41 La Intervención Social

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc

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  S@KF 36< DF AGS@ AGS@UX UX@G @GN NA G ^^JN JNAF AFD. D. DF AG AGS@ S@UX UX@G @GN NA G @ @G G AG AGS@ S@BU BUFN FNAA G Q KFUBAGFNAÞG ^JNAFD< NJGN@YSJ^ Q S@JUËF^. KFUNJ MA^SÞUANJ. ^ASPFNAÞG FNSPFD @G @^YFÖF Q @G DF PGAÞG @PUJY@F. ÆKEASJ^ C@ FYDANFNAÞG< AGCAXACPFD@^ Q ^JNAFD@^.

AGCAN@ 6.  AGSUJCPNNAÞG 5.  NJG@]AÞG NPUUANPDFU >.  DF AGS@UX@GNAÞG ^JNAFD. 3.  DF AGS@UX@GNAÞG @G AGS@BUFNAÞG Q KFUBAGFNAÞG ^JNAFD< NJGN@YSJ^ Q S@JUËF^. 0.  KFUNJ MA^SÞUANJ. 8.  ^ASPFNAÞG FNSPFD @G @^YFÖF Q @G DF PGAÞG @PUJY@F. 2.   ÆKEASJ^ C@ FYDANFNAÞG< AGCAXACPFD@^ Q ^JNAFD@^. =.  NJGNDP^AJG@^ 1.  EAEDAJBUFHËF/U@H@U@NAF^ R@E^ 69.  D@BA^DFNAÞG

S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 6

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc  

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6.  AGSUJCPNNAÞG

^jkjs s`r`s sjnafd`s, pjr dj qu` njkuganfrgjs njg djs c`kæs `s fdbj g`n`sfraj qu` gjs p`rkat` sjer`vavar, nr`n`r, gutrargjs c` jtrjs pugtjs c` vastf y vavar `g frkjgëf. Yfrf `ddj, sfe`r r`dfnajgfrgjs y caspjg`r c` ugf s`ra` c` mfeadacfc`s sjnafd`s `s hugcfk`gtfd pjrqu` `g df kfyjrëf c` dfs jnfsajg`s `vatfr`kjs kfd`gt`gcacjs y njghdantjs. Dfs mfeadacfc`s sjnafd`s sjg ndfv` pfrf df agt`brfnaþg sjnafd y df r`sjnunaþg c` njghdantjs. njghdantjs. Df AGS@BUFNAÞG ^JNAFD, pr`t`gc` k`ljrfr df satufnaþg prjvjnfgcj ug nfkeaj sjnafd y `dakagfr dfs satufnajg`s qu` b`g`r`g c`sabufdcfc. Nfe` c`stfnfr df `xast`gnaf c` prjh`sajgfd`s nufdahanfcjs njkj djs/fs Agt`brfcjr`s ^jnafd`s, nfpfnatfcjs pfrf pdfgahanfr, r`fdazfr y `vfdufr dfs agt`rv`gnajg`s sjnafd`s y trfeflfr `g `quapj. @g jnfsajg`s, s` r`qu`raræ tfkeaág dfs nufdahanfnajg`s c` djs/fs tánganjs/fs c` Ft`gnaþg f p`rsjgfs `g satufnaþg c` c`p`gc`gnaf, qu` fntüfg `g `d ækeatj cjkanadafraj ` agstatunajgfd, f hag c` kfgt`g`r y k`ljrfr dfs nfdacfc c` vacf c` p`rsjgfs njg fdbüg brfcj c` c`p`gc`gnaf.  F njgtagufnaþg s` mfræ r`h`r`gnaf f df njg`xaþg nurranudfr c`d pr`s`gt` t`kf c`gtrj c`d nurrënudj c`d Sánganj/f ^up`rajr `g Agt`brfnaþg ^jnafd. 5.  NJG@]AÞG NPUUANPDFU

@d pr`s`gt` t`kf s` c`sfrrjddf c`gtrj c` djs njgt`gacjs akpfrtacjs `g `d Nandj Hjrkftavj c` Brfcj ^up`rajr c` Agt`brfnaþg ^jnafd, r`budfcj pjr< -  U`fd C`nr`tj 6923/5965, c` 6> c` ludaj, pjr `d qu` s` `stfed`n` `d tëtudj c`  Sánganj ^up`rajr `g Agt`brfnaþg ^^jnafd jnafd y s` halfg sus `gs `gs`öfgzfs `öfgzfs këgakfs. -  Jrc`g c` 5= c` ludaj c` 5960, pjr df qu` s` c`sfrrjddf `d nurrënudj njrr`spjgca`gt` njrr`spjgca`g t` fd tëtudj c` Sánganj ^up`rajr `g Agt`brfnaþg ^jnafd. Njgnr`tfk`gt`, djs njgt`gacjs qu` s` c`sfrrjddfg `g `d pr`s`gt` t`kf, sjg trfsv`rsfd`s pfrf `d c`sfrrjddj c`d nandj nan dj hjrkftavj, yf qu` r`spjgc` fd c`sfrrjddj y fd f d `stucaj `xfustavj c` df Jrc`g natfcf fgt`rajrk`gt`. Njgtraeuy`gcj f su v`z f df njgs`nunaþg c` df Yrjbrfkfr, jrbfgazfr, akpd`k`gtfr y `vfdufr dfs agt`rv`gnajg`s c` Njkp`t`gnaf b`g`rfd c`d tëtudj< — Yrjbrfkfr, agt`brfnaþg sjnafd fpdanfgcj `strft`bafs y tánganfs `sp`nëhanfs, prjkjva`gcj df abufdcfc c` jpjrtugacfc`s, fntufgcj `g tjcj kjk`gtj njg ugf fntatuc c` r`sp`tj mfnaf dfs p`rsjgfs c`stagftfrafs y bfrfgtazfgcj df nr`fnaþg c` `gtjrgjs s`burjs tfgtj pfrf dfs p`rsjgfs c`stagf tfrafs tfrafs njkj pfrf `d prjh`sajgfd‛  

S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 5

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc  

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>.  DF AGS@UX@GNAÞG ^JNAFD.

