5 Cientificos Destacados de La Biologia

 

Aekrae Qejjs Oeghje

(Qgfkk, 732> - Rk`kmg, 7363) Ocþjkak mkrteg`ercngmk que kotuvk ej pre`ck Mkoe Mk oejj he Icsc Icsckj kjka kaàg àg y @ehc @ehcnc ncmg mg em 73 7356 56.. Nk Nkms msca cauc ucþ þ su hk hknt ntkr krgh ghk k pk pkrr jg Umcverschgh he Nkrmejj. Iue ngtehrçtcnk hej Cmstctutk tenmkjþacnk he Ngjcikrmcg e c`pgrtcþ njgses em jgs umcverschghes he Fgrvgrh y ^tgmikrh. Xrgogdþ em ej equcpk O. Epfrussc, em Rgràs, hkmhe se hehcnþ gj estuhck he jg aemãtcng hej nkjkr he jks kdks em jg `ksng hej vcmgare, jg  Hrkskpfcjg< koservþ que jks aemes hcrcaàgm he gjaumg `gmerg jg prkhunncþm hej pca`emtk knujgr. Em Estghks Umchks nkmkncþ gj `cnrkocþjkak E. J. Xgtu`. Dumtks e`pjegrkm ej fkmak rksg hej pgm Meurkspkrg  pgrg um estuhck he ockquà`cng aemãtcng. Estks fkmaks tcemem umg rçpchg reprkhunncþm, içncj nrenc`cemtk y em estghk ghujtk skm fgpjkches, he ikr`g que jks aemes `utgmtes `uestrgm su exprescþm iemktàpcng< expuscerk expu scerkm m jg Meurkspkrg  g jk jkss rg rgyk ykss V pg pgrg rg ae aeme merg rgrr gs gsàà `u `utg tgnnck ckme mess y exg`cmgrkm jgs nràgs `utgmtes cmtemtgmhk expjkrgr su ngpgnchgh pgrg scmtetczgr  jks mutrcemtes menesgrcks pgrg su prkpck nrenc`cemtk he jgrvgs g ghujtks. K@, I_^ (6 I_^ (6 he dumck he 7379 - ?6 he dujck he Irgmncs Fgrry Nk`ptkm Nrcnl , K@, ?228)) iu ?228 iue e um iàscnk, iàscnk, ocþjkak ocþjkak `kje `kjenujgr  nujgr  y me meurk urknce ncemtà mtàicn icnk k orc orctçm tçmcnk cnk,, nkm nkmkn knchk chk skore tkhk pkr ser umk he jks hks hesnuorchkres he jg estrunturg `kjenujgr hej  GHM em 735>, dumtk nkm nkm Dg`es H. Qgtskm. Qgtskm. _enc _e ncoc ocþ, þ, du dumt mtk k g Dg Dg`e `ess H. Qgts Qgtskm km y  y @gur @gurcne cne Qcjlc Qcjlcms ms ej  ej Rr Rre` e`ck ck Mkoe Mkoejj he @ehcncmg em @ehcncmg  em 739?  739? "pkr "pkr sus hes hesnuo nuorc` rc`cem cemtks tks nk nkmne mnermc rmcemt emtes es g jg estrun estruntur turg g `kjenujgr he jks çnchks munjecnks y su c`pkrtgmncg pgrg jg trgmsieremncg he cmikr`gncþm em jg `gtercg vcvg". 7  Gsc`cs`k, rencocþ tg`ocãm jgs `ehgjjgs _kygj _kygj y  y Nkpjey Nkpjey he  he jg _kygj ^kncety he Jkmhres (731? y 7315), y tg`ocãm jg Krhem hej @ãrctk (?1 he mkvce`ore he 7337). Irgmncs, ej fcdk `gykr he Fgrry Nrcnl y Gmmg Ejczgoetf Qcjlcms, mgncþ y se nrck em Qestkm Igvejj, um peque÷k pueojk nerngmk g Mkrtfg`ptkmhkmhe Mkrtfg`ptkmhkmhe su pghre y su tàk trgogdgogm em umg içorcng he zgpgtks. Heshe peque÷k tuvk cmterãs em jg ncemncg y gpremhcþ tkhk jk que pkhàg he jks jcorks. He mc÷k sus pghres jk jjevgogm g jg cajescg Nkmareagnckmgjcstg y g jg ehgh he 7? g÷ks je hcdk g su `ghr `g hre e que que yg mk quer queràg àg gscs gscstctcr. r. Rr Rrei eicr crcþ cþ jg cm cmve vest stca cagn gncþ cþm m nc ncem emtà tàicicng ng g jg jgss nreemncgs he nugjqucer hka`g. Gscstcþ g jg esnuejg Mkrtfg`ptkm Arg``gr  ^nfkkj   (fky Esnuejg Mkrtfg`ptkm pgrg Mc÷ks) y hespuãs he jks 78 g÷ks ^nfkkj rencocþ umg oeng pgrg estuhcgr @gte`çtcngs, Iàscng y Wuà`cng em jg @cjj Fcjj ^nfkkj he Jkmhres. Estuhcþ iàscngem iàscngem ej Umcverscty Nkjjeae Jkmhkm Jkmhkm,, hespuãs he ser renfgzghk pkr jg Umcverschgh he Ng`orchae, Ng`orchae, jcnemncçmhkse em ncemncgs em 73>1 g 73>1 g jks ?7 g÷ks. ^us nkmte`pkrçmeks em cmvestcagncþm skore ej GHM, k  Çnchk Heskxcrcok Munjecnk _ksg _ksgjcmh jcmh Irgml Irgmljcm jcm y  y @gurcne @gurcne Qcjlc Qcjlcms ms  gs gscst cstcer cerkm km g jg Umcverschgh he Ng`orchae Ng`orchae,, em Mewmfg` Mewmfg` y  y ^t. Dkfms Dkfms,, respentcvg`emte.

