4 Efectos de Esbeltez
August 18, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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BPYWR@YRWAP IB @CE@WBYC
Blb`tcs ib Bsgbotbz
JNHRBO ÁEHBO HRVJÁE BP@RIBWC La`uotai ib Nehbenbrêa, REAJ
NEYWCIR@@NÐE Pb betnbeib pcr blb`tcs blb`tcs ib bsgbotbz , a oa rbiu``nðe ib rbsnstbe`na ib ue bobjbetc sufbtc a `cjprbsnðe axnao c a lobxc`cjprbsnðe, ibgnic a qub oa ocehntui ibo bobjbetc
bs
hraeib
be
`cjpara`nðe
`ce
oas
injbesncebs ib su sb``nðe traesvbrsao
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Be uea `coujea oarha a lobxc`cjprbsnðe, oa `arha axnao prci pr ciu` u`b b ue uea a ib iblolobx bxnð nðe e y, oa `uao `ausa ue jcjbetc ain`nceao (sb`ueiarnc) be oa `coujea, prbsbetáeicsb ue jcjbetc J : [(b+y).
J : [b+[y : [(b+y)
0
9
@AWHA @WÊYN@A Oa apon`a`nðe ib uea `arha M be uea `coujea, prciu`b uea iblobxnðe i. @cjc oa iblobxnðe bs prcpcr`nceao a ocs bslubrzcs ib lobxnðe, ec bxpbrnjbetará varna`nðe aohuea sn sb apon`ae `arhas axnaobs be ocs bxtrbjcs ib oa `coujea.
Pn sb prbtbeib ibfar `cestaetb y sb rbiu`b M, bs eb`bsarnc aujbetar [ , ya qub , pcr oc taetc be bo oêjntb, 2 `uaeic
[cr oc aetbrncr, oa `arha `rêtn`a pubib netbrprbtarsb `cjc oa `arha axnao jáxnja a oa qub sb scjbtb uea `coujea pbrjaeb`nbeic pbrjaeb`nbei c rb`ta. Bo `ce ce`b `bp ptc gásn sn`c `c ibo `cjpc pcrt rtaj ajnnbe betc tc ib `cou ouj jea eass bsgbotas lub ibsarrcooaic pcr Buobr Buobr ma`b ma`b jás ib 7;; añcs. Be bo sb bstagob`b qub oa `coujea laooa pcr paeibc a uea `arha `rêtn`a iblnenia pcr6 [ `
7 B N 7
M „
iceib BN bs oa rn rnh hni nibz bz a lolobx bxnð nðe e ib iboo bob obj jbe betc tc,, M su oceh oc ehntntui ui bl blb` b`tntnva va nh nhua uaoo a dM, y M bs oa ocehntui ec scpcrtaia ib oa `coujea. <
OCEHNYRI EC PC[CWYAIA (M (M ) ^ OCEHNYRI BLB@YN\A IB [AEIBC (M„ (M„ ) Ocehntui Ec Pcpcrtaia (M). Bs oa ocehntui betrb scpcrtbs oatbraobs ibo bobjbetc
M
M
M
Inrb``nðe ib aeáonsns 8
Ocehntui Blb`tnva ib [aeibc ( ). Bs oa ocehntui betrb ics la`tcpuetcs r qubibbnelobxnðe s ue la` la`ctcrjcjbetc ib oc oce ehnt`brc, ui blbe b`tnlue`nðe va, bo `ibo uao ibpbeib ib oa rbstrn``nðe oatbrao be ocs bxtrbjcs ib oa `coujea. Pb iblneb Pb in`b qub uea `coujea bs bsgbota sn su sb``n ``nðe traesvbrsao bs pbqubña `cjparaia `ce su ocehntui. Bo hraic ib bsgbotbz sb bxprbsa hbebraojbetb be tîrjnecs , iceib bs bo rainc ib ib oa Wboa`nðe ib Bsgbotbz
hnrc iblnenic `cjc =
M
Ocehntuibs ib paeibc para inlbrbetbs `cein`ncebs ib .
