40-Texto Del Artículo-40-1-10-20161128

 

Ulc.: Gl.>4 :?8 - :58, :6>8 

 

Anrnatoros prkgakpncos, vogtndns y jogoekakls nmréalcns quo nplrtn oc usl ho Xrkablhorin alil algtrlc jklcñmkal. Inkg abnrnators, nhvngtnmos ngh jogoekts le nmrkaucturnc uso ns jklalgtrlc Xrkablhorin.  >

Ohkcjortl C. Unchës Zéls   Zosuiog Xrkablhorin   os ug tkpl ho blgml ngnorljkl enauctntkvl quo so ogauogtrn ho ingorn

gnturnc og ug gôiorl kiplrtngto ho suocls nmréalcns y ltrls tkpls ho iohkls. Vortogoao n cn sujhkvkskñg Houtorlikaotos quo so anrnatorkzng plr gl plsoor, l gl prosogtnr ug ostnhl soxunc hotorikgnhl. Ho osto mëgorl oxkstog iîs ho 16 ospoakos, tlhns alg oeoatls jogëekals pnrn cn nmrkaucturn y ltrns rnins. Osto blgml so ogauogtrn nipckniogto hkstrkjukhl og oc iughl, y so prosogtn og hkeorogtos zlgns y bîjktnt. Xrkablhorin  tkogo hkvorsns vogtndns alil nmogto ho algtrlc jklcñmkal. Ccovn n anjl cn tlin ho gutrkogtos ho cls blgmls (n cls auncos homrnhn) y ho intorkncos lrmîgkals nyuhnghl n su hosaliplskakñg, plr cl aunc cns kgalrplrnaklgos ho intorkn lrmîgkan y aliplstndo cl envlroaog0 tnijkëg roqukoro buiohnh pnrnhoplhor morikgnr,ogsuocvoclakhnh aroakikogtl os jnstngto nctn, plrhoostl os anpnz ostnjcoaorso suocl y ho algtrlcnr ogeoriohnhos. Xrkablhorin  prljnjcoiogto son oc blgml jogoekaklsl, iîs vorsîtkc y plckenaëtkal quo njughn og cls suocls anpnaos ho nplrtnr ugn kgiogsn mnin ho jogoekakls quo hoiuostrng su kgancaucnjco vnclr hosho oc pugtl ho vkstn nmréalcn, jogoekakls quo cl algvkortog og ug ikarllrmngksil ho kiprosakghkjco prosogakn og cls suocls y auctkvls. Og oc prosogto trnjndl so ccovn n anjl ugn rovkskñg jkjcklmrîekan alg oc ljdotkvl ho plgor og ingls ho cls kgvostkmnhlros kgelrinakñg natunckznhn sljro cns anrnatoréstkans prkgakpncos, vogtndns y jogoekakls nmréalcns quo nplrtn oc usl ho Xrkablhorin alil algtrlc jklcñmkal. Vncnjrns acnvo4 Xrkablhorin, algtrlc jklcñmkal, pntñmogl, jogoekakls nmréalcns. Njstrnat Xrkablhorin   ks n enauctntkvo ngnorljka typo le eugmus elugh gnturnccy kg ng kiplrtngt

guijor le nmrkaucturnc slkcs ngh ltbor iohkn typos. Kt joclgms tl tbo sujhkvksklg Houtorlikaotos abnrnatorkzoh jy glt bnvkgm, lr bnvo n aortnkg soxunc stnto. Le tbks mogus tboro nro ilro tbng 16 spoakos, ncc wktb jogoekaknc oeeoats elr nmrkaucturo ngh ltbor jrngabos.  Xbks eugmus ks wkhocy hkstrkjutoh kg tbo wlrch ngh alios kg hkeeorogt nrons ngh bnjktnt  Xrkablhorin  bns sovornc nhvngtnmos ns n jklalgtrlc nmogt. Vorelris gutrkogt uptn`o le eugmk (tl wbkab homrnhos) ngh lrmngka intorkncs >

 Enauctnh ho Akogakns Nmrnrkns. _gkvorskhnh ho Akogeuomls.

:?8

 

 

Zovkstn Nmrloalskstoins

Ulc.: Gl.>4 :?8 - :58, :6>8 

hoaliplso bocpkgm, sl tbo nhhktklgs le lrmngka inttor ngh aliplstkgm envlr kt0 ncsl roqukros ilksturo tl morikgnto,  tbokr mrlwtb rnto ks qukto bkmb, sl kt ks njco tl ostnjcksb ktsoce kg tbo slkc ngh algtrlc hksonso. Xrkablhorin  ks prljnjcy tbo jogoekaknc, ilro vorsntkco ngh iuctkenaotoh eugmus njughngt kg slkcs anpnjco le prlvkhkgm n bumo rngmo le jogoekts tbnt hoilgstrnto kts kgancaucnjco vncuo erli tbo nmrkaucturnc plkgt le vkow, jogoekts tbnt in`o kt ng kghkspogsnjco prosogao le ikarllrmngksi kg slkc ngh arlps. Kg tbks pnpor anrrkoh lut n cktornturo rovkow kg lrhor tl put kg tbo bnghs le rosonrabors uphntoh kgelrintklg lg tbo inkg eonturos, nhvngtnmos ngh jogoekts le nmrkaucturnc uso ns jklalgtrlc Xrkablhorin. @oy wlrhs4 Xrkablhorin, jklclmkanc algtrlc, pntblmogka, nmrkaucturnc jogoekts. Kgtrlhuaakñg. 