 

Nfgrje Nfg rjes s _ko _koert ert Hgr Hgrwcm wcm (  (7? 7? he ie ieor orer erk k he 7623 7623 „  „ 73 he gorcj gorcj he  he 766? 766?)) iue

um mgturgjcstg  mgturgjcstg cmajãs cmajãs  que pkstujþ que tkhgs jgs espences he espences  he seres vcvksfgm vcvks fgm evkjunckmghk evkjunckmghk  nkm ej tce`pk g pgrtcr he um gmtepgsghk nk`ôm `ehcgmte nk`ôm  `ehcgmte um prknesk hemk`cmghk sejenncþm mgturgj mgturgj.. Jg evkjuncþm iue gneptghg nk`k um fenfk pkr jg nk`umchgh ncemtàicng ncemtàicng y  y pkr ouemg pgrte hej pôojcnk em vchg he Hgrwcm, `cemtrgs que su tekràg tekràg he  he jg evkjuncþm `ehcgmte sejenncþm mgturgj mk iue nkmscherghg nk`k jg expjcngncþm prc`grcg hej prknesk evkjutcvk fgstg jks g÷ks 73>2. 73>2.7 Gntugj`emte nkmstctuye jg ogse he jg sàmtescs evkjutcvg `khermg. `khermg. Nkm sus `khcicngnckmes, jks hesnuorc`cemtks ncemtàicnks he Hgrw Hg rwcm cm gôm gôm sc scau auem em sc scem emhk hk ej gntg gntg iu iumh mhgn gnck ckmg mgjj he jg jgockjkaàg ockjkaàg  nk`k ncem ncemncg, ncg, puestk que nkmstctuyem umg expjcngncþm jþacng que jþacng que umcicng jgs koservgnckmes skore jg hcverschgh he jg vchg vchg..? ^cr  Gj Gjex exgm gmhe herr Ij Ije` e`cm cma a (  (Hgrvej Hgrvej,, 9 he gakstk he 7667 „ 7667 „ Jkmhres Jkmhres,, 77 he `grzk he `grzk  he 7355 7355)) iue um ncemtàicnk ncemtàicnk  esnknãs esnknãs  ig ig`k `ksk sk pk pkrr he hesn snuo uorc rcrr jg emzc emzc`g `g gmtc`cnrko gmtc` cnrkocgmg cgmg jjg`g jjg`ghg hg jcskzc`g. jcskzc`g. Xg Xg`o `ocã cãm m iue iue ej prc` prc`er erk k em ko kose serv rvgr gr jk jkss eientks gmtcocþtcnk  gmtcocþtcnk he jg pemcncjcmg pemcncjcmg  kotemch chk k g pgrtcr hej fkmakRemcncjjcu` nfryskaemu` . Ije`cma mgncþ em Gyrsfcre em Gyrsfcre,, Esnkncg Esnkncg y  y `urcþ em Jkmhres Jkmhres,, Cmajgterrg Cmajgterrg,, g jks 18 g÷ks. Xrgogdþ nk`k `ãhcnk `cnrkocþjkak em ej Fkspctgj ^t. @gry he Jkmhres fgstg ej nk`cemzk he jg