgpmi, m k mdy f d m k dvimueaõo. Ám pripireaioõ u o k doirgd ekotafkf f d fdtkmmds kedrek f d m k vkradfkf f d pudhmis y rkzks, sus eistughrds, eigpirtkgadotis y ekrketdrçstaeks gdotkmds. D m Jdrhdrt Updoedr, Prinrdss 2 ats Mkw kof Ekusd (;:4>), D s s kys i o fu¾ ektaio kof Laofr df Uuhb det s (Miofrds , ;1;;) ;1;;),, p. ;>3, ;14< Eigtd, Eiurs v i m 6, ;5

p . ;3 ;3: :.

 

PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADpKF

558

prinrdsi f d m k j u g k o a f k f f d Eigtd dr k gës khstrketi y f d jdeji s d eiovartaõ d o d m prinrdsi fd m k rkzk hmkoek duri pdk. D m pdoskgadoti f d Updoedr tdoçk u o k fagdosaõo dtoi nrëcaek fdseraptavk kus dotd d o Eigtd, y kyufõ k mis gdxaek ois k cabkrsd d o mks pdeumakrafkfds f d s u sieadfkf fdotri fdm

dsqudgk dvimutavi uoavdrskm. Pir itr k pkrtd, Eigtd tdoçk gës sdosahamafkf qud Updo edr p k r k vkmir kr m k jastirak y dsti kugdotõ d m ktrketavi f d sus afdks d o Gáxaei. P k r k ám, u o k f d mks facdrdoeaks dotrd m k sieaiminçk y m k haiminçk d r k m k utamazkeaõo pir mk pr agdr k fdm gátifi jastõraei, mk eigpkrkeaõo jastõraek f d mks favdrsks dtkpks eiosdeutavks f d m k jugkoafkf y m k aocmudoeak f d uok ndodrkeaõo d o m k sanuadotd. Fkfi qud Updoedr eiosafd rkhk eidxtdosavis dm prinrdsi fd m k jugkoafkf y dm f d m k o k  turkmdzk, oi erdyõ agpir tkotd dstufakr mis jdejis m m k jas tirak j u g k o k . T o k v d r f k f d r k tdirçk f d m k jugkoafkf , dserahaõ, jkhrçk f d dstufakrsd d o mis jdejis qud uoi vd k s u kmrdfdfir y d o mks mdyds ndodrkmds fd mk vafk . Fabi qud drk u o k gk o t d f d mk jastirak< pdri f d m k jastirak fdm Eisgis d o s u eiobuoti 6 D o m k eòspafd f d s u vasaõo uoamaodkm fdm prinrdsi ds tkhk mk sieadfkf duripdk f d s u tadgpi, y do pkrtaeu mkr mk fd m k aofustrakm d aofavafukmastk Aonmktdrrk. Eigtd ekrketdrazõ k m k D ur ipk fdm sanmi ZAZ eigi u o k sieadfkf d o

trkosaeaõo, nihdrokfk pir m k kokrquçk aotdmdetukm y eiosd eudotdgdotd sieakm, y s d vimvaõ jkeak m k eadoeak dspdrkofi qud dmmk pripireaioksd u o gdfai pkr k irnkoazkr k m k sieadfkf m oudvi, tkm eigi mi jkhçk dstkfi d o m k Dfkf Gdfak, d o u o tifi eimdetavi y bdrërquaei. Gadotrks Updoedr afdkmazõ k

mk sieadfkf f d s u tadgpi, Eigtd m k erataeõ p ~ r trkosatirak. Mks facdrdoeaks d o tr d d m pdoskgadoti sieakm m Eigtd y fd Upeoedr skmtko kòo gës k m k vastk e u o e ~ i s d dxkgaok m k rdmkeaõo fd kghis eio m k haiminçk f r w a o a s ~ y sihrd tifi eio d m fkrwaoasgi sieakm. Eigi mi jdgis sdûkmkfi, Eigtd eioedhçk m k haiminçk g ë s eigi casaiminçk qud eigi jastirak Eigtd, Eitks, pp. 853-85>< Updoedr, d o s u ekrtk k Dfwkrf Mitt (;:48), eatkfk d o Nrddod, Haiminy kof Uieakm Vjdiry , p. 658. ;6

 

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okt urkm . Xdejkzkhk m k tdirçk f d M k g k r e l f d qud mis irnk oasgis s d trk o sci rg k o eiot a oukgdot d pir s u aotdrkeeaõo eio dm gdfai, s d kpdnõ k mk fietraok f d Euvadr sihrd m k o k  turkmdzk cabk f d mks dspdeads. Guraõ fis kûis kotds f d m k p u  hmaekeaõo fd D m irando fd mks dspdeads, fd gifi qud o i pufi jkhdrmd aocmuafi eigi k s u faseçpumi gdxaekoi H k r r d f k d m

fdhktd sihrd dm fkrwaoasgi do Crkoeak m k eiosanuadotd rdkvavkeaõo f d m k japõtdsas sihrd d m fdskrrimmi qud prdsdotk r k Mkgkrel. Updoedr, d o ekghai, d r k u o mk g k re l ak o i eio vdoeafi qud kfiptõ, k m anukm qud Fkrwao, tkoti m k tdirçk f d m k trkoscirgkeaõo f d mks dspdeads eigi m k f d m k trkosgasaõo pir jdrdoeak fd mks ekrketdrçstaeks kfquarafks. ;4 Updoedr kûkfaõ k mks tdirçks f d M k g k r e l m k afdk f d m k sdmdeeaõo sieakm. Aosparkfi d o dm Doskyi sihrd dm praoeapai f d pihmkeaõo f d Gkmtjus, pmkotdõ qud m k prdsaõo f d m k pihmk eaõo sihrd mis gdfais f d suhsastdoeak jkhçk trkçfi dm prinrd

si nkrkotazkofi m k supdrvavdoeak f d mis g ë s aotdmandotds y ekpkeatkfis do ekfk ndodrkeaõo. D o s u pripai doskyi sihrd m k pihmkeaõo (;:48), Updoedr keuûõ m k crksd m k supdrvavdo eak f d mis g ës kptis , qud mudni Fk rwao kpmaeõ km g uofi okturkm. Kuoqud Fkrwao o i s d ieupõ fdm jighrd d o d m Irando, cud eioseadotd f d mks agpmaekeaiods sieakmds dmd s u tdirçk sihrd m k sdmdeeaõo okt urkm , agpmaekeaiods qud fdspuás f d

;:41 ougdrisis dseratirds s d kpripakrio y kpmaekrio, j k s t k qud d o fdcaoatavk dm pripai Fkr wao mks fdskrrimmõ (eio pru fdoeak) d o ;:>; d o M k fdsedofdoeak fdm jighrd. ;N Gueji sd faseutd kedrek fd j k stk quá puoti dm pripai Fkr wao d r k u o Sáksd B . F . Q. Pddm , Jdr BA'rt Updoedr 2 tatd Dvimutaio i c k Uieaimina s t , Oud vk Qirl, m B>; , pp . ;63-;45< Ndirnd ^ . Utielaon, Br., Mkgkrelakoasg a o Kgd raeko Uieakm Ueadoed, ;:10-; );4", d o Xked , Eumturd kof Dvimutaio D s s kys ao tjd Jastiry i c Kotjripu/(}¡ ), pp . ;;-8> Nrddod skek sus eioemusaiods eioemusai ods fd mks koitkeaiods jdejks pir Fkrwao, kotds y fdspuás f d ;:41, d o mahris y sdpkrktks fd sus krtçeumis jkmmkfis d o s u hahmaitdek pdrsiokm. Sáksd m c•

f d Updoedr do Xihdrt tkghaáo fkrwaoasgi dm P.xkgdo sieakm" E. Hkoobstdr, Uieakmrdvasaioastk Ueadoed k o f G ytj a o Konmi-Kgdraeko Uieakm Fkrwaoasg2fdm Vjiunjt Camkfdmcak, ;1>1, ekp. 8

 

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fkrwaoa s t k sieakm, pdri pkrded emkri qud mks afdks f d Updoedr y mks f d Fkrwao s d rdcirzkhko gutukgdotd. D stë emkri

ksagasgi qud m k afdk emkvd fdm fkrwaoasgi sieakm

m k sdmde

eaõo o k t u r k m f d mis aofavafu aofavafuis, is, nrupis y rkzks gës kptis p k r k sihrdvavar d o m k muejk uoavdrskm pir m k d x a s t d o e a k pdrgdõ d m pdoskgadoti sieakm f d Updoedr pdri cud eiotrkrak k m f d Eigtd. D o eiosdeudoeak, m k ckgk qud dm fkrwaoasgi sieakm eioieaõ d o Gáxaei (y d o tifk Kgáraek M ktaok fdspuás f d ;:>0 eiostatuyd uok fdgistrkeaõo f d m k aocmudoeak f d Updoedr y oi fd Eigtd. P k r k eioemuar dstks eiosafdrkeaiods ndodrkmds, jky qud sdûkmkr hrdvdgdotd qud dm eigprigasi f d Eigtd eio m k jastirak y dm gátifi jastõraei jazi s u pdoskgadoti gës eigpktahmd qud dm f d Updoedr eio mk dseudmk jastõraek y eigpkrkfk f d fdrdeji, u o aonrdfadotd f d gdoir agpirt=2.geak pdri san oacaektavi fd tifis gifis d o m k tdirçk sieakm pisatavastk. M k dseudmk jastõraek f d fdrdeji cud uok f d mks cudotds f d m k

tdirçk sieakm dvimutavk sao rdmkeaõo eio m k haiminçk o a eio mks japõtdsas dvimueaioastks f d Mkgkr el, F kr w ao i Updoedr. ;> Kuoqud d m aotárprdtd mdnçtagi crkoeás Mkhiuam.kyd d r k hësaekgdotd u o mahdrkm , kmni qud ouoek pifrçk a r s d f d Eig td, s u erçtaek f d m eiostatueaiokmasgi fietraokrai y f d m k sihd r k oçk pipumkr, s u dmatasgi y s u kedptkeaõo f d u o pkpdm

agpirtkotd p k r k dm Ds tkfi d o m k sieadfkf mi pusadrio d o dm gasgi oavdm f d faseursi qud k Eigtd. P k r k mis gdxaekois rdsumtkhk facçeam eiobunkr d m varumdoti aofavafukmasgi f d Jdrhdrt Updoedr, qud dstkhk domkzkfi k m k afdk fkrwaoakok - fd mk muejk o k turkm, eio dm hdoanoi irnkoaeasgi fd m k dseudm k j a s tõraek f d fdrdeji. Jkmmkrio qud dstk uoaõo drk gës cëeam d o dm eksi f d Eigtd. Vigkofi d o eudotk d stks eudstai-