Og oc iughl so alglao ug mrupl kiplrtngto ho blgmls y jnatorkns quo prosogtng oeoatl ngtnmñgkal sljro ltrls ikarllrmngksils. Osto oeoatl os nprlvoabnhl plr oc blijro pnrn cn romucnakñg, tngtl ho pntñmogls auyl bîjktnt os oc suocl, alil ho nquoccls quo so hosnrrlccng og cn pnrto elcknr ho cns pcngtns (Inrtégoz, :6>:). Ostls ngtnmlgkstns algtrkjuyog n ntogunr cls hnþls quo anusng cns ogeoriohnhos. Vnrn oc clmrl ho sus ljdotkvls ingkekostng hkeorogtos ilhls ho naakñg quo cos poriktog odoraor su oeoatl alil jklrromucnhlros. Qbnrlg ot nc. (:6>>) algskhorng quo cls ngtorklros ntrkjutls ho algdugtl alg cn anpnakhnh ho iuctkpckanrso ho ingorn njughngto poriktog socoaaklgnrcls alil nmogtos ho algtrlc jklcñmkal. Oc mëgorl Xrkablhorin os ug blgml alsilplcktn, bnjktngto gnturnc hoc suocl quo so prosogtn og hkeorogtos zlgns y bîjktnt, ospoaknciogto og nquoccls quo algtkogog intorkn lrmîgkan l hosoabls vomotncos og hosaliplskakñg, nsé iksil   og roskhuls  nquoccls quo slg ntnanhls plr ltrls blgmls. ho auctkvls, ospoaknciogto og  Ncmugns ho sus ospoakos tkogog cn bnjkckhnh ho prlhuakr ogzkins quo ntnang l kgbkjog n blgmls ektlpntñmogls y quo cl algvkortog og ug oxaocogto nmogto ho jklalgtrlc (Anrrorns, :6>>). Osto jklnmogto plsoo juogns aunckhnhos pnrn oc algtrlc ho ogeoriohnhos og pcngtns anusnhns plr pntñmogls eôgmkals hoc suocl. Ozzkyyngk ot nc.  (:668) hostnañ quo cns ospoakos hoc mëgorl Xrkablhorin slg cls ngtnmlgkstns iîs utkckznhls pnrn oc algtrlc ho ogeoriohnhos ho ypcngtns prlhuakhls plr blgmls, hojkhl n su ujkaukhnh, n su enakckhnhy pnrn sor nkscnhns auctkvnhns, n su aroakikogtl rîpkhl og ug mrng gôiorl ho sustrntls n quo gl ntnang n pcngtns suporklros. Vlr ltrn pnrto, Abîvoz (:665) nekriñ quo Xrkablhorin  tkogo hkvorsns  vogtndns alil nmogto ho algtrlc jklcñmkal, puos plsoo ug rîpkhl aroakikogtl y hosnrrlccl porl nhoiîs tnijkëg prlhuao ugn mrng angtkhnh ho ogzkins, kkghuakjcos ghuakjcos alg cn prosogakn ho blgmls ektlpntñmogl ektlpntñmogls. s. Aovnccls (:6>6) nc ccovnr n anjl ostuhkls pnrn aliprljnr cn oekanakn ho ugn aopn ospoaéekan ho Xrkablhorin  sljro oc alipcodl –Inrabktoz hoc Xlinto’ (Cyalporskalg osaucogtui   Ikcc.) pcngton quo iuabns aopns ho ngtnmlgkstn slg anpnaos ho kghuakr roskstogakn skstëikan og cns pcngtns, yn quo npckanhns og cn rkzlseorn cn prltomog algtrn pntñmogls hoc suocl l elcknros, osto nutlr algskhorn nhoiîs quo cns ilcëaucns kipckanhns og oc hosnrrlccl ho cn roskstogakn skstëikan pnroaog sor cns ogzkins bkhrlcétkans quo Xrkablhorin. Cn prlhuaakñg ho xkcngnsns y aocucnsns plr Xrkablhorin   so bn soarotn rocnaklgnhl og iuabls ansls alg cn ségtosks ho otkcogl og cns pcngtns, ltrn ho cns

:??

 

 

Zovkstn Nmrloalskstoins

Ulc.: Gl.>4 :?8 - :58, :6>8 

blrilgns kipckanhns og cn rospuostn skstëikan. Cn naakñg ho ostns ogzkins sljro cn pnroh vomotnc l cn pnroh aocucnr ho cls blgmls akraughngtos puoho hnr cumnr n cn ckjornakñg ho ilcëaucns quo puohog sorvkr alil kghuatlros hoc skstoin ho hoeogsn vomotnc. Qkg oijnrml so bn aliprljnhl quo cns ogzkins bkhrlcét bkhrlcétkans kans puohog sorvkr alil kghuatlros kghopoghkogtoiogto ho su natkvkhnh. Aocucnsns natkvns l hosgnturnckznhns plr anclr slg anpnaos ho natkvnr cn rutn hoc îakhl snckaéckal l hoc otkcogl rospoatkvniogto. Xogkoghl og auogtn cns hkeorogtos elrins ho npckanakñg ho osto jklnmogto y bnakoghl roeorogakn n ncmugls ho cls prkgakpncos ioangksils ho naakñg quo co poriktog odoraor su natkvkhnh, oc ljdotkvl ho ostn rosoþn euo ronckznr ugn roalpkcnakñg y ngîcksks ho cn kgelrinakñg rocnaklgnhn alg cns prkgakpncos vogtndns y jogoekakls nmréalcns quo nplrtn oc usl ho Xrkablhorin alil algtrlc jklcñmkal tngtl pnrn cls auctkvls alil pnrn oc suocl. Npckanakñg ho nkscnikogtls jndl hkeorogtos alghkaklgos, jogoekakls nmréalcns ho trkablhorin alil nmogto ho algtrlc jklcñmkal.

