@aeb`ìàa Oarngìàa Naiuegr Gutanðvbe
OA @ G L B N I B OG [ Ð H P OA@
@ANRJHIGIB BR[AVBHG
Oujia Pa`hge Burapbu
[bobräj`hgs
@aeb`ìàa
Yîtuea ia Nðiuea
@aaribjgìàa Yè`jh`a-Vbiglðlh`g
Ihrb`ìàa Bihtarhge
Gutar
Ngqubtglbn
Vraprhbigib
7ª Bihìàa
Ibpðshta Eblge
Oarngìàa Naiuegr Gutanðvbe
Oa`glbn ib Ogrðhs
@BV[G ‐ @bjtra ib Oarngìàa Vraohsshajge ig [bpgrgìàa Gutanðvbe Ibpgrtgnbjta Yè`jh`a Vbiglðlh`a @BV[G ‐ Ihrb`ìàa
@BV[G ‐ Ibsbjvaevhnbjta Ibsbjvaevhnbjta @urrh`uegr
@BV[G ‐ Jô`eba ib Gpaha Lrçoh`a
Hjsthtuta ib Bnprbla b Oarngìàa Vraohsshajge Gv. Dasè Ngecag, Ngecag, 77 - 7666 Ehskag Vartulge, Ehskag, Obvbrbhra ib ;666
793992/66
© @apyrhlct, ;666 Yaias as ihrbhtas rbsbrvgias HBOV
―Vraiuìàa gpahgig pbea Vralrgng Apbrg`hajge Oarngìàa Vraohsshajge b Bnprbla, `aohjgj`hgia pbea Bstgia Vartuluäs, b pbeg Rjhàa Burapbhg, gtrgvès ia OPB„ ―Nhjhstèrha ib Yrgkgeca b ig Paehigrhbigib ‐ Pb`rbtgrhg ib Bstgia ia Bnprbla b Oarngìàa„
Oa`glbn ib Ogrðhs
Îjih`b
ÎJIH@B IA@RNBJYAP IB BJY[GIG AKDB@YH_AP LB[GHP B BPV BPVB@ÎOH@AP B@ÎOH@AP I IA A NÐIR NÐIREA EA ............................... ............................................. .............. B.7 V[È-[BWRHPHYAP ......................... ....................................................... ........................................................... ................................................. .................... B.;
@A[VA IA NÐIREA HJY[AIRÌÀA.................................................. HJY[AIRÌÀA...................... ......................................................... ......................................................... ................................ .... 6.7 7 - YHVAP B @G[G@YB[ÎP @G[G@YB[ÎPYH@GP YH@GP I IAP AP OA@AP.................... OA@AP................................................. ...................................... ......... 7.7 ; - GEHJCGNBJYA JG VG[BIB ............................ .......................................................... ..................................................... ....................... ;.7 0 - RYHEHTGÌÀA IA [BLEAP@ÐVHA [BLEAP@ÐVHA.............................. ........................................................... ............................................ ............... 0.7 0.7 - @G[G@YB[ÎPYH@GP YÈ@JH@GP IA [BLEAP@ÐVHA.................................................0.7 0.; - NAIA AVB[G@HAJGE................................................................................................. 0.; 0.0 - HJYB[V[BYGÌÀA IB [BPREYGIAP......................................................................... 0.0 0.9 - NGJRYBJÌÀA IA [BLEAP@ÐVHA [BLEAP@ÐVHA ........................................................................... 0.9 0.2 - @GEHK[GÌÀA IA [BLEAP@ÐVHA.............................................................................. 0.2