- ods t k o k gpmaks y rdeioieafkgdotd eigpmaekfks, vdkgis kjirk mks p r u dhks qud d m pripai Gáxaei ois oi s hraofk . Sáksd Hurriw, u u mu tai o k o f Uieadty ekp. 4, sihrd sao Jdory Gkaod, dm b u r a s t k aonmás pi f d riskgdotd aocmuafi pir mk dseudmk. k m d gkok. Kuoqud Gkaod oi dbdreaõ uok aocmudoeak pktdotd do Gáxaei, ds òtam dm dstufai fd Hurriw pirqud pdrgatd eioiedr m k eiotrahueaõo fd m k dseudmk jastõraek fd fdrdeji k mk tdi rçk dvimutavk d o Aonmktdrrk aofdpdofadotd fdm fkrwaoasgi. >

 

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Kuoqud pifdgis kcargkr eio s d n u r a f k f m k erdeadotd kedptkeaõo f d mis supudstis pisatavastks d o d m pdoskgadoti sieakm fdspuás f d ;:3>, d s facçeam y tkm vdz aoòtam t r k t k r f d fastaonuar euëmds fd dsis supudstis fdravko eioerdtkgdotd f d Eigtd y euëmds f d Updoedr. M k rdeioieafk aocmudoeak fd si-Eigtd pkrded jkhdrsd magatkfi k mks rdcmdxaiods sihrd mk si

eadfkf dseratks.pir Nkhaoi Hkrrdfk, d m cuofkfir f d m k D s  eudmk Okeaiokm Prdpkrktirak, k mks f d u o pdqudûi nrupi fd faseçpumis suyis dotrd ;:3> y ;:>> y fdspuás f d ;100, k mks fdm pisatavastk irtifixi Knustço Krknõo. D o ekghai, u o k vdz qud mks ihrks f d Updoedr cudrio eioieafks d o m];áxaei k gdfakfis fdm fdedoai fd ;:>0 eksa k m gasgi tadgpi qud mks f d Fkrwao , favdrsis kutirds kmufçko k ám e i o tao u k g d o td y mi eatkhko eio crdeudoeak k m t r k t k r f d ougdrisks eudstaiods

sieakmds. Updoedr ekptõ y fai dxprdsaõo k m kojdmi f d aotdmde tukmds y pdrsioks dfuekfks f d rdmkeaiokr m k sieadfkf eio m k vafk d o dm sdotafi gës kgpmai fd m k pkmkhrk, y s d eiovartaõ d o u o sçghimi f d m k ápiek o i sõmi d o Gáxaei saoi d o tifi d m guofi ktmëotaei. C u d oighrkfi y eatkfi g u e j çsag k s g ë s vdeds qud Eigtd, mi qud ois mmdvk k m k eioemusaõo aoaeakm f d qud s u aocmudoeak d o Gáxaei fdhd fd jkhdr safi gkyir qud m k fd Eigtd. Q sao dghkrni, f d kmnòo gifi eukmatktavi, g ë s sutam, eigi y k mi jdgis sundrafi k mi mkrni f d dst d dstufai, dm pdoskgadoti y m k pimçtaek sieakm gdxaekok gist rkhko uo sdmmi eigtdkoi. Pkrk tdrgaokr, eukofi sdûkmkgis mk aoeur saõo fd mks afdks pisatavastks fdhdgis r d e i r f k r m k cudrzk eiotaoukfk fdm mahdrkmasgi d o m k ápiek fd mk pis-Xdcirgk. Uio dseksis mis eigdotkrais sieakmds qud f d g k o d r k dxpmçeatk jazi Nkhaoi Hk rrd f k . O i ihstkotd, s u s përrkcis gës eatkfis rdvdmkhko uo dociqud emkrkgdotd eigtdkoi f d

m k raqudzk y m k pripadfkf, d o cudrtd rdkeeaõo eiotrk Oaeimës Pazkrrk, mahdrkm y v k n k g d o td sieakmastk, qud d o s u tdxti f d

átaek dminakhk m k g ë x ag k f d Erasti f d qud p k r k n k o k r m k pdrcdeeaõo d m jighrd fdhd r d p k r t a r sus hadods d o t r d mis

pihrds. Jkedrmi tkm vdz tuvi kmnòo gárati d o mk ápiek rigk ok, fabi Hkrrdfk, pdri tkm prëetaek d o oudstris fçks mmdvkrçk

 

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k m k ruaok k mk sieadfkf aofustrakm. O i jkhçk qud eiofdokr k m ekpatkm d o eukoti tkm< g ë s hado jkhçk q t ~ vdrmi eigi u o k pifdrisk cudotd f d prinrdsi. H k r r d f k fastaonuçk d o tr d d m ekpatkm pkrk d m gdri privdeji aofavafukm y dm ekpatkm eigi u o k cudrzk pòhmaek qud m k sieadfkf j k pudsti d o sus gkois

\fd mis ekpatkmastksW p k r k dm hado y d m prinrdsi eigòo". D o dm gdfai girkm kfdeukfi (prdsugahmdgdotd ~ i d m trauoci f d m k gir km pisatavastk), mis ekpatkmastks tig}}rçko eioeadoeak f d s u rdspioskhamafkf. T o k vdz qud m k raqJdzk y d m trkhkbi s d eiosafdrksdo eir r detkgdotd eigi cuo'eaiods sieakmds, aofaspdoskhmds pkrk "mk vafk eimdetavë" eigi m k eareumkeaõo y m k fandstaõo mi sio p k r k m k vafk aofavafukm, "mk cdriz kotapk tçk" f d mis primdtkrais pihrds jkeak mis ekpatkmastks raeis y dm dstòpafi fdsfáo" f d mis raeis jkeak mis pihrds edfdrçko dm pksi k m k eiipdrkeaõo. ¡K rdnmkgdotkr m k pripadfkf y o i k fdstruarmk, k jugkoazkr k mis raeis y o i k trkoscirgkrmis d o pihrds , fdhdo eios par kr mis dscudrzis f d mis camõsicis y girkmastks gifdrois " ;: D m krnugdoti eigtdkoi f d H krrdfk cud fdskrrimmkfi eio gkyir fdtkmm d pir s u kmugoi Ganudm U. Gkedfi d o u o dosk yi sihrd m k girkm sieakm prdsdotkfi k o t d m k Ksieakeaõo Gdtifõcamk d o ;:>>. Eio m k gar k pudstk r anur is kgdotd d o d m gátifi pisatavi" y fdcaoadofi agpmkekhmdgdotd sus tár gaoi s, G k e d fi s d pripusi gistrkr euëmds dr ko mis "fdhdrds

rdeçprieis f d mis s updr air ds y f d mis aocdrairds". Mis sdrds

-

supdrairds m k s gubdr d s d o m k dscdrk girkm , mis raeis d o m k dscdrk sieakm, mis skhais d o mk dscdrk f d m k e a d o e a k - fdhçko e k p atk o d k r m k vdodrkeaõo , d m rdspdti y m k n r k tatu f f d s us aocdrairds d o tifks mks dscdrks. Xdeçpriekgdotd, quadods

d r k o supdrairds fdhçko uskr dsk supdrairafkf pkrk sdrvar k m k j u g k o a f k f . Km anukm qud Hkrrdfk, Gkedfi fdpmirkhk mis eiocmaetis dotrd ekpatkmastks y primdtkrai s y p d oskhk qud pifrçko s updr kr s d eio m k aocusaõo f d m k girkm pi piss atavk. Mks judmnk s, s a hado d r k o b u s t k s guejks vdeds,, p u d s sdrvçko ;

s

Ip ò

 

H k rrdfk, "Aocirgd prdsdotkfi k m k b u o t k fardeta fardetav v k f   ¡ ds tufa is   (¹;:3:9),

m is pp. ;8>-;8:. Uihrd Pazkrri, váksd m k p . 853.

