4 ED UTMizada (Junho 2021)

 

F Ckstctutf \fiar tbd lfdf dcssìf gb ibvar bkbrmca sfiar para tfgas as lcgagbs gf Nrasci sbd qub sboa kblbssárcf kblbs sárcf suncr ud tbieagf sbq sbqubr. ubr. Wranaieadfs para gcjukgcr b pfpuiarczar a bkbrmca sfiar para lfdpragfrbs, prfsscfkacs tãlkclfs b bdprbbkgbgfrbs pfr dbcf gb lfktbÿgf gb aita quaicgagb. Gbsgb >015 aougadfs pbssfas gb gcvbrsas árbas a bktrarbd kf sbtfr gb bkbrmca sfiar b lfkqucstarbd a tìf sfkeaga icnbrgagb prfsscfkai.  Aimudas gbssas gbssas pbssfas pbssfas passarad passarad pfr p prflbssf rflbssf gb jfrdaíìf b efob tranaiead para cktbmragfrbs bspaieagfs pfr tfgf f paäs. Futrfs, ud pfulf dacs fusagfs, anrcrad sbu prüprcf kbmülcf b mbrbklcad suas bdprbsas, mbrakgf bdprbmfs b kfs aougakgf a gcjukgcr a cgbca Nrasci ajfra. Kìf sfdfs cktbmragfrbs fu gcstrcnucgfrbs, das, scd, mbragfrbs b prfdftfrbs gb ckjfrdaíìf tãlkcla b lfdbrlcai tftaidbktb ckgbpbkgbktb. Kfssf tcdb sb daktãd sbdprb atuaiczagf sfnrb f dbrlagf gb bkbrmca sfiar b nusla traksdctcr sfdbktb f qub rbaidbktb cdpfrta. Ai Aiãd ãd gcssf, bstadfs prüxcdfs gfs prcklcpacs cktbmragfrbs b gcstrcnucgfrbs gf Nrasci, tbkgf albssf afs lfktbÿgfs gcrbtf ga jfktb. Kfssf mrakgb prfpüsctf ã gbdflratczar a Bkbrmca \fiar kf Nrasci, para qub vflï,prfsscfkai fu kìf ga árba, tadnãd pfssa atuar kbssb dbrlagf gb Bkbrmca Jftfvfitacla, ackga qub lfd pfulfs rblursfs. F Ckstctutf \fiar bstá aquc para tb aougar kbssb prflbssf. Para kfs alfdpakear gb pbrtf, vcsctb kfssf pfrtai b kfssas rbgbs sflcacs?

@ckstctutfsfiarflcai

Ckstctutf \fiar 

@ckstctutfsfiar 

Ckstctutf \fiar 

Ckstctutf \fiar 

 

Wfgas as gclas b ckjfrdaíòbs lfdpartcieagas kbstb datbrcai sìf rbsuitagfs gb bstugfs ictbrárcfs, lfkvbrsas b pbsqucsas lfd cktbmragfrbs b prfsscfkacs gf sbtfr gb bkbrmca sfiar. Gbdfs kfssf dbiefr para maraktcr prblcsìf b a dacs aita quaicgagb gas ckjfrdaíòbs vbcluiagas kbstb muca, gb jfrda qub tfgas as tãlkclas b dãtfgfs aquc bksckagfs sboad aitadbktb bjbtcvfs para quaiqubr pbssfa gcspfsta a aprbkgbr b bdprbmar f bsjfríf kblbssárcf para apiclá-ifs lfkjfrdb ckstruägfs.  As tarbjas sumbrcgas kbstb datbrcai kìf pfssubd lfdprfvaíìf lcbktäla, pfr cssf kìf kfs rbspfksanciczadfs pfr brrfs fu fdcssòbs. Kf bktaktf, jfrad tbstagas bdpcrcladbktb pfr prfsscfkacs gf sbtfr b laga ud gbibs jbz fs aoustbs gb alfrgf lfdsba rbaicgagb gb sua bdprbsa. \uagbvcgfs sctuaíìf partcluiar pfgb kìf agbquar pbrjbctadbktb afs dãtfgfs b tãlkclas bksckagfs kbstb muca, pfrtaktf, vflï gbvbrá utciczar bstb datbrcai gb bstugf lfdf nasb b aoustar as ckjfrdaíòbs gb alfrgf lfd sua kblbsscgagb bspbläla. Pfr bssa razìf, fs rbsuitagfs pfgbd varcar gb pbssfa para pbssfa. \ulbssf, Pbgrf Zaslfklbifs Jukgagfr gf Ckstctutf \fiar 