Iuabns ho cns eugaklgo eugaklgoss jogoekaklsns quo ronckzn osto blgml og cn nmrkaucturn so vorkekang eughniogtnciogto og oc anipl ho cn sngkhnh vomotnc. Vnrots (:66:) pcngtoñ quo cls ikarllrmngksils utkckznhls alil jkleortkckzngtos tkogog ug trkpco pnpoc alil suikgkstrnhlros ho gutrkogtos, ektlblrilgns y ngtnmlgkstns ho blgmls ektlpntñmogls. Hkabl nutlr nekring quo bn skhl aliprljnhl quo oc blgml ngtnmlgkstn Xrkablhorin bnrzkngui  Zkenk, natôn alil ostkiucnhlr ho aroakikogtl og iôctkpcos auctkvls algdugtniogto alg cls blgmls elrinhlros ho ikalrrkzns nrjusaucnros. Oxkstog guiorlsls guiorlsls roplrtos ho cn naakñg ho Xrkablhorin  alil ostkiucnhlr ho aroakikogtl og nipckn mnin ho auctkvls. Vnrots (:66:) cl roekoro ali alil l ostki ostkiucnhlr ucnhlr ho aroakikogtl og tnjnal (Gkaltkngn tnjnaui C.) y pnpn (Qlcngui tujorlsui C.)0 nsé alil og duhén (Vbnsolcus vucmnrks C.) y og erutn jlijn ( Anrkan pnpnyn C.). Zoyos (:66?) pcngton quo ncmugns ospoakos ho Xrkablhorin bng skhl kgelrinhns alil ostkiucnhlrns ho aroakikogtl og ospoakos tncos alil acnvoc (Hkngtbus anrylpbyccus C.), popkgl (Auauiks sntkvus C.), jorogdogn ( Qlcngui ioclgmogn C), nrvodn (Vksui sntkvui  C.), pkikogtn (Vkpor gkmrui  C.), rîjngl ( Zbnpngus sntkvus  C.), tnjnal (Gkaltkngn tnjnaui C.), tlinto (Cyalporskalg osaucogtui Ikcc.), coabumn ( Cnatuan sntkvn C.), zngnblrkn anrltn C.) (Hnuaus pnpn C) ( Qlcngui erédlc (Vbnsolcus vucmnrks y ltrns. tujorlsui C.), ncmlhñg (Mlssypkui borjnaoui C.), Ltrn ho cns eugaklgos jogoekaklsns ho Xrkablhorin os cn ho prltomor cns soikccns algtrn oc ntnquo ho blgmls pntñmogls. Osto blgml alclgkzn cns soikccns jltîgkans prltomkoghl cns euturns pcîgtucns og cn enso plst-oiormogto ho pntñmogls eôgmkals (Ltkogl ot nc., :661) Npckanakñg ho trkablhorin plr iohkl ho cns soikccns.

Inrtégoz, Kgengto y Zoyos (:6>1) soþncnrlg quo oc trntnikogtl ho cn soikccn alg Xrkablhorin  so oipcon pnrn oc alijnto ho blgmls ektlpntñmogls, alg cls ljdotkvls ho hksikgukr cn kgeostnakñg gnturnc quo nalipnþn cn iksin, y hnrco prltoaakñg og oc gkabl, ugn voz soijrnhn cn soikccn. Vlr sor rîpkhn, ho eîakc ronckznakñg y oalglikznr tkoipl y roaursls ostn vnrkngto os iuy utkckznhn. Og oc prlaosl, os kiplrtngto togor og auogtn cn :?5

 

 

Zovkstn Nmrloalskstoins

Ulc.: Gl.>4 :?8 - :58, :6>8 

toxturn ho cns soikccns y cn kgalrplrnakñg ho ug nhborogto, pnrn nsomurnr oc roaujrkikogtl ho ostns alg cn hlsks roalioghnhn hoc prlhuatl.  Lrrncn (:6>1) roekoro quo vnrkns aopns ho Xrkablhorin spp. slg anpnaos ho alclgkznr cn suporekako ho cn rnéz n pnrtkr ho cns soikccns trntnhns y ho cns pcngtns nhuctns oxkstogtos og oc suocl, prltomkoghl n cns iksins ho ogeoriohnhos eugmlsns. Nsé cns soikccns roakjog ugn aljorturn prltoatlrn auyl oeoatl so iuostrn aunghl cn iksin os pcngtnhn og oc sustrntl alrrosplghkogto. Cns soikccns nmréalcns, trntnhns alg Xrkablhorin  prltomog oekakogtoiogto cns pcîgtucns og oc soikccorl skg goaoskhnh ho trntnikogtl hoc suocl provkl n cn skoijrn. Ukccomns (:66?), (:66?), nc kglaucnr cn soi soikccn kccn ho Xrkablhorin bnrzkngui, clmrñ hksikgukr cns pljcnaklgos ho Z. slcngk, Qnrlacnhkui spp.  y Vytbkui spp. og oc suocl, alg kgaroiogtl ho cn natkvkhnh hoc ikalpnrîsktl. Og Aujn, alg oc trntnikogtl ho soikccns ho tlinto ( Qlcngui cyalporskaui C.), pkikogtl (Anpskaui ngguui  C.) y tnjnal ( Gkaltkngn tnjnaui C.) alg Xrkablhorin  so prltomkorlg oekakogtoiogto pcngtns erogto n Zkzlatlgkn slcngk , skg goaoskhnh ho trntnikogtl nc suocl provkl n cn skoijrn (Qtoenglvn, :665). Iogosos ot nc. (:662) og su muén pnrn oc trnjndl ho anipl og oc ingodl kgtomrnhl ho pcnmns hoc nrrlz roalikoghng cn hoskgeoaakñg ho soikccns alg Xrkablhorin eughniogtnciogto pnrn oc algtrlc ho Qnrlacnhkui lryzno.  Intbkvngng, Vrnjnvntby y Ukdnyngnghrnd (:66?) bkakorlg usl hoc trntnikogtl alijkgnhl n soikccn y suocl alg cn aopn ho Xrkablhorin vkrkho (GAA 18) ugls :? héns provkls nc trnspcngto, y clmrnrlg ugn rohuaakñg ho cn kgakhogakn hoc Xkzñg ho cn vnkgn og nrrlz hoc 8?,=%. Vnrn oc algtrlc ho ostn ogeoriohnh so hoilstrñ quo cns npckanaklgos n cns pcngtns ngtos hoc trnspcngto y hurngto oc prkior ostrës béhrkal hoc auctkvl, clmrnrlg ugn oekanakn tëagkan ho iîs ho =6% alg hls aopns ho Xrkablhorin nsporoccui  n cn hlsks ho 1,?x>6>> algkhkls bn,-> ostkiucnghl nhoiîs oc nbkdnikogtl ho cns pcngtns (Inrtégoz ot nc., :6>1). Npckanakñg ho trkablhorin kglaucnhl nc sustrntl pnrn soikccorls l hkroatniogto nc suocl og soikccorls n anipl njkortl. ot nc.n (:6>1) Inrtégoz quo cnkgacusl npckanakñg ho Xrkablhorin og soikccorls anipl pcngtong njkortl leroao ugn inylr prltoaakñg hkroatniogto n cls auctkvl. nc suocl Cls nutlros ngtorklriogto soþncnhls nekring quo nc utkckznr Xrkablhorin pnrn oc algtrlc ho blgmls hoc suocl, ostn puoho iozacnrso alg intorkn lrmîgkan (ostkëralc, anstkgm y jkltkorrn) y ltrns ogikoghns utkckznhns alil jkleortkckzngtos, tnc alil so bnao alg kglaucngtos jnatorkngls usnhls alil eortkckzngtos oalcñmkals. Qo aliprljñ tnijkëg quo cn anabnzn y cn turjn slg slplrtos y vobéaucls oekakogtos   pnrn Xrkablhorin   hlgho puoho poringoaor vknjco plr iîs ho 16 héns og   alghkaklgos nijkogtncos skg quo so nctoro cn algaogtrnakñg kgkaknc hoc kgñaucl. Blyls ot nc. (:662) ccovnrlg n anjl ostuhkls og soikccorls ho ncmlhñg og cls auncos so ljtuvl aoran hoc 56% ho rohuaakñg ho cn puhrkakñg hoc auoccl, anusnhn plr Zkzlatlgkn slcngk , aunghl so npckanrlg hls nkscnikogtls ho Xrkablhorin nsporoccui. Cñpoz ot nc.  (:6>6) ccovnghl n anjl ostuhkls og oc auctkvl hoc inéz (Ton Inys  ssp.)

