5 - Andre Segal - Por Uma Didática Da Duração

 

WM_  P PLK  A AHAËQHIK  A AK  A AP_KÊÉM;   (Qrkauêém pkrk usm hdt`rdm ’ Ihri` B`rdkda`s Ohtt`dimurt) Ohtt`dimu rt) @dshdkr chstùrhk, dk prëthik qumthahkdk ams prmb`ssmr`s, dks bmrlufkêð`s mbhihkhs ams prmjrklks r`bf`thams dms lkdukhs `simfkr`s, dm imds`dsm j`rkf è, `l  prhdiìphm ` quks` `xifushvkl`dt`, imludhikr ul imdc`ihl`dtm bkitukf am pksskam. @dshdkr chstùrhk è `dshdkr ulk ‖Chstùrhk a` ...“. Y`nk Chstùrhk ak Brkdêk, Chstùrhk am shdahikfhslm mu Chstùrhk aks tèidhiks. Mrk, dùs `stklms imdv`dihams a` qu` m pma`r `auikthvm ak chstùrhk ` m `x`riìihm lkhs b`iudam a` suk budêém smihkf r`sha`l dm `dshdm a` s`u lètmam. Ymor` hssm, `xhst` ul i`rtm kimram `dtr` ms chstmrhkamr`s. @lomrk suks prëthiks a` `dshdm dém iklhdc`l d`ssk ahr`êém, k lkhmr pkrt` ams prmb`ssmr`s imdsha`rk hlpmrtkdt` ` vkfmrhzk m lètmam chstùrhim dk `auikêém, km l`dms imlm utmphk. L`slm qukdam ms prmjrklks bkz`l r`imrt`s am pksskam `l bkthks irmdmfùjhiks, j`mjrëbhiks mu t`lëthiks, ms prmb`ssmr`s hdtrmauz`l ms mon`thvms l`tmamfùjhims, luhtks v`z`s hdimdsih`dt`l`dt`, lks quks` s`lpr` hlpfhihtkl`dt`. Wkrk m @stkam, ` dk mphdhém ams  prùprhms prmb`ssmr`s, aa`v` `v` s`r kir`si`dtkam imlm mon` mon`thvm, thvm, km fkam ak trkdslhssém ak l`lùrhk chstùrhik, m a`s`dvmfvhl`dtm am `spìrhtm irìthim.  Dém komrakr`lms ks r`fkêð`s `dtr` `stk l`lùrhk chstùrhik `simfkr `sim fkr ` k l`lùrhk imf`thvk, d`l ks imdahêð`s a` imlpkthohfhaka` `dtr` k kpr`dahzkj`l ak ahsihpfhdk ` k trkdslhssém ak l`lùrhk. Dmssk prmpmstk s`rë shlpf`sl`dt` ahsi`rdhr k hlpmrtïdihk ak komrakj`l imdi`htukf, pkrthiufkrl`dt` ms imdi`htms r`fkihmdkams km t`lpm, ` a` suj`rhr qu` ms rhtlms ` dìv`hs a` aurkêém orkua`fhkdms ’ `struturk, imdnudturk ` kimdt`ihl`dtm ’ pmssu`l ul jrkda` vkfmr p`akjùjhim ` qu` è pmssìv`f hdimrpmrë-fms dk prëthik a` `dshdm, km l`dms dks ifkss`s a` dìv`f s`iudaërhm. Lks, hdhihkfl`dt`, trktk-s` a` hdakjkr> qukf lètmam l ètmam è kpfhikam `l qukf lktèrhk a` `dshdm= Yko`lms qu` m imdi`htm a` ‖pksskam“, pmr lkhs bëihf ` mra`dkam qu` `f` s` kpr`s`dt`, dém dms è subhih`dt` ` d`l a`v`rhk s`r pkrk s`r trkdslhtham ç `simfk. Dùs musklms kbhrlkr qu`, k a`sp`htm aks ahv`rjîdihks, ms chstmrhkamr`s kalht`l qu` k

r`fkêém aks smih`aka`s iml k aurkêém è m pmdtm `sp`iìbhim ak hdv`sthjkêém chstùrhik, ;

  Y@JKF, Kdarè ’ Wmur ud` ahakithqu` a` fk aur``, hd LMDHMQ, C`drh (mrj).  @ds`hjd`ur F‘chstmhr` ’

a`s

lkdu`fs k fk lèlmhr`. O`rd`, W`t`r Fmdj @ahthmds, ;831, pp. 89-;;;.

Wëjhdk ; a` ;2

 

s`us prmi`ssms ikrkit`rìsthims a` luakdêk, ks f`dthað`s ` ks ki`f`rkêð`s. Y` ks  p`squhsks a` chstùrhk s` imdbuda`l, luhtks v`z`s, iml ks a` kdtrmpmfmjhk, a` `tdmfmjhk ’ ` dk lkhmrhk aks v`z`s b`fhzl`dt` ’ k kt`dêém ams chstmrhkamr`s r`ikh l`dms smor` ks `struturks hlùv`hs am qu` smor` k luakdêk ` s`us lmvhl`dtms hdt`rdms. Ymlms, ksshl, trkdspmrtkams ç hdt`fhjîdihk ak aurkêém pr`s`dt` ` ams buturms  pmssìv`hs p`fm `sbmrêm a` imlpr``da`r dmssm udhv`rsm smihkf p`fks suks bmrêks a` luakdêk ` a` r`shstîdihk ç luakdêk, suks rupturks ` suks imdthduhaka`s. O`fm  prmjrklk `simfkr! Km r`kfhzkr s`u hl`dsm trkokfcm, k ihîdihk chstùrhik a`s`dvmfv`u mu `lpr`stmu ulk sèrh` a` hdstrul`dtms, luhtks v`z`s prùprhms a` a`t`rlhdkams p`rìmams mu  p`rt`di`dt`s k a`t`rlhdkams amlìdhms. Lks, km fkam a`ssk ahv`rshaka` ` kp`skr aks imdbrmdtkêð`s ha`mfùjhiks, dém s` pma` d`jkr ulk i`rtk udhaka` am lètmam chstùrhim budakl`dtkak smor` m usm a` amhs prmi`ahl`dtms, ul lkhs kdthjm, mutrm lkhs r`i`dt`> k irìthik  ams trkêms am pksskam, k prmof`lëthik  t`dam imlm r`b`rîdihk m pr`s`dt`. Amhs kaëjhms ms irhkrkl ` ms budakl`dtkl> ‖Y`l amiul`dtm dém cë chstùrhk“, ‖Y`l  prmof`lk dém cë chstùrhk“. K ahaëthik a` ulk chstùrhk-lètmam oks`hk-s` smor` `ss`s amhs `hxms. A` ul fkam, è pr`ihsm kpr`da`r k trktkr ms amiul`dtms. A` mutrm fkam, è  pr`ihsm kpr`da`r k uthfhzkr ms imdi`htms kdkfìthims qu` tmrdkl k amiul`dtkêém hdt`fhjìv`f. Ymor` m prhl`hrm tùphim, në s` r`kfhzkrkl prmjr`ssms kpr`ihëv`hs. _krms sém ms  prmb`ssmr`s qu` hlkjhdkl pma`r trkokfckr s`l m kpmhm a` amiul`dtms `sirhtms, himdmjrëbhims mu imdstruìams. Qmams ms lkdukhs mb`r`i`l pmsshohfhaka`s a` `simfck a` amiul`dtms ` ul oml dþl`rm a` imf`êð`s a` chstùrhk imfmikl t`st`ludcms a` bktms imdt`lpmrïd`ms pkrk hdt`rpr`tkêð`s ams chstmrhkamr`s. Lks, dém a`v`lms dms hfuahr.  Dk lkhmr pkrt` ams iksms, ms amiul`dtms s`rv`l kp`dks imlm hfustrkêém ams bktms, imlm shlpf`s lmthvkêém. Wmuims prmb`ssmr`s, bmrk ak udhv`rshaka`, oks`hkl suk prëthik dk kdëfhs` aks bmdt`s ` sém pmuim dul`rmsms kqu`f`s qu` imfmikl imlm mon`thvm prhmrhtërhm `dshdkr ms kfudms k irhthië-fks. Dk r`kfhaka`, k kpr`dahzkj`l smor` k hdt`rpr`tkêém ams amiul`dtms tmrdmu-s` shlpf`sl`dt` ul mon`thvm `simfkr kfl`nkam mu, dk l`fcmr aks chpùt`s`s, è kp`dks imdsha`rkam imlm ulk pmsshohfhaka`.