9 - [BLREGNBJYG [BLREGNBJYGÌÀA ÌÀA BN _HLA[ ........................... ....................................................... ................................................ .................... 9.7 KHKEHAL[GOHG ..................................................... ......................... ......................................................... ........................................................ ........................... @.7 @.7
IA@RNBJYAP IB PGÎIG VÐP-YBPYB ..................................................................................................................P.7 @A[[HLBJIG B YGKB YGKBEG EG IB @AYGÌÀA IA VÐP-YBPYB ............................ ...................................... .......... P.9
GJBSAP BSB[@Î@HAP V[ÇYH@AP ............................ ......................................................... ......................................................... .................................... ........G.7 G.7 LRHG IB G_GEHGÌÀA IAP BSB[@Î@HAP V[Ç
[email protected].;
Oa`glbn ib Ogrðhs
Akdb`thvas Lbrghs b Bspb`îoh`as ia Nðiuea
AKDB@YH_AP LB[GHP B BPVB@ÎOH@AP
Ja ohjge ibstb nðiuea, a oarngjia ibvbrç sbr `gpgz ib4
AKDB@YH_AP LB[GHP IA NÐIREA
7. Hibjthoh`gr g hnpartëj`hg ia `arrb`ta gehjcgnbjta ias ogrðhs ;. [bgehzgr a gehjcgnbjta b vbrhoh`gr g hjtbjshigib eunhjasg ibjtra ias pgrënbtras ibohjhias jg rbluegnbjtgìàa
AKDB@YH_AP BPVB@ÎOH@AP
7. Hibjthoh`gr thpas ib oa`as uthehzgias jg Burapg ;. Hibjthoh`gr prakebngs ib heunhjgìàa prava`gias par ngu gehjcgnbjta ias ogrðhs 0. _brhoh`gr ib oarng bxpbihtg a gehjcgnbjta jg pgrbib 9. Rthehzgr a rbleas`ðpha pgrg pra`bibr ga `arrb`ta gehjcgnbjta ias ogrðhs 2. Hibjthoh`gr g rbluegnbjtgìàa bn vhlar pgrg a gehjcgnbjta ias ogrðhs
Oa`glbn ib Ogrðhs
B.7
Vrè-[bquhshtas
V[È-[BWRHPHYAP @AEB @A EB @ÌÀ A OA[NG ÌÀ A NAIR NAIREG [ G RYANÐ_BE YANÐ_BE
@ajstruìàa ig Hjstgegìàa Beè`trh`g . , N h `r a`ajtr a`ajtr ae giar bs b N h `r apr a`bssgia a`bssgia rb s
@anpajbjtbs ia @anpajbjtbs Phstbngg Beè`trh`a Phstbn b sug Phnkaeal Phnkaeal hg
Ebhturg b Hjtbrprbtgìàa ib Bsqubngs Beè`trh`as Guta
Beb`trh`higib Kçsh`g
@gr g`tbr î sth `gs b Ouj`hajgnbjta
N gljbthsna gljbthsna b Beb`trangljbthsn a - N atarbs b Lbrgiarbs
Ihstrhkuhìàa
ias Natarbs
Yh pas ib K gtbr h gs b sug N gju gjutbjìàa tbjìàa
Yb`jaealhg ias Pbnh-@ajiutarbs @anpajbjtbs
@çe`ueas b @urvgs @gr g`tbr î sth `gs
Phstbngs ib Ginhssàa b ib
ia Natar
Bs`gpb
Phstbngs ib Grrbob`hnbjta
Eukrho Eukrho h`gìàa ib N atarbs b Yrgjsnhssàa
Gehnbjtgìàa Ihbsbe
Phstbngs ib Gehnbjtgìàa pa r Gehnbjtgìàa @grkurgiar
Phstbngs i b Phstbngs Hljhìàa
Phstbngs ib @grlg b G rrgjqub
Pakrbgehnbjtgìàa
Phstbngs ib Hjoarngìàa
Eënpgigs, Ogrðhs Eënpgigs, b Ograehjs
Oa`glbn ib Ogr ðh s
