3A2013s2WK5 - Revenue(1)
April 27, 2017 | Author: Angela Au | Category: N/A
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Accounting UNSW ACCT3563 Wk 5...
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THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES
School of Accounting ACCT3563: Issues in Financial Reporting and Analysis Session 2, 2013
Week 5
Revenue recognition
Website: http://telt.unsw.edu.au
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Topics & Learning Objectives Topics: Revenue recognition o Sale of goods o Rendering of services o Interest, royalties and dividends o Construction contracts
This topic’s learning objectives (LO) are to understand and explain: 1. when to recognise revenue from sale of goods or from rendering of services; 2. accounting for construction contract activity using the percentage of completion method; 3. the implications of agency theory to revenue/profit recognition.
Required Readings Required Readings: • •
Deegan Chapter 15 (15.1‐15.9) Accounting standards: AASB 118, AASB 111
Practice Questions: Textbook questions Deegan Chapter 15: Review questions 1, 6, 9, 19 Suggested solutions Deegan 15.1 First consider the relevant requirements of AASB 118 ‘Revenue’:
14. Revenue from the sale of goods shall be recognised when all the following conditions have been satisfied: (a) the entity has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods; (b) the entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold;
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(c) the amount of revenue can be measured reliably; (d) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity; and (e) the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably. 15. The assessment of when an entity has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer requires an examination of the circumstances of the transaction. In most cases, the transfer of the risks and rewards of ownership coincides with the transfer of the legal title or the passing of possession to the buyer. This is the case for most retail sales. In other cases, the transfer of risks and rewards of ownership occurs at a different time from the transfer of legal title or the passing of possession. 16. If the entity retains significant risks of ownership, the transaction is not a sale and revenue is not recognised. An entity may retain a significant risk of ownership in a number of ways. Examples of situations in which the entity may retain the significant risks and rewards of ownership are: (a) when the entity retains an obligation for unsatisfactory performance not covered by normal warranty provisions; (b) when the receipt of the revenue from a particular sale is contingent on the derivation of revenue by the buyer from its sale of the goods; (c) when the goods are shipped subject to installation and the installation is a significant part of the contract which has not yet been completed by the entity; and (d) when the buyer has the right to rescind the purchase for a reason specified in the sales contract and the entity is uncertain about the probability of return. 17. If an entity retains only an insignificant risk of ownership, the transaction is a sale and revenue is recognised. For example, a seller may retain the legal title to the goods solely to protect the collectability of the amount due. In such a case, if the entity has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership, the transaction is a sale and revenue is recognised. Another example of an entity retaining only an insignificant risk of ownership may be a retail sale when a refund is offered if the customer is not satisfied. Revenue in such cases is recognised at the time of sale provided the seller can reliably estimate future returns and recognises a liability for returns based on previous experience and other relevant factors. 18. Revenue is recognised only when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity. In some cases, this may not be probable until the consideration is received or until an uncertainty is removed. For example, it may be uncertain that a foreign governmental authority will grant permission to remit the consideration from a sale in a foreign country. When the permission is granted, the uncertainty is removed and revenue is recognised. However, when an uncertainty arises about the collectability of an amount already included in revenue, the uncollectable amount or the amount in respect of which recovery has ceased to be probable is recognised as an expense, rather than as an adjustment of the amount of revenue originally recognised.
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19. Revenue and expenses that relate to the same transaction or other event are recognised simultaneously; this process is commonly referred to as the matching of revenues and expenses. Expenses, including warranties and other costs to be incurred after the shipment of the goods can normally be measured reliably when the other conditions for the recognition of revenue have been satisfied. However, revenue cannot be recognised when the expenses cannot be measured reliably; in such circumstances, any consideration already received for the sale of the goods is recognised as a liability. Where there is an agreement in place that all production will be acquired by a particular consumer, and it is probable that the inflow of resources will occur, then in principle it would be appropriate to recognise revenue at the point of production. This would particularly be the case if there was a legal arrangement in place that all production must be purchased. In the absence of such an arrangement, revenue would not typically be recognised until the sales transaction had taken place.