Agt`rv`gar s` r`ha`r` f df agtrjcunnaþg, agt`rpjsanaþg j agt`rk`cafnaþg c`sc` ugf pjsturf c` futjracfc, c` ug `d`k`gtj `xt`rgj fgt` ugf satufnaþg sjnafd, njg df agt`gnaþg c` kjcahanfr j agt`rh`rar njg, `d hugnajgfka`gtj c` ug prjn`sj j sast`kf `g ugf car`nnaþg cfcf. Df agt`rv`gnaþg njkpjrtf, pu`s, ug prjn`sj agt`gnajgfd c` agt`rh`r`gnaf j aghdu`gnaf y p`rsabu` ug nfkeaj sjnafd. @d nfkeaj sjnafd s` r`ha`r` f df kjcahanfnaþg c` df `strunturf c` ug sast`kf sjnafd sfcj, `s c`nar, f df fdt`rfnaþg c` djs sast`kfs gjrkftavjs y r`dfnajgfd`s qu` dj bjea`rgfg y qu` fh`ntfg f df vacf y r`dfnajg`s c` sus ka`kerjs. Nufgcj s` mfedf c` agt`rv`gnaþg, fnnaþg j nfkeaj sjnafd, s` `gta`gc` qu` `d nfkeaj `s agt`gnajgfd, prjvjnfcj y rfnajgfdk`gt` pdfgahanfcj y jrbfgazfcj, c` hjrkf qu` sus r`sudtfcjs sjg pr`vasaed`s.  X`fkjs fdbugfs c`haganajg c`haganajg`s `s c` agt`rv`gnaþg sjnafd pfrf ugf kfyjr njkpr`gsaþg c`d t`kf< Nfpdfg (61=9)< Df fnnaþg sjnafd `stæ njgstatuacf (hr`gt` f df fnnaþg agt`rp`rsjgfd) pjr djs —`shu`rzjs r`fdazfcjs pfrf kjcahanfr djs sast`kfs jp`rftavjs sjnafd`s y pjdëtanjs y df fntavacfc d`basdftavf y r`bdfk`gtfcjrf r`dftavf f df sfduc, `cunfnaþg y ea`g`stfr y f djs nfkpjs r`dabajsj y njrr`nnajgfd, njg `d hag c` k`ljrfr f `snfdf njkugatfraf df prjvasaþg c` sukagastrjs hësanjs, psanjsjnafd`s y sjnajnudturfd`s eæsanjs, y df jrbfgazfnaþg c` djs s`rvanajs pfrf fyucfr f djs agcavacujs f njghrjgtfr sus nrasas‛  nrasas‛  Efrrabf (611=) c`hag` df agt`rv`gnaþg sjnafd y njkugatfraf. —njglugtj c` `strft`bafs pdfgahanfcfs pfrf jp`rfr nfkeajs `g df r`fdacfc njkugacfc nuyj c`sfrrjddj r`qua`r` df pfrtanapfnaþg fntavf c` ástf‛  ástf‛  ^` pu`c` c`nar qu` d` tárkagj agt`rv`gnaþg sjnafd `s ug njgn`ptj kjc`rgj `g c`r`nmjs c` abufdcfc, gj casnrakagfnaþg y lustanaf sjnafd, fhagnfcj ea`g`stfr `g df qu` df nfdacfc c` vacf mf c` dd`bfr f tjcjs djs naucfcfgjs. Df agt`rv`gnaþg sjnafd s` efsf `g tr`s ppragnapajs ragnapajs hugcfk`gtfd`s< hugcfk`gtfd`s< -

Yragnapaj c` r`spjgsfeadacfc püedanf, ftraeuaræ f df fckagastrfnaþg ugf s`ra` c`

hfnudtfc`s pfrf df agt`rv`gnaþg `g df fntufnaþg sjnafd. -

Yragnapaj c` ugav`rsfdacfc, `d pjc`r c` ft`gc`r f tjcjs y tjcfs.

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Yragnapaj c` pfrtanapfnaþg, df pjedfnaþg c`e` pfrtanapfr `g su prjpaj nfkeaj. S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) >

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc

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 F kjcj c` njgndusaþg, c`hagakjs df agt`r v`gnaþg  v`gnaþg njkj —fqu`ddf qu` s` n`gtrf `g djs naucfcfgjs njkj ka`kerjs c` njkugacfc`s y brupjs sjnafd`s, `g djs qu` djs fb`gt`s sjnafd`s pdfgahanfg, akpd`k`gtfg y `vfdüfg `d prjn`sj agt`rv`gnajgastf njg `d jel`tj c` jet`g`r ugf k`ljrf `g `d hugnajgfka`gtj c` brupjs y jrbfgazfnajg`s sjnafd`s‛.  sjnafd`s‛.  3.  DF AGS@UX@GNAÞG @G AGS@BUFNAÞG Q KFUBAGFNAÞG ^JNAFD< NJGN@YSJ^ Q S@JUËF^. 3.6 NJGN@YSJ^<  F) AGS@BUFNAÞG ^JNAFD

^` pu`c` njgsac`rfr njkj df pfrtanapfnaþg c`d agcavacuj `g dfs cah`r`gt`s `sh`rfs c` df vacf sjnafd. @d agcavacuj agt`rgfdazf dfs gjrkfs c` df sjna`cfc `g df qu` vav` f trfvás c` df sjnafdazfnaþg j prjn`sj c` `dfejrfnaþg sjnafd, qu` s` r`fdazf f trfvás c` df d f `gcjnudturfnaþg y df `cunfnaþg. Df agt`brfnaþg `s ug njgn`ptj njgtrfraj fd c` kfrbagfnaþg, `s c`nar, akpdanf df pfrtanapfnaþg c`d agcavacuj `g df vacf sjnafd, p`rj gj s` jpjg` f df c`sabufdcfc sjnafd ga f df pjer`zf, yf qu` ugf p`rsjgf pu`c` s`r pjer`, `stfr `g satufnaþg c` c`sabufdcfc y `stfr agt`brfcj `g su k`caj. E) KFUBAGFNAÞG Q @]NDP^AÞG ^JNAFD

 Fduc` f nþkj djs agcavacujs pu`c`g v`rs` fpfrtfcjs c` ugf njkpd`tf pfrtanapfnaþg `g `d njglugtj c` df sjna`cfc. @st` njgn`ptj `s cah`r`gt` fd c` pjer`zf, qu` v`r`kjs kæs fc`dfgt`, yf qu` s` n`gtrf kæs `g ugf fkpdaf bfkf c` hfntjr`s qu` akpac`g f agcavacujs y brupjs t`g`r jpjrtugacfc`s njg dfs qu` nu`gtf df kfyjrëf c` df pjedfnaþg. Yfrf dd`vfr ugf vacf pd`gf y fntavf, djs agcavacujs gj sþdj mfg c` njk`r, v`stars` y t`g`r ugf vava`gcf, sagj qu` tfkeaág c`e`g njgtfr njg fnn`sj f ea`g`s y s`rvanajs `s`gnafd`s, njkj `d trfgspjrt`, `d t`dáhjgj, djs s`burjs y djs efgnjs. Yfrf qu` ugf njkugacfc j sjna`cfc `stá tjtfdk`gt` agt`brfcf `s akpjrtfgt` qu` sus ka`kerjs njkpfrtfg agstatunajg`s njkj dfs `snu`dfs, dfs agstfdfnajg`s c` fsast`gnaf sfgatfraf y `d trfgspjrt` püedanj. Njkpfrtar `stfs agstatunajg`s njgtraeuy` f hjrkfr ugf ac`f c` sjdacfracfc sjnafd `gtr` df pjedfnaþg. Df `xndusaþg y df agndusaþg pu`c`g fejrcfrs` c`sc` `d pugtj c` vastf `njgþkanj, pjdëtanj y sjnafd< @xndusaþg `njgþkanf< Djs agcavacujs y dfs njkugacfc`s pu`c`g s`gtars` `xnduacjs c` df `njgjkëf tfgtj c`sc` ugf p`rsp`ntavf prjcuntavf njkj c`sc` df c`d njgsukj. S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 3

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc

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  Df agcab`gnaf `s ugj c` djs `l`kpdjs kæs brfv`s c` `xndusaþg sjnafd. F qua`g`s nfr`n`g c`