Phstbngss i b Phstbng Gvhsa G`ôsth`as b Eunhjasas
Phstbngs ib @anujh`gìàa
Phstbngs ib Pblurgjìg Vgsshvg
Phstbngs ib @ajoar ta b Pblurgjìg
Bnkrghglbn b @ghxgs ib _ be a`h igibs
Phstbngs ib Yrgjsnhssàa
Phstbngs i b Phstbngs Yrgvglbn Chirçueh`as
Phstbngs ib Yrgvglbn Gjthkeaqubha
Phstbngs ib Ihrb`ìàa N b`ëjh`g b`ëjh`g b Gssh sth ig
Lbanbtrhg i b Lbanbtrhg Ihrb`ìàa
Ðrlàas ig Puspbjsàa b sbu Ouj`hajgnbjta
Ihgljðsth`a b [bp. ib Gvgrhgs ja Phstbng ib Puspbjsàa
_bjthegìàa Oar ìgig b Gr @ajih`hajgia
Phstbngs ib Pblurgjìg G `thvg Pblurgjìg
Phstbngs Beb`trðjh`as Ihbsbe
Ihgljðsth`a b [bpgrgìàa bn Phstbngs N b`ëjh`as b`ëjh`as
Beb`trðjh`gs ib @angjia, Pbjsarbs b G`tugiarbs
Phstbngs ib Hjdb`ìàa Hjdb` ìàa N b`ëj b`ëjh`g h`g
Phstbngs i b Phstbngs Hjdb`ìàa Beb`trðjh`g
Vaeubjtbs b Ih spash th vas ib @ajtr ae a ib Bnhssòbs
Gjçehsb ib Lgsbs ib Bs`gpb b Apg`higib
[bpgrgìàa bn Phstbngs `an Lbstàa Beb`trðjh`g
[bpgrgìàa bn Phstbngs Beè`trh`as @ajvbj`hajghs
[aigs b Vjbus
N gju gjutbjìàa tbjìàa Vralrgngig
Ybrnaihjënh`g
Lgsbs @grkurgjtbs b @ankustàa
Jaìòbs ib N b`ëjh`g b`ëjh`g Gutanðvbe pgrg LV E
@ajsthtuhìàa b Ouj`hajgnbjta ia Bquhpgnbjta Bquhpgn bjta @ajvbrsar pgrg LVE
Eblhsegìàa B spb`î spb`î o h `g sakr b LV E
Vra`bssas ib Yrgìglbn b Vuj`hajgnbjta
Vra`bssas ib @ar tb b Ibskgstb
N b t r a e a l hg hg
[bib Beè`trh`g b N gjutbjìàa gjutbjìàa ib Obrrgnbjtgs Beè`trh`gs
@anp. b N gju gjutbjìàa tbjìàa ib Obrrgnbjtgs Vjbunçth`gs
Obrrgnbjtgs N gju gjughs ghs
Vra`bssas ib Ourgìàa, N gjirheglbn b [as`glbn
Jaìòbs Kçsh`gs ib Paeigiurg
ARY[AP AR Y[AP NÐIREAP NÐIREAP G B P YRIG[ YRIG[ Hjtraiuìàa ga Gutanðvbe
Ibsbjca Yè`jh`a
N gtbnçth gtbnçth `g (`çe`uea)
Oî sh`g, Wuînh` Wuînh`gg b N gtbr h ghs ghs
Arlgjhzgìàa Aoh`hjge
EBLBJIG
Nðiuea bn Nðiuea bstuia
B.;
Oa`glbn ib ogrðhs
Vrè-[bquhshta
Hjtraiuìàa
6 - HJY[AIRÌÀA Pb thvbrnas bn `ajshibrgìàa gs bstgtîsth`gs ib sblurgjìg raiavhçrhg, vbrhoh`gnas qub nuhtas g`hibjtbs a`arrbn bn vhrtuib ib ngu ouj`hajgnbjta ia shstbng ib heunhjgìàa prhj`hpge b nç rbluegìàa ias ogrðhs. Ib og`ta, un ngu gehjcgnbjta ias ogrðhs, paibrç prava`gr a bj`gibgnbjta ia `ajiutar ia vbî`uea
qub `hr`ueg bn sbjthia `ajtrçrha sb as ogrðhs sb bj`ajtrgrbn nuhta getas. Vaibn tgnkèn jàa heunhjgr ibvhignbjtb g bstrgig sb bsthvbrbn nuhta kghxas. Gnkgs gs shtugìòbs paibn prava`gr g`hibjtbs qub og`henbjtb sb paibrhgn bvhtgr. Bstbs prakebngs ebvgrgn æ hjtraiuìàa ig vbrhoh`gìàa ia gehjcgnbjta jgs hjspb`ìòbs pbrhðih`gs, qub ebvgn ga gvbrkgnbjta ib iboh`häj`hgs oç`bhs ib bvhtgr b æ bvbjtuge rbpravgìàa ia vbî`uea. Bn qugequbr ngjutbjìàa pbrhðih`g ia vbî`uea, au qugjia ig rbpgrgìàa par `caqub, g vbrhoh`gìàa ia gehjcgnbjta ias ogrðhs è ib prhnarihge hnpartëj`hg pgrg gssblurgr g sblurgjìg ib taias as qub `hr`uegn jg bstrgig.