Wëjhdk ? a` ;2

 

@ssk kpr`dahzkj`l dém vkh fmdj` s`l qu` cknk ulk kpr`dahzkj`l ak  prmof`lëthik ç qukf `fk `stë kssmihkak. M kfudm, l`slm iml amz` kdms, juhkam ka`qukakl`dt`, a`simorhrë qu` m amiul`dtm ‖bkfk“ qukdam fc` sém imfmikaks qu`stð`s ` pma`rë p`ri`o`r qu` m amiul`dtm pmssuh ulk fhdjukj`l ahb`r`dt` s`judam ms sun`htms qu` m hdt`rrmjkl. M kfudm imlpr``da`rë qu` ks hdbmrlkêð`s r`imfchaks ka`qukakl`dt` tmrdkl-s` lkhs pr`ihmsks qukdam è pmssìv`f ifksshbhië-fks `l ikt`jmrhks. Jrkêks km usm a` ikt`jmrhks, ms bktms s` `sifkr`i`l uds kms mutrms ` susihtkl dmvks qu`stð`s! @stks ikt`jmrhks hdtrmauz`l ulk im`rîdihk dm t`lpm qu` s` `simk, dém s` fhlhtkdam k ul lml`dtm am pksskam lks hdt`jrkdam-m km pr`s`dt` ` kms  prmn`tms buturms. Km imdstktkr hssm, m kfudm imlpr``da` qu` pkrk imdstruhr chstùrhk è  pr`ihsm sko`r lkd`nkr i`rtks b`rrkl`dtks l`dtkhs. K kthvhaka` imdi`htukf è, pmrtkdtm, m s`judam pfkdm ak kpr`dahzkj`l l`tmamfùjhik. Dk prëthik, `ssk kthvhaka` `stë hlpfìihtk ` è hd`r`dt` km lètmam. Ks  pkfkvrks ihriufkl imdbuskl`dt`> pkpkam, pkpkam , pkrtham, pkìs, pmvm, pmvmkêém, pf`o`, pmfìihk,  pmfìthik, ifkss`s amlhdkdt`s, pma`r, hlpr`dsk, prmf`tkrhkam... Luhtks v`z`s `ssks  pkfkvrks sém a`bhdhaks. @fks dém sém `dt`dahaks `l tmak suk prmbudahaka` ` d`l sém  p`ri`ohaks imlm imdi`htms. È pr`ihsm, `dtr`tkdtm, qu` `fks s`nkl hdt`jrkaks dks ikt`jmrhks imdi`htukhs ` krthiufkaks ulks çs mutrks. È bëihf krthiufkr k v`fck aupfk rmlkdk ‖pktrìihms ’ pf`o`us“. Lks, qukf k r`fkêém a`ssk aupfk iml m prmf`tkrhkam= @xhst` ul ‖pkìs“ suìêm, ulk ‖pëtrhk“ suìêk, ulk ‖dkêém“ suìêk, ul ‖@stkam“, ul ‖pmvm“, ulk ‖smih`aka`“ suìêms= K pkrthr a` qukdam, `l qukf `spkêm, pmr qukhs jrupms smihkhs= @ qukhs ks r`fkêð`s `dtr` ‖pkpkam“, ‖irhsthkdhslm“, ‖irhstkdaka`“, ‖hjr`nk“= Ks dmêð`s ams kfudms smor` k lkhmr l khmr pkrt` a`ss`s t`rlms sém luhtm imdbusks. @dbhl, è pr`ihsm `xpfhihtkr qu` m imdc`ihl`dtm aks pkfkvrks, l`slm qukdam imrr`tkl`dt` a`bhdhaks, dém shjdhbhik qu` cknk ul v`raka`hrm imdc`ihl`dtm imdi`htukf. Wkrkamxkfl`dt`, k kpr`dahzkj`l imdi`htukf dém pma` s`r t`ùrhik. @fk è d`i`sskrhkl`dt` k kpr`dahzkj`l a` ulk prëthik. Y`dam bmrêkam k kpfhikr k pkfkvrk `l r`kfhaka`s lþfthpfks, m kfudm t`l imdahêð`s a` kaquhrhr k lktrhz am imdnudtm imdi`htukf ktè m lml`dtm `l qu` pkssk p kssk k hdt`jrë-fk `spmdtkd`kl`dt` `l s`u ahsiursm. K l`ahak `l qu` m kfudm kaquhr` m lkd`nm ams imdi`htms ` imds`ju` krthiufëfms `dtr` sh, `f` imdstrùh k suk prùprhk ika`hk a` kdëfhs`. M kfudm trkz imdc`ihl`dtms `simfkr`s kiulufkams dks ahv`rsks ahsihpfhdks iurrhiufkr`s ` pmssuh ulk sèrh` a` Wëjhdk 9 a` ;2

 

`dshdkl`dtms hdbmrlkhs qu` `f` r`i`o` aks lìahks, a` s`u l`hm ` a` suk `xp`rhîdihk  p`ssmkf. @stk ika`hk a` kdëfhs` dém m imdauzhrë d`i`sskrhkl`dt` ç imdstruêém a` ul shst`lk a` hdt`rpr`tkêém t`ùrhik, im`r`dt` ` jfmokf. Pl `dshdm lkhs shst`lkthzkam,  prmjr`sshvm, udhbmrl` pma`rhk kfikdêkr tkf l l`tk. `tk. Y`rhk d`i`ssërhm, ppkrk krk hssm, qu` ulk þdhik bhfmsmbhk pr`shahss` k imdi`pêém a` prmjrklks ` k bmrlkêém ams prmb`ssmr`s, ha`kf k s`r p`rs`juham mu p`rhjm k s`r `vhtkam, `ssk dém è, a` qukfqu`r bmrlk, ulk qu`stém qu` s` r`smfv`rë klkdcé. Ms imdi`htms qu` sust`dtkl m lètmam chstùrhim sém l`dms `sp`ihkfhzkams,  p`rt`di`dt`s km iklpm am p`dskl`dtm imlul ` sém thrkams mikshmdkfl`dt` aks ihîdihks smihkhs. Wkrk k kpr`dahzkj`l a` imdi`htms, dém pma`lms ktukfl`dt` prmpmr ulk ch`rkrquhk p`akjùjhik d`l ulk mra`l a` prmjr`ssém a`bhdhak ‖k prhmrh“. @dtr`tkdtm, pkr`i`-dms f`jìthlm icklkr k kt`dêém pkrk ms imdi`htms lkhs `sp`iìbhims ak ahsihpfhdk. Y` k chstùrhk s` prmpð`, pmr prhdiìphm, `xpfhikr k luakdêk smihkf ` k r`fkêém aks smih`aka`s iml k aurkêém, ms imdi`htms prhmrhtërhms ak ahsihpfhdk chstùrhik sém ms a` t`lpm. Wrhl`hrkl`dt`, t`lms qu` r`bf`thr smor` k irmdmfmjhk, k l`ahak am t`lpm, m `dshdm l`tmamfùjhim lkhs kdthjm, m lkhs `xpfìihtm ` tkloèl m lkhs pmor`. @xhst`l `l luhtms lkdukhs `simfkr`s ul ikpìtufm smor` k irmdmfmjhk ` r`p`t`l a` vërhks bmrlks ks haèhks hdhihkhs. Kfjuds fhvrms vém kfèl a` nmjms l`iïdhims ` prmpð`l `x`riìihms qu` a`s`dvmfv`l m s`dtham hdtuhthvm ak aurkêém. Wmr `x`lpfm, p`fm imdi`htm a` ‖j`rkêém“ ` k r`bf`xém smor` s`u prùprhm t`lpm a` vhak, m kfudm kaquhr` ulk i`rtk imdsihîdihk ak aurkêém ` ak luakdêk smihkf. Lks hstm è khdak luhtm `f`l`dtkr. [u`r`lms `xklhdkr s` è pmssìv`f hdtrmauzhr shst`lkthikl`dt` dm `dshdm `simfkr ul kpr`dahzkam ams rhtlms ` dìv`hs ak aurkêém. Mu s`nk, ms imdi`htms orkua`fhkdms a` `struturk, imdnudturk, kimdt`ihl`dtm sém p`akjmjhikl`dt` mp`rktùrhms= K kquhshêém ` m kprmbudakl`dtm ams imdi`htms a` aurkêém s`rém b`htms pmr hdt`rlèahm a` `x`riìihms ’ mu a` nmjms ’ ikfhorkams s`judam k haka` ams kfudms. K bmrlufkêém t`ùrhik pma`rë mimrr`r imlm imdifusém. @dtr`tkdtm, pkrk ms bhds a`stk `xpmshêém, dùs suj`rhlms kfjuds thpms a` `x`riìihms kpùs ckv`r imdsha`rkam a`t`rlhdkams ksp`itms t`ùrhims. È `vha`dt` qu` pkrk tmrdkr ki`ssìv`f ms imdi`htms a` aurkêém, è pr`ihsm a`spmnë-fms a` suks imdmtkêð`s `ruahtks, shlpfhbhië-fms ` shst`lkthzë-fms. Hstm è m qu` t`dtkr`lms r`kfhzkr, imdsha`rkdam ks s`juhdt`s qu`stð`s> qu`stð `s> Wëjhdk 1 a` ;2

 

;.  m bktm chstùrhim5 ?.  ks trîs mra`ds ams bktms5 9.  ms rhtlms ak aurkêém5 1.  ms dìv`hs aks aurkêð`s. @l s`juhak bkr`lms kfjulks imdsha`rkêð`s smor` k vkfhaka` p`akjùjhik a`ss`s imdi`htms.