¾

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p k rk jkedr eigprdofdr k m su p d rai r m k a g p i r t k o e a k f d m k eiipdrkeaõo fdm aocdrair , d o m k prëetaek k e k r r d k h k o fdsir nkoazkeaõo sieakm y gasdrak. D o rdsugdo, Gkedfi j k m m k h k mks judmnks koërquaeks do su gkyirçk. P k s k o f i f d mks cëhraeks k u o tdrrdoi gës ckgamakr, kcargõ qud d m rdsumtkfi ckvirkhmd fd m k judmnk dstufakotam f d ;:>4 s d fdhaõ k m k d o  trkfk d o m k D O P f d mks afdks f d u o k oudvk eadoeak y f d u o k oudvk girkm . Mis dst ufa kot ds (fd mis eukmds á m cud u o i f d sus farandotds) pufadrio fdtdodrsd k m hirfd fdm khasgi fd mk k o k rq u çk y faranarsd pir mk sdofk f d m k girkm, pafado f i y rdemkgkofi d o oighrd fdm prinrdsi hdoácaeks rdcir

gks .;1

D o mks ihsdrvkeaiods cirgkmastks f d Hk rrd f k y f d Gkedfi dstkhk prdsdotd dm afdkm eigtdkoi f d u o k sieadfkf p k td ro k  mastk eiostruafk sihrd bdrkrquçks girkmds y sieakmds kedptk fks, d o m k eukm m k pripadfkf sdrçk f d o k tu rk md z k sieakm y pir tkoti, dstkrçk odedskrakgdotd rdnumkfk pir d m Dstkfi. Udrçk uok sieadfkf d o m k qud rdaokrçk m k cõrgumk f d m k girkm pisatavk vavar p k rk mis fdgës , d o m k qud dm irnummi rdvimueai okrai edfdrçk s u munkr k m k simafkrafkf sieakm, d o m k qud mis fdrdejis edfdrçko s u mu n k r k mis fdhdrds, d m dniçsgi k m kmtruasgi. Pdsd k m k kcmudoeak f d mks afdks f d U p d o e d r y f d Fkrwao sihrd m k muejk o k t u r k m y m k supdrvavdoeak, kmnuois f d dstis supudstis eigtdkois pdrsastadrio d o d m pdoskgado ti sieakm gdxaekoi. 8 i ;1

Gkedfi , Doskyi sihrd mis fdhdrds rdeçprieis , Kokmds p. 883 y pkssa g. Eigi H k r r d f k , Gkedfi eatõ vkrais pkskbds f d Eigtd sao a o f a e k r m k cudotd. K ckmtk fd u o eioieagadoti eigpmdti f d mis guejis y fdosis vimògdods f d m k ihrk f d Eigtd, d s agpisahmd f d t d r g a o k r m k cudotd f d mks e a t k s eioerdtks< f d jdeji, rdsumto facçeam prdeaskr a o e musi quá pkrtd fd o ihrk fd Eigtd mdydrio d o rdkmafkf mis gdxaekois. P k r k u o òtam rdsugdo fd m k girkm sieakm fd Eigtd vák sd Mávy-Hrujm, Pjamisipjy pp. 5;1-558. 80 F ds nrkeakfkgdotd, Gkedfi, q u d s d eiovartaõ do u o burastk f d rdoighrd, u o Eadotçcaei , y j k s t k mmdnõ k sdr vaedgaoastri, fdspuás f d ;:>> d serahaõ piei qud o i cudrk táeoaei y mdnkm. Oi ihstkotd, M k era ga okm a fkf d Gáxaei. Gdfai s fd eighkta rmk (G á xaei, ;:1>), faseursi qud mdyõ k o t d d m sdnuofi Eioeursi Eadotçcaei Gdxaekoi, rdvdmk pieks afdks o k t u r k m a s t k s kedrek f d mk sieadfkf, mi qud eiotrkstk cudrtdgdotd, p i r dbdgpmi, eio M k náodsas fdm era gdo d o Gáxaei.

Dstufai fd psaquaktrçk sueakm ( Gáxaei, ;10;), f d Bumai Nudrrdri. P k r k prdvdoar mk fdmm2'meudoeao, Gkedfi pripioço kasmkr k mis dmdgdotis fdmaetavis y eiotrimkr-

 

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D o eiotrkstd eio m k dmdvkfk kpimçtaek tdirazkeaõo sieakm fd m k Ksieakeaõo Gdtifõcamk f d Hkrrdfk dstkhko mis eigpri gdtafis krnugdotis f d Busti Uadrrk dm nrupi fd M k Mahdrtkf euyi prinrkgk fd rdeiostrueea rdeiostrueeaõo õo okeaiokm pir gdfai f d m k pimçtaek eadotçcaek dstkhk kcakozkfi sihrd supudstis sieakmds tigkfis f d Updoedr fd Fkrwao. Dbdgpmis f d dstd

fakrai tigkfis k m kzkr piodo f d gkoacadsti d m agpumsi f d sus fardetirds rdfketirds k facuofar mks oudvks fietraoks f d m k dvimueaõo haimõnaek y sieakm. Dotrd dmmis s d doeudotrk m k agpksahmd fdcdosk y k gdoeaiokfk fd m k tdirçk fkrwaoastk sihrd d m irando fdm jighrd pir pkrtd f d Ukotakni Uadrrk eiotrk mis ktkquds fd mis ektõmaeis. Mk gudrtd fd Fkrwao do ;::8 fai pad k uok sdrad f d eaoei krtçeumis do mis qud sd vkmirkhk s u ihrk eadotçcaek. 8; K praoeapais fd ;:>1, u o d x

kmugoi f d Hkrrdfk, Muas D. Xuaz, puhmaeõ u o crkngdoti f d Dfuektaio f d Updoedr trkfueafi km dspkûim buoti eio kmnu ois dotusakstks eigdotkrais. 88 Á m juhadrk prdcdrafi, fabi, knkskbkr k mis mdetirds f d M k Mahdrtkf eio tifk \ W m k ihrk fdm fastaonuafi camõsici aonmás . D m ; 6 f d faeadghrd f d ;::8 tifk mk pragdrk pmkok s d fdfaeõ k m mkrni krtçeumi fdm Odw Qirl U u o qud trktkhk fdm mahri f d Updoedr Fdseraptavd Uieaiminy. 85 Vdmásciri Nkreçk y Ekrmis Imknuçhdm gdoeaiok¡

mis, d o munkr f d husekr mks ekusks sieakmds f d mk eragaokmafkf. D m dociqud fd Hkrrdfk jkhçk safi sagamkr. Sáksd Hkrrdfk, Dm Eionrdsh Pdoatdoeakrai f d Ds Ds tieimgi (;:>:), Xdvastk Pisatavk (;1;8), pp. 88-86 y 61->4. Hkrrdfk ksastaõ eigi fdmdnkfi gdxaekoi kotds fd ieupkr s u pudsti fapmigëtaei d o Kmdgkoak. 8; T o buaeai sihrd Fkrwao , M k Mahdrtkf, ;4 f d buoai-9 f d bumai dmd ;::8. Xdsumtk aotdrdskotd qud d o dstis koõoagis y táeoaeis krtçeumis sd rdhktçko guejis fdseuhragadotis fd Fkrwao. Kpkrtd f d dstk sdrad, m k gudrtd f d Fkr

wao eksa o i sd gdoeaioõ d o m k prdosk gdxaekok. Sáksd Girdoi, pp.. 53;-535. pp 53;-5 35.

Pimágaek,

( 88 Xuaz d o k Mahdrtkf, >-1 fd dodri fd ;:>1. Sáksd .mPghaáo ;1 fd cdhrdri, u o eigdotkrai ckvirkhmd k mk rdnumkeaõo sihrd mks dseuBmks pòhmaeks fd dfuek eaõo pragkrak pkrk oaûks, fderdtkfk pir Pritksai Vknmd, dm gaoastri fd Busta eak, quado, sdnòo Xuaz, dstkhk pdodtrkfi f d mks fietraoks fd Updoedr . Xuaz trkhkbõ prihkhmdgdotd eio m k pragdrk dfaeaõo crkoedsk (;:>:) f d m k Dfuektaio

f d Updoedr (;:30). Eigi drk f d dspdrkrsd, tdrgaoõ sus eigdotkrais sihrd Updoedr eio uok eatk f d Eigtd d o mk qud s d rdcirzkhk m k odedsafkf f d gës

y gdois aostrueeaõo. gátifi dfuekeaõoUieaiminy gdois fdfietraok, Updoedr,gës Fdseraptavd ir Nriups \EyemipdfakW i c D mymahri 5

Uieaiminaekm Ckets< Xdprdsdotaon tjd Eiostatutaio i Dvdry Vypd kof Nrkfd

 

PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

551

rio k Updoedr kmnuok vdz husekofi s u kpiyi d o pri f d m k dmagaokeaõo f d mks pdskfks ekrnks agpisatavks agpudstks sihrd m k aofustrak. ¹[uá jkeçk m k aofustrak gkoucketurdrk gdxaekok -prdnuotkhk I m knuç hdm - saoi prifuear (do pkmk

hrks f d Updoedr) uo oògdri aocaoati fd dcdetis jdtdriná odis" d o m k eadoeak, dm krtd, m k knraeumturk y dm eigd-reai9 86 M k Mahdrtkf s d kutieiosafdrkhk m k vkonukrfak fdm pisatavasgi, spdoedrdkoi y fkrwaoastk ksç eigi eigtdkoi. Eio d m cao f d fdgistrkr eõgi utamazõ m k oudvk ndodrk eaõo" dm pdoskgadoti f d Updoedr, vimvkgis uo27t vdz gës k s u ekhdeammk, Busti Uadrrk. Ástd kfiptõ mks afdks pisatavastks, aoemuafks mks f d Upeoedr, kmrdfdfir f d ;:>>, uok trkosaeaõo aotdmdetukm qud eirraõ pkrkmdmk k su trkosaeaõo pimçtaek fd Bisá Gkrçk Anmdsaks k Pircarai Fçkz. D o d m ekpçtumi o sdûkmk gis qud mk prdsdotkeaõo f d m k pimçtaek eadotçcaek f d Busti Uadrrk dstkhk aghuafk f d tdrgaoiminçk dvimutavk. Á m eioed hçk mk sieadfkf d o tárgaois haimõnaeis, sigdtafk k mks mdyds qud nihadroko k tifis mis irnkoasgis m k sdmdeeaõo oktu rkm, mk muejk pir mk dxastdoeak y dm prinrdsi f d mi jigináodi k mi jdtdrináodi-. T o prihmdgk qud Uadrrk khirfõ d o ;:>: y ;:>1 cud dm f d m k eirrdetk rdmkeaõo dotrd aofavafui y sieadfkf d o u o pkçs qud husekhk m k rdeiostrueeaõo y m k cudrzk fdspuás f d kûis fd rdvimueaõo, fdhamatkotd fasdosaõo eavam y kgdokzks fdm dxtrkobdri. Khirfõ dstd prihmdgk eigi u o pktraitk mahdrkm, eigi jdrdfdri f d mks muejks jdriaeks mahrkfks k gatkf fdm sanmi pkrk aostatuar mahdrtkfds eiostatueaiokmds y uok siead fkf mkaek eiotrk mis dodganis dxtrkobdris, mis rdkeeaiokrais aotdrois y mis trkafirds. Ksagasgi, khirfõ dstd prihmdgk d o mis tárgaois f d Kunustd Eigtd, eigi u o aotdmdetukm qud i  Uieadty, Uieadty, Pkst kof Pr dsd ot , Utktaiokry kof Prinrd ss aud, ; 0 \cimai vims . (Oudvk Qirl Miofr d s, ;:>5-;1;0) , drk u o k eigpamkeaõo doirgd, mahrd f d tifi tapi f d dspdeumkeaiods d japõtdsas , aoaeakfk pir Updoedr y eiotaoukfk pir itris . Gistrkho s u vasaõo fd m k jastirak eigi sieaiminçk fdseraptavk . D m trkfuetir gdxaekoi f d m krtçeumi cud Cdmapd Ekzdoduvd, u o eigdotkrastk ksafui fd tdgks

oirtdkgdraekois 6 Imknuahdm d.o Mk Mahdrtkf ;6 f d sdptadghrd fd ;:>: < V . Nkreçk d o ahaf ., : fd dodri fd ;:>:.

 

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PIUAVAS AUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

dotr khk d o u o pdraifi irnkoazktavi f d m k jastirak, u o pdraifi qud f d g k o f k h k u o k camisicçk eadotçcaek i pisatavk p k r k s u s t a t u a r k m k camisicçk gdtkcçsaek i odnktavk fdm erçtaei pdraifi qud kekhkhk f d tdrgaokr, u o pdraifi qud jkhçk prdsdoeakfi fdm eimioakm pdri tkghaáo m k fdstrueeaõo ránagdo jkhçk mmdvkfi eiosani m k rdvimueaõo y m k nudr r k eavam. Uadrrk pkrtaõ fd mk prdgask, agpudstk pir mdyds eadotçcaeks aocmdxahmds , sdnòo fabi, f d qud d m aofavafui y m k sieadfkf sio fis nr kofds r dkmafkfds irnëoaeks, qud o i pudfdo sdpkrkrsd . Uanuadofi d m praoeapai f d m k aotdnrkeaõo y facdrdoeakeaõo sagu mtë o d k s pistumkfi pir Updoedr, kcargõ qud k gdfafk qud m k sieadfkf s d vudmvd g ë s irnkoazk(ak, d m aofavafui doskoejk aodvatkhmdgdotd s u ketavafkf. Uao dghkrni, d o tifks sus rdcmdxaiods n ~ o d r k m d s sihrd m k sieadfkf kpkr deçk mk afdk t k o k o t a d s p d o e ~ r a k o k fdm pkpdm pisatavi fdm Dstkfi. Km tadgpi qud pr ds ugçk f d aofavafukmastk d o d m sdotafi f d qud fkhk k mis fdrdejis jugkois u o munkr pir doeagk fdm pifdr fdm Dstkfi, rdfjkzkhk m k mahdrmmkgkhk g d r k tkf aofavafukm eigi praoeapai khsimuti y mahdrtkf vdrhkm . D o mks tdirçks f d Uadr r k ~ i jky rkstri f d mks crdeudotds faktrahks f d Updoedr eiotr k m k rdnumkeaõo n u h d r o k g d o t k m y m k aotdrvdoeaõo fdm nihadroi d o mis ksuotis sieakmds, qud kpkrdedo do su Utufy i c Uieaiminy D o eiotrkstd eio Updoedr, Uadr r k domkzõ dxpmçeatkgdotd dm kugdot i d o m k ketavafkf aofavafukm eio dm fdskrrimmi y m k g k y i r prdeasaõo fd mk dscdrk f d m k keeaõo sieakm, euyi pragdr

r dpr ds dotkotd d s dm Dstkfi . Pir supudsti, tkmds fdemkrkeaiods d stk h k o doemkvkfks d o d m kr nugdoti pragdri f d M k Mahdrtkf dm m qud drk odedskrai rdcirzkr mk kutirafkf p k r k vdoedr m k kokr quçk y nkr kotazkr dm prinrdsi deioõgaei. Kfdgës, Uadrrk jkhmõ eio crdeudoeak f d m k k g d o k z k qud rdprdsdotkhko mis Dstkfis Toafis, qud cud tr dgdofk sihrd tifi fur kotd mis òmtagis kûis fdm fdedoai f d ;:>0. F d jdeji, utamazõ mk crksd muejk pir mk dxastdoeak pr agir fakmgdotd k m j k h mk r f d m k dxtrdgk fdhamafkf fdm irnkoasgi gdxaekoi docrdotkfi k m gkrkvammisi koagkm eimdetavi fdm Oirtd. Pkrk

 

PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

56;

Uadrrk, dstd fdsdquamahrai okt urkm dxançk d m rdcirzkgadoti f d m k kutirafkf edotrkm, mk cudrzk odrvaisk qud farançk mk cudrzk guseumkr f d mk fdcdosk dxtdrair. 84

Tok vdz gës, k m t r k t k r f d eigprdofdr eõgi utamazõ Uadrrk mks afdks fd Updoedr, keufdo d o oudst rk kyufk tdstagioais priedfdotds fd Crkoeak. To k pimágaek jkhafk dotrd U ad rrk Gkoudm Uëoejdz Gërgim ("Eëofafi") skeõ k muz dm oighrd f d Kmcrdf Ciuammád, dm camõsici crkoeás aofdpdofadotd qud trktõ f d rdeioeamakr m k tdirçk fdtdrgaoastk f d m k dvimueaõo eio m k mahdrtkf y dm mahrd kmhdfrçi. D m gdimmi fdm fdhktd dotrd Uadrrk y Uëoejdz Gërgim drk m k pdrsastdotd prdnuotk f d j k s t k quá

puoti m k kutirafkf edotrkm cudrtd pifçk bustacaekrsd sdnòo mks mdyds haimõnaeks kpmaekfks k m irnkoasgi sieakm. Ciuammád, aotdr prdtkofi k Updoedr, jkhçk faeji qud mks edmfammks aofavafuk mds fdm irnkoasgi, nuakfks pir mks afdks , pifçko mmd n k r f d cirgk dspiotëodk km eiosdosus (pkmkhrk utamazkfk pir UadrrkW u iremdo sieakm y qud, pir tkoti, o i fdhçko s d r e i o strd û af k s pir dm õrnkoi fardetavi". Uadrrk jkmmõ dxkndrkfks mks fdfue eaiods fd Ciuammád prdsdotkfks pir Uëoejdz Gërgim y kcargõ

qud tkm eiosdosi dspiotëodi drk agpisahmd d o u o irnkoasgi

fáham eigi Gáxaei. 83 Vkoti Uadrrk eigi s u eiotdofadotd utama zkrio m k eigpmdbk aotdrprdtkeaõo f d Ciuammád eio khsimutk ckm84

Uadrrk d o ahaf., ;0 fd gkyi fd ;:>: y 5 fd dodri fd ;:>1 Ihrks vim. 6, pp. ;64-;63 y ;:8)< tkghaáo Uadrrk d o M k Mahdrtkf ;6 fd cdhrdri, 3 f d sdp tadghrd fd ;:>: y 6 fd cdhrdri Ihrks, vim. 6, pp. ;68, ;35 y 8;8-8;5). Sákosd tkghaáo vkrais krtçeumis (oi fd Uadrrk) d o M k Mahdrtkf fdm 8 5 fd gkyi f d ;:>: y d m > fd ietuhrd fd ;:>1, y itris eatkfis d o pp. 3;-36. 83 Uadrrk d o Mk Mahdrtkf , 5 fd sdptadghrd f d ;:>1 Ihrks vi m. 6, pp. 85:860), rdspiofadofi o U22ç.oejdz Gëooim d o M k Pktrak , 8> fd knisti. D m krtçeumi fd Ciuammád sao afdotacaekr cud M'Irnkoasrod sieakmd", pragdrk pkrtd f d M'Jas tiard okturdmmd f d s sieadtás jugkao d s i u koagkmds , Xduu d fd s fdux giofds ;4 fd bumai fd ;:>1, pp. 5'>0-604. Drk uok rdsdûk fd vkraks ihrks sihrd m k dvi mueaõo , praoeapkmgdotd fd Praoeapd s fd sieaiminad ( ;:>:) y Dsskas.fd pimataqud (;:>1  , fd Updoedr. Uihrd Ciuammád ( ;:5:-;1;8) y Updoedr váksd E a k r l , Uieakm Fkrwaoasg pp. 44-43. Eio d m tadgpi, Uadrrk cud kedptkofi ekfk vdz g ë s d m Ciuammá á d 2 mk cudrzk d s u o keti fd eioeadoeak< aovdrskgdo eioedpti afád- ired f d Ciuamm td, tifk afdk ds uok cudrzk qud pudfd rdkmazkrsd d o m k keeaõo. Sákosd dbdgpmis d o p. 5>4 (;::5)< Uadrrk, Faseursi d o d m keti f d aokunurkeaõo fd mk Toavdrsa fkf Okeaiokm fd Gáxaei" (88 fd sdptadghrd f d ;1;0), Ihrks, vim. 4, p. 64. U a o

" rohkrni, d o ;:>1, rdeaáo eiovdrtafi km pisatavasgi, Uadrrk jkhçk eiosafdrkfi k Ciuammád fdgksaofi " d spçrçtuom s e .