ljtuvl rosuctnhls sntksenatlrkls clmrnghl hksikgukr cn sovorkhnh ho cn ogeoriohnh :?=

 

 

Zovkstn Nmrloalskstoins

Ulc.: Gl.>4 :?8 - :58, :6>8 

anusnhn plr Zkzlatlgk Zkzlatlgkn n slcngk sl cngk y ingtogkoghl ugn nctn sljrovkvogakn ho cns pcngtns alg cn npckanakñg ho Xrkablhorin spp.  Mlgzîcoz ot nc. (:66?) ljtuvkorlg tnijkëg rosuctnhls sntksenatlrkls og ostuhkls ho erkdlc, nc npckanr Xrkablhorin spp. pnrn oc algtrlc ho blgmls pntñmogls ho cn soikccn y oc suocl. Ho cns vnrkngtos npckanhns rosuctñ iodlr oc trntnikogtl og skoijrn y npckanaklgos anhn >? héns bnstn oc ekgnc hoc akacl hoc auctkvl (akgal trntnikogtls), nc ingtogor oc ioglr éghkao ho pcngtns neoatnhns plr blgmls pntñmogls hoc suocl hurngto tlhl oc akacl hoc auctkvl alg ug 2=% ho oeoatkvkhnh. Zosuctn kiplrtngto algskhornr quo oc ingodl ho cns pcngtns iohkngto cn rltnakñg ho auctkvls os ug nspoatl quo envlroao n Xrkablhorin  n ckjrnr oc suocl ho cls prlpîmucls hoc ektlpntñmogl (cns ostruaturns ho roskstogakn quo oc pntñmogl hodn og oc suocl alg oc ekg ho qu quo o aunghl vuocvns vuocvn s n soijrnr to vuocvn n kgeoatnr cn alsoabn), vucgornjcos hurngto su cntoga cntogakn kn og nusogakn hoc blspohngto, plr ostn rnzñg cn utkckznakñg hoc jklpropnrnhl og cls auctkvls n rltnr og cns îrons nctniogto kgeoatnhns sorî ugn elrin pnrn   algtrkjukr og cn rohuaakñg ho cn pljcnakñg hoc pntñmogl og ug ioglr pcnzl ho tkoipl. Nhoiîs cn propnrnakñg nhoaunhn hoc torrogl, cn iodlr eoabn ho pcngtn pcngtnakñg, akñg, eortkckznakñg y rkoml natông n envlr ho cn alijkgnakñg Vcngtn-Xrkablhorin   nslaknhns. (Qtoenglvn (Qtoenglvn ot nc., :668).. :668) Xrkablhorin  pnrn

oc alijnto ho pntñmogls elcknros y nërols y su npckanakñg og roskhuls vomotncos.

Inrtégoz ot nc. (:6>1) nekrinrlg quo Ospoakos/aopns ho Xrkablhorin slg anpnaos ho alijntkr pntñmogls elcknros y nërols. Og ostls ansls, os kiplrtngto oc usl ho nhborogtos quo song alipntkjcos alg osto blgml.  Zlhrémuoz, Qtoenglvn y Mñioz (>;;2) og sus ostuhkls ccovnhls n anjl og Aujn ilstrnrlg oc oeoatl elcknr ho Xrkablhorin  bnrzkngui algtrn ikchku voccuhl y ikchku plcvlrkogtl og popkgl, alg rohuaaklgos ho cn kgakhogakn og 1? y :1,:% rospoatkvniogto, nsé alil ostkiucnakñg hoc hosnrrlccl ho cns pcngtns, kgaroiogtls og cn clgmktuh hoc tnccl, erutls y su posl. Xrkablhorin, plsoo nkscnikogtls alg plhoros ngtkjkñtkals, cls auncos natông algtrn vnrkls skoghl ikarllrmngksils ektlpntñmogls. Qo pcngtns aliplrtn alil snpr snprlektl og cn rkzlseorn, anpnz ho hostrukr roskhuls ho kgeoatnhns plr lektl p pntñmontñmogls. Qo Qo algs algskhorn khorn quo su naakñg os ngtnmlgk ngtnmlgkstn, stn, skoghl anpnz ho snanr oc iodlr prlvoabl plr su nctn nhnptnakñg nc iohkl y plr ali alipotkr potkr plr oc sustrntl y plr ospnakl (Unccodl, :6>8). Cls ioangksils plr cls quo cns aopns hoc mëgorl Xrkablhorin algtrlcng nc pntñmogl slg eughniogtnciogto ho tros tkpls4 plr alipotkakñg hkroatn (plr ospnakl l plr cls gutrkogtos), prlhuaakñg ho iotnjlcktls ngtkjkñtkals (ho gnturncozn vlcîtkc l gl vlcîtkc), y pnrnsktksil hkroatl (Zuéz, :6>>). Mnrrkhl (:66;) hosnrrlccñ ostuhkls quo poriktkorlg aliprljnr quo Xrkablhorin bnrzkngui puoho sor kgalrplrnhl pnrn cn hosaliplskakñg ho roskhuls ho alsoabn y nc iksil tkoipl pnrnsktnr n Zkzlatlgkn slcngk . Oso kgvostkmnhlr utkckzñ og sus trnjn dls rostls h ho o alsoabn ho nrrlz y ljtuvl ugn rohua rohuaakñg akñg ho b bnstn nstn ?6% ho cls osacorlakls y ho >1,86% ho cn sovorkhnh ho Zkzlatlgkn slcngk  og  og oc auctkvl. :?2

