4 Transportation Systems

TRANSPORTATI ON SYSTEMS

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.1.2 Types of Elevators

3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

1. Electric elevators

3.1.1 Definition of Elevator   Are generally used in buildings where several peak periods of traffic occur each day, (ie. In office buildings, hospitals, apartment buildings)

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.1.2 Types of Elevators

3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

1. Electric elevators

3.1.1 Definition of Elevator   Are generally used in buildings where several peak periods of traffic occur each day, (ie. In office buildings, hospitals, apartment buildings)

$l&head Pentho$se

Hoisting Machinery Control Panel

Top Car Clearance Driving Sheave

3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters

Idle Sheave Hoist(ay

3.2 Escalators & Conveyors

Hoisting Ca"le

3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

Machine ea!

an&

'anding #$ide %ail

Elevator Car Safety

Traveling Ca"le

%ise

Hoist(ay Door  Co$nter(eight

'i!it S(itch

Elevator Pit

$ffer 

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

2. )il*hydra$lic elevators Car +ra!e The structural steel frame of an elevator car to which are attached the platform, guide shoes, elevator car safety, hoisting cables and control equipment

3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

Machine %oo!  A room housing the hoisting machinery, control equipment, and sheaves for raising and lowering an elevator car 

'antern  A light, usually over the entrance to an elevator on each floor of a multistory building that signals the approach of the elevator  ,nn$nciator   A signaling apparatus in an elevator car or at a landing that displays a visual indication of floor landings Call $tton  A pus button for requesting an elevator  Door Interloc&  A safety device for preventing the operation of an elevator car unless the hoistway door is locked in the closed position

Door Contact  A safety device for preventing the operation of

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.1.3 Parts of an Electric Elevator 

3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

1. Shaft vertical passageway for car and counterweights. 2. Car  a cage of light metal supported on a structural frame, the top member of which the cables, that carry the car, are fastened. 3. Ca"les are the means for lifting or lowering the car, usually  to ! cables placed in parallel fastened to top of car by cable sockets passing over a motor driven cylindrical sheave to the counterweights.

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3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors

/. Co$nter(eights

-. Safety Devices

these are rectangular blocks of cast iron stacked in one frame which is fastened to the opposite ends of the cables to which the car is fastened.

a Main ra&e mounted directly on the shaft of the elevator machine.

0. #$ide %ails are vertical tracks that guide the car and the counterweights.

3.3 Chutes

. Machine %oo! 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

a room usually placed directly above the shaft in which the elevator machine is housed. It contains the motor$generator (%&) set which supplies energy to the elevator machine, the control board and the control equipment.

" Safety S(itch is designed to stop an elevator car automatically before car speed becomes e"cessive. #n overspeed, the speed governor will cut off power to the motor and set the brake.

. Elevator Machine turns the sheave that lifts and lowers the car.

. Controls a combination of push buttons, contacts, relays, and devices, operated manually or automatically to initiate door opening, starting acceleration, retardation, leveling and stopping of the car.

This usually stops the car, but should speed still increase, the governor will actuate rail clamps mounted at the bottom of the car one on each side. This will clamp the guide rails bringing the car

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3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

c Electric +inal 'i!it S(itches are located a few feet below and above safe travel limits of elevator car. If car over$travels, either down or up, these switches de$energi'es the motor and sets the main brake. d )il or Spring $ffers are placed at the bottom of the elevator pit, not to stop a falling car, but to bring it to a partially cushion stop if the car should overshoot the lower terminal.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

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3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

3.1./ Methods of ,rranging Elevator Machines4 Sheaves and %opes 1 Single 5rap Traction Machine supporting cables pass over the sheave in grooves and connect to the counterweights. The lifting power is e"erted by the sheave through the traction of the cables in the grooves.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 2 )ne*to*)ne Do$"le 5rap Traction Machine cables first wrap over the traction sheave T, then around the secondary or idler sheave , and once more going around T and  to the counterweights. This provides greater traction and is used in many automatic high$speed installations.

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3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

3 T(o*to*)ne Do$"le 5rap Traction Machine 6for freight elevators This *+ roping, has a mechanical advantage of , which results in a high$speed, low$power and therefore, low$cost traction machine.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS / 7ndersl$ng Syste! is used where the elevator machine is located at the basement.