M bktm chstùrhim M bktm chstùrhim è ‖bktm“ p`fm chstmrhkamr, imdstruìam ` r`imrtkam dm t`lpm  p`fk p`squhsk chstùrhik. @ è imdsha`rkam imd sha`rkam imlm ‖bktm“ tuam m qu` è pksskam mu p`dskam dks smih`aka`s culkdks ` qu` r`v`fk k irìthik aks bmdt`s, tuam m qu` m cml`l prmauz am pmdtm a` vhstk lkt`rhkf mu l`dtkf, hda`p`da`dt` ak suk aurkêém mu hlpmrtïdihk. Yém bktms chstùrhims k bklìfhk duif`kr, k Brmdt` pmpufkr, ks ‖vmz`s“ a` Nmkdk a‘Kri, k ‖_mdak ak dmht`“, m ‖i`dtrm Wmlphamu“ mu ulk ‖Qkdkjrk“ qukfqu`r, m pr`êm am pém, k  p`ark pmfhak, m Wkrfkl`dtm orhtïdhim, m kssksshdktm a` C C`drhqu` `drhqu` HR, a` ul okdaham a` Ichikjm mu a` ul `sirkvm d`jrm kdñdhlm, m vñm `spkihkf a` Jkjkrhd, m  omlokra`kl`dtm a` Ju`rdhik, m usm am krkam, k hdihd`rkêém a` a`budtms, m usm a` jrkvktks, am quhlmdm, am n`kds, ul imfùquhm ahaëthim, tmaks ks r`kfhaka`s qu` kb`tkl ks smih`aka`s culkdks qu` thv`rkl ul iml`êm iml` êm ` t`rém ul bhl. È chstùrhim tuam m qu` dm t`lpm smihkf è susi`tìv`f a` luakdêk. Kdt`s a` komrakr ms imdi`htms a` aurkêém, è imdv`dh`dt` ksshl kss`jurkr qu` m imdi`htm a` ‖bktm chstùrhim“ korkdj` ul iklpm vkstm ` vkrhkam. v krhkam.

Ks trîs mra`ds ams bktms Ms bktms chstùrhims tîl ulk aurkêém vkrhëv`f. @xhst`l ms bktms a` iurtk

aurkêém ` ms bktms a` fmdjk aurkêém . ‖Iurtm“ ` ‖fmdjm“ sém t`rlms r`fkthvms. M dkihmdkfhslm lma`rdm è ul bktm fmdjm `l r`fkêém ç Ju`rrk a` ;8;1-;3 lks è ul bktm iurtm `l r`fkêém km hlp`rhkfhslm `urmp`u iunk chstùrhk c hstùrhk korkdj` p`rtm a` mhtm sèiufms.

Wëjhdk 0 a` ;2

 

@dtr`tkdtm, pma`-s` ahsthdjuhr trîs mra`ds a` aurkêém qu` dém s` ahb`r`dihkl l`ikdhikl`dt` p`fks l`ahaks a` t`lpm, imlm ks ikt`jmrhks ‖l`dms a` ul kdm“, ‖k ikak sèiufm“, ‖lkhs a` ul sèiufm“. @ssks trîs mra`ds sém, ak lkhs iurtk ç lkhs fmdjk, k mra`l am kimdt`ihl`dtm,

k mra`l ak imdnudturk, k mra`l ak `struturk . Ksshl kpkr`i`l ms bktms iurtms, ms bktms imdnudturkhs, ms bktms `struturkhs. M kimdt`ihl`dtm (èv`d`l`dt) è ul bktm or`v`, imrr`spmda`dam k ul lml`dtm pr`ihsm ` qu` ms imdt`lpmrïd`ms pma`l t`r ul imdc`ihl`dtm hl`ahktm smor` `f`> ul dksihl`dtm, ulk lmrt`, k puofhikêém a` ul fhvrm, k ksshdkturk a` ul kimram, ulk iktëstrmb` kèr`k, ulk jr`v`, ul imfùquhm, ul bktm a`ssk dktur`zk è ul kimdt`ihl`dtm, hda`p`da`dt` ak hlpmrtïdihk qu` s` ktrhouk k `f` p`fms imdt`lpmrïd`ms mu chstmrhkamr`s. K `struturk, km imdtrërhm, è ul bktm fmdjm ` l`slm a` fmdjk aurkêém, iunms lkrims irmdmfùjhims `sikpkl ç p`ri`pêém ams imdt`lpmrïd`ms (s` dém sém kdt`ihpkams pmr ulk kdëfhs` chstùrhik)> k `sirkvhaém kdthjk, m irhsthkdhslm miha`dtkf, m  ohl`tkfhslm lmd`tërhm, k prmhohêém am hdi`stm. K imdnudturk s` shtuk, j`rkfl`dt`, p`fk suk aurkêém `dtr` m kimdt`ihl`dtm ` k `struturk. Yhtukêém qu` dém s`rv`, `dtr`tkdtm, pkrk a`bhdh-fk pmrqu` dém s` pma` qukfhbhikr kutmlkthikl`dt` a` imdnudturkf tmam m bktm qu` dém s`nk ‖èv`d`l`dth`f“ Ukimdt`ihl`dtm\, d`l `struturkf. Ks imdnudturks r`suftkl ak imdimrrîdihk t`lpmrkf a` bktmr`s smihkhs qu` ahsthdju`l ms t`lpms kdt`rhmr`s mu pmst`rhmr`s. Ks imdnudturks s` kpr`s`dtkl imlm bfutukêð`s lkhs mu l`dms r`jufkr`s dm hdt`rhmr a` ulk `struturk. Ks imdnudturks s` lmahbhikl ` s` sui`a`l s`judam ul rhtlm qu`, pmr dém s`r s`dsìv`f hl`ahktkl`dt` è, `dtr`tkdtm, p`ri`ptìv`f kms imdt`lpmrïd`ms. K bklmsk ‖_`vmfuêém Qrkdquhfk“ a` [u`o`i ams kdms s`ss`dtk è ulk imdnudturk tìphik. Ks imdnudturks kdthjks `sikpkl luhtks v`z`s kms chstmrhkamr`s. K a`bhdhêém a`ssks trîs mra`ds a` bktms dms bmrd`i` amhs hdstrul`dtms a` kdëfhs` chstùrhik> ms rhtlms ak aurkêém ` ms dìv`hs ak aurkêém. @xklhdkams ms rhtlms, dùs imdsha`rkr`lms suk hdt`rkêém. Wkrk m `xkl` ams dìv`hs, bkr`lms ulk fhjkêém iml ms a`jrkus a` hdt`fhjhohfhaka`.