 

Lfktbÿgf 1. A NA\B GF \BR P^FOBWF ....................................... = 1.1 Lfklbctfs Násclfs .............................................................= 1.1.1 Iuz gf \fi .......................................................... ............................................................................ ..................== 1.1.> Bjbctf Jftfvfitaclf......................................................... ............................................................. ....33 1.1.< Dfvcdbktfs ga W Wbrra brra .........................................................11 .........................................................11 1.1.7 Akmuifs Cklcgbktbs ........................... ......................................................... ................................. ...1< 1< 1.1.2 Lfdpfscíòbs tarcjárcas ........................................ ...................................................... ..............1: 1:

1.> Wcpfs gb \cstbdas Jftfvfitaclfs......................................>0 ...................................... >0 1.>.1 \cstbdas F-Mrcg  F-Mrcg. ............................................................... ...............................................................>1 >1 1.>.> \cstbdas Fk-mrcg ................................................. Fk-mrcg ................................................................ ...............>> >> 1.>.< \cstbdas Eänrcgfs .......................................................... ............................................................... .....>< ><

1.< Lfdpfkbktbs gf \cstbda .................................................>7 1.2 >2 1. Ckvbrsfr .......................................................... ................................................................................70 ......................70 1.01> ......................................... .........................................25 25

>. IBZAKWADBKWF GA\ LA^ALWB^C\WCLA\ GF IFLAI GA CK\W CK\WAIAÍÌF AIAÍÌF .............................................. ................................................ :7 >.1 Gfludbktaíìf ga Zcstfrca ................................................:2 >.> Ckjfrdaíòbs mbracs (sfdnrbadbktf, îkmuif, gcrbíìf) :3 >.< Bstruturai b Dblîkcla ....................................................... .......................................................=> => >.7 Ckjfrdaíòbs Biãtrclas ........................................................ ........................................................=< =<

 

.> \cstbdas Fk-mrcg

\ìf \cstbdas Jftfvfitaclfs lfkbltagfs à rbgb biãtrcla gb gcstrcnucíìf. Gcjbrbktbdbktb gfs scstbdas csfiagfs, bibs kìf pfssubd natbrcas lfdf lfdpfkbktb.   F prflbssf gb mbraíìf gb bkbrmca fk-mrcg fk- mrcg bkvfivb f lfklbctf gb Kbt Dbtbrckm, dbklcfkagf uda lfdpbksaíìf gb lrãgctf ka quai a bkbrmca aktbrcfrdbktb. biãtrcla mbraga Ãpbif packbi ã ckobtaga ka rbgb gb gcstrcnucíìf ga lfklbsscfkárca, jazbkgf surmcr lrãgctfs para qub f lfksudcgfr pfssa anatbr bd uda jatura gb bkbrmca.   Bssb cklbktcvf aouga f lfksudcgfr a blfkfdczar, mbrakgf bkbrmca biãtrcla bd sua ukcgagb gb prfguíìf. Bssbs lrãgctfs pfgbd sbr utciczagfs bd futrfs iflacs, gbsgb qub a tctuiarcgagb ga ukcgagb sboa bd ud dbsdf LPJ fu LKPO (tctuiarcgagb) b jaía partb ga árba gb atbkgcdbktf gb uda dbsda gcstrcnucgfra.

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\cstbda Fk-Mrcg

1.>.< \cstbdas Eänrcgfs

Fs \cstbdas Eänrcgfs sìf aqubibs qub pfssubd dacs gb uda jfktb gb mbraíìf gb bkbrmca cktbricmagas. Dbsdf bstakgf gbslfkbltagfs ga rbgb biãtrcla, bxcstbd dacs gb uda jfrda gb mbraíìf gb bkbrmca kbstb tcpf gb scstbda, lfdf ud mbragfr a gcbsbi, turnckas büiclas, düguifs jftfvfitaclfs, gbktrb futras.   \ìf scstbdas qub pfgbd ardazbkar bkbrmca bd natbrcas af dbsdf tbdpf qub pfssubd a juklcfkaicgagb gb ud scstbda fkmrcg.    A vaktambd gb ud scstbda eänrcgf ã a gcvbrsclaíìf gb suas jfktbs bkbrmãtclas, sbdprb prfpfrlcfkakgf fpíòbs gb nalhup quakgf a jfktb prcklcpai kìf bstcvbr prfguzckgf fu quakgf passa pfr uda cktbrrupíìf fu dakutbkíìf, pfr bxbdpif. Aiãd gcssf, aprbsbkta dacs maraktca gb juklcfkadbktf gfs bqucpadbktfs, dbsdf ka flfrrïklca gb qubgas gb bkbrmca. Cssf ã pfssävbi gbvcgf à prbsbkía gf scstbda f-mrcg.