 

 

Zovkstn Nmrloalskstoins

Ulc.: Gl.>4 :?8 - :58, :6>8 

Xrkablhorin alil

nctorgntkvn pnrn oc nblrrl ho eortkckzngtos quéikals y alil borrnikogtn pnrn cn jklhomrnhnakñg ho nmrltñxkals.

Og cn natunckhnh cls pcnmukakhns ho lrkmog jklcñmkal tkogog iuabns vogtndns alg rocnakñg n cls quéikals yn quo gl anusng   hotorklrl nc nijkogto, gl neoatng oc hosnrrlccl ho cns pcngtns, su prlhuaakñg os iîs jnrntn y su usl gl algccovn nc surmkikogtl ho guovns pcnmns l ho pcnmns soaughnrkns (@nrn (@nrnss ot nc., :6>>). Ostuhkls ccovnhls n anjl plr @niok ot nc. (:6>>) sumkorog quo V. Abryslsplrkui y Xrniotos bkrsutn, rospoatkvniogto euorlg anpnaos ho homrnhnr oghlsuceîg iohkngto hkvorsns rutns iotnjñckans. Oc alglakikogtl ho cn anpnakhnh ho cls ikarllrmngksils pnrn homrnhnr alipuostls xogljkñtkals, bn poriktkhl kipcoiogtnr hksplsktkvls ho homrnhnakñg ho pcnmukakhns alglakhls alil Jkljohs l skstoins ho jklpurkekanakñg. Ho nauorhl alg cl ovkhogaknhl og hkvorsls ostuhkls, ugn ho cns nhnptnaklgos iîs rocovngtos ho cls Jkljohs rosuctn su usl alil jklekctrls pnrn homrnhnr pcnmukakhns og eeuogtos uogtos gnturncos ho nmun algtnikgnhn alg pcnmukakhns l nmun utkckznhn pnrn oc trntnikogtl ho erutns hurngto cn plstalsoabn (@nrngnskls ot nc., :6>:0 Inrkglzzk ot nc., :6>:0 Likrlu ot nc., :6>:) Alil nctorgntkvn pnrn nuiogtnr cn anpnakhnh y cn voclakhnh ho homrnhnakñg ho cls Jkljohs so bn cccovnhl covnhl n anjl cn nhkakñg ho ho suocl l jkli jkliozacn ozacnss ogrkquoakhns alg ugn aliugkhnh ho ikarllrmngksils provkniogto oxpuostls n akortls pcnmukakhns y quo ovogtunciogto bng hosnrrlccnhl cn anpnakhnh ho homrnhnrcls (Lggojy ot nc .,  :6>6) Xrkablhorin algstktuyo ug juog odoipcl ho blgml gl cckmgkglcétkal kmgkglcétkal alg mrng bnjkckhnh ho alclgkznakñg, hkabl blgml tnijkëg os anpnz ho homrnhnr pcnmukakhns nc kmunc quo cls mëgorls Eusnrkui y Vogkakcckui (Qtnintku, :6>1) Xrkablhorin   bn algstktukhl ugn juogn nctorgntkvn pnrn oc nblrrl ho eortkckzngtos quéikals y postkakhns. Osto jklnmogto elrin nslaknaklgos alg Ikalrrkzns, nuiogtnghl ho ingorn skmgkekantkvn cn rkzlseorn hoc suocl, poriktkëghlco n cns pcngtns bnaor ugn inylr oxtrnaakñg ho gutrkogtos y alg ug nctl mrnhl ho nskikcnakñg. Qo bn hoilstrnhl tni jkëg quo osto blgml ngtnmlgkstn os alipntkjco aalg lg oc jkleortkckzngto n jnso hotnijkëg  Nzltljnator abrllalaaug , ugn jnatorkn quo ekdn gktrñmogl og oc suocl0 plr cl quo so ostnjcoaog rocnaklgos ho nyuhn iutun, alg oc algskmukogto jogoekakl pnrn cn gutrkakñg ho cls auctkvls (Nghrnho, :6>:). Osto blgml plsoo ogzkins tncos alil aocucnsns, boikaocucnsns y xycngnsns quo nyuhng n cn homrnhnakñg kgkaknc hoc intorknc vomotnc y plr ôctkil ogzkins ho inylr ospoaknckznakñg quo algtrkjuyog n cn skipckekanakñg ho ilcëaucns alipcodns alil slg cns ho jklpostkakhns (Inrég, :6>:). Qtnintku (:6>1) n pnrtkr ho cls rosuctnhls ho sus kgvostkmnaklgos roakogtos sljro tlcorngakn y jklhomrnhnakñg ho pcnmukakhns alg oc usl ho blgmls ekcniogtlsls nekriñ quo cls prkgakpncos iotnjlcktls ho jklhomrnhnakñg ho oghlsuceîg plr Xrkablhorin bnrzkngui slg oc sucentl ho oghlsuceîg y oc hklc ho oghlsuceîg, quo so mogorng plr cn naakñg ho ug skstoin ogzkiîtkal lxkhntkvl. Cl ngtorklr sumkoro quo cn ogzkin bkhrlcétkan sucentnsn os cn rosplgsnjco kghkroatn ho cn elrinakñg hoc hklc ho oghlsuceîg. :?;

 

 

Zovkstn Nmrloalskstoins

Ulc.: Gl.>4 :?8 - :58, :6>8 

Oc blgml Xrkablhorin spp. so bn oipconhl pnrn cn hostlxkekanakñg ho akngurl (quo os ckjornhl nc nijkogto og hosoabls sñckhls y nmuns roskhuncos ho cns hkeorogtos natkvkhnhos kghustrkncos) yn quo plsoo hls ogzkins (rlhngnsn y akngurl bkhrntnsn) anpnaos ho homrnhnrcl. Nhoiîs, cn nhkakñg ho mcualsn alil ugn euogto ho anrjlgl nctorgntkvn nc iohkl algtnikgnhl kgaroiogtn cn voclakhnh ho homrnhnakñg hoc akngurl plr cns aopns ho Xrkablhorin spp. (Nrmuiohl, :66;). Algacusklgos.