apcyc nibaobs
M : dM
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A
G
d
2; 1; 2
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9 0
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7
2; 1; 2 09 7
1 ;.> ;.=
1 ;.> ;.=
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;.8 ;.<
;.2
;.2
;.9
;.9
;.0
;.0
;.7
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`coujeas
A, G
tragbs
Be lcrja aprcxnjaia
;.=
;.8
N O N O
d A ;.9 A ;.= A
d G
;.9 G ;.= G
;.7
d 1.02 1.02 ( 1.02 d A d G ) º ( d A · d G · ) ;.1
;
;.1
;.2
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ECJCHWAJA [AWA @AO@ROAW OCEHNYRIBP BLB@YN\AP, M„ BE JNBJGWCP A LOB]C@CJ[ LOB] C@CJ[WBPNÐ WBPNÐE E @CE B]YW B]YWBJCP BJCP WBPY WBPYWNEH WNEHNICP NICP OA OAYBWA YBWAOJBE OJBEYB YB (FA (FA@DPC @DPCE E ^ JCWBO JCWBOAE AEI). I). 1;
Jcics ib Laooa be `coujeas be lue`nðe ib su Wboa`nðe ib Bsgbotbz
Rea `coujea `crta pubib laooar ibgnic a uea `cjgnea`nðe ib `arha axnao y jcjbetc qub bx`bia oa rbsnstbe`na ib laooa b`ao`uoaia s `cec`niib c oa `csb``nðe jc la laooatraesvbrsao. ibo jatbBo rn rna atnpc o c apoastajnbetc.
Oa `coujea oarha pubib ao`aezar iblobxncebs qub sb ne`rbjbetae neiblneniajbetb y c`asncear oa laooa ibo bobjbetc. Bstb tnpc ib laooa bs `cec`nic `cjc laooa pcr bstagnoniai . 11
17
Oa rbsnstbe`na a lobxc`cjprbsnðe ib uea `coujea, sb rbiu`b `celcrjb aujbeta su rboa`nðe ib bsgbotbz.
10
19
7. AEÁO AEÁONPNP NPNP BPYWR BPYWR@YRWA @YRWAO O
a) Aeáonsns ec onebao ib sbhueic cribe Bstb prc`binjnbetc `cesnstb be cgtbebr oas lubrzas y jcjbetcs netbrecs `cesni snibraeic bo `cjpcrtajnbetc ec onebao y ahrnbtajnbetc ib ocs jatbrnaobs, oa iura`nðe ib oas `arhas pcr iblc ib lcrja rja`n `nce cebs bs inl inlbr brnia niass (`c (`cetr etra` a``nð `nðe e y loufc loufc po poást ástn`c n`c), ), y ocs blb`tcs ib oas iblcrja`ncebs su`bsnvas (`urvatura y ibspoaza ibsp oazajnb jnbetc etc oatb oatbrao rao ibo bob bobjbe jbetc) tc) aetb `ai `aiaa ne`r ne`rbjb bjbetc etc ib iblcrja`nðe. g) Aeáonsns boástn`c boástn`c ib sbhueic sbhueic cribe Be bs bstb tb ae aeáo áons nsns ns sb ib ibgb gbe e tbeb tbebrr be `u `ube beta ta oas oas pr prcp cpnb nbia iaib ibss boástn`c-onebaobs ib ocs bobjbetcs bstru`tura raoobs, y oas iblcrja`ncebs su`bsnvas pcr ne`rbjbetcs ib iblcrja`nðe.