Wëjhdk 2 a` ;2

 

Ms rhtlms ak aurkêém Ak mos`rvkêém aks trîs mra`ds am bktm a`stkik-s` k p`ri`pêém a` trîs rhtlms. Ks smih`aka`s sém, iml `b`htm, suol`thaks ç sui`ssém rëphak  ams kimdt`ihl`dtms. Wufskêð`s ak ktukfhaka`, çs v`z`s r`jufkr`s, luhtks v`z`s kiha`dtkhs ` hlpr`vhstks. @ss` rhtlm è hdt`dshbhikam p`fk ahbusém lksshvk aks ‖dmtìihks“, shtukêém hjdmrkak dms smih`aka`s trkahihmdkhs. K sui`ssém aks imdnudturks hdtrmauz mutrms rhtlms lkhs f`dtms, p`ri`ptìv`hs, `dtr`tkdtm, a` s`r`l kpr``dahams dm a`imrr`r a` ulk vhak. Pl cml`l hamsm f`lorks` cmn` ams ‖o`fms kdms kdt`s ak ju`rrk“, ak ‖jrkda` ju`rrk“, am `dtr` auks-ju`rrks“ iml k ‖irhs`“, ak ‖s`judak ju`rrk“, am ‖pùs-ju`rrk“ iml ms ‖omds kdms s`ss`dtk“ ` k ‖dmvk irhs`“. [ukhsqu`r qu` s`nkl ks `thqu`tks iml ks qukhs `f`s s`rém a`dmlhdkams mu r`imrtkams, cë k imdsihîdihk a` ckv`r vhvham p`rìmams ak vhak smihkf qu` s` ahb`r`dihkl uds ams mutrms, cë k imdsihîdihk a` ul rhtlm imdnudturkf. Yko`-s` imdbuskl`dt` qu` ms kimdt`ihl`dtms, l`slm kqu`f`s qu` thv`rkl ulk jrkda` hlpmrtïdihk dk suk l`lùrhk, p`rt`di`l k ul mutrm rhtlm (m b`ickl`dtm a` ulk bëorhik, m omlokra`kl`dtm a` ;817, k imdstruêém a` ulk kutm-`strkak dks  prmxhlhaka`s, lkhm a` ;823...). K `ss`s rhtlms s` smor`pð`l ms lmvhl`dtms `xtr`lkl`dt` f`dtms qu` `sikpkl ç mos`rvkêém ` ç l`lùrhk hdahvhaukf ` qu` kp`dks m `stuam chstùrhim pma` r`v`fkr. Ks `struturks pkr`i`l tém hlùv`hs qu` m p`dskl`dtm hdjîdum imdsha`rk-ks imlm p`rt`di`dt`s ç dktur`zk hlutëv`f hlu tëv`f aks imhsks ` dém km cmrhzmdt` culkdm. D`dcul imdt`lpmrïd`m t`v` imdsihîdihk ak `struturk a` ir`sihl`dtm trh-s`iufkr qu` imor` m sèiufm mdz` km aèihlm qukrtm sèiufm `urmp`u. Pl t`st`ludcm imlm _kmuf Jfko`r  p`ri`o`u, `dtr`tkdtm, ulk dmvk dm vk imdnudturk kpùs m kdm lhf, ksshl imlm, tr`z`dtm tr`z`dtmss kdms lkhs tkra`, ms t`st`ludcms ak Jrkda` W`st`. Ksshl, ms rhtlms dém sém hda`p`da`dt`s. Plk akak imdnudturk pma` `stkr fhjkak km kimdt`ihl`dtm a` ulk `struturk dmvk mu km s`u `somrmkl`dtm. K imdnudturk  pma` kpkr`i`r imlm ikusk5 `fk è j`rkfl`dt` ul shdkf mu ul `f`l`dtm. K imd imdnudturk nudturk am bhl am sèiufm SH, lkrikak p`fk imdnudêém, `dtr` mutrks, ams lmvhl`dtms imludkhs, aks c`r`shks pmpufkr`s, aks r`bmrlks lmdësthiks ` pmdthbhihkhs... dém `stém krthiufkaks çs dmvks `struturks `imdñlhik ` a`lmjrëbhik= K dmvk imdnudturk sùihm-bklhfhkr

Wëjhdk : a` ;2

 

ikrkit`rhzkak cë vhdt` kdms p`fks tèidhiks kdth-imdi`pihmdkhs ` k fho`rkêém ams imstul`s lkrikl m bhl a`ssk `struturk quks` lhf`dkr qu` è k bklìfhk imdnujkf= M kimdt`ihl`dtm hdt`rb`r` tkloèl dms rhtlms aks imdnudturks ` aks `struturks. Plk a`t`rlhdkak chstùrhk fhd`kr `lpr`stk kms kimdt`ihl`dtms ul p`sm a`t`rlhdkdt`> m kssksshdktm a` Brkdihsim Nmsè, k lmrt` a` Aupf`sshs, mu k ‖hdv`dêém“ a` dmvks tèidhiks a` ktr`fkj`l ams ikvkfms a`t`rlhdkl k `struturk a` ir`sihl`dtm kjrma`lmjrëbhim ak Haka` Lèahk. Ms kimdt`ihl`dtms krthiufkl-s` kms lmvhl`dtms ak imdnudturk ` ak `struturk. L`slm ms nmrdkfhstks t`dtkl prhvhf`jhkr ms kimdt`ihl`dtms ‖shjdhbhikthvms“. Yhjdhbhikthvms, imrr`spmda`dam k lmvhl`dtms lkhs fmdjms... ` lkhs  prmbudams.

Ms dìv`hs ak aurkêém K `xpfhikêém ak luakdêk smihkf s` `x`ri` p`fk krthiufkêém a` pfkdms ` a` imdnudtms a` bktmr`s ahsthdtms (iufturkhs, `imdñlhims, pmfìthims, r`fhjhmsms...) kms qukhs hlpmrtk kvkfhkr m kfikdi` ` k hdt`fhjhohfhaka`. Mrk, k ahsthdêém ams rhtlms ak aurkêém  p`rlht` kjrupkr `ss`s pfkdms p`fms dìv`hs, s`judam vkfmr`s ` ulk hdt`fhjhohfhaka` ir`si`dt`s. M kimdt`ihl`dtm imor` prhdihpkfl`dt` m pfkdm pmfìthim am kiha`dtkf, am hdahvhaukf ` ak vhak pmfìthik. @ssk bmrlk a` pmfìthik fhjkak ç ktukfhaka` è pkr`dt` ak vhak `spmrthvk ` prùxhlk ak mra`l am `sp`tëiufm, am ahv`rthl`dtm> m imdbrmdtm a` hdahvìaums mu a` `quhp`s, p`rhpèihks lkhs mu l`dms kf`ktùrhks, nmjkaks a` iurtm t`rlm. @ss` prhl`hrm dìv`f  bmrd`i` pmuik lktèrhk ç `xpfhikêém ak luakdêk smihkf. @, iml `xi`êém a` s`u vkfmr dkrrkthvm, `f` kpr`s`dtk hdt`r`ss` pkrk m chstmrhkamr kp`dks s` `sthv`r hdt`jrkam kms lmvhl`dtms a` budam, imlm ul shdkf mu lkrik. K pr`ikrh`aka` ckohtukf a`ss` dìv`f dém kutmrhzk, `dtr`tkdtm, qu` pmssk s`r r`iuskam k prhmrh m p`sm a` tmam ‖jrkda` kimdt`ihl`dtm“ mu am ‖jrkda` p`rsmdkj`l“. @, `lomrk `ss` dìv`f s`nk ih`dthbhikl`dt` sup`rbhihkf, `f` è m lkhs vhsìv`f, m lkhs imdir`tm ` è p`akjmjhikl`dt` `ss`dihkf. K `xpfhikêém chstùrhik, pmr lkhs prmbudak qu` s`nk, a`v` pkrthr am kimdt`ihl`dtm ` kì r`tmrdkr, pkrk s` tmrdkr k ïdimrk pkrk k bmrlkêém ak hdt`fhjîdihk aks irhkdêks mu a` nmv`ds iunk kthtua` kostrktk dém `stë tmtkfl`dt` a`s`dvmfvhak.