 

56

m

PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

t k f d emkrafkf, pdri dm jdeji fd qud ástk cudsd mdçfk y faseuta f k piod fd gkoacadsti m k rdmdvkoeak qud p k r k dmmis tuvadrio mks afdks fdm camõsici crkoeás. D o rdsugdo, Uadrrk cud demáetaei d o s u utamazkeaõo f d mks afdks f d Updoedr, puds rdejkzõ s u aofavafukmasgi dxtrdgi y s u aotdosk kvdrsaõo k m Dstkfi. Eiobunõ m k vasaõo okturkmastk qud Updoedr td o çk f d m k sieadfkf eio mis¡ eioedptis gës eigtdkois qud eiocirgkhko mk pimçtaek e a ~ 2 ] Ç m t ç c a e k T o k vdz vastks dstks eudstaiods tdõraeks, pksdgis k d x k gao k r mis tdgks eioerdtis k mis qud s d docrdot9-hk m k ámatd mahdrkm, d m s t tus fdm aofai d o m k sieadfkf y mks eudstaiods eiodxks f d m k dfuekeaõo pòhmaek ihmanktirak y m k eimioazkeaõo pir mis dxtrkobdris. Dm pisatavasgi kcdetõ d m pdoskgadoti sieakm gdxaekoi rdmktavi k m aofai f d fis gkod rks. Mk pragdrk, edotrkofi edotr kofi m k

ktdoeaõo f d mis aotdmdetukmds y f d quadods dmkhirkhko mis pmkods f d keeaõo do mk pdeumakrafkf y favdrsafkf rkeakm f d s u sieadfkf. T o k prdgask fdm pisatavasgi, dbdgpmacaekfk d o d m prinrkgk f d m k pimçtaek eadotçcaek, drk qud pifçko khirfkrsd mis prihmdgks okeaiokmds eadotçcaekgdotd, gdfakotd m k eua fkfisk aovdstankeaõo fd mis jdejis, y dsti mmdvkrçk k eioemusaiods fdravkfks f d g k o d r k dgpçraek y pir tkoti k m k pimçtae k sieakm. Dm sdnuofi dcdeti fdm pisatavasgi eio rdspdeti k m k eudstaõo aofçndok cud qud aosdrtõ k m k sieadfkf gdxaekok d o u o gkrei gës kgpmai keirfd eio mks mdyds sieakmds uoavdr skmds, eigi m k mdy f d m k dvimueaõo y sus eigpiodotds. U a hado pkrk mis pisatavastks o i jkhçk eiocmaeti d o tr d mks fis iradotk eaiods, s ç juhi d o tr d dmmks u o dmdgdoti f d tdosaõo qud ois

kyufk k famueafkr d m pdoskgadoti sieakm y m k pimçtaek f d keeaõo sieakm. C u d r k o eukmds cudsdo s u s pdeumakrafkfds rkeakmds, ¹sdnuçk mk sieadfkf gdxaekok u o tu r si o k t u r k m y uoavdrsk ; fdtdrgaokfi pir cketirds haimõnaeis i kghadotk mds qud caokmgdotd magatkhk mis dcdetis f d mD . pimçtaek sieakm9 I faeji f d itri gifi2 quadods fasdûkhko mks pimçtaeks k sdnuar, e i o i e d f i r { ~ f d m k pdeumakr rdkmafkf gdxaekok, ¹pifçko sdr kndotds fdm ekghai kuo do eiotrk f d mks mdyds sieakmds i

 

PIUAVrvaUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

565

rkeakmds kedptkfks9 K dst k tdosaõo fdravkfk fdm pisatavasgi pudfd kûkfarsd itri dmdgdoti eiofuetir f d m k pimçtaek sieakm2 m k a ot dosk eioeadoeak f d mk jastirak òoaek f d m k okeaõo fdsfd ;:;0. Fdspuás f d ;:3> s d eiosafdrõ k gdoufi dm givagadoti fd Aofdpdofdoeak y mk Xdcirgk eigi fis dtk

pks f d u o priedsi sieakm d o gkrejk, f d mk muejk pir m k kuti oigçk okeaiokm, pragdri eiotrk D s p k û k y mudni eiot rk mis rdstis fdm ránagdo eimioakm. D o kghks jkhç k pkrtaeapkfi m k gkyirçk aofak y gdstazk f d m k pihmkeaõo. D o ;::4 Busti Uadrrk fabi qud mis aofais eiostatuçko 5:% fd m k pihmkeaõo< sdnòo itris aovdstankfirds , d m piredotkbd f d aofçndoks drk f d jkstk 30%. Gës agpirtkotd qud dm piredo tkbd dxketi drk m k erdeadotd pdredpeaõo dotrd mis ihsdrvkfi rds f d caods fdm sanmi ZAZ f d qud mis aofais eiostatuçko u o nrko eigpiodotd f d m k pihmkeaõo k m qud o i s d piBç k fdsktdo

f d r. Uao dghkrni , dm aotdrás pir mis aofais y pir m k eudstaõo f d rkzks kugdotõ eio mdotatuf fdspuás f d ;:3> , k pdskr f d u o prdsafdotd aofai (Buërdz) y f d m k rdeadotd kfjdsaõo pipu mkr k mk jdriaek muejk mahdrkm. Mis mahdrkmds f d k o t d s f d m k Xdcirgk jkhçko aotdotkfi o i prdstkr ktdoeaõo k mis aofais. Fdoanrkrio d m pkskfi kztdek f d Gáxaei y eioeahadrio m k okeaiokmafkf d o tárgaois eraimmis . Uanuadofi m k fietraok fd m k anukmfkf kotd m k mdy, aoemusi aotdotkrio vkokgdotd dmaga o k r dm tárgaoi aofai fdm faseursi icaeakm y rdeurradrio eio crdeudoeak k m k crksd mis mmkgkfis aofais d o mks faseusaiods pkrmkgdotkraks . Dm rdgdfai pripudsti pir dmmis k m prihmdgk aofai drk m k cusaõo rkeakm k trkvás f d m k eimioazkeaõo duri pdk. Dxastçk u o kotanui prdbuaeai mahdrkm eiotrk m k pripadfkf eiguokm, y m k Eiostatueaõo fd ;:4> m k eimieõ d o pisaeaõo vum odrkhmd k m pdrgatar qud cudsd usurpkfk pir mis mktacuofastks. Mis eiosdrvkfirds kfiptkrio uok ketatuf gës pktdrokmastk jkeak mis aofais y dminakrio mks pimçtaek pimçtaekss eimioakmds fd sdpk rkeaõo fd mks rkzks y eiotrim sieakm, pdri, d o fdcaoatavk, o i s d eigpr i gdtadrio do dm ksuot i gës qud mis mahdrkmds .8 > T o k Uadrrk , Gáxaei sieakm , X d v a st k k e a i o k m , ; (;::1) , p. ; 3 Ihrk s, vim. 1, p. ;8:). Mks eacrks nmih k mds f d Uadrrk, tigkfks f d Kotioai Nkreçk Euhks, cud8>

 

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dxedpeaõo d o dstk aofacdrdoeak cud Crkoeasei Pagdotdm, quado d o ;:36 paotõ u o rdtrkti erufi y rdkmastk fd mk fdnrkfkeaõo qud sucrçko mis aofais. Pagdotdm, kuoqud k m sdrvaeai fdm rána gdo fd Gkxagamakoi, pripusi uoks simueaiods qud drko emk rkgdotd mks f d mis mahdrkmds eraimmis f d kûis ktrës2 uoaõo fd aofais y hmkoeis gdfakotd m k aoganrkeaõo< pripadfkf fukm y dmagaokeaõo f d m k pkmkhrk rkzk oi sõmi fd aofava jdeji saoi f d fdrdeji . 8 : Fdspuás f d m k Xdcirgk drko favdrsks mks ipaoaiods kedr e k fdm aofai, pdri d o gdfai f d m k favdrsafkf pdrsastçk sao gdonuk mk gasgk vasaõo fd mks fáekfës kotdrairds, krrkank f k d o m k drufaeaõo rigëotaek fd gatkf fd sanmi y dghdmmdeafk pir m k eiogdgirkeaõo pòhmaek. M k aovdstankeaõo fd mks mdo nuks aofçndoks rdkmazkfk pir Pagdotdm y pir Gkoudm Irizei kmrdfdfir f d ;:30 cud eiotaoukfk pir Kotioai Nkreçk E u  hks d o mis kûis sdtdotk y iejdotk. D m doirgd mahri f d Kmcrd fi Ejkvdri sihrd dm Gáxaei kotanui (;:: (;:::) :) skeõ privdeji pr ivdeji f d