12
`) Aeáonsns onebao @uaeic sb aponqube jîtcics ib aeáonsns onebao, be bo `áo`uoc ib oas rnhni rnh nib` b`bs bs ib oc ocss jn jnbj bjgr grcs cs bs bstru tru`t `tur urao aobs bs sb `c `ces esni nibr brar aráe áe oas oas prcpnbiaibs prcpnbiai bs boástn`c-one boástn`c-onebaobs baobs ib ocs jatbrna jatbrnaobs obs pbrc sb tcjará be `ubeta bo blb`tc ibo ahrnbtajnbetc. Pb aijntnrá qub sb `ujpob `ce bstb rbqunsntc sn oas rnhnib`bs ib ocs bobjbetcs sb `ao`uoae `ce bo jðiuoc ib boastn`niai ibo `ce`rbtc, B`, y `ce ocs jcjbetcs ib nebr`na ib oa snhunbetb tagoa6
1<
ECWJAP IB INPBÑ BÑC C JÎYCIC EY@ - W@IL-18 Oas EY@ aijntbe bvaouar ocs blb`tcs ib bsgbotbz `ce ue aeáonsns onebao ib prnjbr cribe, jcinln`aic `ce ue Jîtcic ib Ajponln`a`nðe ib Jcjbetcs para tcjar be `ubeta bo `cjpcrtajnbetc ec onebao y ocs blb`tcs ib sbhueic cribe, inst instne nehu hunb nbei eic c su ap aponon`a `a`n `nðe ðe pa para ra bob bobjb jbet etcs cs `c `ce e bxtrbjcs rbstrnehnics y ec rbstrnehnics.
Bobjbetcs rbstrnehnics / ec rbstrnehnics Pb supce pceirá qub uea `coujea tnbeb sus bxtr trb bjcs rbstrnehnics oatbraojbetb, `uaeic bo vaocr ibo ibspo ib spoaz azajn ajnbet betc c rbo rboatn atnvc vc betrb betrb boocs boocs sb ibsprb ibsprb`na `nagob gob.. Bo ibspoazajnbetc bs ibsprb`nagob sn sb `ujpob oc snhunbetb618
Bxn Bxnstb stbeoatbrao, be bo`cjc betr betrbp bpns nsc c bob bobjb jbet etcs ib uea uea bob bobva vaia ia • rnhnibz `cetravnbetcs ccsjurcs.
• Oa Oa bstru bstru`t `tur ura a pubi pubib b rb rbsn snst stnr nr oa oass `arh `arhas as apon apon`a `aia iass sne sne sulrnr ibspoazajnbetcs oatbraobs `cesnibragobs. Be bo prnjbr `asc, pubib supcebrsb qub ec may ibspoa ibs poaza zajnbe jnbetcs tcs oatbrao oatbraobs bs `ce `cesni snibra bragob gobss sn oa `couj `coujea ea lcrja partb ib ue betrbpnsc iceib oa rnhnibz oatbrao ib `cetravnbetcoatbrao s, j ubs rcsjaycr u cqub trcs bobo=2 bjbpcr etcs`nbetc qub ibiboae rbstrn``nðe rnhnibz tctao ib betrbpnsc.