Ho ostn rovkskñg rosnctn cn ki kiplrtngakn plrtngakn quo tkogo o occ alglakikogtl prleughl prleughl ho cls hkeorogtos ilhls ho npckanakñg ho Xrkablhorin nsé alil cns iôctkpcos vogtndns vogtndns quo nplrtn oc usl ho osto blgml, togkoghl og auogtn cns iohkhns quo envlroaog cn naakñg oekakogto hoc iksil pnrn lptkikznr cls jogoekakls quo nplrtn cn nslaknakñg pcngtn-Xrkablhorin n cls auctkvls, oc suocl y oc nijkogto ho ingorn mogornc. Xrkablhorin  natôn alil nmogto jklhomrnhngto ho cls nmrltñxkals y homrnhn mru-

pls ho postkakhns ho nctn porskstogakn og o occ nijkogto, nijkogto, skrvkoghl alil nmogto hosalgtnikgngto hoc suocl. Zoeorogakns jkjcklmrîekans.

 Nghrnho, A. (:6>:). Ovncunakñg hoc oeoatl ho cn npckanakñg ho Xrkablhorin bnrzkngui y Xrkablhorin vkrkho pnrn oc algtrlc ho inrabktoz og Ilrn ho Anstkccn  ( Zujus mcnuaus Jogtb) Og oc Angtñg Vkccnrcl, prlvkgakn ho Xugmurnbun . Xosks og lpakñg nc tétucl ho kgmogkorn nmrñglin. Osauocn Quporklr Vlcktëagkan ho Abkijlrnzl, Zkljnijn, Oaunhlr.  Nrmuiohl, Zlsncjn. Zlsnc jn. (:66;) Oc mëgorl eôgmkal Xrkablhorin y su rocnakñg alg algtnikgngtos lrmîgkals o kglrmîgkals . Zov. Kgt. Algtni. Nijkogt , :? (8), (8), :?=-:5;. Anrrorns, Jortbn. (:6>>). Npckanaklgos ho cn jnatorkn ogtlilpntñmogn Jnakccus tburkgmkogsks og oc algtrlc ho ektlpntñmogls. Zovkstn Alrplkan - Akogakn y Xoaglclmén Nmrlpoaunrkn, >: (:), (:), >:;->11. Aorvngtos, N. (:66=) Ikarllrmngksils hoc suocl jogoekaklsls pnrn cls auctkvls. Zoaupornhl oc >5 eojrorl ho :66=, hosho bttp4//kgelnmrl.aliblrtnckznsikarllrmngksils\ jogoekaklsls\auctkvls.bti Abîvoz, M. I. (:665) Vrlhuaaklg ho Xrkablhorin spp. y ovncunakñg ho su oeoatl og auctkvl ho arksngtoil ( Hoghrngtboin mrnghkeclrn X.). Xosks ho mrnhl prosogtnhn og lpakñg nc tétucl ho Ikarljkñclml Kghustrknc, Vlgtkekakn _gkvorskhnh Dnvorkngn, Dnvorkngn, Jlmltî, Alclijkn. Aovnccls, Q. (:6>6). «Ostuhkls ho oekanakn ho Xrkablhorin AOVN M662 sljro oc alipcodl hoc hoc Xlinto’ osaucogtui_gkvorskhnh Ikcc) °.  (Xosks ho mrnhl provkn –Inrabktoz n cn ljtogakñg tétucl (Cyalporskalg ho Kgmogkorl Nmrñglil). ho Munyn-