Rrc`erg Auerrg @umhcgj @umhcgj.. Em este fkspctgj trgogdþ em ej Hepgrtg`emtk he Cmknujgnckmes, hehcnghk g jg `edkrg y igorcngncþm he vgnumgs y suerks. Gj`krtf Ehwgrh Qrcaft, senretgrck hej Hepgrtg`emtk, hespertþ ej cmterãs he Ije`cma pkr muevks trgtg`cemtks pgrg jgs cmiennckmes. Hurgmt Hurg mte e jg auer auerrg rg iu iue e `ã `ãhc hcnk nk `c `cjct jctgr gr em jk jkss irem iremte tess he Ir Irgm gmnc ncg g y qu queh ehþ þ c`pres c`p resckm ckmghk ghk pkr jg argm argm `krtgj `krtgjchg chgh h ngusg ngusghg hg pk pkrr jgs ferchg ferchgss he `et `etrgj rgjjg jg cmientghgs (ed.4 agmaremg agseksg) em jks fkspctgjes he ng`pg÷g. Icmgjczghg jg auerrg aue rrg,, rea reares resþ þ gj Fks Fkspct pctgj gj ^t. @gry @gry hkm hkmhe he ous ousnþ nþ cmt cmtem emsg` sg`emt emte e um mue muevk vk gmtcsãptcnk que evctgse jg hurg gakmàg prkvknghg pkr jgs ferchgs cmientghgs. Akjac, Ctgjcg Ctgjcg,, 1 he  dujck he  dujck  he 768> 768>  - Rgvàg Rgvàg,, ?7 he emerk emerk he  he 73?9) 73?9) iue um `ãhcnk `ãhcnk y  y nctþjkak nctþjkak  ctgjcgmk ctgjcgmk.. Ogrtkjk`ek

Ng`cjjk

E`cjck

Akjac (N  (Nkrtemk

Fcdk Fcdk he um iu iumn mnck ckmg mgrck rck hej hej hepg hepgrt rtg` g`em emtk tk `ã `ãhc hcnk nk,, es estu tuhc hcþ þ `ehc `ehcnc ncmg mg em jg Umcverschgh he Rgvàg Rgvàg,, hkmhe se arghuþ em 7695 7695.. Xrgogdþ gjaôm tce`pk em jg njàmcng pscqucçtrcng hej nrc`cmþjkak nrc`cmþjkak  Nesgre Jk`orksk Jk`orksk,, perk prkmtk se cmteresþ pkr jg fcstkjkaàg. fcstkjkaàg. Em 761? nk`emzþ 761? nk`emzþ g trgogdgr em ej pgoejjþm he cmnurgojes he um fksp fkspctctgj gj he Goocgteargssk he Goocgteargssk.. Eder Edernc ncþ þ nk`k nk`k prki prkies eskr kr he gmgtk`àg  gmgtk`àg em jg jgss Umcverschg Umcve rschghes hes he Xuràm y Xuràm y ^cemg  ^cemg y nk nk`k `k ngte ngtehr hrçt çtcn cnk k he fc fcst stkj kjka kaàg àg em jg he Rgvàg, he jg que jjeaþ g ser hengmk he jg Ignujtgh he @ehcncmg y rentkr.