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 Apbsar gfs nbkbjälcfs, fs scstbdas eänrcgfs ackga sìf nastaktb larfs, bd razìf gf vaifr gfs bqucpadbktfs, prcklcpaidbktb natbrcas b ckvbrsfrbs eänrcgfs. A ckstaiaíìf tadnãd rbqubr dacfr atbkíìf para qub f scstbda fpbrb agbquagadbktb.

1.< Lfdpfkbktbs gf \cstbda Kbsta ukcgagb sbrìf anfrgagfs fs prcklcpacs lfdpfkbktbs gf \cstbda \fiar Jftfvfitaclf lfkbltagf à rbgb biãtrcla. \cstbda JZ lfkbltagf à rbgb biãtrcla

  

1.013, a lacxa gb oukíìf ã ud ckvüiulrf kf quai sunarrakofs jftfvfitaclfs, sãrcbs jftfvfitaclas fu düguifs jftfvfitaclfs sìf lfkbltagfs bd paraibif, pfgbkgf aifoar gcspfsctcvfs gb prftbíìf b/fu gb dakfnra.  A lacxa gb oukíìf ã sbiaga b rbsckaga, pfrtaktf f usuárcf kìf tbd albssf af sbu lfktbÿgf. Bia rblbnb fs tbrdckacs gas lfkbxòbs biãtrclas gas lãiuias jftfvfitaclas b aifoa fs gcfgfs gb ny-pass gf düguif. Ka partb bxtbrka, fs lanfs biãtrclfs gb lfkbxìf gf düguif sìf lfkbltagfs à lacxa gb oukíìf atravãs gb gfcs lfkbltfrbs bxtbrkfs.

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Lacxa gb oukíìf

jfktb? Dagb ck Lecka Ckgbpbkgbktb gf dfgbif b ga darla gfs düguifs, tfgfs sbmubd aimudas bspblclaíòbs tãlkclas pagrfkczagas. Bssas laraltbrästclas biãtrclas sìf dbgcgas kas lfkgcíòbs pagrìf para bksacf, \WL (\takgarg Wbst Wbst Lfkgctcfks)? • Wbdpbratura gb oukíìf ga lãiuia >2°L8 • Crragcîklca tftai? 1000]/d¾, kfrdai à supbrjälcb gb bksacf8 • Bspbltrf sfiar para a dassa gb ar cmuai a 1,2 (AD1,2).  As prcklcpacs laraltbrästclas biãtrclas (dbgcgas kas \WL) gfs düguifs jftfvfitaclfs, ckgbpbkgbktb ga tblkfifmca gfs datbrcacs, sbrìf aprbsbktagas a sbmucr. sbmucr. 1.012 a rbsfiuíìf sfjrbu aimudas aitbraíòbs lfkstctuckgf a ^bsfiuíìf :5=/>012 ga AKBBI, atuai kfrda vcmbktb kf sbtfr gb Bkbrmca \fiar Jftfvfitacla kf Nrasci. Bd lfdpibdbktaíìf àskfrdas nrascibcras, bxcstbd prflbgcdbktfs tãlkclfs bianfragfs pbias lfdpakecas gb bibtrclcgagb. qub dfstrad fs lrctãrcfs gb albctaíìf b fs lucgagfs tãlkclfs qub a sbrbd tfdagfs pbifs usuárcfs qub gbsboad lfkbltar ud scstbda prüprcf gb mbraíìf à rbgb ga lfklbsscfkárca gb bibtrclcgagb. Lfkeblbr as kfrdas b as pbluicarcgagbs gb laga lfklbsscfkárca ã kblbssárcf para qubd atua atcvadbktb kf sbtfr gb Bkbrmca \fiar Jftfvfitaclf. F Düguif < gf P^FGC\W (Prflbgcdbktfs gb Gcstrcnucíìf gb Bkbrmca Biãtrcla kf \cstbda Biãtrclf Kalcfkai) gcspòb sfnrb as kfrdas b dakuacs gb rbjbrïklca tãlkcla gb prfobtf ga lfklbsscfkárca gb bkbrmca iflai.  A prcdbcra rbmuiadbktaíìf albrla ga mbraíìf jftfvfitacla lfkbltaga à rbgb gb gcstrcnucíìf gb nacxa tbksìf jfc a puniclaíìf ga kfrda ANKW KN^ CBL :>11:, cktctuiaga ’Prflbgcdbktfs gb bksacf gb aktc-cieadbktf para ckvbrsfrbs gb scstbdas jftfvfitaclfs lfkbltagfs à rbgb biãtrcla—. Futras rbjbrïklcas ductf cdpfrtaktbs para f sbtfr bstìf icstagas anacxf? • KN^ 2710?>007 “ Ckstaiaíòbs biãtrclas gb nacxa tbksìf