Wëjhdk 3 a` ;2

 

Mrhjhdkrhkl`dt`, m imdi`htm a` imdnudturk s` kpfhik çs bfutukêð`s ak

`imdmlhk. Wmr kdkfmjhk ` pmr imdv`rjîdihk `ss` dìv`f s` kpfhik çs vkrhkêð`s aks r`fkêð`s a` pma`r ` ams ifhlks smihkhs, iufturkhs, l`dtkhs. K `ss` s`judam dìv`f, k `xpfhikêém ak luakdêk `sikpk km pþofhim lkhs imlul ` pr`ihsk r`udhr-s` k mutrms bktmr`s qu` pkr`i`l lkhs a`t`rlhdkdt`s. @ss` dìv`f è lkhs skthsbktùrhm pkrk m `spìrhtm lks sù è v`raka`hrkl`dt` hdt`fhjìv`f qukdam `stë r`fkihmdkam kms b`dñl`dms `struturkhs. M t`ri`hrm dìv`f s` miupk ams lmvhl`dtms f`dtms ak `imfmjhk culkdk, `dtr` j`mjrkbhk ` a`lmjrkbhk, ms imlpmrtkl`dtms imf`thvms lkhs `drkhzkams, j`stms, tèidhiks ` rhtukhs, vkfmr`s ` ir`dêks lkdhb`stkaks dks ‖hdsthtuhêð`s“ pmfìthiks ` r`fhjhmsks. Imrr`spmda` km pfkdm ak ihvhfhzkêém lkt`rhkf ` ams lmams a` prmauêém. È k dìv`f `struturkf qu` ms bktmr`s `xpfhikthvms mb`r`i`l im`rîdihk ` `dika`kl`dtm. K imlpr``dsém jfmokf a` ul lmvhl`dtm smihkf dém pma` s` `squhvkr a` ulk `xpfhikêém dms trîs dìv`hs. Dm ahk ?7 a` lkhm a` ;823, pmr r`b`r`daul, ms ckohtkdt`s a` [u`o`i pkr`i`l t`r r`n`htkam m prmn`tm a` smih`aka` a`bhdham p`fm pkrtham dm pma`r.  Dém s` pma` `dt`da`r `ss` lml`dtm, `siklmt`kdam (p (prhl`hrm rhl`hrm dìv`f) ks ihriud ihriudstïdihks stïdihks ak iklpkdck am ‖r`b`r`daul“, m pkp`f a` s`us prmtkjmdhstks, k `bhiëihk aks `strktèjhks, ms r`iursms ahspmdìv`hs p`fms pkrthams... D`i`ssërhm, `st` dìv`f a` `xpfhikêém è iurtm ` sup`rbhihkf. È pr`ihsm p`ri`o`r tmam m lmvhl`dtm ak imdnudturk (s`judam dìv`f) hdt`rrmjkdam a`sa` m hdìihm ams kdms s`ss`dtk k mrh`dtkêém aks imrr`dt`s ha`mfùjhiks ktè ks ahstmrêð`s ak phrïlha` aks haka`s, pksskdam p`fks bfutukêð`s `imdñlhiks. @dbhl, imlpr``da`r imlm `st` prmof`lk s` hdsir`v` (t`ri`hrm dìv`f) dk hdsthtuhêém i`dt`dërhk am b`a`rkfhslm, dk `struturk auks v`z`s i`dt`dërhk ak r`fkêém `dtr` m [u`o`i-Ikdkaë brkdiîs ` k amlhdkêém kdjfm-ikdka`ds`, qukfhbhikdam mu dém `stk `struturk imlm imfmdhkf. Hdsthtuhêém ` r`fkêém `struturkf qu` ms ckohtkdt`s a` [u`o`i tîl imlm r`b`rîdihk, ks l`dtkfhaka`s bmrnkaks `l ulk fmdjk aurkêém, kms dìv`hs lkhs prmbudams am iktmfhihslm rurkf ` am `spkêm imfmdhkf ak r`jhém. Ksshl, ms rhtlms chstùrhims imrr`spmda`l kms dìv`hs a` ‖prmbudahaka`“, a`bhdhams p`fm pr`amlìdhm a` i`rtms pfkdms ` p`fk hlpmrtïdihk ir`si`dt` a` s`us bktmr`s `xpfhikthvms. [ukdtm lkhs ‖prmbudams“, l`dms pkr`i`l s`r kb`tkams p`fm kiksm, lkhs `f`s sém hdt`fhjìv`hs ` lkhmr è s`u vkfmr `xpfhikthvm. @stks mos`rvkêð`s, r`thrkaks ak r`bf`xém t`ùrhik aks prëthiks ams amhs þfthlms a`iîdhms, pmssu`l ulk i`rtk Wëjhdk 8 a` ;2

 

bfuha`z. Lks, sém subhih`dt`s pkrk `stko`f`i`r ul imdi`htm a` dìv`f a` aurkêém, ahsthdtm am imdi`htm a` rhtlm, ul krthiufkam iml m mutrm, ` pkrk akr kms vmiëoufms ‖prmbudam“ ` ‖prmbudahaka`“ ulk i`rtk imdshstîdihk imdi`htukf.  Dm qu` s` r`b`r` km pfkdm p`akjùjhim, k imlpr``dsém ams rhtlms pma` trkdsbmrlkr-s` `l ul mon`thvm kutñdmlm ` vëfham. @dtr`tkdtm, p`ra`-s` luhtm s` dém s` imlohdkr k imlpr``dsém ams rhtlms iml k ams dìv`hs. M qu` pr`ihsklms v`rhbhikr  p`fk `xp`rhl`dtkêém è k pmsshohfhaka` a` s` trkokfckr iml `st`s amhs mon`thvms shluftkd`kl`dt` mu s` è pr`ihsm kthdjhr ` imdsmfhakr m prhl`hrm kdt`s a` ousikrlms `dt`da`r m s`judam. Ms imdi`htms fhjkams ç aurkêém sém hdstrul`dtms a` kdëfhs`. Dém sém ulk d`i`sshaka` a`rhvkak a` kfjulk r`kfhaka` chstùrhik `l sh. Luhtms bktms `sikpkl k `st`s r`imrt`s ` bmrlks a` `diklhdckl`dtm. @dtr`tkdtm, ms prùprhms bktms ’ dùs sko`lms ’ sém imdstruìams ` ikak ul a`f`s pma` s`r a`struìam ` r`imdstruìam pmr ikak chstmrhkamr `l ikak j`rkêém. Ms imdi`htms a` kimdt`ihl`dtm, imdnudturk ` `struturk, imlm ms imdi`htms kdkfìthims, sém çs v`z`s krohtrërhms ` mp`rkihmdkhs. @ m nmjm pma`rhk s` tmrdkr lkhs bëihf s` prmpusèss`lms quktrm, ihdim, s`hs rhtlms dm fujkr a` trîs. (...) Wkrk suosthtuhr ulk prhmrhaka` r`kf am lètmam k ams imdt`þams, k prëthik  p`akjùjhik dém pma` mo`a`i`r iml udkdhlhaka` kms hdt`r`ss`s imrpmrkthvhstks. Yko`lms qu` ms chstmrhkamr`s sém çs v`z`s rkrms ` vmfët`hs. L`slm imdt`stkdam k vkfhaka` a` tkf imdi`htm, pma`-s` r`imdc`i`r d`f` s`u vkfmr p`akjùjhim. Iml k imdahêém, `dtr`tkdtm, a` qu` ms fhlht`s ` k imdthdjîdihk am lètmam s`nkl `dshdkams. @ssk mp`rkêém `xhj` iuhakams. È hlp`rkthvm qu` dém s` miuft` k brkjhfhaka` am sko`r ` a`v`-s` `sthlufkr k aþvhak irìthik, smo p`dk a` bmrlkr `spìrhtms amutrhdërhms, lhfhtkdt`s i`jms ` dém ihakaéms `sifkr`ihams. È pr`ihsm iuhakam pkrk dém a`slmohfhzkr `spìrhtms luhtm nmv`ds p`fm `xi`ssm a` r`fkthvhslm5 pma` s`r luhtm i`am, pmr `x`lpfm, qu` s` `dshd` k ul l`dhdm a` amz` kdms tmaks ks hdi`rt`zks am imdc`ihl`dtm ih`dtìbhim. Kp`skr ak imdt`stkêém ak vkfhaka` j`rkf ams imdi`htms a` aurkêém ` aks pr`miupkêð`s k s`r`l tmlkaks pkrk dém s` irhkr amjlks, m vkfmr `auikthvm a` tkhs imdi`htms dms  pkr`i`l imdsha`rëv`hs. M ihakaém lèahm ’ dém m hdt`f`itukf a` prmbhssém, chstmrhkamr, bhfùsmbm mu smihùfmjm ’ è bmrlkam pmr lìahks, p`fms `stuams s`iudaërhms `, dm l`fcmr ams iksms,  p`fms `stuams pùs-`simfkr`s. @f` kpr`da` luhtks imhsks, hdifushv` chstùrhk. M ihakaém s` Wëjhdk ;7 a` ;2