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Zovkstn Nmrloalskstoins

Ulc.: Gl.>4 :?8 - :58, :6>8 

qukc Enauctnh ho Akogakns Nmrnrkns, Ikcnmrl - Oaunhlr. Ozzkyyngk, I., Vëroz Qîgaboz, A., Qkh Nbioh, N., Zoquogn, I. O. y Anghocn I. O. (:668) Xrkablhorin bnrzkngui alil jkleugmkakhn pnrn oc jklalgtrlc ho Vbytlpbtlrn Anpskak og pcngtns ho pãikogtl ( Anpskaui nggui  C.). _gkvorskhnh ho Iurakn, Ospnþn. Ngncos ho jklclmén, (:5), 1?-8?. Mnrrkhl I. (:66;) Xrkablhorin Hksplgkjco og4bttp4//ikmuocmnrrkhlrlghly.jclmsplt.ali/:66;/6=/trkablhorin.btic. og 4bttp4//ikmuocmnrrkhlrlghly.jclmsplt.ali/:66;/6=/trkablhorin.btic. PAlgsuctn PAlgsuctnhl4 >: ho hkakoijro ho :6>8Y Mlgzîcoz, I., Anstoccngls, C., Z Znils, nils, I. Vëroz, M. (:66?) Oeoatkvkhnh ho trkablhorin spp pnrn oc algtrlc ho blgmls pntñmogls ho cn soikccn y oc suocl og oc auctkvl hoc erkdlc. Zovkstn Ektlsngkhnh, ;(>), 1=-8> Blyls-Anrvndnc C., Abnpnrrl V., Njrnis`y I., Abot K. y Lrhuz Q. (:662) Ovncunakñg ho nkscnikogtls ho Xrkablhorin spp algtrn Zbkzlatlgkn  slcngk y Qacorltkui rlceskk jndl alghkaklgos kg vktrl y ho kgvorgnhorl. Nmrlg Alclij. :5 (1), (1), 8?>-8?2. @niok, K., Xn`nmk, @., @., y @lghl, Z. (:6>>). Homrnhntklg le oghlsuceng ngh oghlsuceng-sucento jy wbktorlt eugmus Xrniotos bkrsutui. D. ]llh Qak. ?=41>=-1::. @nrngnskls, O., Xskrlplucls, G. M., y @nrpluzns, H. M. (:6>:). Lg enri jklpurkekantklg systois elr tbo hopurntklg le postkakho wnstowntors4 roaogt jkltoabglclmkanc nhvngaos ngh euturo porspoatkvos. Jklhomrnhntklg. :14=2=-26:. @nrns, V. N., Vorruabñg A., Oxnrblu, @., Obnckltks, A., y @nrplusns, H. M. (:6>>). Vltogtknc elr jklroiohkntklg le nmrl-kghustrknc oeecuogts w wktb ktb bkmb clnhs le postkakhos jy socoatoh eugmk. Jklhomrnhntklg. ::4 :>?-::2. Cñpoz, [., Vkgohn, D. J., Borgîghoz, N., y _cnakl, H. (:6>6). Oeoatl hkeorogaknc ho soks nkscnikogtls ho trkablhorin sljro cn sovorkhnh ho Zb Zbkzlatlgkn kzlatlgkn sl slcngk, cngk, hosnrrlccl rnhkanc y aroakikogtl ho pcngtns ho inéz. Jklnmrl,v .:: (g.>), =. Inrég, Q. (:6>:).Xrkablhorin spp. Ilhls ho naakñg, oekanakn y usls og oc auctkvl hoc aneë. Og4 Eohornakñg Gnaklgnc ho Aneotorls ho Alclijkn. Jlcotég tëagkal Aogkaneë G 12. Inrkglzzk, I., Alpplcn, C., Ilgnak, O., @nrpluzns, H. M., Vnpnhlpluclu, O., Iog`ksslmcu-Qpkrluhk, _., y Uksabottk, A. (:6>:).Xbo hksskpntklg le tbroo eugmkakhos kg n jkljoh lrmngka sujstrnto ngh tbokr kipnat lg tbo struaturo ngh natkvkty le tbo ikarljknc aliiugkty. Ogvkrlg Qak Vlccut Zos. :4:?85-::??. Inrtégoz, I. (:6>:). Ovncunakñg ho tros aopns ho Xrkablhorin spp., alil nctorgntkvn ho jklalgtrlc algtrn Vbytlpbtblrn anpskak an pskak C. og pcîgtucns ho pkikogtl ilrrñg jndl kgvorgnhorl (Xosks pnrn ljtogor oc mrnhl ho Inostrl og Akogakns og Mostkñg

 Nijkogtnc). Kgtorhksakpckgnrkl ho Kgvostkmnakñg oc Hosnrrlccl Kgtomrnc Zomklgnc hocAogtrl Kgstktutl Vlcktëagkal Gnaklgnc, Ukatlrkn hopnrn Hurngml, Hml. Zoaupornhl :5>

 

 

Zovkstn Nmrloalskstoins

Ulc.: Gl.>4 :?8 - :58, :6>8 

n pnrtkr ho bttp4//www.roplsktlrklhkmktnc.kpg.ix/jktstroni/bnghco/>:18?5=2;/>1=82/INKB_NC [\INZXkGOT\EOZGNGHOT.phe1). Xrkablhorin spp. y su eugakñg og oc algtrlc ho pcnmns og cls auctkvls . Zov. Vrltoaakñg Uomotnc, :2 (>), Cn Bnjngn Ogo. Njr. :6>1. Intbkvngng, G., Vrnjnvntby U. y Ukdnyngnghrnd U. (:66?) Nppckantklg le Xnca Elriucntklgs le Vsouhlilgns eculrosaogs Ikmucn ngh Xrkablhorin vkrkho  Vors. ox Q.E. Mrny Hoaronso tbo Qbontb Jckmbt Hksonso ngh Ogbngao tbo Vcngt Mrlwtb ngh [koch kg Zkao. D Vbytlpntblclmy. >?1, 5;=-=6>. Iogosos, Z., Mutkërroz, N., Mnraén, N., Ngtkmun, M., Mñioz, D., Alrron, E., Ancvort, C., y Borgîghoz, D. (:662). Muén pnrn oc trnjndl ho anipl og oc ingodl kgtomrnhl ho pcnmns hoc nrrlz . (?tn Ohkakñg). Qngatk Qpérktus, Aujn4 Kgstktutl ho Kgvostkmnaklgos hoc Nrrlz. Lrrncn, I. I. (:6>1). «Algtrlc jklcñmkal ho léhkl (Vlhlspbnorn eusan E.) y eusnrkui (Eusnrkui lxysplrui E.) og oc auctkvl ho snghén (Aktruccus cngntus X.) og cn aliugn rél vorho, prlvkgakn ho sngtn ocogn° (Vrlyoatl ho tosks ho mrnhl provkn n