  

• KN^ 2713?>012  “ Prftbíìf gb bstruturas lfktra gbslarmas atdfsjãrclas (Partb 1, >, < b 7) • KN^ 1:173?>0101< cktbrjalb gb lfkbxìf lfdjftfvfitaclfs a rbgb biãtrcla gcstrcnucíìf “ Prflbgcdbktfs gb bksacf gb lfkjfrdcgagb

• KN^ 1:>=7?>017  “ \cstbdas jftfvfitaclfs lfkbltagfs à rbgb “ ^bqucsctfs däkcdfs para gfludbktaíìf, bksacfs gb lfdcsscfkadbktf, ckspbíìf b avaicaíìf gb gbsbdpbkef • KN^ 1::30?>013 “ Ckstaiaíòbs biãtrcla gb arrakofs jftfvfitaclfs  “ ^bqucsctfs gb prfobtf • KN^ 1::1>?>0>0  “ Lanfs gb pftïklca para scstbdas jftfvfitaclfs, kìf eaifmbkagfs, csfiagfs, lfd lfnbrtura, para tbksìf gb atã 1,5 hZ L.L bktrb lfkgutfrbs “ ^bqucsctfs gb gbsbdpbkef

• K^ 10 “ \bmurakía bd ckstaiaíòbs b sbrvcífs bd bibtrclcgagb Wranaief bd aitura • K^ />01>. Kf bktaktf, para qub eaoa ud bktbkgcdbktf dacs lfdpibtf, ã bssbklcai sua ibctura ka äktbmra.

Dclrfmbraíìf gcstrcnuäga? lbktrai mbragfra gb bkbrmca biãtrcla, lfd pftïklca ckstaiaga dbkfr fu cmuai a =2 h] b qub utciczb lfmbraíìf quaiclaga, lfkjfrdb rbmuiadbktaíìf ga AKBBI, fu jfktbs rbkfvávbcs gb bkbrmca biãtrcla, lfkbltaga ka rbgb gb gcstrcnucíìf pfr dbcf gb ckstaiaíòbs gb ukcgagbs lfksudcgfras.

  

Dckcmbraíìf gcstrcnuäga? lbktrai mbragfra gb bkbrmca biãtrcla, lfd pftïklca ckstaiaga supbrcfr a =2 h] b dbkfr fu cmuai a 2D] b qub utciczb lfmbraíìf quaiclaga, lfkjfrdb rbmuiadbktaíìf ga AKBBI, fu jfktbs rbkfvávbcs gb bkbrmca biãtrcla, lfkbltaga ka rbgb gb gcstrcnucíìf pfr dbcf gb ckstaiaíòbs gb ukcgagbs lfksudcgfras. Bdprbbkgcdbktf lfd dÿitcpias ukcgagbs lfksudcgfras?  laraltbrczagf pbia utciczaíìf ga bkbrmca biãtrcla gb jfrda ckgbpbkgbktb, kf quai laga jraíìf lfd usf ckgcvcguaiczagf lfkstctua uda ukcgagb lfksudcgfra b as ckstaiaíòbs para atbkgcdbktf gas árbas gb usf lfdud lfkstctuad uda ukcgagb lfksudcgfra gcstckta, gb rbspfksancicgagb gf lfkgfdäkcf. As ukcgagbs lfksudcgfras (RL–s) gbvbd bstar iflaiczagas kuda dbsda prfprcbgagb lfktämuas, sbkgf vbgaga a utciczaíìf gb vcas pÿniclas, gb passambd aãrba fu suntbrrîkba b gb prfprcbgagbs gb tbrlbcrfs kìf cktbmraktbs gf bdprbbkgcdbktf. Mbraíìf lfdpartcieaga?  laraltbrczaga pbia rbukcìf gb lfksudcgfrbs, gbktrf ga dbsda árba gb lfklbssìf fu pbrdcssìf, pfr dbcf gb lfksürlcf fu lffpbratcva, lfdpfsta pfr pbssfa jäscla fu ourägcla, qub pfssua ukcgagb lfksudcgfra lfd dclrfmbraíìf fu dckcmbraíìf gcstrcnuäga bd iflai gcjbrbktb gas ukcgagbs lfksudcgfras kas quacs a bkbrmca bxlbgbktb sbrá lfdpbksaga. Autflfksudf rbdftf? laraltbrczagf pfr ukcgagbs lfksudcgfras gb tctuiarcgagb gb uda dbsda Pbssfa Jäscla fu Ourägcla, qub pfssua ukcgagb lfksudcgfra lfd dclrfmbraíìf fu dckcmbraíìf gcstrcnuäga bd iflai gcjbrbktb gas ukcgagbs lfksudcgfras, gbktrf ga dbsda árba gb lfklbssìf fu pbrdcssìf, kas quacs a bkbrmca bxlbgbktb sbrá lfdpbksaga.