ug dubfr c` r`sac`gnaf p`rkfg`gt` d`s r`sudtf nfsa akpjsaed` pfrtanapfr `g df sjna`cfc `g abufdcfc c` njgcanajg`s qu` djs c`kæs. @xndusaþg pjdëtanf< Df pfrtanapfnaþg pjpudfr y njgtaguf `g pjdëtanf `s ugf c` dfs pa`crfs fgbudfr`s c` djs `stfcjs c`kjnrætanjs dae`rfd`s. ^` fgakf f djs naucfcfgjs f kfgt`g`rs` fd tfgtj c` djs fsugtjs pjdëtanjs, f fdzfr su vjz f hfvjr c` df jpjsanaþg, f `gtrfr `g njgtfntj njg djs r`pr`s`gtfgt`s qu` `d`bacj pfrf `xpjg`r sus pr`jnupfnajg`s y f pfrtanapfr `g tjcjs djs gav`d`s c`d prjn`sj pjdëtanj. @xndusaþg sjnafd< Df `xndusaþg pu`c` `xp`rak`gtfrs` `g `d ækeatj sjnafd y `g `d c` df vacf njkugatfraf. Dfs ær`fs qu` suhr`g ug fdtj brfcj c` `xndusaþg sjnafd pu`c`g njgtfr njg pjnjs s`rvanajs njkugatfrajs, njkj pfrqu`s, agstfdfnajg`s c`pjrtavfs, n`gtrjs nudturfd`s y t`ftrjs. Djs gav`d`s c` pfrtanapfnaþg naucfcfgf su`d`g s`r `snfsjs. @d njgn`ptj c` `xndusaþg sjnafd ta`g` qu` v`r njg df fnnaþg agcavacufd. C`spuás c` tjcj, df pfdferf —`xndusaþg‛ akpdanf —`xndusaþg‛ akpdanf qu` fdbua`g j fdbj `s fpfrtfcj c` jtrj. ^ag cucf mfy jnfsajg`s `g dfs qu` djs agcavacujs sjg `xnduacjs `g vartuc c` c`nasajg`s qu` `snfpfg f su njgtrjd. Y`rj df `xndusaþg sjnafd gj sþdj s` prjcun` nufgcj df b`gt` `s `xnduacf, tfkeaág pu`c` t`g`r qu` v`r njg `d m`nmj c` qu` dfs p`rsjgfs s` `xnduyfg f së kaskfs c` na`rtjs fsp`ntjs c`d brupj sjnafd kfyjratfraj. Djs agcavacujs pu`c`g jptfr pjr fefgcjgfr `d sast`kf `cunftavj, r`nmfzfr ugf jpjrtugacfc dfejrfd, `tn. Pgf c` dfs pragnapfd`s nfusfs c` df kfrbagfnaþg `s df pjer`zf.

N)  YJEU@\F   ^` njgsac`rf pjer`zf, df fus`gnaf c` dfs njgcanajg`s eæsanfs njg dfs qu` mfy qu` njgtfr

pfrf caspjg`r c`d këgakj g`n`sfraj pfrf ug gav`d c` vacf cabgj. @d njgn`ptj pjer`zf, s` mf acj mfna`gcj nfcf v`z kæs njkpd`lj, `g 61=3, `d Njgs`lj c` dfs Njkugacfc`s @urjp`fs dj c`hag` njkj df satufnaþg c` p`rsjgfs, hfkadafs y brupjs sjnafd`s, nuyjs r`nursjs `njgþkanjs, sjnafd`s y nudturfd`s sjg tfg dakatfcjs qu` d`s `xnduy`g c`d kjcj c` vacf qu` s` njgsac`rf fn`ptfed` `g df sjna`cfc `g df qu` vav`g. Fsë, s` pfsf c`d ækeatj purfk`gt` `njgþkanj f jtrj kæs fkpdaj qu` fefrnf dj nudturfd y sjnafd sag jdvacfr dj `njgþkanj.  ^jnaþdjbjs ` agv`stabfcjr`s s` mfg kjstrfcj pfrtacfrajs c` fejrcfr `d fsugtj k`cafgt` cjs `ghjqu`s cah`r`gt`s< `d c` df pjer`zf fesjdutf y `d c` df pjer`zf r`dftavf. S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 0

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc

596=

 

Yjer`zf fesjdutf< s` efsf `g df ac`f c` suesast`gnaf, qu` fduc` f dfs njgcanajg`s eæsanfs njg dfs qu` mfy qu` njgtfr pfrf pjc`r dd`vfr ugf `xast`gnaf sfgf c`sc` `d pugtj c` vastf hësanj. ^` can` qu` qua`g`s nfr`n`g c` `stjs r`quasatjs hugcfk`gtfd`s pfrf df `xast`gnaf mukfgf (fdak`gtj, njealj, v`stak`gtf) vav`g `g df pjer`zf. @st` njgn`ptj s` njgsac`rf c` fpdanfnaþg ugav`rsfd. ^` pu`c` c`nar qu` nufdqua`r agcavacuj, `g nufdqua`r pfrt` c`d kugcj, `stfræ `g df pjer`zf pjr c`eflj c` `st` gav`d ugav`rsfd. ^ag `kefrbj, gj tjcj `d kugcj fn`ptf qu` s`f pjsaed` ac`gtahanfr `s` gav`d. Vua`g`s casnr`pfg s`öfdfg qu` `s kæs fprjpafcj utadazfr `d njgn`ptj c` pjer`zf r`dftavf. Yjer`zf r`dftavf< r`dfnajgf `stf satufnaþg njg `d gav`d c` vacf b`g`rfd pr`cjkagfgt` `g ugf c`t`rkagfcf sjna`cfc. Djs pfrtacfrajs c` `st` njgn`ptj sjsta`g`g qu` df pjer`zf s` c`hag` nudturfdk`gt` y qu` gj c`e` nfdaerfrs` s`büg ug gav`d c` pravfnaþg ugav`rsfd. @s ugf `quavjnfnaþg pr`supjg`r qu` dfs g`n`sacfc`s mukfgfs s`fg acágtanfs `g tjcfs pfrt`s? c` m`nmj gj sjg dfs kaskfs ga c`gtrj c` ugf kaskf sjna`cfc, ga fd njkpfrfr sjna`cfc`s castagtfs. Njsfs qu` `g ugf sjna`cfc s` njgsac`rfg `s`gnafd`s pu`c`g pfr`n`r duljs `g jtrfs. Df hjrkudfnaþg c` djs njgn`ptjs c` pjer`zf fesjdutf y r`dftavf pdfgt`f prjed`kfs. Pgf c` dfs tánganfs mfeatufd`s pfrf nfdaerfr df pjer`zf fesjdutf njgsast` `g c`dakatfr df dëg`f c` pjer`zf, qu` s` efsf `g `d pr`naj c` djs prjcuntjs eæsanjs qu` g`n`satf `d s`r mukfgj pfrf sjer`vavar `g ugf c`t`rkagfcf sjna`cfc. ^` can` qu` djs agcavacujs u mjbfr`s qu` `stæg pjr c`eflj c` `s` gav`d vav`g `g df pjer`zf. ^ag `kefrbj, utadazfr ug üganj nrat`raj pfrf `vfdufr df pjer`zf pu`c` r`sudtfr prjed`kætanj, pjrqu` `st` tapj c` c`haganajg`s gj agnjrpjrfg dfs vfrafnajg`s qu` s` prjcun`g `g nufgtj f g`n`sacfc`s mukfgfs c`gtrj c` ugf kaskf sjna`cfc j fd njkpfrfr sjna`cfc`s cah`r`gt`s ºNþkj s` kac` df pjer`zf:

K`cacfs c` pjer`zf jhanafd`s< @stfs k`cacfs s` efsfg `g agcanfcjr`s `stfcëstanjs, njkj df pr`vasaþg c` pr`stfnajg`s. Df pjer`zf s` nfdaerf `g r`dfnaþg njg `d gük`rj c` mjbfr`s qu` vav`g njg r`gtfs agh`rajr`s f df k`caf. K`cacfs c` pjer`zf suel`tavf< Fdbugjs agv`stabfcjr`s nr``g qu` k`car df pjer`zf üganfk`gt` f pfrtar c` df r`gtf sue`stakf `d futágtanj fdnfgn` qu` ta`g` df pravfnaþg `gtr` djs mjbfr`s c` r`gtf eflf .@stucajs akpjrtfgt`s kac`g df pjer`zf s`büg nrat`rajs suel`tavjs? `s c`nar, `g v`z c` utadazfr `stfcëstanfs c` r`gtf s` n`gtrf `g nþkj agt`rpr`tf df b`gt` df pjer`zf (pjr `l`kpdj futjr`s njkj Sjwgs`gc y jtrjs 61=2).