1=
Be bo sbhuei hueic c `asc, asc, pu pubi bib b `cesn esnibra ibrars rsb b qub ec may may ibsp ib spoa oaza zajn jnbe betc tcss oatbr atbrao aobs bs apr prb` b`na nago gobs bs sn sb `uj `ujpo pob b oa snhunbetb `cein`nðe6 Q \ ;.;= m X u Q La`tcr ib `cjpcrtajnbetc `cjpcrtajnbetc sêsjn`c iblnenic be oas Ecrjas Yî`en`as @cjpobjbetarnas @cjpobjbetarnas para Insbñc pcr Pnsjc. Q : 1 para `arhas inlbrbetbs a oas ib snsjc. \ Lubrza Lubrza `crta `crtaetb etb ib betrbp betrbpnsc nsc.. Ibspoazajnbet Ibspoazajnbetc c ib betrbpnsc prciu`nic \. y vnvas, Xu Puja ib oas `arhas öotnjas ib insbñc, pcr jubrtas a`ujuoaias ibsib bo bxtrbjc supbrncr ibo binln`nc masta bo betrbpnsc `cesnibraic. m Aotura Aotura ibo betrbp betrbpnsc nsc,, bet betrb rb bfb bfbs. s. 1>
Jurc ib `ce`rbtc
@CORJEAP @CE B]YWBJCP WBPYWNEHNICP @CORJEAP A IBP[OAVAJNBEYCP OAYBWAOBP 7;
Bobjbetcs be qub pubibe ibsprb`narsb ocs blb`tcs ib bsgbotbz6
Be jnbjgrcs `ce bxtrbjcs rbstrnehnics oatbraojbetb, ocs blb`tcs ib bsgbotbz pubibe ibsprb`narsb sn sn66
? J J 7 iceib J 1 ? Bo `c`nbetb J 1 /J 7 bs pcsntnvc `uaeic bo jnbjgrc sb lobxncea be `urvatura snjpob, y ebhatnvc `uaeic oc ma`b be `urvatura icgob4 sn J 1: J 7: ;, bo `c`nbetb J 1 /J 7 sb tcjará nhuao a 1.;.
@uaei uaeic c M„/r M„/r 5 1;; ;;,, ibgb ibgbrá rá blb blb`tu tua ars rsb b ue aeáo eáons nsnns ib sbhueic cribe.
Be jnbjgrcs `ce bxtrbjcs ec rbstrnehnics oatbraojbetb,
ocs blb`tcs ib bsgbotbz ec ibgbráe ibsprb`narsb.
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JÎYCIC IB AJ[ONLN@A@NÐE IB JCJBEYCP [AWA JNBJGWCP JNBJGW CP @CE B]YWBJCP WBPYWNEHNICP Ocs jnbjgrcs sufbtcs a lobxc`cjprbsnðe be ocs qub ibgbráe ib gbráe `cesnibrarsb ocs blb`tcs ib bsgbotbz, sb insbñaráe para oa `arha axnao ib insbñc [ u cgtbenia ib ue aeáonsns boástn`c ib jar`cs ib prnjbr cribe y ue jcjbetc ajponln`aic J ` , qub sb `ao`uoará `ce oa bxprbsnðe6
J ` : L ag J 7 iceib J ` bs bo jcjbetc jcjbetc ajponln` ajponln`aic aic ib in insbñ sbñc, c, `ce vaocr vaocr apr aprcxn cxnjai jaic c ao
rbsuotaetb ib ue aeáonsns ib sbhueic cribe.
J 7 bs bo jaycr jcjbetc jcjbetc a`tuaet a`tuaetb b be oa `coujea, `coujea, `ao`uoaic `ao`uoaic `ce ue
aeáonsns boástn`c ib prnjbr cribe, usaeic nebr`nas rbiu`nias para `cesnibrar bo blb`tc ibo ahrnbtajnbetc ib bobjbetcs. L ag bs bo la la`t `tc cr ib ajp jpoonlnlnn`a `a`n `nð ðe ib jc jcjb jbe etcs para para jnb jnbjg jgrcs rcs rbstrnehnics 77
L ag
1
@ j [ u
1.;
;.82 [ `
tîrjne jnec c @ bs ue la`tcr ib `crrb``nðe ib jcjbetcs Bo tîr bqunvaobetbs. j[ara `coujeas sne `arhas `ce`betraias betrb sus apcycs @ j vaob6 J 1 @ j ;.< ;.9 J ;.9 7
[ara bobjbetcs `ce `arhas traesvbrsaobs betrb sus apcycs, @j ibgb tcjarsb nhuao a 1.;.