 

a`brmdtk tmams ms ahks iml m kimdt`ihl`dtm or`v` ` iml k luakdêk smihkf. ‖K bëorhik qu` s` b`ick mu ks bèrhks imf`thvks... Pl hlhjrkdt` ktkik ulk nmv`l am okhrrm... M s`rvhêm a` ñdhous s` hdt`rrmlp` pmr ikusk a` ulk jr`v` a` lmtmrhstks... @st`s kimdt`ihl`dtms vém imdthdukr= A` qu`l è k iufpk= M qu` bkz`r=“ M ihakaém r`kj` a` hl`ahktm s`judam suks `lmêð`s5 a`sklpkrkam, `f` è m nmju`t` ak prmpkjkdak ` a` s`dthl`dtms pmpufkr`s `spmdtïd`ms mu hdshahmskl`dt` lkdhpufkams.  D`stks ihriudstïdihks, è k ikpkihaka` a` ahsthdjuhr ms rhtlms ` ms dìv`hs ak aurkêém qu` m knuakrë k shtukr ms kimdt`ihl`dtms a`dtrm a` ulk p`rsp`ithvk, k ahsthdjuhr bktmr`s imdnudturkhs ` `struturkhs, hdahvhaukhs ` imf`thvms. @stk kthtua`  pr`s`rvk m ihakaém a` r`kêð`s prhlërhks> k iùf`rk hlpmt`dt` ` imdbusk imdtrk ms  pktrð`s, `strkdj`hrms `strkd j`hrms ` shdahiktms lhsturkams mu m kokdamdm bktkfhstk ahkdt` aks bmrêks ams bktms> `xtrkpmfkr s`u rkdimr mu bkfkr a` but`omf. @ssk kthtua` a`s`dvmfv` m jmstm a`  pkrthihpkr a` ulk r`bf`xém imf`thvk ` ç kêém. Wmrqu` è k imdsihîdihk ams rhtlms ak luakdêk smihkf qu` pma` akr km ihakaém m s`dtham am pma`r chstùrhim, fho`rë-fm a` hlpmtîdihks brëj`hs ` aks `sp`rkdêks hfusùrhks. M ihakaém pma` kvkfhkr ks bmrêks a` r`shstîdihk ç luakdêk ` dém s` surpr``da`r p`fk f`dthaém iml qu` mimrr`l. Wma` ahsthdjuhr, smo ulk kpkr`dt` hlutkohfhaka`, ks `struturks, ks rkickaurks suot`rrïd`ks ` ms lmvhl`dtms f`dtms. @f` sko` tkloèl qu` ms rhtlms luakl> ks imdnudturks s` hdv`rt`l, ks `struturks s` rmlp`l ` l`slm, `l i`rtks imdahêð`s, ulk pr`ihphtkêém a` kimdt`ihl`dtms qu` icklklms ‖r`vmfuêém“ pma` imdtrhouhr pkrk `stks rupturks. Y`l aþvhak, k kiulufkêém a` hdbmrlkêð`s chstùrhiks imlm k pmss` a` ulk t`mrhk j`rkf a` hdt`rpr`tkêém a`s`dvmfv`l tkloèl k hdt`fhjîdihk am pr`s`dt`. Amlhdkr ms imdi`htms budakl`dtkhs ak aurkêém chstùrhik dms pkr`i`, `dtr`tkdtm, m l`hm lkhs s`jurm a` kthdjhr `stk hdt`fhjîdihk am pr`s`dt`> l`dms bfuhak qu` k prhl`hrk ` lkhs rìjhak qu` k mutrk. Yhlpfhbhikams, shst`lkthzkams, ifkrhbhikams ms imdi`htms a` aurkêém s`rém susi`ptìv`hs a` s`r`l `dshdkams. @f`s sém ksshlhfëv`hs pmr irhkdêks a` amz` k tr`z` kdms. @f`s pma`l s`r kprmbudakams kms a` quktmrz` ` quhdz` kdms. @ è pmssìv`f bkz`r ul `stuam t`ùrhim `l ifkss`s t`rlhdkhs am s`judam jrku. K a`sp`htm a` ulk fkrjk `xp`rhl`dtkêém, ahv`rshbhikak, r`p`thak, `stk imdvhiêém dms v`l a` ulk prëthik

Wëjhdk ;; a` ;2

 

 okstkdt` fmdjk a` `dshdm pkrk tmams ms dìv`hs `simfkr`s ` pmr kfjulks `xp`rhîdihks hdtuhthvks `l kdakl`dtm. Wma`lms mrjkdhzkr s`qöîdihks a`

`dshdm a`

bmrlks ahv`rsks `

imlpf`l`dtkr`s. Dùs suj`rhlms sulkrhkl`dt` trîs thpms> U;\ `x`riìihms pr`fhlhdkr`s smo bmrlk a` imf`tk a` bktms, a` ifksshbhikêém ` a` bhjurkêð`s jrëbhiks5 U?\ `vmikêém a` imrr`spmdaîdihks `dtr` k aurkêém pshimfùjhik ` aurkêém chstùrhik5 U 9 \ `x`riìihms a` kprmbudakl`dtm irìthim p`fk ‖f`hturk“ am lkdukf, a` t`st`ludcms vhvms, a` nmrdkf. M prhl`hrm thpm  U`x`riìihms pr`fhlhdkr`s smo bmrlk a` imf`tk a` bktms, a` ifksshbhikêém ` a` bhjurkêð`s jrëbhiks\ t`l pmr mon`thvm imdsmfhakr ` klpfhkr m imdi`htm a` bktm chstùrhim, a` `dshdkr k ifksshbhikr ms bktms `l ahv`rsks ikt`jmrhks,  pkrthiufkrl`dt` ks ikt`jmrhks a` aurkêém ` a` ktrkhr k r`bf`xém smor` k trìka`  orkua`fhkdk. Imf`tk ` ifksshbhikêém. Wmr hdt`rlèahm am lkdukf, r`vhstks, `dihifmpèahks, imdc`ihl`dtms kaquhrhams p`fk `xp`rhîdihk p`ssmkf ... hdahvhaukfl`dt` mu pmr `quhp`, bkz`r bhicks a` ikak bktm, imf`tkr ms ‖bktms lkt`rhkhs“, ‖bktms qu` ahz`l r`sp`htm kms s`dthl`dtms“, ms ‖bktms qu` ahz`l r`sp`htm km `x`riìihm a` ul a`t`rlhdkam pma`r“ ... Y` ms imdi`htms bmr`l ksshlhfkams ` `thqu`tkams, bkr-s`-ë r`imfc`r ‖bktms a` l`dtkfhaka`s“, ‖bktms `imdñlhims“, ‖bktms pmfìthims“ ... @ pkrk pr`pkrkr lkhs ahr`tkl`dt` ms `stuams a` imdi`htm a` t`lpm, ms kfudms s`rém imdvhakams k ifksshbhikfms s`judam k aurkêém. M hdt`r`ss` ak ‖imrr`êém“ a`ss`s `x`riìihms `l ifkss` è hdsuosthtuìv`f. Pl `x`lpfm or`v`> k tmrr` @hbb`f. Bktm iurtm= Dém hdt`hrkl`dt`, `fk khdak `stë kì ` pma` bhikr pmr luhtm t`lpm. Ahsthdêém `dtr` irhkêém ` vhak aks morks> Qmrr` @hbb`f ’ kimdt`ihl`dtm iurtm, tmrr` @hbb`f ’ `f`l`dtm `struturkf ak pkhskj`l  pkrhsh`ds`. @xp`rhîdihk tèidhik `l ;338. @xpfmrkêém turìsthik a`pmhs= Wmr quî= Kfturk, v`rthikfhaka`> sìlomfms. @ ks tmrr`s a` Dmtr`-Akl`, ` ks phrïlha`s am @jhtm= @hs k Qmrr` @hbb`f prmn`tkak `l ulk fmdjk aurkêém p`fk hdt`rpr`tkêém aks `struturks shloùfhiks. Ms bktms r`imfchams mu mutrms bktms prmpmstms p`fm prmb`ssmr s`rém shtukams `l ulk brhsk mu `l qukarms shdùpthims. È pr`ihsm uftrkpksskr kquh ms shlpf`s `x`riìihms a` irmdmfmjhk. M kfudm a`simorhrë qu` ms kimdt`ihl`dtms sém r`pr`s`dtkams bkihfl`dt`  pmr pmdtms `dqukdtm qu` ms bktms aurëv`hs s` hdsir`v`l `l fhdcks pkrkf`fks, ulks lkhs iurtks, mutrks lkhs fmdjks. @f` `dimdtrkrë ahbhiufaka`s `l hdt`rrmlp`r `ssks Wëjhdk ;? a` ;2