Oa`glbn ib ogrðhs
6.7
Yhpas b @grg`tbrîsth`gs ias Oa`as
7 ‐ YHVAP B @G[G@YB[ÎPYH@GP IAP OA@AP A gehjcgnbjta prb`hsa ias ogrðhs è hnprbs`hjiîvbe pgrg g sblurgjìg ib qubn `hr`ueg ib jahtb `an nçs `ajihìòbs ib vhshkhehigib. Hjh`hgenbjtb, as oa`as eunhjasas brgn shnètrh`as, ngs bstb thpa ib heunhjgìàa jàa sb gprbsbjtgvg `ana a nghs gibqugia. Jg Burapg pgssau g uthehzgr-sb a oa`a gsshnètrh`a. Jas pgîsbs bn qub sb `hr`uegr pbeg ihrbhtg a oa`a è `grg`tbrhzgia par un ëjluea ib 72´ bn geturg, jas nèihas.
7. Eënpgig ;. Ohegnbjta ib nèihas 0. Ohegnbjta ib nçxhnas
Ohl. 7.7 ‐ Vradb`ìàa ia oa`a
Bstb thpa ib heunhjgìàa pbrnhtb heunhjgr nghs boh`gznbjtb a orbjtb egtbrge ig bstrgig, og`hehtgjia g vhsugehzgìàa ib passîvbhs akstç`ueas b bvhtgjia a bj`gjibgr ias `ajiutarbs qub `ruzgn a vbî`uea.
Ohl. 7.; ‐ Yhpa ib heunhjgìàa akthig pbea oa`a eunhjasa gsshnètrh`a
Oa`glbn ib Ogrðhs
7.7
Yhpas b @grg`tbrîsth`gs ias Oa`as As nèihas sàa as prhj`hpghs vhsgias ja gehjcgnbjta, b `ana bn nuhtas `gsas a nbsna ograe gssblurg qub g euz ib nèihas, qubr ib nçxhnas (uthehzgjia-sb ung eënpgig ib iupea ohegnbjta), a nbsna gehjcgnbjta pbrnhtb g rbluegìàa ias iahs thpas ib heunhjgìàa tgnkèn è jb`bssçrha a gehjcgnbjta ib ogrðhs `anpebnbjtgrbs qugjia g heunhjgìàa ia vbî`uea è bob`tugig par qugtra ðpth`gs. A gehjcgnbjta `ajshsthrç bjtàa bn kghxgr au sukhr a oa`a eunhjasa tangjia bn `ajshibrgìàa a ehnhtb supbrhar bn rbegìàa æ carhzajtge, `an vhstg g bvhtgr qub a gutanakhehstg qub `ruzb `an a vbî`uea sbdg bj`gibgia, au ib qub g bstrgig sbdg `arrb`tgnbjtb heunhjgig. [bluegnbjtgrnbjtb, a gehjcgnbjta bn rbegìàa æ ehjcg ib `artb ibvb bstgr `anprbbjihia bjtrb un nîjhna b un nçxhna, nghs praprhgnbjtb bjtrb ‐6,2 b ;,2%, bn rbegìàa æ carhzajtge.
Ohl. 7.0 ‐ Gehjcgnbjta bn rbegìàa æ ehjcg ib `artb
@ajshibrg-sb lbrgenbjtb qub un ograe ibsgehjcgia ib 7% bn rbegìàa æ geturg bj`gjibgrç vhjtb vbzbs nghs ia qub un gehjcgia. Hjvbrsgnbjtb un gkghxgnbjta ib 7% rbiuzhrç g vhshkhehigib ia `ajiutar jg nbsng nbihig (vhjtb vbzbs nbjas). Igquh sb `aj`euh g hnpartëj`hg ig rbluegìàa ias ogrðhs. Vgrg ung geturg ib ograe ib 6,?2 n ung vgrhgìàa ia gehjcgnbjta ib 7% ogz vgrhgr g zajg heunhjgig pgrg a iakra. Pgkbjia-sb ias bstuias ib sblurgjìg raiavhçrhg, g ihstëj`hg ib trgvglbn è ig aribn ias ?0 n g 86 mn/c, un gkghxgnbjta ib ehjcg hnpeh`grç ung rbiuìàa ig zajg heunhjgig, `ana sb vä jg sbluhjtb tgkbeg.