cn ljtogakñg hoc Xétucl ho4 Kgmogkorl nmrlpoaunrkl). ENA_CXNH HO AKOGAKNQ  NMZNZKNQ OQA_OCN HO NMZLVOA_NZKN, NMZLVOA_NZKN, CN CKJOZXNH - OA_NHLZ. Zoaupornhl n pnrtkr ho bttp4//www.roplsktlrkl.upso.ohu.oa42626/jktstroni/>:18?5=2;/2;8/>/LZZNCN HLIKGM_OTINZKNGOCN-:6>1.phe Likrlu, I., Hnckns V., Alstn, A., Vnpnstoenglu, A., Hnhls, N., Obnckltks, A., y @nrpluzns, H. M. (:6>:). Oxpclrkgm tbo pltogtknc le jkljohs elr tbo hopurntklg le postkakho-algtnikgntoh wnstowntors erli tbo aktrus prlhuatklg abnkg4 Cnjlrntlry, alcuig ngh ekoch stuhkos . Ogvkrlg Vlccut. >5541>-1;. Lggojy, @., Dlgsslg, y Qtogstrli, D. (:6>6).leGow algaopt rohuatklghomrnhle hkeeuso algtnikgntklg jy N., skiuctngolus nppckantklg postkakho nghelrpostkakho kgm ikarllrmngksis. Jklhomrnhntklg. :>4:>-:;. Ltkogl, ]., Domor, I.D., y Xorilrsbukzog, N.D. (:661). Oeeoat le kgeostkgm slkc w wktb ktb Xrkablhorin   bnrzkngui ngh nioghiogt wktb aleeoo pucp lg survkvnc le  Nrikccnrkn. Jklc Algtrlc :54 :;1-16>. Vnrots, Q. O. (:66:). Ovncunakñg nmrlgñikan ho cn alkglaucnakñg ho ikalrrkzns nrjusaucnros , Zbkzljkui  pbnsolck y Xrkablhorin bnrzkngui og oc auctkvl ho erédlc aliôg  (Vbnsolcus vucmnrks C.). Xosks og lpakñg nc mrnhl ho Iîstor og Akogakns  Nmréalcns, _gkvorskhnh Nmrnrkn ho Cn Bnjngn, Bnjngn, Aujn. Zoyos, I. (:66?). _so le 1Xna (Xrkablhorin) kg tbo acong Xljnall mrlwkgm.  Kgtorgntklgnc Jltngkanc Algmross. Inrab. Ukoggn. Njstrnat. :5:

 

 

Zovkstn Nmrloalskstoins

Ulc.: Gl.>4 :?8 - :58, :6>8 

Zlhrémuoz, E., Qtoenglvn, Qtoenglvn, Inruskn., y Mñioz _. (>;;2). Oeoatl ho hocc jklpropnrnhl ho Xrkablhorin bnrzkngui  (Zkenk) algtrn Vsouhlporlglsplrn aujogsks  (Jort. y Aurt.) Zlstlv  y  y Orkskpbo akablrnaonrui H. A. og popkgl ( Auauiks sntkvus C.), Ektlsngkhnh : (>-:), (>-:), 8>-81. Zukz, Nrocy. (:6>>). Anpturn, Natkvkhnh Jklcñmkan o Khogtkekanakñg ho vlcîtkcos ho cn kgtornaakñg Xrkablhorin nsporoccui - Qacorltkui rlceskk.  (Xosks ho Inostrén). Kgstktutl Vlcktëagkal Gnaklgnc AOGXZL HO HOQNZZLCCL HO VZLH_AXLQ JKÑXKALQ, [N_XOVOA, ILZOCLQ, IËRKAL. Qbnrlg O, Abot K, Qpkomoc [. (:6>>) Xrkablhorin ns n Jklclmkanc Algtrlc Nmogt (Abnptor 2). Kg4  Hnvkos @, Qpkomoc [. (ohs.). Jklclmkanc Algtrlc le Vcngt-Vnrnsktka Gointlhos4 Jukchkgm Alborogao jotwoog Ikarljknc Oalclmy ngh Ilcoaucnr Ioabngksis, © Qprkgmor Qakogao. Qtnintku, @ntkgn. (:6>1). Xlcorngakn y Jklhomrnhnakñg ho Vcnmukakhns alg Blgmls Ekcniogtlsls (X o s k s prosogtnhn alil roquksktl pnraknc pnrn ljtogor oc mrnhl ho hlatlr og akogakns). Kgstktuakñg ho ogsoþngzn o kgvostkmnakñg og akogakns nmréalcns Anipus Ilgtoakccl, Ilgtoakccl, Xoxalal, Ostnhl ho Ioxkal. Zoaupornhl n pnrtkr ho bttp4//www.jkjckl.alcpls.ix42626/dspuk/jktstroni/bnghco/>6?:>/:>=?/Qtnintku\Qng aboz\@\HA\Ogtlilclmkn\Nanrlclmkn\:6>1.phe Qtoenglvn, Inruskn. (:665). Xrkablhorin Mrng ngtnmlgkstn ho blgmls glakvls. Zoaupornhl oc 6> ho Dugkl ho :662, hosho bttp4//www.tolroin.ali.ix/nrtkaucls.pbp&kh\odoipcnr9==.Gôi. ?2.  ?2.  Qtoenglvn, Inruskn0 Kcongn Qnghlvnc0 Inrén C. Inrtégoz0 Krin Borohkn0 Inrén H.  Nrklsn0 Znquoc Nrëvncl. (:668).Algtrlc ho blgmls ektlpntñmogls hoc suocl og soikccorls ho tnjnal alg Xrkablhorin bnrzkngui, Ektlsngkhnh 2 (:), (:), 1?-12. Unccodl, I. (:6>8). “ Anrnatorkznakñg Anrnatorkznakñg y Acnskekanakñg ho Xrkablhorin Gntkvl Npckanghl Hkeorogtos Iohkls ho Auctkvl n Gkvoc ho Cnjlrntlrkl Nrtosngnc’  (Xrnjndl Vrovkl n cn ljtogakñg hoc Mrnhl Nanhëikal ho Inmkstor og Nmrloalclmén y Nijkogto). ENA_CXNH HO AKOGAKNQ NMZLVOA_NZKNQ, Nijntl - Oaunhlr. Zoaupornhl n pnrtkr ho bttp4//ropl.utn.ohu.oa/jktstroni/bnghco/>:18?5=2;/=5;>/tosksInostrénNmrloalclmé n y iohklNijkogto.phe Ukccomns, I. (:66?). Xrkablhorin. Anrnatoréstkans mogorncos y su pltogaknc jklcñmkal og cn nmrkaucturn slstogkjco. Zoaupornhl oc >> ho Inrzl ho :6>6, hosho bttp4//www.lrkusjkltoaglclmkn.ali/toagkan/>:2-trkablhorin-pors-anrnatorkstkans-ysu-pltogaknc -jklclmkal-og-cn-nmrkaucturn-slstogkjco :51

 

 

Zovkstn Nmrloalskstoins

Ulc.: Gl.>4 :?8 - :58, :6>8 

Zoakjkhl4 >=/>:/:6>1  Nprljnhl4 :6/6>/:6>8

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