S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 8

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc   3.5 

596=

S@JUAF^

Gjs vfkjs f n`gtrfr `g dfs sabua`gt`s t`jrëfs<  F)  S@JUËF DAE@UFD   Frrfgnf c` df U`vjdunaþg Agcustrafd (^.]A]) y c`d pdfgt`fka`gtj c` `njgjkastfs y sjnaþdjbjs ndæsanjs, c`h`gsjr`s c`d dae`rfdaskj `njgþkanj y sjnafd. C`ha`gc`g qu` df pjer`zf hugnajgfd, g`n`sacfc pfrf df fnukudfnaþg c` nfpatfd`s y flust` c`d k`rnfcj. Njkj c`h`gsjr`s c` `stf t`jrëf c`stfnfkjs f< Kfdtmus< `njgjkastf qu` c`h`gcëf qu` df pjer`zf `rf nfusf car`ntf c`d nr`naka`gtj

c`kjbræhanj y c` df pr`saþg qu` tfd nfgtacfc c` pjedfnaþg `l`rnëf sjer` djs r`nursjs. ^p`gn`r< sjnaþdjbj akpudsjr c` df njrra`gt` `vjdunajgastf jrbfganastf, c`h`gsjr c`d

pragnapaj c` sup`rvav`gnaf c` djs kæs fptjs. Df pjer`zf s` prjcun` pjr df kfyjr agnfpfnacfc c` fcfptfnaþg dfejrfd y sjnafd c` c`t`rkagfcjs brupjs c` df ndfs` trfeflfcjrf qu` s`rëfg r`spjgsfed`s c` su satufnaþg. Df c`sabufdcfc sjnafd `s g`n`sfraf pfrf `d eu`g hugnajgfka`gtj c` df sjna`cfc y fyucægcjd`s s` hr`gfrëf df s`d`nnaþg gfturfd. E)  S@JUËF KFU]A^SF  

 Fgfdazf df c`sabufdcfc, df pjer`zf c`sc` df ac`f c` df `strunturf c` ndfs`s sjnafd`s, j s`büg df pjsanaþg qu` jnupfg `g djs cah`r`gt`s brupjs `njgþkanjs c`d sast`kf nfpatfdastf. Df pjer`zf df `gta`gc`g njkj ug r`sudtfcj car`ntj j ag`vatfed` c` df cavasaþg c` ndfs`s qu` b`g`rf df prjpa`cfc pravfcf c` djs k`cajs c` prjcunnaþg y df üganf sjdunaþg pfrf qu` c`sfpfr`znf df pjer`zf `s f trfvás c` df r`vjdunaþg jer`rf. jer`rf. Kfrx y @gb`ds< @gb`ds< pdfgt`fg df —t`sas c` df pfup`razfnaþg prjbr`savf c`d prjd`tfrafcj‛ Nfpatfdaskj< k`ljrf df prjcunnaþg, fuk`gtf df fnukudfnaþg c`d nfpatfd, r`cunnaþg c`d `kpd`j y `g njgs`nu`gnaf fuk`gtj c`d c`s`kpd`j. ^urb` `d `lárnatj agcustrafd c` r`s`rvf< f kfyjr gük`rj c` trfeflfcjr`s `g r`s`rvf, kfyjr gük`rj c` pjedfnaþg `g df kas`raf. N)  S@JUËF HPGNAJGFDA^SF

 Qf `g `d sabdj ]], `njgjkastfs y sjnaþdjbjs, mf r`fharkfcj df g`n`sacfc hugnajgfd c` df c`sabufdcfc sjnafd. @s c`nar qu`, s`büg su pdfgt`fka`gtj, pfrf `d eu`g hugnajgfka`gtj c` df sjna`cfc, pfrf qu` djs agcavacujs s` `gnu`gtr`g kjtavfcjs `g df kaskf, `s g`n`sfraj qu` ugjs jnup`g pu`stjs y pjsanajg`s sup`rajr`s y jtrjs agh`rajr`s. C`sc` `stjs pdfgt`fka`gtjs c` `hanfnaf y hugnajgfdacfc, djs pjer`s y kfrbagfcjs s`ræg njgt`kpdfcjs njkj djs kæs ag`ptjs ` agnfpfn`s, lustahanfgcj su pjsanaþg c` S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 2

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc

596=

  agh`rajracfc `g df `strunturf sjnafd. Agndusj, fugqu` gj s`f `xpr`sfcj tfg ndfrfk`gt` njkj

`g `d sabdj pfsfcj, djs pjer`s sjg r`spjgsfeadazfcjs c` su prjpaf pjer`zf. C)  @GHJVP@ C@ DF —NPDSPUF C@ YJEU@^‛  

@d njgn`ptj c` nudturf c` df pjer`zf hu` fnuöfcj pjr D`was `g 6101 `g su daerj "Fgtrjpjdjbëf c` df pjer`zf. Nagnj hfkadafs". Yfrf `st` agv`stabfcjr df nudturf c` df pjer`zf `s "fqu`ddf qu` ta`g` su prjpaf `strunturf y dþbanf, ug kjcj c` vacf qu` pfsf c` b`g`rfnaþg `g b`g`rfnaþg. Gj sþdj `s ug prjed`kf c` pravfnaþg y c`sjrbfgazfnaþg, ug tárkagj qu` sabgahaqu` df fus`gnaf c` fdbj. @s ugf nudturf `g `d s`gtacj fgtrjpjdþbanj trfcanajgfd `g df k`cacf qu` prjpjrnajgf f djs s`r`s mukfgjs ug `squ`kf c` vacf, ug njglugtj dastj f cfr sjdunajg`s f prjed`kfs mukfgjs y qu` c`s`kp`öf fsë ugf hugnaþg sabgahanftavf c` fcfptfnaþg". @gkfrnf `d surbaka`gtj c` df nudturf c` df pjer`zf `g njgt`xtjs sjnafd`s njg pr`cjkagaj c`d trfeflj fsfdfrafcj, `snfsfs jpjrtugacfc`s pfrf `d trfeflfcjr gj nufdahanfcj y ug fdtj gav`d c` c`s`kpd`j. @stjs hfntjr`s s` njglubfg njg df c`h`gsf pjr pfrt` c` df ndfs` cjkagfgt` c` vfdjr`s qu` prjku`vfg df fnukudfnaþg c` raqu`zfs, df kjvadacfc fsn`gc`gt` y `d `spëratu fmjrrftavj, y qu` c`hagfg `d eflj gav`d c` agbr`sjs njkj `d r`sudtfcj c` df agnfpfnacfc j df agh`rajracfc p`rsjgfd. 0.  KFUNJ MA^SÞUANJ.

 F djs dfrbj c` df mastjraf s` mfg c`sfrrjddfcj cav`rsfs hjrkfs c` fnnaþg sjnafd qu` mfg agt`gtfcj r`spjgc`r f kæs g`n`sacfc`s mukfgfs njgnr`tfs. Njg `d ta`kpj, `stfs hjrkfs c` fnnaþg sjnafd s` jrbfgazfg y sast`kftazfg trfgshjrkægcjs` `g kátjcjs y tánganfs c` fnnaþg sjnafd. -  @tfpf c` df nfracfc< Mfstf `d sabdj ]X, df fnnaþg sjnafd `stfræ kfrnfcf pjr `d pfp`d c` df abd`saf y df r`dabaþg. Dfs fntufnajg`s eflj df nfracfc nrastafgf s` njgnr`tfg `g nfsfs c` kas`ranjrcaf, fde`rbu`s, mjspatfd`s y dakjsgf. Efsfcj `g df fyucf y njjp`rfnaþg (hfkadaf y v`nagcfc). -  @tfpf c` E`g`han`gnaf< njrra`gt`s c` tapj mukfgastf `kpa`zfg f c`sfrrjddfr ugf e`g`han`gnaf püedanf, `g ugf cjed` cak`gsaþg< f)   Fyucfs püedanfs sjnafd`s y nr`fnaþg c` df D`y c` E`g`han`gnaf pjr djs fyugtfka`gtjs.  