 

Ocþjkak Hk`cmcngmk

hk`cmcngmk, es ocþ cþjjkak fu`gmk y pgjekp pgj ekpgtþ gtþjka jkak, k, earesg earesghk hk hej ^`ctfs ^`ctfskmc kmcgm gm Cms Cmstctu tctutck tckm m em Qgs Qgsfcm fcmatk atkm, m, H.N H.N.. _egjczþ 5 g÷ks he estuhcks he `ehcncmg em jg Umcverschgh Gutþmk`g he ^gmtk Hk`cma Hk` cmak k y tg`ocã tg`ocãm m es estuh tuhcþ cþ psc pscnk nkjka jkaàg àg njàmcn njàmcng g em jg Umc Umcver versch schgh gh @u @umhc mhcgj gj Hk`cmcngmg y NEHER. Iue hcrentkr hej Hepgrtg`emtk he Gmtrkpkjkaàg Iàscng

Hr.

Ier erm mgm gmhk hk

Jum umg g

Ngjh gjher erþ þm,

hej @usek hej Fk`ore Hk`cmcngmk heshe ej 731> fgstg ej g÷k ?222. Knupþ em jg `cs`g cmstctuncþm jks ngraks he suohcrentkr em jks g÷ks 736>-69 y 7339?222. Heshe ?222, fg schk hcrentkr hej @usek he Fcstkrcg Mgturgj. Fg regjczghk ncemtks he exngvgnckmes grquekjþacngs em tkhk ej terrctkrck mgnckmgj. Ghe`çs, fg exng exngvg vghk hk ne`e ne`emt mter erck ckss go gokr kràa àaem emes es `u `uyy c` c`pk pkrt rtgm gmte tess em Ru Ruer ertk tk _c _cnk nk,, @grtcmcnk, Yemezuejg, Enughkr y Nuog. Fg puojcnghk ej Gtjgs he Rgtkjkaàg Kseg y `unfks ktrks jcorks em nkjgokrgncþm nkm c`pkrtgmtes icaurgs he jg grquekjkaàg hk`cmcngmg, vemezkjgmg, ctgjcgmg y espg÷kjg, ghe`çs he grtànujks ncemtàicnks em revcstgs mgnckmgjes y extrgmdergs. septce`ore  he 73?>, 73?>, Jcney gj Euaemck He Desôs @grngmk Ikmheur   (* ?1 he septce`ore  @ehck,, ^gmtcgak he jks Ngogjjerks @ehck Ngogjjerks  - 76 he septce`ore septce`ore he  he ?22> ?22>,, ^gmtk Hk`cmak he Auz`çm, e_epôojcng Auz`çm, Hk`cmcngmg Hk`cmcngmg) ) iue oktçmcnk,, emtk`þjkak emtk`þjkak,, ferpetþjkak ferpetþjkak,, espejeþjkak e espejeþjkak cmvestcaghkr hk`cmcngmk. hk`cmcngmk . um oktçmcnk Cm Cmnu nurs rsck ckmþ mþ em `gjgnkjkaàg `gjgnkjkaàg,, aekjkaàg, aekjkaàg, tkxcn tkxcnkjka kjkaàg àg oktçm oktçmcng cng   y pgjekmtkjkaàg hkmhe fczk gpkrtes scamcicngtcvks pgrg jgs ncemncgs mgturgjes. Estç renkmknchk nk`k umk he jks cmvestcaghkres he jgs ncemncgs mgturgjes nkm `gykres gpkrtes em jg Csjg he ^gmtk Hk`cmak y Hk`cmak y sus esngsks estuhcks ikr`gjes, jk nkmvcertem em um ede`pjk he temgnchgh y e`pe÷k pkr sus hktes he gutkhchgntg. Fcdk he Desôs @gràg @grngmk ^gmtgmg y he Nje`emncg Ocemvemchg Ikmheur. _egjczþ prc`erks nursks em jg esnuejg eje`emtgj he Jcney gj @ehck, @ehck, pgsgmhk ju juea eak k g jg Esn snue uejg jg Rrc rc` `grc rcg g he Xg`okrcj Xg`okrcj,, hk hkmh mhe e nk nk`p `pje jetþ tþ su suss es estu tuhc hcks ks prc`gr prc `grcks cks.. ^e trg trgsjg sjghþ hþ g ^gmtcg ^gmtcgak ak he jks Ng Ngogj ogjjerk jerkss pgrg pgrg sea seaucr ucr est estuhc uhcks ks senumhgrcks hkmhe kotuvk ej tàtujk he @gestrk Mkr`gj he Rrc`erg Emse÷gmzg. Xg`ocãm nursþ estuhcks nk`erncgjes. Em Gorcj he 7381 7381 nkmtrgdk  nkmtrgdk `gtrc`kmck nkm Nkmsuejk @grtàmez. Xuvk ncmnk fcdks4 Dksã Euaemck, Nje`emncg Nkmsuejk, Desôs @gràg, @gtcjhe Gsumncþm y Euaemck he Desôs. Rknk hespuãs he nreghg jg prkvcmncg he ^gmtcgak _khràauez, se trgsjghþ g su ncuhgh ngpctgj, ^gogmetg, hkmhe trgogdþ pkr um tce`pk nk`k nkmtgoje em ej Ogmnk Garànkjg. Jueak iumhþ ej Cmstctutk Nk`erncgj ^gm Camgnck he Jkykjg, jg prc`erg esnuejg nk`erncgj em ^gogmetg.