70
+
Pnhen enlln`aic ib iboo la`tcr ib jcjbetcs @j 79
\aocr ib oa `arha `rêtn`a [`
[ `
7 B N
M „7
Oa `arha `rêt rêtn`a [` sb `ao`uoa para bobjbetc tcss rbstrnehnics usaeic ue la`tcr d ib ocehntui blb`tnva ib 1. 1.; ; c jbe jbecr. cr. M : dM bs oa oceh ocehntntui ui bl blb` b`tntnva va ib paeibc.
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[ara `ao`uoar oa rnhnibz ib oa `coujea, oas prcpnbiaibs BN sce oas snhunbetbs
B ` N h
B N ;.9 1 u iceib6 ibib boastn`niai `ce`rbtcgruta ib oa `coujea NBh` Jðiuoc Jcjbetc nebr`na ibibo oa sb``nðe u Wboa`nðe betrb oa `arha jubrta scstbenia y oa `aha tctao (öotnjas), ec ibgb sbr jaycr qub 1.;. 7<
`uaeic `cesnibrb oa a``nðe ib`arha `arha axnao jubrta `arha vnva, u sb sbrá oa rboa`nðe betrb oa ib yinsbñc prciu`nia pcr oa `arha jubrta + `arha vnva scstbenia, scstbenia, y oa `arha axnao ib insbñc tctao prciu`nia pcr `arha jubrta + `arha vnva. @uaeic sb `cesnibrb oa a``nðe ib `arha jubrta, vnva y a``nibetao, u sbrá sbrá oa rboa rboa`n `nðe ðe betr betrb b oa jáxn jáxnja ja lubr lubrza za `crtaetb ib pnsc scstbenia öotnja (prciu`nia pcr `arha jub ubrt rta a + `arha vnva scstbe tbenia) nia) y oa jáx áxnnja lub lubrz rza a `crtaetb öotnja be bo jnsjc pnsc (prciu`nia pcr `arha jubrta + `arha vnva + `arha ib snsjc).
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JÎYCIC IB AJ[ONLN@A@NÐE IB JCJBEYCP [AWA JNBJGWCP @CE JNBJGWCP @ CE B]YWBJCP EC WBPYWNEHNICP Ocs jcjbetcs be ocs bxtrbjcs ibo bobjbetc sb `ao`uoaráe `ce oas b`ua`ncebs6 J 1 : J 1g + L asJ 1s J 7 : J 7g + L asJ 7s
Iceib6 J 1,7 : Jcjbetcs lobxnceaetbs lobxnceaetbs ib insbñc be `a `aia ia uec ib oocs cs bxtrbjcs ib oa `coujea, `ce vaocr aprcxnjaic ao rbsuotaetb ib ue aeáonsns ib sbhueic cribe. 7=
J 1g y J 7g `coujea, Jcjbe Jcjbetcs tcs pr lobxn locbxncea ceaetb etbs be ocs bxtrb bxrhas trbjc jcs s ib oa prc iu`n iu `nic ics s spc pcr r oa oas s `a `arh as qub qu b ec
`au aussae ib ibsp spooaza zajn jnbe betc tc oat atb bra raoo apr prb` b`na nago gob b `ao`uoaics `ce ue aeáonsns boástn`c ib prnjbr crib cr ibe e `c `ce e ne nebr br`n `nas as rbiu rbiu`n `nia iass para para tc tcja jarr be `ube `u betta bo ahrn ahrnbt btaj ajnb nbet etc c ib oc ocss bo bobj bjbe betc tcs, s, juotnpon`aics pcr bo la`tcr ib `arha. juotnpon`aics J 1s y J 7s Jcjb Jcjbet etcs cs lobx lobxnc ncea eaet etbs bs be oc ocss bxtr bxtrbj bjcs cs ib oa
`coujea, prciu`nics `coujea, prciu`nics pcr oas `arhas qub `ausae