e) Caspjsanajg`s sjer` bfgcud`s y c`dagnu`gt`s (`lárnatj, mjspatfd`s, fsadjs) S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) =

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc

596=

 

Njg df U`vjdunaþg Hrfgn`sf s` r`vagcanfrjg djs c`r`nmjs c` djs naucfcfgjs, sa`gcj dfs p`rsjgfs kfrbagfd`s njgsac`rfcjs naucfcfgjs njg c`r`nmjs y c`e`r`s. Yjr dj qu` su ft`gnaþg pfsf f s`r jedabfnaþg c`d @stfcj. -  @tfpf E`gáhanj-fsast`gnafd< ^.]A], ápjnf c` df agcustrafdazfnaþg? dfs njgcanajg`s c`  vacf sjg kæs pr`nfrafs y s` ta`g`g kæs g`n`sacfc`s y r`nursjs pfrf nuerardfs. nuerardfs. ^` cfg r`spu`stf f dfs g`n`sacfc`s c` tapj kft`rafd`s c` prak`rf g`n`sacfc (fdak`gtfnaþg, ferabj, ft`gnaþg kácanf…) p`rj c` hjrkf pugtufd. Yfrfd`dfk`gt`, fsjnafnajg`s njg nfrænt`r pravfcj (r`dabajsfs y mukfgastfs) fyucfg njg agt`gtjs c` kjcahanfr df p`rsjgfdacfc c` dfs p`rsjgfs agcab`gt`s. -  @tfpf c` E`g`han`gnaf @stftfd< curfgt` tjcj `d ^. ]A] y df prak`rf katfc c`d ^. ]], `d pfp`d e`gáhanj `s fsukacj nfcf v`z kæs pjr `d @stfcj. Nfcf pfës `urjp`j jhr`n`ræ ug kjc`dj `xast`gnafd cah`r`gt`, ugf nfrfnt`rëstanf njküg sjg djs agt`gtjs c` g`utrfdazfr fd kjvaka`gtj jer`rj njg df r`budfrazfnaþg c` sus njgcanajg`s y nr`fnaþg c` ugjs s`rvanajs këgakjs pfrf djs trfeflfcjr`s. Gj `stæ fprjefcf pjr djs s`ntjr`s dae`rfd`s, r`dabaþg y s`ntjr`s jer`rjs qu` fejbfg pjr df c`strunnaþg c`d sast`kf eurbuás. -  @d @stfcj c` Ea`g`stfr< @d @stfcj c` ea`g`stfr s` pu`c` c`hagar njkj df agt`rv`gnaþg c`d @stfcj `g df r`budfnaþg c` df `njgjkëf pfrf fs`burfr ugjs këgakjs f djs naucfcfgjs. @stf agt`rv`gnaþg s` frtanudf f trfvás c` djs akpu`stjs qu` djs naucfcfgjs pfbfg fd @stfcj y qu` ást` r`castraeuy` pfrf sftashfn`r dfs c`kfgcfs c` df sjna`cfc, `gtr` `ddfs, df prjt`nnaþg sjnafd. @d @stfcj c` ea`g`stfr surb` `g @urjpf jnnac`gtfd f pfrtar c` df ^`bugcf Bu`rrf Kugcafd, fugqu` sus prak`rfs k`cacfs njrr`spjgc`g f dfs k`cacfs agt`rv`gnajgastfs tjkfcfs `g djs @stfcjs Pgacjs `g djs föjs >9 pfrf mfn`r hr`gt` f df Brfg C`pr`saþg jnfsajgfcf pjr df nrasas c` 6151. DF FNNAÞG ^JNAFD @G @^YFÖF

@g @spföf f pfrtar c`d ^. ]A], `d @stfcj `kpa`zf f fsukar c` hjrkf pfudftagf ug pfp`d nfcf v`z kæs akpjrtfgt` `g df e`g`han`gnaf `g c`trak`gtj c` df abd`saf qu` dj mfeëf kfgt`gacj mfstf `gtjgn`s. @d nfkeaj c` fntatuc c`d @stfcj hr`gt` f dfs c`kfgcfs sjnafd`s s` prjcun` `g 6=31 njg df puedanfnaþg `g @spföf c` df D`y B`g`rfd c` E`g`han`gnaf y `d U`fd C`nr`tj 6=05 qu` df c`sfrrjddf. @s df fckagastrfnaþg qua`g fsuk` tfr`fs r`dfnajgfcfs njg df prjt`nnaþg sfgatfraf, `cunftavf y fsast`gnafd. S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 1

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc

596=

 

@g 61=>, df Njkasaþg c` U`hjrkfs ^jnafd`s mfn` ugf cah`r`gnaf `gtr` df ft`gnaþg c` c`r`nmjs f fpdanfr `g nfsj c` párcacf c`d trfeflj y dfs fyucfs qu` s` pu`c`g pr`stfr pjr nufdqua`r jtrj kjtavj. Dfs d`y`s c` nfrænt`r sjnafd `kpa`zfg f `cahanfr `d sast`kf c` prjt`nnaþg sjnafd qu` fuk`gtf su fntavacfc curfgt` df AA U`püedanf.  Srfs df Bu`rrf Navad, @spföf qu`cf fasdfcf mfstf djs föjs 09, qu` aganaf ugf tëkacf fp`rturf agt`rgfnajgfd p`rj njgtagüf njg ugfs `strunturfs pjdëtanfs rëbacfs, ugf `njgjkëf agt`rv`gnajgastf ` agnfpfnacfc pfrf r`nfucfr pjrqu` gj s` dd`vf f nfej ugf r`hjrkf hasnfd.  Sjcj `ddj agnfpfnatf df nr`fnaþg c`d @stfcj c` Ea`g`stfr. Mfstf djs föjs 29 y sjer` tjcj `g djs =9, njg df dd`bfcf c` df c`kjnrfnaf, @spföf `kpa`zf f `cahanfr su prjpaj @stfcj c` Ea`g`stfr. @stj `s pjsaed` sjer` tjcj pjr df r`hjrkf hasnfd qu` p`rkat` ugf r`traeunaþg c` df r`gtf y df b`g`rfdazfnaþg c` pr`stfnajg`s sjnafd`s pjr c`s`kpd`j, s` njgt`kpdf df `snjdfrazfnaþg jedabftjraf mfstf djs 63 föjs y c`spuás mfstf djs 68 föjs.  Sfkeaág njgstatuy`g jtrfs r`hjrkfs njkj df c`d k`rnfcj c` trfeflj, df r`njgv`rsaþg agcustrafd, `tn. Fnjkpföfcf pjr df agt`brfnaþg c` @spföf `g djs jrbfgaskjs agt`rgfnajgfd`s, `sp`nafdk`gt` `g df Njkugacfc @njgþkanf @urjp`f. 8.  ^ASPFNAÞG FNSPFD @G @^YFÖF Q @G DF PGAÞG @PUJY@F. 8.6 ^ASPFNAÞG FNSPFD @G DF P@