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3.1.0 Types of Elevator Machines 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

1 #earless Traction Machine consists of a - motor, the shaft of which is directly connected to the brake wheel and to the driving sheave. The elevator cables are placed around this sheave. This type of machine is used for medium and high speed elevators for office and residential condominiums of +/ stories or more0 where high speeds and smooth quality operation are desired.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 2 #eared Traction Machine this type of machine employs a worm and gear between the driving motor and the sheave. It is considered to be less superior to the gearless traction machine since it has more moving parts and requires more maintenance. sed for low and medium speed passenger and freight elevators.

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3.1. Syste!s of Elevator Controls 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

1 Single ,$to!atic P$sh $tton Control this is the simplest of passenger operated automatic control system. It handles only one call at a time providing an uninterrupted trip for each call. 2 Collective Control control is arranged to collect all waiting up calls on the trip up and all waiting down calls on the trip down. The control system, stalls all calls until they are answered and automatically reverses the direction of travel at the highest and the lowest calls. 1hen all calls have been cleared, the car will remain at the floor of its last stop awaiting the ne"t call.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3 Electronic #ro$p S$pervisory Dispatching and Control this system is used to control not only single elevators but an entire group or bank of cars. -uring peak periods, all cars are in operation0 automatically, the system shuts down successively cars as the number of passengers reduces and return them to service as the number of passengers again increases to a high peak. The system of #tis 2levator ompany is called 3autotronic elevatoring4. The system of 1estinghouse 2lectric o. is called the 3selectomatic elevator system4.

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

3.1. )il Hydra$lic Elevators 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

also called plunger elevators. It is raised by means of a movable rod nor plunger rigidly fi"ed to the bottom of the car. The system is hydraulic and operates the same way as a hydraulic automobile 5ack. #il from a reservoir is pumped under the plunger thereby raising it and the car. The pump is stopped during downward motion, the car being lowered by gravity and controlled by action of bypassed valves which also controls the positioning of the car during the upward motion. The absence of cables, drums, %& set and penthouse equipment, makes this system ine"pensive and often the choice for low speed, low rise applications where construction of the plunger pit does not present difficulties and where absence of a penthouse is desirable.

rail

car 

guide shoe

plunger 

motor  pump

buffer spring

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3.1. D$!"(aiters 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 3.2.2 Parts of an Escalator Installation

3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

3.2.1 Definition of Escalator  used where large numbers of people are scattered throughout a given area and on a large number of floors. These people being interested in moving about almost constantly to various locations for short periods of time. Thus traffic is constantly on the move both up and down. 2"amples are department stores and terminal buildings. Typical Specifications 1idth of 2scalator  Angle of inclination 8ength or run peeds

6 4 and 7!4 6 / degrees 6 variable 6 9/ fpm and +/ fpm

1 Tr$ss a welded steel frame which supports the moving stairway equipment. It comes in  sections* the middle straight section maybe of any desired length to provide rises of different heights.

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3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters

2 Trac&s are steel angles attached to the truss on which the step rollers are guided thus controlling the motion of the steps.

3.2 Escalators & Conveyors 3.3 Chutes 3.4 Provisions in the NBC Concerning rans!ortation "ystems

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS / Controller  consists of contactors, relays and a circuit breaker. sually located near the drive machine, an emergency stop button wired to the controller and placed in or near the escalator, will stop the drive machine and apply the brake. ;ey operated control switches, at the top and bottom newels, will start, stop, and reverse the direction of travel of the stairway. 0 Handrail and al$strade ,sse!"ly :ubber$ covered handrail

handrail guide

3 Sproc&et ,sse!"lies4 Chains4 and Drive Machine provide the motive power for the unit. An emergency brake located on the top sprocket will stop a loaded escalator safely in the event of a break in the chain.

longitudinal cording canvas layers

inside balustrade

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3.2.3 Safety +eat$res of Escalators 3.1 Elevators & Dumbwaiters 3.2 Escalators & Conveyors

+) . The rated speed, measured along the angle of inclination, shall be not more than ! mpm. B. tarting switches shall be key operated and located within sight of escalator steps. . 2mergency buttons shall be conspicuously and accessibly located at or near the top and bottom landings but protected from accidental contact.

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