 

fhdcks `l ul fujkr pr`ihsm. @f` s`dthrë d`i`sshaka` a` hdt`jrkr i`rtms pmdtms d`ssks fhdcks ` ks fhdcks ulks çs mutrks. K uthfhzkêém ams prmi`ssms jrëbhims è luhtm hlpmrtkdt`> nmjms a` imr`s, tmds ihdz`dtms, trkêms a` bmrlk ` `sp`ssurk vkrhëv`hs... Wma`-s` ic`jkr ksshl k ahsthdjuhr ` imdstruhr vhsukfl`dt` vhsukfl`d t` trîs mra`ds a` bktms. M s`judam thpm U`vmikêém a` imrr`spmdaîdihks `dtr` k aurkêém pshimfùjhik ` aurkêém chstùrhik\ t`l pmr mon`thvm hdt`rhmrhzkr ms imdi`htms ` smor`tuam a`simorhr ms dìv`hs, kfèl ams rhtlms. Y`lpr` a`fhikams a` trkokfckr, ms prmi`ssms pmr kdkfmjhk iml k vhak p`ssmkf sém pkrthiufkrl`dt` `bhikz`s pkrk dmssm mon`thvm> r`imrr`r ç vhak `simfkr ` ç vhak s`dthl`dtkf, kms kimdt`ihl`dtms lkhs lkrikdt`s lkhs mu l`dms fmdjms, çs luakdêks vhvhaks mu pr`ss`dthaks (pkrthaks, luakdêks) f`dtks mu orusiks, çs p`rhmahihaka`s `struturkhs (bèrhks, b`stks kdukhs), çs p`rlkdîdihks qu` pr`ihskl a` `sbmrêm a` imdsihîdihk pkrk ha`dthbhikr (pr`s`dêk ams pkhs mu ams kvùs, imdahêð`s smihkhs, trkêms a` ikrët`r), ` ’ pkrk ms lkhmr`s ’ ks bmrêks hdimdsih`dt`s qu` k pshikdëfhs` bkrë a`spmdtkr. Kquh, a`sfhzk-s` s`l i`sskr dk aurkêém ams bktms r`fkihmdkams ç suk hlpmrtïdihk ` ç suk prmbudahaka`. D`ss` trkokfcm s` hlpð` ks kdkfmjhks `dtr` ms dìv`hs ak aurkêém chstùrhik ` kms dìv`hs ak imdsihîdihk. Bhdkfl`dt`, pma`-s` tkloèl kir`si`dtkr k r`fkêém `dtr` k aurkêém smihkf ` k aurkêém p`ssmkf. @ssk bmrlk a` kpr`dahzkj`l r`sha` smor` m pma`r a` r`l`lmrkr m qu` m  prmb`ssmr pmssuh ` smor` m imdc`ihl`dtm hdtuhthvm qu` s`u jrupm a` kfudms pmssuh. @lomrk s`nk ahbìihf a` s` bkz`r ul trkokfcm mon`thvm, `ss` prmi`ahl`dtm p`akjùjhim dém a`v` s`r a`spr`zkam. Ms imdc`ihl`dtms rkihmdkhs sém l`fcmr amlhdkams qukdam s` r`fkihmdkl iml k `lmthvhaka`. @dtr`tkdtm, `ss` prmi`ssm `xhj` ulk jrkda`  pruaîdihk pkrk `vhtkr pshimfmjhslms. K l`ahak `l qu` ms imdc`ihl`dtms chstùrhims vém s`dam `sifkr`ihams ` hdt`rhmrhzkams p`fk kdkfmjhk pshimfùjhik, è pr`ihsm lmstrkr kms kfudms qu` `ss` prmi`ahl`dtm `rk ul r`iursm mu ul l`hm a` kpr`dahzkj`l. È subhih`dt` `dtém hfustrkr iml kfjuds `x`lpfms k brkjhfhaka` ak kdkfmjhk. K t`dtkêém a` `xpfhikr ms lmvhl`dtms smihkhs imlm shlpf`s r`suftkam a` imlpmrtkl`dtms hdahvhaukhs è luhtm ahbìihf a` imlokt`r ` dém d ém pma` s`r r`bmrêkak. M t`ri`hrm thpm U`x`riìihms a` kprmbudakl`dtm irìthim p`fk ‖f`hturk“ am lkdukf, a` t`st`ludcms vhvms, a` nmrdkf\ r`þd` `x`riìihms a` kprmbudakl`dtm iunk

Wëjhdk ;9 a` ;2

 

jklk a` `x`lpfms è quks` hfhlhtkak lks qu` ahvhahr`lms jrmssm lmam s`judam ulk `sikfk a` ahbhiufaka`s ir`si`dt`s. M fhvrm a` chstùrhk, `lomrk dém s`nk imdi`oham a`dtrm a`st` `spìrhtm, è ul `xi`f`dt` iklpm a` kpfhikêém irìthik> ifksshbhikêém ams bktms `dudihkams, s`judam k fmdjk ` prmbudak aurkêém am t`lpm, l`ahak ak hlpmrtïdihk irmdmfùjhik aks `xpfhikêð`s, imdstktkêém ’ tkfv`z ’ ak kusîdihk aks `struturks lkhs hlpmrtkdt`s, kdëfhs` aks p`rhmahzkêð`s, a` suk vkfhaka`, a` suk krohtrkrh`aka`, ams hlp`ahl`dtms  pkrk ulk imlpr``dsém lkhs tmtkf. Ms kfudms s`dthrém v`raka`hrm prkz`r `l trkdsbmrlkr m lkdukf-imdt`þam-a`-lktèrhk-k-`stuakr `l lkdukf-mon`tm-a`-irìthik. Ic`jk-s`, dm bhdkf ak mp`rkêém, k imdc`i`r lkhs ms imdt`þams qu` kdt`rhmrl`dt`. kdt`rhm rl`dt`. È hjukfl`dt` hlpmrtkdt` bkz`r `dtr`vhstks iml p`ssmks lkhs v`fcks (pkrk ms kfudms lkhs nmv`ds, `stk haka` vkh a`sa` ms vhdt` ktè ms i`l kdms, ak hrlé lkhs v`fck ktè k kvù ` `ssk þfthlk s`rë k pr`b`rhak). Hdt`rrmjkr m t`st`ludcm smor` suks r`imrakêð`s, a`sa` k hdbïdihk> kimdt`ihl`dtms l`lmrëv`hs ksshl imlm ir`dêks ` imlpmrtkl`dtms imthahkdms. A`v`-s` a`stkikr ks hdbmrlkêð`s ams t`st`ludcms `l j`rkf ` kdkfhsë-fms dk ifkss`. È hlpmrtkdt`, k prhdiìphm, a`stkikr k hlpmrtïdihk ams kimdt`ihl`dtms f`lorkams. Bktms ak vhak prhvkak vhv`dihkams s`rv`l a` `x`lpfms  pkrk s` r`bf`thr smor` m imlpmrtkl`dtm imthahkdm. Bktms pþofhims> m qu` bhimu r`tham kfèl am lml`dtm `l qu` bmrkl r`f`lorkams= @l s`juhak, ahsthdjuhr ms imlpmrtkl`dtms ` ir`dêks. Bkz`r imdsha`rkêð`s smor` suk p`rlkdîdihk dms ahks ktukhs. Y` tkhs imlpmrtkl`dtms ` ir`dêks dém suoshst`l, imdsha`rkr m lml`dtm `l qu` a`skpkr`i`rkl, `l qu` èpmik, `l qukf j`rkêém. A`simorhr `dtém s` ms bktms a` imlpmrtkl`dtm, a` ir`dêk qu` pkr`i`l t`r a`skpkr`iham pkrk m imdnudtm ak  pmpufkêém, p`rlkd`i`l khdak trkdsbmrlkams, prmauzhdam khdak `b`htms. Ms kfudms  pma`l ic`jkr k a`simorhr ulk r`fkêém `dtr` m kokdamdm ak lhssk amlhdhikf ` k hdtrmauêém ak t`f`vhsém. Akì k r`bf`xém smor` ks bmrlks a` smihkohfhaka` ` ms r`sp`ithvms pkpèhs aks ir`dêks ` ak t`idmfmjhk dk p`rlkdîdihk ` dk lutkêém aks `struturks, s`dam qu` hstm s`rë `xpr`ssm s`l ks pkfkvrks ‖smihkohfhaka`“, ‖lutkêð`s“, ‖`struturks“ ... Qém hlpmrtkdt` imlm m lkdukf mu m t`st`ludcm ams vhvms, m nmrdkf hlpr`ssm r`pr`s`dtk ul lkt`rhkf prëthim ` ka`qukam. Dém m nmrdkf rkahmbñdhim mu t`f`vhshvm5 k kdëfhs` ` k lkdhpufkêém `xhj`l ul lkt`rhkf bhxm. M usm am nmrdkf supð` ulk Wëjhdk ;1 a` ;2