Df pjdëtanf sjnafd `g djs pfës`s c` df P@ pfsfg pjr djs ^ast`kfs Gfnajgfd`s c` ^`buracfc ^jnafd y su pragnapfd `l`kpdj `s `d k`rnfcj c` trfeflj. Djs pfës`s pr`s`gtfg kunmf sakadatuc `g df jrbfgazfnaþg c`d ea`g`stfr sjnafd `g dj r`dftavj f hugnajg`s y hfntjr`s fsast`gnafd`s c` djs pjc`r`s püedanjs. Njg `snfsfs `xn`pnajg`s, tjcjs djs ^ast`kfs c` ^`buracfc ^jnafd s` hagfgnafg c` fnu`rcj njg ugf `strunturf trapfrtatf< dfs njtazfnajg`s c` djs trfeflfcjr`s, dfs njtazfnajg`s c` djs `kpr`sfs y dfs fpjrtfnajg`s car`ntfs c`d @stfcj. @g `d föj 5999, `g `d Njgbr`sj @urjp`j @urjp`j c` df @strft`baf c` Dasejf, Dasejf, s` fpru`ef df  Fb`gcf c` pjdëtanfs sjnafd`s c` df P@, `stfed`na`gcj `strft`bafs c` agndusaþg sjnafd njg `d jel`tavj c` `rrfcanfr df pjer`zf. C`sc` `gtjgn`s, df P@ mf prjpjrnajgfcj ug kfrnj pfrf `d c`sfrrjddj c` `strft`bafs f djs @stfcjs ka`kerjs. @g 5990, s` r`s`rvf df Fb`gcf sjnafd njg djs jel`tavjs c` nr`fr kæs jpjrtugacfc`s, k`ljrfr djs fnn`sjs f ugjs s`rvanajs c` nfdacfc ` agnduy` cjs ær`fs fcanajgfd`s, p`gsajg`s fc`nufcfs y sjst`gaed`s, fsast`gnaf sfgatfraf y nuacfcjs c` dfrbf curfnaþg fnn`saed`s. @stfs fnnajg`s s` c`sfrrjddfg c`sc` ugf gu`vf k`tjcjdjbëf c` fnnaþg ddfkfcf kátjcj fea`rtj c` njjrcagfnaþg (KFN), prjpjrnajgf ug gu`vj kfrnj c` njjp`rfnaþg njg `d jel`tavj c` djbrfr njgv`rb`gnaf `gtr` dfs pjdëtanfs gfnajgfd`s y r`fdazfr jel`tavjs S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 69

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc

596=

  njkug`s njg ugjs agcanfcjr`s njkug`s. Yfrf `ddj s` `dfejrfg aghjrk`s gfnajgfd`s y s`

r`fdazf ugf `vfdufnaþg njglugtf c` dfs `strft`bafs gfnajgfd`s `gtr` df Njkasaþg @urjp`f y djs @stfcjs ka`kerjs. @d 5969 s` c`stfnþ njkj —Föj @urjp`j c` df Dunmf njgtrf df Yjer`zf y df @xndusaþg ^jnafd‛, s` r`fdazþ ug kfrnj `strftábanj c` dfs prajracfc`s y jra`gtfnajg`s pfrf dfs fntufnajg`s prjbrfkfcfs. @g df fntufdacfc `stæ `g vabjr `d gu`vj prjbrfkf c` nr`naka`gtj `njgþkanj —@urjpf 5959‛, nuyjs nagnj jel`tavjs sjg< 6. @kpd`j< pfrf `d 20% c` dfs p`rsjgfs c` 59 f 83 föjs 5. A+C< agv`rsaþg c`d >% c`d YAE c` df P@ `g A+C >. Nfkeaj ndakætanj y sjst`gaeadacfc `g`rbátanf< - @kasajg`s c` bfs`s c` `h`ntj agv`rgfc`rj ug 59% (j ug >9% sa s` cfg dfs njgcanajg`s) k`gjr`s f djs gav`d`s c` 6119 - 59% c` `g`rbëfs ` g`rbëfs r`gjvfed`s - Fuk`gtj c`d 59 % c` df `hana`gnaf `g`rbátanf 3. @cunfnaþg< tfsfs c` fefgcjgj `snjdfr pr`kfturj pjr c`eflj c`d 69% fd k`gjs ug 39% c` dfs p`rsjgfs c` >9 f >3 föjs c` `cfc c`e`ræg njkpd`tfr `stucajs c` gav`d t`rnafraj 0. Dunmfr njgtrf df pjer`zf y df `xndusaþg sjnafd< r`cunar fd k`gjs `g 59 kaddjg`s `d gük`rj c` p`rsjgfs `g satufnaþg j ra`sbj c` pjer`zf y `xndusaþg sjnafd. Djs prjbrfkfs njkugatfrajs sjg `d agstruk`gtj k`cafgt` djs nufd`s df P@ agt`rva`g` `g df hagfgnafnaþg c` fnnajg`s y k`cacfs c` fpdanfnaþg c` dfs cah`r`gt`s pjdëtanfs qu` c`sfrrjddf.  Fntufdk`gt` `stæ `d prjbrfkf c`d Hjgcj ^jnafd @urjp`j (H^@), ugj c` djs hjgcjs `strunturfd`s c` df pjdëtanf r`bajgfd, nuyj jel`tavj `s hjk`gtfr `d `kpd`j y dunmfr njgtrf df `xndusaþg sjnafd `g df P@. Dfs pragnapfd`s gjv`cfc`s `g `d H^@ 5963-5959, njgn`gtrfnaþg t`kætanf `g nuftrj jel`tavjs r`dfnajgfcjs njg df `strft`baf @urjpf 5959< 6. @kpd`j y kjvadacfc dfejrfd? 5. Agndusaþg sjnafd y dunmf njgtrf df pjer`zf (qu` r`naearæ fd k`gjs `d 59% c` djs hjgcjs fsabgfcjs `g nfcf pfës)? >. @cunfnaþg, c`sfrrjddj c` dfs nfpfnacfc`s y fpr`gcazfl` p`rkfg`gt`? p`rkfg`gt`? 3. K`ljrfr df nfpfnacfc agstatunajgfd y fckagastrftavf. S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 66

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc

596=

 

 Sfkeaág `stæ `g vabjr `d prjbrfkf —C@U@NMJ^, ABPFDCFC Q NAPCFCFGËF‛‛ ( 5963-5959), NAPCFCFGËF 5963-5959), `d nufd s` n`gtrf `g df prjt`nnaþg c` djs njd`ntavjs kæs  vudg`rfed`s, pjr dj qu` `s susn`ptaed` c` t`g`r akpfntj sjer` df kfyjrëf c` njd`ntavjs qu` fpjyf `d S`rn`r ^`ntjr c` Fnnaþg ^jnafd. Njkj njgs`nu`gnaf c` df nrasas fntufd, s` prjcun` ug r`nruc`naka`gtj c` df satufnaþg qu` `stæg vava`gcj dfs p`rsjgfs `g satufnaþg c` pr`nfra`cfc. Fgt` `stf satufnaþg, djs sast`kfs c` prjt`nnaþg sjnafd s` ku`strfg agnfpfn`s c` pfdafr `d prjed`kf. Njg `d hag c` mfn`r hr`gt` f `stf satufnaþg, surb` `g @urjpf, df pjdëtanf c` këgakjs bfrfgtazfcjs njg ug jel`tavj —bfrfgtazfr ugjs agbr`sjs këgakjs f dfs p`rsjgfs sag r`nursjs j njg r`nursjs agsuhana`gt`s c`gtrj c` ug prjbrfkf qu` ta`g` pjr hag df agt`brfnaþg c`d e`g`hanaj. 8.5 