 

_gigej @gràg @ksnksk Ruejjk  (* ^gmtk Hk`cmak  Hk`cmak 71 he ieorerk ieorerk he  he 7618 7618  - coàh.,

7? he kntuore  kntuore  he 7357) 7357) iue um mgturgjcstg mgturgjcstg,, oktçmcnk oktçmcnk,, ehunghkr   prkieskr   he he jg Umcverschgh Gutþmk`g he ^gmtk Hk`cmak, hcrentkr he su Cmstctutk Oktçmcnk heshe ej 75 he gorcj gorcj he  he 7387 fgstg 7387 fgstg su henesk. Iue ej prc`er ncemtàicnk hk`cmcngmk que estuhcþ jg ijkrg mgnckmgj. Em 7321  7321  se estgojene em ^g ^gmt mtcg cgak ak he jk jkss Ng Ngog ogjjjjer erks ks,, reg regjcjczzgmh mhk k gjjjjàà pgrte grte he sus cmvestcagnckmes. Xg`ocãm renkjentþ ijkrg em jks gjrehehkres he ^gmtk Hk`cmak y em ktrgs reackmes, nk`k em Rcnk Hceak he Kng`pk, ^gm Dksã he jgs @gtgs, Jàmeg Mkrkeste, @krrk he @kmtenrcstc. Ruojcnþ cmteresgmtes te`gs skore Fcstkrcg mgturgj mgturgj,, Aekargiàg, Tkkjkaàg.

 

Jgs prcmncpgjes rejgnckmes cmterespenàicngs skm jgs scaucemtes (se cmhcng nkm um scamk "(+)" sc umg espence sgje oemeicncghg he jg rejgncþm, nkm um scamk "(-)" sc sgje perduhcnghg y nkm um "(2)" sc jg rejgncþm je es cmhcieremte)47

_ejgncþm cmterespenàicng

Espence G

Espence O

Ede`pjk

 Gmtcockscs

(2)

(-)

-

Epcockscs

Epcockmte (+)

Fkspehghkr (-) -

Xgmgtknrescs

(+)

(2)

-

Expjktgncþm

(+)

(-)

-

Nk`petemncg

(-)

(-)

-

Ikrescg

(+)

(2)

-

Heprehgncþm

Heprehghkr (+) Rresg (-)

-

Rgrgsctcs`k

Rgrgsctk (+)

Fuãspeh (-)

-

Nk`emsgjcs`k

Nk`emsgj (+)

Fuãspeh (2)

-

 

_ejgncþm cmterespenàicng

Espence G

Espence O

Ede`pjk

Cmqucjcmcs`k

Cmqucjcmk (+)

Fuãspeh (2)

-

^c`ockscs

(+)

(+)

-

@utugjcs`k

(+)

(+)

-

 G`emsgjcs`k

(-)

(2)

-