484 ETOPS Training Guide

EXTENDED TWIN OPERATIONS Royal Jordanian Airlines Crew Training Department

ETOPS COURSE TOPICS •

Introduction

•

Regulations

•

ETOPS Approvals

•

ETOPS Flight Dispatch

•

Cre Proced Crew Procedures res

INTRODUCTION •

What is ETOPS

•

The benefits of ETOPS

•

Th Milestones The Mil

The

Opportunity pp y Presented by Technology gy

What is ETOPS?

The operation of twin engine aircraft over a route that contains a point further than one hour's hour s flying time from an adequate airport at the approved

one one--engine inoperative cruise speed

The benefits of ETOPS • Track shortening g • Reduced flight time • Fuel savings • Overall reduction in operating costs

Area of operation before ETOPS

Area of operation after ETOPS

The 60 minute Rule Limits Twin-Engine

The 120 minute Rule Limits Twin-Engine

The 180 minute Rule Limits Twin-Engine

The Milestones



1936: 100 miles of an adequate airport 1953: FAA created 60-minute rule



1985:: B767 first 1985 f 90 min ETOPS O S operation



1989: 1990: 1991: 1993: 1995 1995:



   

FAA AC 120-42A ETOPS rules A300/A310 FAA ETOPS 180 approved DGAC ETOPS 180 approved JAA issues IL20/ AMJ 120-42 A330 300 JAA type t d i approvall A330-300 design

REGULATIONS

• Regulations relevant to ETOPS? • Applicable regulatory sources

Why regulate ETOPS operations?

To achieve an Equal level of Safety and Reliability

Regulations relevant to ETOPS?

• Definitions • Diversion Strategies • ETOPS fuel planning requirements • MEL, DDG

Definitions

• • • • •

Adequate Airport Suitable Airport ETOPS Enroute alternate Maximum diversion time Maximum diversion distance • ETOPS area of operation • ETOPS entry t point i t (EEP)

• • • • •

ETOPS segment Equal time point (ETP) Critical point (CP) ETOPS EXIT POINT (EXP) One-Engine-Out Diversion Speed • Exposure Time

Adequate Airport • • • • • • • •

Runway Length Length, Width, Width Strength (for landing) ATC services Communications weather reporting NOTAM Lighting equipment One approach & one let down aid Rescue and Fire Fighting Services

Suitable Airport An Adequate Airport which satisfies the ETOPS Dispatch Weather Minima in terms of ceiling and visibility within the required period of suitability

ETOPS Enroute Alternate

A Suitable Aerodrome is nominated and indicated on the Operational Flight Plan for a particular ETOPS flight as an aerodrome to which a diversion can be safely accomplished

Maximum Diversion Time The maximum diversion time (120, or 180 minutes) from an ETOPS enroute alternate authorized in an operator’s Operations Specifications issued by Authority. Authority

Maximum a u Diversion e s o Distance sta ce It is the maximum distance which can be covered within the Maximum Diversion Time based on: a)) b) c))

a Reference R f Altitude, Altit d a Reference Weight the approved pp one engine g inop p cruise speed p

It is used to define the Area of Operations

One Engine Out Diversion Speed A

d i

l

i

di

d

l

db

1. Establishing the area of ETOPS operations and any dispatch limitations; and 2 Calculation 2. C l l ti off single i l engine i cruise i speed d ffuell requirements; i t th the approved single engine cruise speed is calculated in standard atmospheric conditions (ISA) and in still air

ETOPS Area of Operation Area in which it is authorized to conduct a flight under ETOPS regulations and is defined by the maximum diversion distance from an adequate airport. airport

330

ETOPS Exit Point (EEP)

The point located on an ETOPS route at which the aircraft would proceed beyond the declared 60 minute distance,, from the last available adequate q airport

ETOPS ETP

Ap point on an ETOPS route that is located at an equal flight time*, from two suitable Enroute alternate airports. p

*(in forecasted atmospheric conditions at 10,000 feet)

ETOPS Exit Point (EXP)

An EXP is the point on the aircraft’s inbound route where the aircraft is within 60 minutes flying time at the approved single engine cruise speed (under standard conditions in still air) from an adequate airport(s). The EXP marks the end of the ETOPS segment.

Critical Point (CP)

A CP is the point along a route at which the diff difference b between t th the standard t d d ffuell expected t d tto be on board (fuel to continue) and the required ETOPS diversion di i fuel f l (fuel (f l to t divert) di t) is i minimum i i or negative. (The CP is usually, but not always, the l t ETP) last

Exposure Time Period during which a diversion scenario is forecasted to be horizontally exposed to icing conditions for a certain duration

Diversion Strategies •

Standard

•

Obstacle

•

Fi d Speed Fixed S d

The Fixed Speed Strategy is the one used for: • Determining the Maximum Diversion Distance (Area of Operations) • Comparing fuel requirements and helping to establish the Critical Fuel Scenario

Diversion Strategies

ETOPS Fuel Planning Requirements

The minimum fuel to be carried must be the higher of:

• Standard Fuel Planning Requirements • ETOPS Critical Fuel Scenario Requirements

Standard Fuel Planning Requirements

ETOPS Fuel Planning Requirements The Critical Fuel Scenarios

Decompression

1 Eng Inop & Decompression

HIGHEST

Most Critical Fuel Scenario

ETOPS Fuel Planning Depressurization Scenario

ETOPS Fuel Planning

1 Engine Out + Depressurization Scenario

ETOPS Fuel Planning ETOPS fuel planning requirements must also include:

• Contingency fuel (as per company policy) • Fuel for Anti-ice use and the effect on unheated surfaces (if exposure to icing is anticipated at 10,000ft)

• MEL items (such as the use of the APU as a required power source)

(MEL) ( )&( (DDG) )

Minimum Equipment List (Airbus) Must include restrictions for ETOPS

"For For ER ER" or "Except Except for ER ER“ Or

“E t d d O “Extended Overwater t flight fli ht is i prohibited” hibit d”

Airbus - MEL example

ETOPS APPROVALS • Manufacturer Approvals • Operator Approvals • Policy of Regulatory Approvals

Operator Approvals ETOPS Type Design Approval: • ETOPS Type yp Design g Eligibility g y • ETOPS Type Design Capability • ETOPS Capability Statement

ETOPS Type yp Design g Eligibility g y Includes design features such as: • • • • • •

Propulsion system reliability Electrical sources redundancy / APU design Emergency / Standby electrical generator Minimum crew workload operating p g systems y Systems redundancy Time limited equipments

Propulsion System Reliability

APU Design

Time limited equipments

References

Equipment q p Cargo Category Cargo Fire Bottles

A320

A319

A330

A340

C

C

2.01.20 p1

2.01.20 p1

1 + 285 min

1 + 285 min

1.26.50 p3

1.26.50 p3

ETOPS type Design Capability In service, aircrafts must demonstrate a certain level of actual performance reliability such as: – – – – –

In-flight engine shutdowns (IFSD) Diversions and air turn backs Un commanded power changes and engine surges Un-commanded Inability to obtain the desired thrust levels ETOPS critical system malfunctions

Technical Transfer Analysis y

ETOPS Capability Statement

Design Eligibility and Capability information can be found in: •

Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM)

•

Configuration, Maintenance and Procedures for Extended Range Operation (CMP)

•

Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)

Operator Approval Operator achieve their by submitting an Approval Plan to the regulatory g y authorityy of the State of Registry g y and are based on:

• Aircraft Ai ft capability bilit statement t t t • Crew training and qualification • Maintenance procedures and practices

Policy of Regulatory Approvals • 120 min is the maximum initial approval that may be granted by an operator’s operator s “Approval Approval Plan” • 180 min is granted through “in in service experience” • Manufacture/Operator ETOPS approval can be REVOKED – serious single event (e g IFSD) (e.g. – series of related events

ETOPS FLIGHT DISPATCH

• Required Documentation • Single Si l ETOPS Alternate Alt t Operations O ti considerations id ti

Required Documentation The BRIEFING PACKAGE must be constructed to include: •

The OFP shall contain: – – – – –

“ETOPS Flight” Denotation Critical fuel scenario computations ETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirements EEP, ETP, & EXP Windows of Suitabilityy ((based on ETOPS Dispatch p Wx Requirements) q )

•

Adequate En-route Alternate (NOTAM)

•

Plotting chart or orientation chart with area of operations limit

Critical Fuel Scenario Computations

ETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirements

Standard Fuel Planning

ETOPS Fuel Planning

Requirement

Requirement

HIGHEST

Minimum Block Fuel

EEP,, ETP,, & EXP

Windows of Suitability

(based on ETOPS Dispatch Wx Requirements)

ETOPS Alternates must meet Dispatch Wx requirements: •

Starting 1 hour before the earliest ETA at the en-route alternate airport (take-off time) + (flight time to equitime point before alternate) + (diversion time at normal cruise speed and altitude) - (one hour)

•

Ending 1 hour after the latest ETA at this en-route alternate airport (take-off time) + (Flight time to equitime point after alternate) + (diversion time at long range speed FL100 one engine) + (one hour)

Adequate q En En--route Alternate (NOTAM)

Single g ETOPS Alternate Operations p 1 The ETOPS segment is relatively short, 1. short typically 60 minutes or less, at the single engine cruise speed, in standard conditions,, and in still air;; 2. The ETP between two en route diversion airports is located outside of the ETOPS area; 3. A reduction in diversion time is achieved by using a single alternate; 4. There is only one en route diversion airport with weather forecast at or above ETOPS enroute alternate limits limits.

Single g ETOPS Alternate Operations p

EEP EXP

OPKC 120 min

Single g ETOPS Alternate Operations p  OPKC is the only ETOPS Enroute Alternate Th There iis no ETP only l EEP and d EXP Critical fuel requirements should be satisfied at the EEP and EXP respectively

CREW PROCEDURES •

C Crew R Responsibilities ibiliti

•

Diversion Decision Making – Weather – Failures

Crew Procedures Crew Responsibilities

Crew Procedures In Flight Briefings

A comprehensive briefing shall be conducted in the following phases of an ETOPS flight: •

Before entering any EEP

• After crossing any ETP

Crew Procedures Diversion Decision Making

Weather: • Dispatch p weather minimum requirements q no longer g apply when in flight (Before the EEP if weather falls below the applicable minima a ETOPS may not be entered)

Crew Procedures Diversion Decision Making

Failures: • Loss of Navigation capability (depending on airspace) • Failures requiring landing at the nearest suitable airport • Fuel F lC Considerations id ti • Electrical Generation Redundancies (depending on aircraft type)

Crew Procedures Diversion Decision Making

In case of a diversion due to engine problems it is recommended to use the speed p schedule used to establish the area of operations (i.e. Fixed Speed Strategy)

NOTE: “The PIC has the authority to deviate from this planned speed after completion of the assessment of the actual situation”

Thank n yyou....