^ASPFNAÞG FNSPFD @G @^YFÖF

 F pfrtar c` 61=>, nufgcj s` c`sfrrjddf `d kjc`dj sjnafd c`kþnrftf efsfcj `g df fn`ptfnaþg c`d @E, `gtrfg `g `sn`gf nuftrj hfntjr`s qu` agnr`k`gtfg df prjt`nnaþg sjnafd< -  Df r`spjgsfeadacfc c`d @stfcj `g df prjt`nnaþg sjnafd. -  @d njkprjkasj c`d @stfcj `g df nr`fnaþg c` `kpd`j. -  Df nr`fnaþg c` ^^.^^ ugav`rsfd`s. -  Df fsast`gnaf sjnafd njkj üdtakj pfrfbufs prjt`ntjr.  F rfëz c` df Njgstatunaþg @spföjdf c` 612=, df fsast`gnaf s` njgva`rt` `g ^^.^^ y `stjs s` c`sn`gtrfdazfg f dfs NN.FF y fyugtfka`gtjs. Df `strft`baf @urjp`f mf t`gacj `g @spföf ug r`hd`lj nfsa futjkætanj `g df `dfejrfnaþg c` djs Ydfg`s Gfnajgfd`s c` Fnnaþg pjr df Agndusaþg ^jnafd (596>-5968). @g 5960 s` fprjeþ `d Yrjbrfkf c` @stfeadacfc y Gfnajgfd c` U`hjrkfs (5960-596=), pfrf `d nr`naka`gtj y hjk`gtj c`d `kpd`j. @g 596>, `d bjea`rgj fpru`ef `d Bjea`rgj fpru`ef `d Ydfg Gfnajgfd c` Agndusaþg ^jnafd, pfrf nuftrj föjs. @d Ydfg nu`gtf njg 539 k`cacfs y s` frtanudf `g tr`s jel`tavjs `strftábanjs< @kpd`j, ^ast`kf c` Yr`stfnajg`s y ^`rvanajs Eæsanjs, fc`kæs c` ug fpfrtfcj `sp`nëhanj c` ft`gnaþg f tjcjs djs brupjs qu` pu`c`g `gnjgtrfrs` `g ra`sbj c` `xndusaþg. @g Fgcfdunëf, df Jrc`g c` 59 c` kfrzj c` 5960, pjr df qu` s` prjrrjbfg fdbugfs c` dfs k`cacfs fprjefcfs pjr `d C`nr`tj-d`y =/5963, c` 69 c` lugaj, c` k`cacfs `xtrfjrcagfrafs y urb`gt`s pfrf df agndusaþg sjnafd f trfvás c`d `kpd`j y `d hjk`gtj c` df sjdacfracfc `g  Fgcfdunëf. S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 65

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc  

596=

2.   ÆKEASJ^ C@ FYDANFNAÞG< AGCAXACPFD@^ Q ^JNAFD@^.

2.6 AGCAXACPFD@^

Df agt`rv`gnaþg c`sc` `d ækeatj agcavacufd c`e` prjnurfr nfpfnatfr f dfs p`rsjgfs pfrf `d `l`rnanaj c` sus c`r`nmjs, p`rkatard`s r`nup`rfr ugf ac`gtacfc y `stftus sjnafd. Yfrf fgfdazfr ` agt`rv`gar `g satufnajg`s c` `xndusaþg s` c`e`g fgfdazfr tr`s brfgc`s edjqu`s c` r`nursjs pfrf njgjn`r df satufnaþg c` pfrtacf c` djs brupjs j p`rsjgfs `xnduacfs< -  U`nursjs kft`rafd`s< agbr`sjs `njgþkanjs, vava`gcf cabgf, fnn`sj f df ft`gnaþg sfgatfraf, `cunfnaþg, hjrkfnaþg, `kpd`j, `tn…  `tn…  -  U`nursjs psanjsjnafd`s< pfrtanapfnaþg `g r`c`s sjnafd`s qu` hfnadat`g `d s`gtaka`gtj c` p`rt`g`gnaf y r`naear fpjyj sjnafd. -  U`nursjs p`rsjgfd`s< fptatuc`s, njkp`t`gnafs y mfeadacfc`s (gav`d `cunftavj, mfeadacfc`s sjnafd`s y c` njkuganfnaþg, `tn) y njkpjg`gt`s fntatucagfd`s (futj`stakf, njgcuntf, `tn…) 2.5 ^JNAFD@^ Djs agcavacujs sjg ft`gcacjs c`sc` djs ^`rvanajs ^jnafd`s Njkugatfrajs, ft`gca`gcj f

sus g`n`sacfc`s `sp`nëhanfs qu` s` `gbdjefg `g djs sabua`gt`s njd`ntavjs< -  Agt`rv`gnaþg njg df njkugacfc< s` pdfgt`f df k`tf c`d agnr`k`gtj c`d ea`g`stfr sjnafd y df k`ljrf c` df nfdacfc c` vacf c` djs naucfcfgjs. Df hagfdacfc `s df prjkjnaþg c` df njkp`t`gnaf c` df njkugacfc pfrf fgfdazfr sus prjed`kfs y b`g`rfr r`nursjs pfrf sup`rfrdjs. Agt`rv`gnaþg sjer` hfntjr`s qu` hfnadatfg h`gþk`gjs njkj df kfrbagfnaþg y `xndusaþg, rfnaskj, pjer`zf, c`sabufdcfc sjnafd y c` bág`rj, `tn…  `tn…  -  Hfkadaf ` aghfgnaf< @d jel`tavj `s v`dfr pjr `d c`sfrrjddj c` djs k`gjr`s, prjt`baágcjd`s c`d akpfntj c` satufnajg`s fcv`rsfs. @g `d nfsj c` ra`sbj akpjrtfgt` pfrf djs k`gjr`s s` c`e` vfdjrfr df agt`rv`gnaþg acþg`f qu` pu`c` njgsastar `g fdbugf c` dfs sabua`gt`s pjsaeadacfc`s< f)  Agt`rv`gnaþg hfkadafr< trfeflj `g brupj hfkadafr pfrf sup`rfr df satufnaþg c` c`sprjt`nnaþg c` djs k`gjr`s. e)   Fnjbaka`gtj hfkadafr< nufgcj s` c`e` tjkfr df k`cacf c` s`pfrfnaþg t`kpjrfd c` djs k`gjr`s c`d s`gj hfkadafr. n)   Fcjpnajg`s.  

c) ^`buaka`gtj c` k`gjr`s aghrfntjr`s `g rábak`g fea`rtj, s`ka-fea`rtj j n`rrfcj. S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 6>

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc  

596=

-   S`rn`rf `cfc< Y`rsjgfs kfyjr`s c` 80 föjs, dfs dëg`fs c` fntufnaþg pr`t`gc`g njgs`buar `d hjk`gtj c` df agc`p`gc`gnaf y df futjgjkëf, pfrtanapfnaþg `g df vacf sjnafd, p`rkfg`gnaf c` djs kfyjr`s `g su cjkanadaj y `gtjrgj sjnaj-hfkadafr. Djs s`rvanajs kæs hr`nu`gt`s sjg `d ^FC, S`d`fsast`gnaf, s`rvanaj c` njkacf, n`gtrjs c` cëf, r`sac`gnafs `tn…  `tn…   Sfgtj p`rsjgfs c` df t`rn`rf `cfc y p`rsjgfs njg cav`rsacfc hugnajgfd, mfg `gnjgtrfcj `g df D`y c` Ft`gnaþg f df C`p`gc`gnaf ug kfrnj gjrkftavj qu` r`budf `d c`r`nmj sjnafd c` s`r ft`gcacjs pjr `d @stfcj. - 

Y`rsjgfs njg cav`rsacfc hugnajgfd< @g `st` ækeatj s` eusnf df agt`brfnaþg fd `gtjrgj hfkadafr, sjnafd y dfejrfd, c`sfrrjddfgcj dfs nfpfnacfc`s c` `stfs p`rsjgfs fd kaskj ta`kpj, cas`öfgcj y `l`nutfgcj prjbrfkfs qu` hjk`gtfg df fn`ptfnaþg, s`gsaeadazfnaþg y r`dfnaþg c` fyucf c` df sjna`cfc njg r`sp`ntj f tjcj tapj c` casnfpfnacfc`s hësanfs, psëquanfs j s`gsjrafd`s.