ibspoaza ibspoa zajnbe jnbetc tc oa oatbr tbrao ao apr aprb`n b`nago agob b `ao`uoaics `ce ue aeáonsns boástn`c ib prnjbr cribe `ce neb ne br` r`na nass rbi rbiu`n u`nias ias para ara tc tcja jarr be `ubet ubeta a bo ahrnbt ahr nbtajn ajnbet betc c ib ocs ocs bo bobjb bjbetc etcs, s, juotnp juotnponon`ai `aics cs pcr bo la`tcr ib `arha. 7>
L as
iceib
1 1
1
bstá iaic pcr oa b`ua`nðe
X u Q m \
Pn bo Las `ao`uoaic bx`bib ib 1.2 , c sn sb prbsbeta tcrsnðe njpcrtaetb, sb ibgbrá ma`br ue aeáonsns ib sbhueic cribe. 0;
Pn ue jnbjgrc sufbtc a lobxc`cjprbsnðe `ce bxtrbjcs ec rbstrnehnics tnbeb uea rboa`nðe M r
02 [ u l ` „ A h
u y ue jcjbetc lobxnceaetb [ u sb insbñará J para oa `arha (bxtrbjcs rbstrnehnics), pbrc `ao`uoaeic J 1 ajponln`aic ` y J 7 (bx (bxtrb trbjcs jcs ec rbs rbstrn trnehnic hnicss) y `c `ce e bo vaoc aocr ib u `crrbspceinbetb a oa `cjgnea`nðe ib `arha `cesnibraia.
01
B\AORA@NÐE IB OCP BLB@YCP IB BPGBOYBV (EY@-18)
07
JÎYCIC A@N 01= -19 Aeáonsns ib prnjbr cribe cr ibe Pb aijntb nhecrar ocs blb`tcs ib bsgbotbz sn sb `ujpob oc snhunbetb6
a) [ara `coujeas ec arrncstraias
g) [ara `coujeas arrncstraias
Iceib (J1/J7) bs ebhatnvc sn oa `coujea sb lobxncea be `urvatura snjpob y pcsntnvc be icgob `urvatura. 00
09
[rcpnbiaibs ib oas sb``ncebs be `arhas öotnjas. Ocs jcj jcjbe betc tcss ib nebr` ebr`nna y bo árba rba ib oas sb`` sb``nc nce ebs traesvbrsaobs ib ocs bobjbetcs, a jbecs qub sb usb ue jîtcic jás rnhurcsc, ibgbe `ao`uoarsb ib a`ubric `ce oa snhunbetb tagoa6
Yajgnî Yajg nîe e sb pb pbrj rjntntb b su supc pceb ebrr para ara bo ae aeáo áons nsns ns ib `a `arh rhas as oatbraobs öotnjas para tcics ocs jnbjgrcs ib oa 02 bstru`tura.
[ara `arha [ara `arhass oatbra oatbraobs obs scs scstbe tbenia nias, s, bo ib `c `couj oujeas eas y jur jurcs cs ibgb invninrsb betrb (1+ g iiss), iceib g iiss bs oa rboa`nðe ib oa jáx áxnj nja a lubr lubrza za `crt `crtae aetb tb öo öotntnj ja be bo betr betrbp bpns nsc c be betr trb b oa jáxnja lubrza `crtaetb öotnja tctao be bo jnsjc betrbpnsc. Wainc ib Hnrc (r)
Bo rainc ib hnrc bs
pbrc pubib tcjarsb `cjc ;.0 ib oa
injbe njbessnðe be oa inrb`` rb``nnðe ib aeáo aeáons nsnns pa para ra sb sb```n `nce ceb bs rb`taehuoarbs y ;.72 para sb``ncebs `nr`uoarbs. @arhas ib sbrvn`nc Bo `áo `áo`uoc uoc ib iblo iblobx bxnnceb cebs pubi bib b ma ma`b `brs rsb b us usae aeic ic ( N N ib `arh `a rhas as öotnj öotnjas as), ), `c `ce e N , c `ce ue jîtcic ib aeáonsns h 0< ibtaooaic.
