4. Combining Sentences in English. Complex Sentences. Part 2. Relative Clauses
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Complex Sentences Relative Clauses
Task 1: Identify the relative clauses. Say why you think they are so. o
The police said the accident that happened last night was unavoidable.
o
Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station early.
o
Because he was my friend, I had to defend him.
o
The house that we rented in London was fully furnished.
o
She had not eaten since the clock struck twelve.
o
Who was the woman who you were talking to?
What is a relative clause?
The
house furnished.
One
that we rented in London
was fully
kind of dependent clause.
a
subject and verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence (not complete full idea/thought).
………........ that we rented in London ………… It functions like an adjective—it gives more information about a noun.
The house
that we rented in London
You know more about the house
A relative clause always begins with a “relative pronoun”.
who
for people
can substitute for subject nouns/pronouns (he, she, we, they)
whom
for people
can substitute for object nouns/pronouns (he, she, we, they)
whose
for people
can substitute for possessive nouns/pronouns (his, hers, our, their)
that
for people or things
can be either subject or object
which
for things
can be either subject or object
Can substitute for subject
(Who _ That)
The police have found the boy. He / the boy disappeared last week.
The police have found the boy who disappeared last week.
The police have found the boy that disappeared last week.
The police have found the boy.
He / the boy disappeared last week. subject People
He / the boy disappeared last week. Who/That
The police have found the boy who disappeared last week.
The police have found the boy that disappeared last week.
The police stopped the car.
The car / it was driving very fast. subject
Thing
The car / it was driving very fast. Which/That
The police stopped the car that was driving very fast.
The police stopped the car which was driving very fast.
I
am moving to Louisville, KY.
It is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum. Subject Thing
It is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum. Which/That
I am moving to Louisville, KY which is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.
I am moving to Louisville, KY that is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.
Can substitute for Object
(Which _ That _ Whom)
I like the bike. My father gave me the bike.
I like the bike that my father gave me.
I like the bike which my father gave me.
I like the bike. My father gave me the bike. Object Thing
My father gave me the bike. That/Which
I like the bike + that/which My father gave me the bike
I like the bike which my father gave me.
I like the bike that my father gave me.
At the zoo, I observed a beautiful deer. My elder brother gave it (the beautiful deer) cakes.
At the zoo, I observed a beautiful deer which my elder brother gave cakes.
At the zoo, I observed a beautiful deer that my elder brother gave cakes.
At the zoo, I observed a beautiful deer. My elder brother gave it (the beautiful deer) cakes. Object
At the zoo, I observed a beautiful deer + that/which Thing
My elder brother gave it (the beautiful deer) cakes.
At the zoo, I observed a beautiful deer which my elder brother gave cakes.
At the zoo, I observed a beautiful deer that my elder brother gave cakes.
This is Mr. Rogers. You met him (Mr. Rogers) last year.
This is Mr. Rogers whom you met last year.
This is Mr. Rogers. You met him (Mr. Rogers) last year. Object
This is Mr. Rogers
+
whom
People
You met him (Mr. Rogers) last year.
This is Mr. Rogers whom you met last year.
Can substitute for possessive pronoun
(Whose)
Steven is an architect.
His designs have worldwide praise.
Steven is an architect whose designs have worldwide praise.
Steven is an architect. Possession: the designs belong to Steven
His designs have worldwide praise.
Steven is an architect + whose
His designs have worldwide praise.
Steven is an architect whose designs have worldwide praise.
Task 2: Combine each of the following pairs of simple sentences into one complex sentence. Example: Many young Americans perform community service as part of their education. They are learning valuable skills. (who) Many young Americans, who perform community service
as part of their education, are learning valuable skills.
Their work is called service-learning. It benefits both the participants and the communities. (which)
A service-learning project meets a community need. It is sponsored either by a school or by the community. (which)
The young people work at projects such as designing neighborhood playgrounds. They are not paid. (who)
These are challenging projects. They give young people satisfaction. (that)
Designing a playground teaches them to communicate. It requires teamwork. (which)
Task 3: Write complex sentences using appropriate relative pronouns.
Task 2: Complete the conversation. Put in who, which or that . There is always more than one possible answer. Emma: Shall we have something to eat? Matthew: Yes, but not here. I don't like cafes that don't have chairs. I'm not one of those people who can eat standing up. Emma: There's another restaurant over there. Matthew: It looks expensive, one of those places (1) charge very high prices. The only customers (2) can afford to eat there are business executives (3) get their expenses paid. Anyway, I can't see a menu. I'm not going into a restaurant (4) doesn't display a menu. Emma: We just passed a cafe (5) does snacks.
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