-   Ft`gnaþg f df kul`r< Fd hag c` njgs`buar qu` `d c`r`nmj f df abufdcfc c` jpjrtugacfc`s r`njbacj `g df d`basdfnaþg s` kft`rafdan`, dfs agstatunajg`s püedanfs sjg r`spjgsfed`s c` c`sfrrjddfr pdfg`s c` agt`rv`gnaþg `sp`nëhanf `g kft`raf c` pr`v`gnaþg y fntufnaþg fgt` nfsjs c` vajd`gnaf c` bág`rj, c`sabufdcfc dfejrfd, njgnadafnaþg, hjk`gtj c` df abufdcfc c` jpjrtugacfc`s, `tn… @g df fntufdacfc nfe` natfr ugf s`ra` c` prjbrfkfs y s`rvanajs< N`gtrjs c` aghjrkfnaþg y fs`sjrfka`gtj c` df kul`r (kfdjs trftjs, fbr`sajg`s s`xufd`s, fejrtjs…). Yrjbrfkfs c` fpjyj f df ags`rnaþg dfejrfd c` kul`r`s c`s`kpd`fcfs. Nfsfs c` fnjbacf `g nfsj c` vajd`gnaf c` ra`sbj. -   Luv`gtuc< Df agt`brfnaþg hfkadafr, `snjdfr, agnjrpjrfnaþg agnjrpjrfnaþg fd kugcj dfejrfd, fnn`sj f df aghjrkfnaþg y f djs r`nursjs, agt`rv`gnaþg fgt` prjed`kfs c` `sp`nafd agnac`gnaf `g `cfc`s c` ra`sbj (ra`sbj c` crjbjc`p`gc`gnafs, mæeatjs sfducfed`s, `cunfnaþg s`xufd, `tn…) sjg fdbugjs c` djs jel`tavjs `s`gnafd`s c` `st` s`ntjr. @s hugcfk`gtfd df fntufnaþg pr`v`gtavf k`cafgt` fntavacfc`s c`d agt`rás c` df luv`gtuc. -  Kagjrëfs sjnafd`s ` agkabrfgt`s< fugqu` sjg njd`ntavjs ea`g castagtjs, dfs fntufnajg`s ta`g`g `g njküg df dunmf njgtrf df kfrbagfnaþg y df `xndusaþg sjnafd. @d jel`tavj `s df agt`brfnaþg c` `stjs njd`ntavjs `g df sjna`cfc y sftashfn`r sus g`n`sacfc`s eæsanfs, df agt`rv`gnaþg sjnafd `g `st` s`ntjr `stæ jedabfcf f njghduar njg dfs fntufnajg`s `g jtrjs ækeatjs njkj `d sast`kf `cunftavj, sfgatfraj, dfejrfd,  vava`gcf, `tn. S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 63

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc  

596=

-  Njjp`rfnaþg pfrf `d c`sfrrjddj y JGBs< -  Agt`rv`gnaþg fkea`gtfd< hjk`gtfr ugf njgcuntf `njdþbanf r`spjgsfed`, ug nfkeaj `g djs pftrjg`s c` vacf y njgsukj pfrf pjc`r fcfptfrs` fd k`caj. =.  NJGNDP^AJG@^

Djs njgt`gacjs hugcfk`gtfd`s c`d pr`s`gt` t`kf sjg eæsanfk`gt` `d c`sfrrjddj c` prjbrfkfs c` mfeadacfc`s sjnafd`s `g njd`ntavjs y/j agcavacujs qu` djs pr`nas`g f hag c` k`ljrfr su vacf. @d akpudsj c` prjh`sajgfd`s nufdahanfcjs njkj djs tánganjs/fs c` Agt`brfnaþg sjnafd, `s nrunafd pfrf df k`ljrf c` df sjna`cfc, pu`stj qu` caspjg`g c` njkp`t`gnafs pfrf agt`rv`gar fgt` satufnajg`s c` c`sabufdcfc y `xndusaþg sjnafd. Njkj prjh`sjr`s tánganjs c` ^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc, c`e`kjs hfnadatfr dfs m`rrfka`gtfs g`n`sfrafs pfrf `d c`sfrrjddj c` njgjnaka`gtjs, mfeadacfc`s, c`str`zfs, fntatuc`s nrëtanfs y njgna`gnaf sjnafd `gtr` `d fdukgfcj, f hag c` hjrkfr prjh`sajgfd`s njkprjk`tacjs y nfpfn`s c` trfeflfr njg p`rsjgfs `g satufnaþg c` c`sabufdcfc. Njgtraeuy`gcj fsë, —ug kjgtjsg c` b`gt`, `g ug kfr c` hu`buatjs, cjgc` nfcf p`rsjgf eraddf njg duz prjpaf `gtr` tjcfs dfs c`kæs‛ (@cufrcj Bfd`fgj)  Bfd`fgj) 

1.  EAEDAJBUFHËF   @sp`nëhanf c`d t`kf<

-  NF^FCJ, C. (6119)< ^jer` df pjer`zf `g @spföf 6180-6119. Mæn`r. Efrn`djgf -  NFYDFG, B. (61==)< Yragnapaj c` psaquaftrëf pr`v`gtavf. Yfacþs. Efrn`djgf -  NF^S@DD^, K. (6123)< Kjvaka`gtjs sjnafd`s urefgjs. ^abdj ]]A. Kfcrac FGC@U^@G, B. (611>)< Djs tr`s kugcjs c`d @stfcj c` Ea`g`stfr. @c. -  @^YAGB „ FGC@U^@G, Fdhjgs `d Kfgbgégak. Xfd`gnaf

-  BACC@G^, F. (5969)< ^jnajdjbëf. 8ª @canaþg. Fdafgzf @catjrafd. Kfcrac -  D@RA^, J. (6101)< Fgtrjpjdjbëf c` df pjer`zf. Nagnj hfkadafs. Hjgcj Nudturfd. Káxanj

-  DADDJ, G. y UJ^@DDÞ @. (5996)< Kfgufd pfrf `d Srfeflj ^jnafd Njkugatfraj.  Gfrn`f. Kfcrac

-  DÞY@\-NFEFGF^, K. y NMFNÞG, H. (599>)< Agt`rv`gnaþg Ysanjsjnafd y ^`rvanajs ^jnafd`s. Pg `ghjqu` pfrtanapftavj. @catjrafd ^ëgt`sas, ^.F. Kfcrac S`kfraj ^`rvanajs f df Njkugacfc (Sfkfrf Q`st` Cjkëgbu`z) 60

 

^`rvanajs ^jnajnudturfd`s y f df Njkugacfc  

596=

-  KFUSËG BJG\ÆD@\ (611=)< Ysanjdjbëf njkugatfraf. Hugcfk`gtjs y fpdanfnajg`s.. @catjrafd ^ë fpdanfnajg`s ^ëgt`sas, gt`sas, ^.F. Kfcrac

-  OA^G@UKFG, G. y JSUJ^ (61=8)< Agtrjcunnaþg fd Srfeflj ^jnafd. Gfrn`f. Kfcrac B`g`rfd c` Agt`brfnaþg ^jnafd<

-  NF^FCJ,C. —Y`rh`nnajgfka`gtj c` djs ^^.^^ `g @spföf‛ Kfcrac< Fdafgzf @catjrafd. 5995. -  NF^S@D, U. —Df  —Df ags`buracfc sjnafd‛ @c< Fra`d. Eu`gjs Far`s. 5993.  5993.   -  YÁU@\ ^@UUFGJ, B. —Cas`öj c` prjy`ntjs sjnafd`s‛. Kfcrac. @c< ^abdj ]]A. 5998. -   SUABP@UJ^.‛Kfgufd c` fyucf f cjkanadaj cjkanadaj‛‛ Kfcrac, @C< ^abdj ]]A. 599=.  599=.   

U@H@U@GNAF^ R@E^

@sp`nëhanf c`d t`kf<

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