7.;
Gkghxgnbjta Gkghxgnbj ta
Ihstëj`hg heunhjgig
6,2 %
706 n
7%
?2 n
7,2 %
90 n
;%
0; n
;,2 %
;? n
Oa`glbn ib Ogrðhs
Gehjcgnbjta Gehjcgnbj ta jg Vgrbib Vgrbib
; ‐ GEHJCGNBJYA JG VG[BIB
A gehjcgnbjta jg pgrbib jàa è un nètaia prb`hsa pbea, qub jgs aoh`hjgs sb ibvb sbnprb uthehzgr a rbleas`ðpha. Ja bjtgjta, paibrç sbr uthehzgia `ana nètaia bxpbihta pgrg vbrhoh`gr ibsvhas ib nghar lrgvhigib. Vgrg gehjcgr a shstbng ib heunhjgìàa prhj`hpge ia vbî`uea ibvb pra`bibr akbib`bjia æs sbluhjtb apbrgìòbs.
Ohl. ;.7 ‐ Gehjcgnbjta ib ogrðhs jg pgrbib
@aeaqub a vbî`uea bn orbjtb ib ung pgrbib b pbrpbjih`uegrnbjtb g bstg, a pgvhnbjta tbn qub sbr pegja b a vbî`uea tbn qub bstgr g 2 nbtras ib ihstëj`hg ig pgrbib. G prbssàa ias ias pjbus ibvb ibvb bstgr `arrb`tg. `arrb`tg. Ohl. ;.; ‐ A vbî`uea ibvb shtugr-sb bn pbrpbjih`uegr æ pgrbib
A vbî`uea ibvb tbr gpbjgs g sug tgrg (qubr hsta ihzbr ibvb hj`euhr-sb geèn ia pbsa ia vbî`uea, a pjbu sakrbssgebjtb, as ibpðshtas `cbhas, b bn lbrge taias as pbsas gih`hajghs ib `grç`tbr pbrngjbjtb). Ja `gsa ias gutanðvbhs ehlbhras ib pgssglbhras, Ohl. ;.0 ‐ A pgvhnbjta tbn qub sbr pegja b a vbî`uea ibvb bj`ajtrgr-sb g 2 nbtras ig pgrbib
ibvbrç `aea`gr-sb un pbsa gih`hajge ib 2n= O>2`n= b G ibpbjib ig geturg qub as ogrðhs bsthvbrbn ohlurg 2.7).
Ohl. ;.2 ‐ Gobrhìàa ias ogrðhs
Pb g ehjcg qub sbpgrg g zajg bs`urg ig heunhjgig bsthvbr g`hng ig ehjcg trgìgig g lhz, bjtàa, g euz pravbjhbjtb ig ðpth`g, bj`gibgrç as gutanakhehstgs qub `hr`uebn bn sbjthia `ajtrçrha. Rthehzb a pgrgousa ib rbluegìàa ias ograe, pgrg kghxgr a oa`a eunhjasa. Bxhstbn iahs pgrgousas ib rbluegìàa4 un pgrg g rbluegìàa carhzajtge b autra pgrg g rbluegìàa vbrth`ge `ana sb nastrg jg ohlurg ;.?.
;.;
Oa`glbn ib Ogrðhs
Gehjcgnbjta Gehjcgnbj ta jg Vgrbib Vgrbib
Ohl. ;.? ‐ [bluegìàa ias ogrðhs
As pgrgousas ib rbluegìàa ias ogrðhs shtugnsb tgnkèn jg pgrtb pastbrhar ia ograe (pgrgousas G b K ig ohlurg ;.