m k aovdstankeaõo dtoimõnaek kotdrair f d Bisá Cdrokofi Xkgç rdz, ksç eigi f d m k f d Irizei y Hdrrk. Aoemusi kotds fd ;:3> dm nihadroi rdeioieaõ k Eukujtágie, dm òm qgi dgpdrkfir kztdek, eigi járid okeaiokm, eio mi eukm prdpkrõ dm ekgaoi pkrk dm agprdsaiokotd giougdoti qud s d md Oostruyõ d o m k

oudvk eaufkf f d Gáxaei dotrd ;:>> y

: : >

r io 2 duripdis y eraimmis, ;.1: gammiods (;:.13%)< aofais, 5.1> gammiods (5: .08%)< gdstazis, 6.61 gammiods (65%)< titkm, ;0.66 gammiods. ~ t k uok fdserapeaõo fdtkmmkfk f d mks afdks sihr d mis aofais kotds f d m k Xdcirg¡2t váksd g a Gdxaeko Mahdrkmasg ekp. >. , : Crkoeasei Pagdotdm, G d girak sihrd mks ekusks qud jko iranaokfi m k - satukeaõo ketukm f d m k rkzk aofçndok f d Gáxaei gdfais fd mtdgdfakrmk , Ihrks eigpmdtks 4 vims . , Gáxaei, ;105-;106, vim. 5, p. ;6:. 81 Crkoeasei Pagdotdm, Eukfri fdseraptavi f d mks mdonuks aofçndoks fd Gáxaei i trktkfi fd camiminçk gdxaekok (;:38-;:34)< Gkoudm Irizei y Hdrrk, - Ndinrkcçk fd mks mdonuks y ekrtk dtoinrëcaek fd Gáxaei (;:36) d Jastirak kotanuk y fd mk eioqu astk f d Gáxaei (;::0-;::8  < Kotioai Nkreçk Euhks, Vjd Xdaei i a o ;:>3 (;:>3) Eukfri n dinrëcaei inrëcaei   ds tkf{staei fd se raptavi d puhmae i c G d x ae jastõraei f d mis Dstkfis Toafis G dxaekois (;::4). Xkgçrdz eigpamõ ougdrisks cudotds dtoinrëcaeks dot r d ;:40 y ;:>0. Ejkvdri dserahaõ d m vimugdo ; f d Gáxaei k trkvás fd mis sanmis. sanmi s. Uihrd dm priydeti f d m k dstktuk fd Euoujtágie, satk d o dm erued fdm Pksdi fd m k Xdcirgk y m k kvdoafk Aosurndotds, váksd Hkr

hkrk Vdodohkug,

 

Gurkms a o Utiod 2 Vjd Pksdi f d mk Xdcirgk kof Pircarako

PýU V SmUGý , Mmm5DXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

564

M k pdsagastk vkmirkeaõo icrdeafk pir Pagdotdm kedrek f d m k gasdrak d o qud s d jkm m khko mis aofçndoks f d s u t a d gpi pksõ sao eigdotkrais mks fáekfks sanuadotds, pdri mis koëma sas pist d rairds cudrio d o ndodrkm gës prdeapatkfis y supdr caeakmds qud d m suyi. D o ;:>6 D fukr fi Xuaz dquapkrõ pimçta

ekg dotd k mis aofais eio mis amitks f d D s p k r t k y, sieakm y rdmanaiskgdotd, eio "mis pkraks f d m k Aofak iradotkm". Kûkfaõ qud s u mònuhrd satukeaõo eiotaoukhk sao ekghais pdsd k mks pimçtaeks mahdrkmds pudstks d o prëetaek fdsfd m k Aofdpdofdo eak. D o ;:>: Bisá Gkrçk Sanam ktrahuyõ mk fdnrkfkeaõo aofç ndok k "oudst rks mkrnks eiotadofks eavamds", pdri d o ;::5 fdcdofçk m k sdpkrkeaõo ndinrëcaek gktdrakm f d mks rk z k s. P k rk Busti Uadrrk, m k eimioazkeaõo dspkûimk jkhçk agpudsti k m aofai u o k "pksavafkf " k m pkrdedr "aoeurkhmd" fdhafi k u o k pimçtaek qud iseamkhk dotrd "mk iprdsaõo y m k tutdmk, d o t r d m k dxpmitkeaõo fdm aofçndok eigi koagkm y s u pritd a õ o eigi gdoir pdrpdtui" . Uanuaõ m k g uy eatkfk eioemusaõo f d U a d r r k d o dm sdotafi f d qud "dm prihmdgk sieakm p k r k m k r k z k ao f ak d s u o prihm d g k f d outraeaõo y dfuekeaõo". Saedotd Xavk Pkmkeai cud gës fastkotd y eadotçcaei, puds utamazõ k Fk rwao p k r k k r n u g d o t k r qud mk d s t r u e t u r k fdotkm òoa ek f d mis aofais puris (mk kusdoeak f d u o ekoaoi i s u sustatueaõo pir u o gimkr) fdgistrkhk u o k dvimueaõo kvkozkfk. O i ihstko td, fkfi qud dstk saonumkrafkf òoaek o i s d jkmmkhk dotrd mis aofavafuis f d rkzk gaxtk, Xavk Pkmkeai sunaraõ qud d m gdsta zi surnçk eigi u o prifueti gës dspkûim qud aofai. D o ;:15 m Uanmi Z A Z fdemkrõ qud mk rkzk aofak, dsemkvk f d m k o k t u r k  mdzk, sdrçk eio dm tadgpi eioquastkfk y k o u m k f k p i r m k r k z k hmkoek. Pdri eukofi s d vadrio fdskcakfis pir m Pkrtafi Mahdrkm mis fardetirds f d m Uanmi Z A Z s d rd trk e tk ri o faeado fi q u d d o rdkmafkf s d rdcdrçko k m k khsireaõo f d mis aofais pir mis gdstazis, oi k m k dxtaoeaõo titkm y khsimutk. D o ;100 mmdnõ m k tdirçk kotafkrwaoastk eio Knustço Krknõo, dm pisata vastk irtifixi. Fdspuás f d erataekr s d v d r k g d o t d k m k ámatd Gdxaei , ;:>5-;1;0 m sáptagi Eionrdsi f d J asti r a k firds , piodoeak mdçf k d o d;1:4 Oirtda'  JBe2M¾aeuuita, . Gdxaekois Ikxkek,

 

563

PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

pir fdsprdeakr k m aofçndok, kcargõ d o pkt drokm a st ks tárga ois eigtdkois2 "Mk pihmkeaõo aofçndok ois sistadod", eigi

"ekrod f d ekûõo" d o m k n u d r r k y eigi "primdtkrakfi" d o m k pkz. Eioemuyõ faeadofi2 "Oudstrk dxastdoeak fdsekosk dxemu savkgdotd sihrd ám \dm aofaiW". 50 Gadotrks, sirprdofdotdgdotd, mis eigdotkrai eigdotkraiss ndodrkmds sihrd mis aofais d r k o pieis, m k ámatd mahdrkm pistdrair k m k Xdcirgk tigõ pmdok eioeadoeak fdm prihmdgk, anukm qud jkhçk ieurrafi d o kûis kotdrairds euko 5. Vkghaá6< Sanam, d o D m Gioatir X dp uhmaekoi , ;4 fd ietuhrd y ;6 fd oivadghrd fd ;:>:, y d o M k Pktrak ;; f d g k rzi y ;1 f d bumai f d ;::5< Uadrrk, "Gáxaei sieakm", Xdvastk O k eaiokm, ; (;::1), pp. ;6 - ;4 Ihrks, vim. 1, pp. ;83-;8>) ;83-;8> )< Saedotd Xavk Pkmkeai (eigp.) eigp.),, Gáxaei k trkvás fd mis sanmis, 4 vims. vims . , Hkredmiok y Gáxaei , ;:::-;::1 ;:::-;::1,, vim. 8 p p . 6>8-6>> (tkghaáo d o Girdoi, Pimágaek, pp. 86>-843)< 86>-843) < "Dm prinrdsi y dm aofai", D m Toav drskm, : y ;0 f d oivadghrd fd ;:15< Knustao Krknõo (;100), "Dm tdrratirai f d Gáxaei y sus jkhatkotds", d o Uadrrk, G áx áxaei, aei, vim. ;, pp. 83 y 50 . Pkrk mi miss puotis f d va vass t k sihrd dm tdgk f d mis aofais fdspuás fd ;:3> váksd tkghaáo Muas Niozëmdz y Niozëmdz, "Dm suhsudmi aofçndok", d o Eisç Eisçi i Sammdnks, Jastirak gifdrok , vim. 5, p p . ;61-;>3 < Gk r t ç o U. Utkhh, "Aofandoasg kof Xkeasg a o Gdxaeko V j i u n j t 2 ;:4>-;1;; " , Biurokm i c Aotdr-Kgdraeko Utufads ; (;141), pp. 6 0 4 - 685< V N . Piwdmm, "Gdxaeko motdm detukms kof tjd mofako [udstaio, ;:>3-;1;;", Jasprzoae Kgdraeko Jastiraekm Xdvadw 6: (;13:), pp . 1-53< ^ammakg F. Xkkt, "Mis aotdmdetukmds , dm pisatavasgi y mk eudstaõo aofç50

:PoK",

 

a

~ t o r a

o

grxar.kok, 80, ;1>;, pp. 6;8-68> .

PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

56>

sdfdotkrais yoquas f d Uioirk< d s tk satukeaõo f d vaimdoeak tdrgaoõ nrkeaks k m k kgpmakeaõo fdm eiotrim pimçtaei y fdm fds krrimmi deioõgaei, k gdfafk qud m k ziok fdbkhk f d s d r u o tdrratirai rdgiti sd eiovdrtçk do criotdrk eio dm pkçs vdeao i do kedmdrkfk dxpkosaõo. Juhi ksagasgi mks ougdrisks y gdois agpirtkotds rdvudmtks knrkraks f d pdiods, kmfdkois y rkoejdris eiotrk mis td r r k td o ad o td s do tifks mks t a d r r k s kmtks fdoskgdotd pihmkfks, rdvudmtks qud s d knufazkrio dotrd ;:60 y ;::0 y fdemaokrio k pkrtar f d dotioeds. M k ámatd f d m k eaufkf f d Gáxaei, kuoqud sadgprd sdosahmd k mks oita eaks f d rdhdmaõo, dstkhk piei aocirgkfk y guy aofacdrdot aofacdrdotd d k m k favdrsafkf fd mks pritdstks ekgpdsaoks y k tifi d m dspde tri f d knrkvais qud mks priviekhko. Mis ihsdrvkfirds fd m k ekpatkm tdofçko k mmkgkr aofais k tifis mis rdhdmfds rurkmds y k yuxtkpiodr aofaseragaokfkgdotd tárgaois eigi sieakmas tk , eiguoastk , nudrrk f d ekstks y hkrhkrad . 5 ; Pkrk ekmacaekr eirrdetkgdotd m k rdspudstk f d m k ámatd mahd- . rkm k mks rdhdmaiods ekgpdsaoks, dxkgaodgis } eksi fdm dstkfi fd Jafkmni, fiofd sd prifubi u o kgpmai simdvkotk gadoti k caods f d ;:>> y praoeapais fd ;:>:, d o d m gigdoti gasgi d o qud mis jighrds f d M k Mahdrtkf mkozkhko s u pri nrkgk f d pimçtaek eadotçcaek d o m k eaufkf f d Gáxaei. M k r d h d  maõo d o tifk m k pkrtd s u r fdm dstkfi jkhçk safi prdedfafk do ;:31-;:>0 pir u o k aosurrdeeaõo qud, prihkhmdgdotd, dstkmmõ k eiosdeudoeak f d mis keueaisis dscudrzis pir piodr do prëe taek m k M d y Mdrfi f d ;:43, uoi fd euyis puotis d s t a p u m k h k m k dokbdokeaõo fd mks tadrrks eiguokmds k aofavafuis pkrta eumkrds. Pkrded, kfdgës, qud u o k p k r t d f d m k prifueeaõo eiguokm s d m k jkhçko kpripakfi mks jkeadofks vdeaoks eigi s a cudsdo tdrrdois hkmfçis, s dnòo u o fderdti fd ;:35. Mis Mdtaeak Xdaok, Mks rdh d maiods ekgpdsaoks do Gáxaei ;:;1-;103 Gáxaei, ;1:0, p . 6;. Mk kut ir k f i e u g d o t k u o k s e u k r d o t k rdhdmaiods a g p i r t k o t d s y it rks vdaotaeaoei f d gdoir agpirtkoeak d o dm edotri, s u r y s u f d s t d fdm pkçs, eksa tifks dmmks k o t d s f d ;::0. P k r k u o k sõmafk aotdrprdtkeaõo ndodrkm y u o k sçotdsas f d mk hahmainrkcçk ekfk vdz gës ougdrisk sihrd m k vaimdoeak d o dm ekg ti ao Gdxaei váksd Vutaoi, Crig Aosurrdetaio Xduimutaio Uieakm Hksds Bijo pic Knrurauo Saumdodd ;>40-;160 Praoedtio, ;1:3. u 5

 

56:

PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UI E.ADFKF

pragdris hritds f d rdsastdoeak eiotkrio kio vkrais ekufammis, dm gës agpirtkotd f d mis eukmds c u d . Crkoeasei Asmks, quado dxprdsõ eio emkrafkf mks rdavaofaeke2aiods f d mis ekgpdsaois pir mi gdois d o fis gkoacadstis. Vrks u o pdraifi f d ekmgk f d sadtd kûis, dm ekis dstkmmõ f d ou,dvi do mk rdnaõo. Kotanuks qudbks eihrkrio vandoeak fdhaq¾i d o pkrtd k mks ja aoeugpmafks prigdsks f d kutioigçk guo'aeapkm qud sd ja eadrio do mk rdhdmaõo f d Vuxtdpde, m k qud mmdvõ k Pircarai Fçkz k m k sammk prdsafdoeakm. Mis itigçds fd m k ziok ktkekrio mks jkeadofks, tigkrio mks tadrrks mks rdpkrtadrio dotrd dmmis. Kfdgës, Asmks rdsurnaõ eigi pirtkviz fd mis rdhdmfds y k praoeapais fd ;:>: dovakhk eiguoaekfis eio mks qudbks ekgpdsaoks k mis fakrais ekpatkmaois. D o dmmis kcargkhk qud mis jkhatkotds f d mks eiguoafkfds ekgpdsaoks sõmi dstkhko rdeupdrkofi mks tadrrks qud mds jkhçko usurpkfi y qud husekhko d m faëmini eio mis pripadtkrais kcdetkfis y mk bustaeak f d mis trahuokmds. ¹Jky d o dsti saquadrk u o ndrgdo f d eiguoasgi9 , prdnuotõ rdcaraáofisd k m dpçtdti utamazkfi k gdoufi pir m k prdosk fdm dstkhmasjgdot mahdrkm. Asmks sunaraõ, oi ihstkotd, qud m k rdhdmaõo pifrçk dxtdofdrsd s a u o oudvi Girdmis surnçk d o dm sdoi fd m k rkzk aofçndok . 58 K mi mkrni fdm sanmi, mks rdvudmtks aofçndoks jkhçko uoafi aodvatkhmdgdotd k mk ámatd aotdmdetukm y nihdrokotd, qud eksa o u o e k d stk h k f d keudrfi d o mi rdcdrdotd k mks eudstaiods pimçtaeks. Ksç cud eigi d o ;:>: Mk Mahdrtkf

m Gioatir

Xdpuhmaekoi qud prioti sd vadrio docrdotkfis d o dm td gk eio uokoagafkf f d m k jdrdoeak eiostatueaiokm, rdspiofadrio .eio k mis keiotdeagadotis fd Jafkmni. Km praoeapai, M k Mahdrtkf kfiptõ uok pisaeaõo gdois k mk r gastk qud s u ravkm, puhmaeõ mis eiguoaekfis fd Crkoeasei Asmks, fdsekrtõ dm gadfi f d m P k r k fdtkmmds sihrd m k rdhdmaõo kotdrair jkhafk dr{ Jafkmni váksd V. N. Piwdmm, D m mahdrkmasgi y dm ekgpdsaokfi d o dm edotri fá Gáxaei ;:40-;:>3 Gáxaei, ;1>6, p p . ;6;-;66< tkghaáo Xdaok (sihrd kghks) f d dodri fd ;:>: (eatkfi d o Xdaok, Xdhdmaiods Xdhdmaiods   p. ;5> . Itris fis kpkrdeadrio d o M k Mahdrtkf dm ;1 fd dodri d m ;5 fd cdhrdri fd ;:>:. D o dm òmta o22ai fd dmmis, Asma]s gdoeaiokhk u o pkocmdti puhmaekfi pir ám, pdri oi j d minrkfi doeiotrkrmi. 58

•.  

PIUAVASAUGI , MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

561

km dstkmmafi f d uok oudvk nudrrk f d ekstks y rdkcar g õ m k afdotafkf okeaiokm aofak. O i dxastadofi mk afdk f d pktrak d o dm pkskfi - f d e ç k d m d f a t i r a k m a s t k - , o i d s pisahmd qud s d mdvkotdo mis aofais do oighrd f d d s t k afdk. D o

Gioatir

gdois f d u o gds M k Mahdrtkf kvaskhk qud, k u o q u d mis aofais muejkhko d o dsd gigdoti pir uois eukot is edotd okrds f d vkrks eukfrkfks f d tdrrdoi , g ë s t k r f d q u d r r ç k o m k fdstrueeaõo f d m k rkzk hmkoek . Vkoti D m Gioatir eigi M k Mahdrtkf rdeioieçko qud pifrçk jkhdr rdavaofaekeaiods mdnçtagks qud aovdstankr, y d m òmtagi fakrai k p u o t õ aoemusi m k pisahamafkf f d eigprkr tadrrks k mis jkedofkfis p k r k vdofdrmks k mis jkhatkotds f d mks eiguoafkfds ekgpdsaoks. Pdri kghis fakrais eiaoeafadrio d o qud m k cudrzk ( dm òoaei rdeursi f d m k eavamazkeaõo eiotrk mk hkrhkrad ) fdhçk prded

fdr k m k kfbufaekeaõo y mks rdcirgks. Mis aofais tdoçko u o k pdqudýk afdk f d mi qud drk m k pripadfkf y k g d o k z k h k o eio agpmkotkr u o eiguoasgi aoeioseadotd . D o pieks pkmkhrks, pkrk M k M a h d rtkf drko u o k rk z k sao aotdmandoeak d aoekpkeds f d eigprdofdr mk rkzõo i m k bustaeak. 55 D o ;:>: mk á matd f d m k ekpatkm sanuaõ eio ktdoeaõo mis keio tdeagadotis qud s d suedfçko d o Jafkmni b u o t i eio it rks rdvudmtks d o Gaejikeëo y d o d m Dstkfi f d Gáxaei, dspdeakm gdotd mis ktkquds eiotrk uoks jkeadofks f d U k o Hdrokhá, km sur f d mk ekpatkm. Pdri d o mis pragdris gdsds f d ;:>1 yk sd jkhçk rdstkurkfi m k pkz y mis fis pdraõfaeis dociekhko f d gkodrk gës kgpmak qud kotds m k vaimdoeak rurkm y mis gdfais pkrk siciekrmk. Sanam sunaraõ qud s d rdkm a zkrko priydetis fd fdskrrimmi k nrko dsekmk eio dm cao f d dgpmdkr k mis jkha t ko tds rurkmds. Mk Mahdrtkf aoemuyõ d m prihmdgk fdotri f d s u prinrkgk f d pimçtaek eadotçcaek. Fdseuafkr m k k g d okzk fd mk nudrrk sieakm y prdieupkrsd sõmi pir mks fdhamatkotds muejks pimçtaeks hazkotaoks , fabi dm fakrai, drk eigdtdr u o fdmati f d B u v d o k m   (Doraqud Ejëvkrra) , d o D m Gioatir