 

 pr`pkrkêém kdt`rhmr. @f` s`rvhrë lkhs pkrk imdsmfhakr am qu` pkrk kaquhrhr imdi`htms. Iml `b`htm, m imthahkdm mb`r`i` kp`dks m pmdtm a` pkrthak, m ktukf. Cë, s`l aþvhak, i`rtms nmrdkhs qu` mb`r`i`l `xpfhikêð`s thrkaks ak fmdjk aurkêém lks dém sém `ss`s  nmrdkhs qu` qu ` k lkhmrhk am amss kfudms `dimdtrk `l s`u l l`hm. `hm. Ahkdt` ak kktukfhaka`, tukfhaka`, m kfudm a`v` t`r imdsihîdihk a` qu` m kimdt`ihl`dtm t`l kp`dks hdt`r`ss` s` `sthv`r krthiufkam iml k aurkêém. Ms `x`riìihms prëthims iml nmrdkf pma`l s` a`s`dvmfv`r `l trîs dìv`hs. Dm  prhdiìphm, k shlpf`s ifksshbhikêém ams kimdt`ihl`dtms trktkams ` ks r`b`rîdihks `xpfìihtks mu hlpfìihtks kms bktms aurëv`hs. @l s`juhak, pkrk `sifkr`i`r k ktukfhaka` `simfchak, k `fkomrkêém a` ul qukarm (`v`dtukfl`dt` ul jrëbhim) a` tmams ms bktms imdnudturkhs mu `struturkhs qu` pmsskl imdtrhouhr pkrk suk `xpfhikêém, iml ks imdmtkêð`s a` `xt`dsém ` a` prmbudahaka`. Bhdkfl`dt`, pkrk ks ifkss`s lkhs kahkdtkaks, m krthjm a` hdbmrlkêém nmrdkfìsthik pma` s`r suosthtuìam pmr ul t`xtm `xpfhikthvm, hstm è, chstùrhim. Dulk ifkss`, ikak kfudm trkokfckdam iml ulk hdbmrlkêém ahb`r`dt`, m t`xtm am nmrdkf pma`rë s`r suosthtuìam pmr ul dmvm `sirhtm qu`  pma`rë s`r icklkam kjrkakv`fl`dt` a` ‖chstùrhim“. @hs ul iklhdcm pkrk s` skhr ak trkahihmdkf ahss`rtkêém mu ak `xpfhikêém am amiul`dtm `l ‖vhdt` lhdutms“. @ssks suj`stð`s sém prmv`dh`dt`s aks s`juhdt`s imdvhiêð`s> ;.  M `dshdm a` chstùrhk a`v` p`rs`juhr, ikak v`z lkhs, ms mon`thvms am lètmam. ?.  @dtr` `ss`s mon`thvms, m imdc`ihl`dtm prëthim ` m usm ckohtukf a` imdi`htms kdkfìthims è budakl`dtkf pkrk m lètmam chstùrhim.  

9. @dtr` `ss`s imdi`htms ms qu` kdkfhskl k aurkêém smihkf, hstm è, ks r`fkêð`s t`lpm-smih`aka`, p`rlkdîdihk-luakdêk sém ms lkhs `sp`iìbhims pkrk k chstùrhk. 1.   Dk bkftk a` ul kimram udhv`rskf `dtr` ms chstmrhkamr`s smor` s`us hdstrul`dtms a` kdëfhs`, k trìka` orkua`fhkdk pmssuh ulk `xt`dsém subhih`dt` dk prëthik ams þfthlms kdms, pkrk qu` s` pmssk kakptë-fk k ulk  prëthik p`akjùjhik. 0.  @ss`s imdi`htms sém þt`hs ç r`bf`xém am ihakaém (dmssk p`rsp`ithvk è k `auikêém ams ihakaéms ` dém k bmrlkêém a` chstmrhkamr`s), pkrk qu` `f`s  pmsskl kdkfhskr ms dìv`hs ak smih`aka` ` ms rhtlms ak aurkêém. Wëjhdk ;0 a` ;2

 

2.  @ss`s imdi`htms sém ki`ssìv`hs k ul pþofhim `simfkr, l`slm nmv`l, ç iustk a` ul `sbmrêm a` hlkjhdkêém ` a` `xp`rhl`dtkêém p`akjùjhik. p `akjùjhik.  Dmssk krjul`dtkêém ` ulk p`qu`dk `xp`rhl`dtkêém në r`kfhzkak dém sém subhih`dt`s pkrk qu` s` t`dck pf`dk imdvhiêém smor` tkf lètmam a` trkokfcm. Wma`lms, km l`dms, `sp`rkr qu` `fks imdtrhoukl pkrk prmvmikr ulk ahsiussém t`ùrhik ` pkrk susihtkr `xp`rhîdihks pkrk ulk ahaëthik ak aurkêém= Luakr m `dshdm ak chstùrhk è, a` bmrlk fhlhtkak, luakr ul pmuim k smih`aka`.  Dém è pr`ihsm `simda`r k `dmrl` r`shstîdihk k `ssks luakdêks. Ks r`shstîdihks kpkr`i`l smo tmaks ks bmrlks a` imds`rvkamrhslm. @fks kavîl tkloèl a` dmssk jrkda` hjdmrïdihk ahaëthik ` ak hlpmtîdihk ams chstmrhkamr`s `l `sikdikrkr s`us lètmams km pþofhim ’ dém s` trktk a` lmstrkr tèidhiks mu prmautm -. K chstùrhk  p`rlkd`i` `fhthstk, s`rvhdam kp`dks ç ahr`htk. M `dshdm a` chstùrhk sù s` trkdsbmrlkrë prmbudakl`dt` pmr ulk kêém udhak ` k fmdjm prkzm. @fk dém s` bkrë a`vham k ulk b`fhz lutkêém dk kalhdhstrkêém ams  prmjrklks `simfkr`s. @ss @sskk kêém a`v`rhk s`r imdauzhak pmr uulk lk pp`squhsk `squhsk ``xp`rhl`dtkf xp`rhl`dtkf `lpr``dahak smor` a`t`rlhdkam t`lk budakl`dtkf lks ihriudsirhtm iml ul mon`thvm imlul ` `l l`hms ` dìv`hs `simfkr`s vkrhkams. @ssk `xp`rhîdihk d`i`sshtk ak  pkrthihpkêém mu ak hdhihkthvk a` chstmrhkamr`s udhv`rshtërhms. @ss`s a`v`rém trkokfckr t`dam pmr oks` ms lètmams p`akjmjhikl`dt` mp`rktùrhms l`slm qukdam `f`s pmsskl  pkr`i`r ih`dthbhikl`dt` uftrkpksskams. @ssk kêém r`qu`r k pkrthihpkêém hdahsp`dsëv`f a` dul`rmsms prmb`ssmr`s dk prëthik am `dshdm s`iudaërhm. K `f`s iko`rë ahr`tkl`dt` k `xp`rhl`dtkêém ` k morhjkêém a` suol`t`r suk hdtuhêém p`akjùjhik smo m irhvm ak irìthik ih`dtìbhik. Ks t`dtkthvks r`kfhzkaks ktè kjmrk dms pkìs`s brkdiùbhfms sém imdsha`rkaks imlm ul sui`ssm r`fkthvm pmrqu` sém r`suftkdt`s a` imlprmlhssms `dtr` ahv`rsks t`daîdihks ` imrr`dt`s pmfìthiks, oks`kaks lkhs dm `lphrhslm. Dms lètmams am `dshdm aks ihîdihks am cml`l, ks mpmshêð`s dém s`ju`l fhdcks pmssìv`hs a` s`r`l imlpkrthfckaks. @fks a`p`da`l ak ha`mfmjhk. Kp`dks ulk ahaëthik ih`dthbhikl`dt` imdstruìak pma`rë rmlp`r iml `ssks pmsturks ha`mfùjhiks. K luakdêk p`akjùjhik p`rt`di` k ulk fmdjk aurkêém lks ks rkickaurks aks `struturks `simfkr`s në korhrkl kfjulks bhssurks.

Wëjhdk ;2 a` ;2