Jîtcic ib ajponln`a`nðe ib Jcjbetcs Jnbjgrcs arrncstraics Pb pbrjntb aeaonzar `cjc arrncstraics ocs bobjbetcs qub `ujpobe `ce oc snhunbetb6
Bo ne`rbjbetc be ocs jcjbetcs ib sus bxtrbjcs ibgnic a ocs blb`tcs ib sbhueic cribe ec bx`bib ib ue 2% ib ocs jcjbetcs bxtrbjcs ib prnjbr cribe. Q (êein`b ib bstagnoniai bs tagnoniai)) b bss j jbec becrr qub qub ;.;2
08
Q : Êein Êein`b `b ib bsta bstagn gnononia iai i ib pnsc pnsc.. P[u : Puja ib `arhas vbrtn`aobs tctaobs (ne`ouybeic `arhas oatbraobs) la`tcrnzaias, be bo pnsc ib aeáonsns. \us : @crtaetb sêsjn`a la`tcrnzaia be bo pnsc. : Ibspoazaj Ibspoazajnbetc nbetc rboatnvc ibo betrbpnsc ibgnic a \ ;o : Oceh us ib Ocehntntui ui ib oa `cou `couje jea a jbin jbinia ia `betrc `betrc a `bet `betrc rc apcycs. @
Eðtbsb qub oa bxprbsnðe ec bs apon`agob para \us : ;. 0=
@arh @a rhaa `rêtn rêtn``a ib pae paeibc ibc [ `
Bo la`tcr ib ocehntui blb`tnva d ibgb ibgb ibtbrjnearsb usaeic ue vaocr ib B : B ` para `ao`uoar oas rnhnib`bs ib ocs e cjchraj rajas sbipbrjntb b ocehnt`cesnibrar ui blb`tnv tnvabo. la`tcr [ara ibjocehntui nbjgrcs arrncstraics blb`tnva d `cjc `cjc 1.;. [ara `áo`uoc ib [` ibgb usarsb ou (ocehntui ec scpcrtaia) BN sb sb nein`a a `cetneua`nðe. 0>
ibgb `ao`uoarsb `ce6 BN ibgb
B` Jðiuoc ib boastn`niai ibo `ce`rbtc Nh Jcjbetc ib nebr`na ib oa sb``nðe gruta gruta ib oa `coujea gi Wboa`nðe betrb oa `arha jubrta scstbenia y oa `aha jáxnja (öotnjas), ec ibgb sbr jaycr qub 1.;.
9;
Jcjb Jc jbet etc c aj ajpo ponl nln` n`ai aic c para para bobj bobjbe betc tcss ib jar`c jar`css rbstrnehnics
J ` :
esJ 7
iceib J` bs bo jcj jcjbet betc c ajponl ajponln`a n`aic ic ib insbñc insbñc `c `cesn esnibr ibrae aeic ic blb`tcs ib bsgbotbz. J7 bs bo jaycr jcjbetc a`tuaetb be oa `coujea. i es bs bo la`tcr ib ajponln`a`nðe ib jcjbetcs para
jnbjgrcs sne ibspoazajnbetc oatbrao (rbstrnehnics)
91
Bo tî tîrjn rjnec ec @ j bs ue la`tcr ib `crrb``nðe ib jcjbetcs bqunvaobetbs. [ara `coujeas sne `arhas `ce`betraias betrb sus apcycs @ j vaob6
@j : ;.< Iceib J1/J7 bs ebhatnvc sn oa `coujea sb lobxncea be `urvatura snjpob y pcsntnvc sn bstá be icgob `urvatura. [ara `couj [ara `coujea eass `ce `ce `arh `arhas as trae traesv svbr brsa saob obss betr betrb b apcy apcycs cs `cesnibrar @j :1.; 97
Pb ibgb vbrnln`ar qub J` ≩ 1.9 vb`bs bo jcjbetc ibgnic a ocs blb`tcs ib prnjbr cribe. cribe. Ib ec sbr asê, oas injbesncebs ib oas `coujeas ibgbe sbr jcinln`aias.