8 4 f d d o d r i f d ;:>:< M k

Mahdrtkf 83 f d dodri y 86 fd cdhrdri f d ;:>:. D m viedri fd M k M a h d r t k f pufi jkhdr safp dm jaspkoõcami Crkoeasei Eisgds, sderdtkrai f d rdfkeeaõo d o kqudmmK ápiek , i V d másci ri N k reçk. Prihkhmdgdotd o i cu d Busti Uadrrk .

 

PIUAVASAUGI , MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

540

mdsk okeaõo . M k M a h d rt k f fdgkofõ u o k doárnaek keeaõo nu hdrokgdotkm qud eiotkrk .. . eio m k dcaekz eiipdrkeaõo f d mis dmdgdotis eiosdrvkfirds f d m k sieadfkf, fardetkgdotd aotdrd skfis d o eighktar dm pdmanri qud mis kgdokzk . 56 M k rdkeea õo f d m k ámatd mahdrkm k mks rdvudmtks knrkraks f d

caods f d mis kûis sdtdotk rdeirfkhk m k rdkeeaõo f d mis eraimmis kotd m k rdvu d mtk fd Ganudm Jafkmni d o ;:;0 y m k nudrrk f d ekstks f d ;:6>-;:61. D r k m k rdspudstk f d uok ámatd aotdmde tukm y nihdrokotd k mis ktkquds eiotrk mk pripadfkf y dm irfdo sieakm dstkhmdeafi pir pkrt d f d ¾uois pudhmis eumturkm gdotd sdnr d nkfis, rkeakmgdotd fastaotis y skmvknds . Pieks gudst rks jky f d qud k dstk rdspudstk m k juhadsdo kcdetkfi mks afdks fdm fkovaoasgi sieakm qud dotioeds jkeçko s u aonrd

si km pkçs. Uao dghkrni, pudfdo rkstrdkrsd d o d m pdoskgado dstis

aghua

jighrds dmdgdotis f d m k pimçtaekdseudmk ti f dfd pisatavasgi (aoemuafis kmnuois fd mk eadotçcaek jastõraek fis f d fdrdeji) 2 nihadroi cudrtd, irfdo sieakm, trkhkbi d o munkr f d pimçtaek u o k cõrgumk f d prinrdsi qud eio sdnurafkf dokr himkrçko mis dmdgdotis eiosdrvkfirds , jighrds kekufkmk fis qud pritdnçko sus aotdrdsds y mis f d B k o k e a õ o - . F d jdeji , tkm eigi cud kpmaekfk k m k rdhdmaõo curkm, m k pimçtaek eadotçcaek cud gës qud u o crçi eiobuoti f d a ~ k s dmmk kpuotk mõ uok pimçtaek qud s d kpmaeõ eio áxati d o dm e(mgpi fdspuás f d ;::0 y prifubi trdaotk kûis f d eigprdsaõo knrkra k   .54 F d

k m prihmdgk fdm aofai f d m k ámatd k rdspudstk tifis o i cudgifis, pimçtaek, sõmi m k mrdprdsaõo d m fdskrrimmq deioõgaei y m k y fasapkfi fdoanrkeaõo rkeakm. T o k vdz siciekfk m k a i m ~ o e a ; 

D m aoeafdotd fd Uko Hdrokhá tuvi munkr d o mis fçks ;0 k m m 5 f d oivadghr d f d ;:>: ;:>:,, y gitav õ u o eigdotkrai f d Sanam d o D m Gioatir dm 8 0 f d oi v adghrd, y itris f d M k M a h d rtkf dm ;6 , ; 1 y 8 0 f d oivadghrd fd ;:>: y ;6 f d dodri f d ;:>1. D m krtçeum i ndodrkm f d M k M ah drtkf M k nudrrk sieakm , kpkrdeaõ dm 5 f d gkrzi f d ;:>1. 54 Cmirdoeak Gkmmio j k fdcdofafi rdeadotdgdotd dm cudrtd agpumsi jkeak dm eiotrim sieakm pir pkrtd f d mahdrkmds y eiosdrvkfirds eigi rdeursi pkrk jkedr crdotd k mk fasafdoeak pipumkr fur kot d mis kûis f d m k nu d rrk eavam fd mis eao eudotk . Sáksd Cmirdoeak Gkmmio, Pdkskots kof Utktd Cirgktaio a o O a o d ¾ Piw dr kof U i eak m Vjdiry  Vjdiry   tddotj Edotury Gdxa Gdxaei2 ei2 Girdmis, Gi rdmis, ;:6:-;:4: , Pimataekm Piwd 6

~ o prdosk . M k crksd X d   mutaio e k p . :.

 

eigprdsaõo knrkrak d s fd Vutaoi d o Crig Ao s u r r detaio ti

PIUAVASAUGI, MAHDXKMAUGI Q UIEADFKF

  ~

54;

dm gadfi k u o k nudrrk f d rkzks, sd fdhktadrio y mdnasmkrio aoaeaktavks gës kgpmaks f d ekrëet dr sieakm k dfuekeaõo pòhmaek ihmanktirak y m k eimioazkeaõo pir d x t r k o b d r i s - . Kghis prinrkgks tdoçko su rkçz d o mk trkfaeaõo mahdrkm pdri cudrio rdkvavkfis eio oudvk dodrnçk d o m k drk fdm pisatavasgi . Ua hado m k ekgpkûk pkrk eiosimafkr dm praoeapai f d mk dfu ekeaõo pragkrak nrktuatk y ihmanktirak o i gkfurõ j k s t k fds puás f d ;::0, d s pisahmd rkstrdkr sus prdedfdotds pir mi g d  ois j k s t k u o fderdti f d ;:68 qud dstuvi piei tadgpi d o vanir. Mis eiostatuydotds fd ;:43-;:4> dsquavkrio d m ksuo t i prihkhmdgdotd pir s u iradotkeaõo gës mahdrtkrak qud s ~ t k t a s t k y pir s u rdoudoeak k docrdotkrsd fa rdet kgdot d eio dm gioipimai emdraekm sihrd m k dfuekeaõo. D m krtçeumi 5° f d m k Eiostatueaõo sdûkmkhk qud m k dosdûkozk d s mahrd , mi qud aojahçk m k vanamkoeak i dm eiotrim fdm Dstkfi y khrçk, eigi jdgis vasti, u o kgpmai dspkeai p k r k m k a o t d r p r d tkeaõo y d m fdhktd u o k ndodrkeaõo fdspuás. Eio m k imdkfk fd kotaemdra ekmasgi dstktkm f u r k o t d mis kûis ;:41-;:35, sa o dghkrni, mmdnõ m k mdy fdm ;4 f d khram f d ;:3; qud pioçk mk dfuekeaõo pra gkra k hkbi m k aospdeeaõo fdm nihadroi cd cdf f d rkm pir d m Gaoastdrai f d Bustaeak d Aostrueeaõo Pòhmaek . Km mmdnkr ;:3>, trks u o k fáekfk f d muejk eavam d afdimõna ek, m k afdk fdm Dstkfi fiedotd surnaõ eigi p k r t d aotdnrkm fdm mahdrkmasgi trauockotd. M k mdy fdm 8 f d faeadghrd fd ;:3> dstapumkhk o i sõmi dm dstkhmdeagadoti f d u o k dseudmk prdpk rktirak eiotrimkfk pir d m D s t k f i saoi t kgha áo (fd g k o d r k pdrdotirak) f d uo sastdgk fd dfuekeaõo pra gkra k d o dm Fas trati Cdfdrkm, qud sdrçk caokoeakfk eio ciofis pòhmaeis, nrk tuatk pkrk mi miss pih pihrds rds y ihmanktirak. Uao dghkrni, tkm sastdgk oi pksõ f d sdr piei g ë s qud u o k a fdk icaeakmgdotd rdei oieafk f u r k o t d d m fdedoai sanuadotd, d o p k r t d fdhafi k m k ipisaeaõo ndodrkmazkfk f d mis mahdrkmds jkeak d m eiotrim fdm Dstkfi , pdri tk g h aá o f d hafi k qud m k prdieupkeaõo praoea pkm rdspdeti k m k dfuekeaõo drk e õg i ekpkea t kr k u o k á matd iradotkfk j k eak m k eadoeak d o m k Dseudmk Okeaiokm P r d p k r k  tirak. D o m k prëetaek, m k dfuekeaõo p r a g k r a k s d fdbõ d o