  

 A kfrda gbcxa liarf qub fs lustfs gb bvbktuacs dbiefrcas fu rbjfrífs kf scstbda gb gcstrcnucíìf bd jukíìf bxliuscvadbktb ga lfkbxìf gb dclrfmbraíìf gcstrcnuäga kìf gbvbd jazbr partb gf láiluif ga partclcpaíìf kaklbcra gf lfksudcgfr, sbkgf cktbmraidbktb rbspfksancicgagb kaklbcra ga gcstrcnucgfra, bxlbtf para f lasf gb mbraíìf lfdpartcieaga. Quaktf af scstbda gb lfdpbksaíìf gb bkbrmca biãtrcla, a kfrda f gbkb lfdf f scstbda kf quai a bkbrmca atcva ckobtaga pfr ukcgagb lfksudcgfra lfd dclrfmbraíìf fu dckcmbraíìf gcstrcnuäga ã lbgcga, pfr dbcf gb bdprãstcdf mratuctf, à gcstrcnucgfra iflai b pfstbrcfrdbktb lfdpbksaga lfd f lfksudf gb bkbrmca biãtrcla atcva pfr ud prazf gb :0 dbsbs. Kf jaturadbktf ga ukcgagb lfksudcgfra cktbmraktb gf scstbda gb lfdpbksaíìf gb bkbrmca biãtrcla gbvb sbr lfnragf, kf däkcdf, f vaifr rbjbrbktb af lustf gb gcspfkcncicgagb para f lfksudcgfr gf mrupf N, fu ga gbdakga lfktrataga para f lfksudcgfr gf mrupf  A.  A pftïklca ckstaiaga ga dclrfmbraíìf b ga dckcmbraíìf gcstrcnuäga la icdctaga à pftïklca gcspfkcnciczaga para a ukcgagb lfksudcgfra fkgb a lbktrai mbragfra sbrá lfkbltaga.  A gcstrcnucgfra ã a rbspfksávbi tãlkcla b kaklbcra pbif scstbda gb dbgcíìf para dclrfmbraíìf gcstrcnuäga, gb alfrgf lfd as bspblclaíòbs tãlkclas gf P^FGC\W P^FGC\W.. Apüs a agbquaíìf gf scstbda gb dbgcíìf, a gcstrcnucgfra sbrá rbspfksávbi pbia sua fpbraíìf b dakutbkíìf, ckliuckgf fs lustfs gb bvbktuai sunstctucíìf fu agbquaíìf.  Amfra, gagfs tfgfs bssbs lfklbctfs, jaía uda akáicsb gf sbu lfkeblcdbktf agqucrcgf atã aquc, rbspfkga as pbrmuktas b tbstb amfra f qub aprbkgbu sfnrb \JZ.

  

Wbstb Amfra \bus Lfkeblcdbktfs 1. Quai ã a jukíìf gf ckvbrsfr kf scstbda \JZ6 >. Lfd f audbktf ga tbdpbratura para :2°L, gbtbrdckb a varcaíìf ga tbksìf, lfrrbktb biãtrcla b pftïklca. ? Ckjfrdaíòbs mbracs Btapa