47161825-Macbeth-Act-4-Scene-1-Commentary.pdf
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Macbeth Commentary – Act 4 Scene 1 Ragavan Ganeshathasan, David Kong.
1. Theme The power of the supernatural The witches and Hecate are overall much more evil than their first meeting. Proof Liver of blaspheming Jew; … Nose OF Turk IV, i, 26‐29 Witches have committed a murder for ingredients in their cauldrons. Jews were thought of as bad people because they did not believe that Jesus was God’s son.
Appearance vs. Reality Apparitions foresee three predictions, but are both “half‐truths”. It gives Macbeth a deceptive sense of security. These half‐truths are appearances conjured by the witches, but the reality is much more deadly to Macbeth. Proof The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth. IV, i, 80‐81
Appearance
Reality
Appears to Macbeth as impossible because a man is always born from a woman. He believes no man can kill him.1
Macduff is born of C‐section and was untimely ripped. This means he wasn’t born of a woman metaphorically, and therefore has the ability to kill Macbeth.2
1 2
“Then live, Macduff: what need I fear of thee” (IV, i, 82) “Tell thee, Macduff was from his mother’s womb Untimely ripped” (IV, i, 15‐16)
Proof Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill Shall come against him. IV, i, 92‐94
Appearance
Reality
Soldiers actually saw off, and carry Macbeth takes it literally – and he believes that the trees have to take their the trees in Great Birnam wood, and takes them to Dunsinane Hill roots out and come to Dunsinane Hill3 as a military disguise.4 Overall, this scene gives a new sense of confidence for Macbeth which turns him into a very different character from the beginning – He is much more ruthless and decides to kill Macduff’s family. The change occurred due to the witch’s use of appearance vs. reality.
Order/Disorder Order has become disorder because Macbeth doesn’t care much for the world. He is willing to give up the future of this universe for his selfish answers. Proof Even till destruction sicken, answer me To what I ask you. (IV, i, 56‐61) Basically, Macbeth is willing to sacrifice the future of the universe to get his answers – to a point where even destruction itself is sick, Due to the Elizabethan belief in the Great Chain of Being, the recent changes in the societal hierarchy are causing alleged disorder. 3 4
“That shall never be: Who can impress the forest, bid the tree Unfix his earth‐bound root?” (IV, i, 94‐96) “Within this three mile may you see it coming; I say, a moving grove. (IV, i, 37‐38)
The Number Two The number two is a theme in Macbeth, as it signifies the disorder. In addition, the number three signifies order. The play starts with the number three – the first two lings of the play are highly associated with triads.5 Then, under Macbeth’s rule, the predominant number changes to 2. Due to the Elizabethan belief in the Great Chain of Being, the recent changes in the societal hierarchy are causing alleged disorder. Proof Double, double, toil and trouble: Fire, burn; and cauldron, bubble. (IV, i, 10‐11) But yet I’ll make assurance double sure, (IV, i, 83) Both of these lines use the word “double”, as they both have deeper meanings. It is also important to note that at the end of the play, three returns as the predominant number.
2. Context Prophecyhow it advances the plot of the play The witches prophecies in this scene help advance the play because Macbeth before this scene is worried about possible threats to him like Macduff who didn’t attend the feast and so decides to see the witches. Proof I will to‐morrow, 5
When shall we three meet again, In thunder, lightning or in rain? (I, i, 1‐2)
And betimes I will, to the weird sisters: More shall they speak; for now I am bent to know, By the worst means, the worst. For mine own good, All causes shall give way: I am in blood Stepp'd in so far that, should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as go o'er. III, iv, 131‐137 Macbeth is speaking of crossing a rubicon. He has stepped so far into the river of blood that it is just as hard to go forward as it is to go backwards. Therefore, he must go to the witches (the weird sisters) and ask for advice about the future. Then in scene 5, Hecate decides to mess around with Macbeth’s mind, leading to Act 4 Scene 1. Finally, the witches advance the plot by giving Macbeth deceptive security. This pushes Macbeth past the point of no return – the final threshold. All of Macbeth’s actions are based upon the witches’ prophecy which brings in the theme Appearance vs. Reality. For example, the Birnam Wood and “born of woman” prophecies make clear, the prophecies must be interpreted as riddles, since they do not always mean what they seem to mean. This advances the plot of the play because Macbeth becomes overconfident, and is careless for the rest of the play – leading to his eventual downfall.
Character development Macbeth personal characteristics are always changed to being over‐confident and the feeling of invincibility after this scene and any other scene he meets with the witches. This turns Macbeth into a cold‐blooded murderer. Proof Then live Macduff: what need I fear of thee? But yet I’ll make assurance double sure, And take a bond of fate: thou shalt not live; IV, i, 82‐84
Macbeth chooses to execute innocent members of Macduff’s family, even though he feels that Macduff is of no threat to him. The witches affect the actions of Macbeth for the remainder plot. Every meeting with the witches results in an ill deed. For example, the first meeting results in the murder of King Duncan and the second meeting results in the murder of Macduff’s family. The killing of Duncan and Banquo was supported by logic, but the slaughtering of Macduff’s innocent family was irrational. This exhibits Shakespeare’s attempt to develop Macbeth into an evil and inhuman character. At the beginning, Macbeth wishes to commit one crime and wash his hands clean, but is driven to commit others. In this scene, we can truly taste the new merciless Macbeth – the final stage of his character development.
3. Language
Symbolization of the Apparitions 1. Armed head: Symbolically Macbeth’s head cut off and brought to Malcolm by Macduff 2. Bloody child: Macduff who was untimely ripped from his mother’s womb 3. Child with a crown and trees: Malcolm – the future king. He carries a tree because that is how the soldiers brought Birnam to Dunsinane. These symbolizations are quite complicated, and someone who reads the book once will most likely not understand what the apparitions are symbolizing. However, when analyzed in detail, the apparitions are actually displaying Macbeth’s future downfall.
Simile And now about the cauldron sing, Like elves and fairies in a ring, Enchanting all that you put in. IV, i, 41‐43 The witches make a potion for the arrival of Macbeth. This is when Hecate enters, and commends the hard work. She is relating the potion to the elves and fairies singing. It is so strong that it seems as if they are enchanting and increasing the strength of it.
Show his eyes, and grieve his heart; Come like shadows, so depart! IV, i, 110, 111 The fourth apparitions are being compared to “shadows”, which can also be interpreted as ghosts or spirits.
Metaphor Poetry Iambic Pentameter Shakespeare uses iambic pentameter – with is composed of 10 syllables, in a short‐long arrangement. For example – our favorite line: Then live, Macduff; what need I fear of thee? But yet I'll make assurance double sure, And take a bond of fate: thou shalt not live; IV, i, 81‐84 All the lines are 10 syllables long, and sound like: da DUM da DUM etc. This format gives the lines form, and unifies the entire play. It is also Shakespeare’s signature – he uses the technique whenever possible. Witch’s Rhyme When the witches speak6 they speak in a very rhythmic and are in couplets. The two adjacent lines have the same amount of syllables and rhyme. The effect is a very poetic dictation, similar to that of witches casting spells. This gives the witches a more authentic and wicked feel.
MACBETH 6
Witches have lines from: IV, i, 1‐47
This darkness used by Shakespeare is believed to be actual witch spells from the Elizabethan era by many people. There is belief that the witches got so angry that they have cursed the play. The superstition is that saying the name of the play inside a theatre results in the failure of the production, and causes physical injury or worse to cast members.
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