Jcjbetc Jêenjc Be `coujeas bsgbotas bo jcjbetc J 7 la`tcrnzaic ec ibgb tcjarsb jbecr6 J 7,jêe : [ u(1.2 + ;.;0t)
(dh-`j)
Pn J 7,jne 5 J 7 , @j ibgb tcjarsb `cjc 1.;, c ibtbrjnearsb `ce oa rboa`nðe ib ocs jcjbetcs `ao`uoaics be ocs bxtrbjcs J 1 /J 7
90
Jnbjgrcs Ec arrncstraics Be bobj bobjbe betc tcss ec rbst rbstrn rneh ehni nics cs `c `cet etra ra ibsp ibspoa oaza zajn jnbe betc tcss oatbraobs, bo la`tcr ib ocehntui blb`tnva d ibgb ibgb `ao`uoarsb `ce oas prcpnbiaibs BN rbiu`nias rbiu`nias y ec ibgbrá sbr jbecr qub 1. Ocs jcjbetcs J1 y J7 be ocs bxtrbjcs ib oa `coujea ibgbe bvaouarsb `ce6
J 1 : J 1es + i sJ 1s J 7 : J 7es + i sJ 7s 99
J 1es y J 7es `coujea, Jcjbe Jcjbetcs tcs pr lobxncea lobxn ceaetb etbs be ocs bxtrb bxtrbjc jcs s ib oa prc ciu iu`n `nic ics s spc pcr r oa oas s `a `arh rhas as qub qu b ec
`au aussae ib ibsp spooaza zajn jnbe betc tc oat atb bra raoo apr prb` b`na nago gob b `ao`uoaics `ce ue aeáonsns boástn`c ib prnjbr cribe, juotnpon`aics juotnpon`aics pcr bo la`tcr ib `arha.
J 1s y J 7s Jcjb Jcjbet etcs cs lobx lobxnc ncea eaet etbs bs be oc ocss bxtr bxtrbj bjcs cs ib oa
`coujea, prciu`nics pcr prciu`nics pcr oas `arhas qub `ausae ibspo azajn oatbr tbrao aprb`n `ao`uoaics `ib cespoaz ueajnbe abetc eátc onsnsoa boáaostn`apr c b`nago ibagob pbrnj br cribe, juotnpon`aics pcr bo la`tcr ib `arha.
92
Bo ajponln`aicr ib jcjbetcs i s, ibgb sbr `ao`uoaic `ce6 (a)
:
Q bs bo êein`b ib bstagnoniai
(g)
(`) Aeáonsns ib sbhueic cribe
Pn s bs jaycr qub 1.2, bo s ibgb `ao`uoarsb `ce (g) c (`) 9<
Iceib [ u bs oa sujatcrna ib tcias oas `arhas vbrtn`aobs
la`tcrnzaias oas `arhas be`rêue tn`apnsc, s iby [ tc` i bs as oaoasujatcrna s `coujeib as tcias ` ce ibspoazajnbetc oatbrao be bo pnsc. [` sb `ao`uoa usaeic oa b`ua`nðe ib `arha `rêtn`a y ecjchraja ib bobjbetcs ec rbstrnehnics. Ibgb vbrnln`arsb qub6 J es + i sJ 7 s ≩ 1.9 (J es + J 7 s )
ib ec sbr asê, oas injbesncebs ib oa `coujea c bo snstbja bstru`turao ibgbe jcinln`ar jcinln`arsb. sb.
98
Apon`a`nðe nðe ib ocs `rntbrncs para para bvaouar bvaouar ocs blb`tcs ib Apon`a` bsgbotbz (A@N 01=-19)
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