It should also be noted that AASB 118 does not apply to revenue arising from some sources—such as the initial recognition of revenue from agricultural produce (AASB 141 ‘Agriculture’ would apply and allows agricultural produce to be valued at fair value less estimated point‐of‐sale costs). Hence, for some goods, such as agricultural produce, it can be possible to recognise revenue in advance of a binding sales agreement and to the extent that a fair value can be reliably determined. Deegan 15.6 FOB stands for free on board. An item may be sold FOB shipping point, or FOB destination. Destination or shipping point refers to the point at which title of the goods passes to the purchaser. If the goods are shipped FOB destination, title does not pass until the buyer receives the goods at the destination. In this case, revenue would not typically be recognised until the goods reach their destination. Another description for contracts that are FOB destination is ‘Cartage, Insurance Freight’ (CIF) meaning that the seller bears responsibility for the goods until they are delivered into stores. Deegan 15.9 A put option gives its holder the right to sell an asset, at a specified exercise price, on or before a specified date. The writer (or seller) of the put option agrees to buy the asset at a future date, for the exercise price, if the put option holder (buyer) should request it. The holder of the put option (who may also be in possession of the underlying asset) would typically only exercise the option (that is, require the other party to buy the underlying asset) if the exercise price was above the market price. In considering whether to recognise revenue when there are associated options, the probability of the exercise of the options must be considered. Where it is probable that the put option will be exercised and Eddie is required to repurchase the equipment, revenues should not be recognised by Eddie since the requisite degree of certainty that the inflow of economic benefits has occurred will not have been attained. The higher the price recorded on the put option, the greater the probability
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that Mass Marketer will require Eddie to re‐acquire the assets. Hence the greater the price recorded on the option (which increases the differential between the fair value, and the option price at the exercise date) the lower the justification for recording the sales revenue. At issue is whether the transaction has resulted in a transfer of the risks and rewards of ownership to the ‘buyer’. As paragraph 5 of Appendix A to AASB 118 states: For a sale and repurchase agreement on an asset other than a financial asset the terms of the agreement need to be analysed to ascertain whether, in substance, the seller has transferred the risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer and hence revenue is recognised. When the seller has retained the risks and rewards of ownership, even though legal title has been transferred, the transaction is a financing arrangement and does not give rise to revenue. Additional comments Suppose a company sold land at the end of year and booked a substantial gain on sale and then in the subsequent period the land reappeared on its balance sheet as the result of the purchaser exercising a put option. Of course, if the land is revalued by the gain on revaluation would be recognised in reserves and there would be no profit on sale. Accounting for the sale‐and‐put‐back as if they were separate independent transactions has the effect of crystallising an unrealised gain in the profit and loss. Agency theory indicates that managers may be on the lookout for one‐off profits to give performance a boost especially around the end of the year. Transactions such as those referred to in this question should be carefully scrutinised by the auditor. Deegan 15.19 (a) 2013 2014 2015 Contract price $40 000 000 $40 000 000 $40 000 000 Less estimated cost: Costs to date 10 000 000 26 000 000 32 000 000 Estimated costs to 22 000 000 6 000 000 __________ complete Estimated total cost 32 000 000 32 000 000 32 000 000 $ 8 000 000 $ 8 000 000 Estimated total gross profit/(loss) $ 8 000 000 Per cent complete 31.25% 81.25% 100% Note: The method are we using to measure stage of completion is the proportion that contract costs incurred for work performed to date bear to the estimated total contract costs.
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Contract Revenues recognised using stage of completion 2013: Total expected revenue $40 000 000 × 31.25% $12 500 000 2014: Total expected revenue $40 000 000 × 81.25% $32 500 000 Less: Revenue recognised 2010 12 500 000 Revenue recognised 2011 20 000 000 2015: $40 000 000 × 100% $40 000 000 Less: Revenue recognised 2010 and 2011 32 500 000 Revenue recognised 2012 $7 500 000 Contract Expenses recognised using stage of completion 2013: Total expected costs $32 000 000 × 31.25% $10 000 000 2014: Total expected costs $32 000 000 × 81.25% $26 000 000 Less: Expenses recognised 2010 10 000 000 Expenses recognised 2011 16 000 000 2015: $32 000 000 × 100% $32 000 000 Less: Expenses recognised 2010 and 2011 26 000 000 Expenses recognised 2012 $6 000 000 Gross profit recognised using stage of completion: 2013: $8 000 000 × 31.25% $2 500 000 2014: $8 000 000 × 81.25% $6 500 000 Less: Profit recognised 2010 2 500 000 Profit recognised 2011 4 000 000 2015: $8 000 000 × 100% $8 000 000 Less: Profit recognised 2010 and 2011 6 500 000 Profit recognised 2012 $1 500 000 (b) Where stage of contract completion cannot be reliably determined, which means that contract revenues are recognised only to extent of contract costs incurred for 2013 and 2014. 2013 2014 2015 (i) To record costs incurred: Dr Construction in progress 10.0 16.0 6.0 Cr Cash, accounts payable 10.0 16.0 6.0 (ii) To record billings to customers: Dr Accounts receivable 8.0 20.0 12.0 Cr Billings on contracts in progress 8.0 20.0 12.0 (iii) To record cash collections:
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(iv)
Dr Cash Cr Accounts receivable To record periodic income recognised: Dr Construction in progress Dr Construction expenses Cr Revenue from long‐term contracts To record final approval and acceptance: Dr Billings on contracts in progress Cr Construction in progress
8.0
20.0 8.0 20.0 — — 10.0 16.0 10.0 16.0
12.0 12.0 8.0 6.0 14.0
(v) — — 40.0 — — 40.0 Financial statement extracts 2013 2014 2015 $m $m $m Balance sheet Construction in progress 10 26 ‐ Less: Billings on contracts in progress (8) (28) ‐ 2 (2) ‐ Income statement Revenue from long‐term contracts 10 16 14 Less: Construction expenses (10) (16) (6) Included in profit ‐ ‐ 8 *** It should be noted that in this case it is only when the contract is complete that the profit emerges. (c) Journal entries assuming the stage of completion can be reliably determined which means contract revenues and contract expenses are recognised by reference to the stage of completion of the contract for 2010 and 2011. 2013 2014 2015 $m $m $m (i) To record costs incurred: Dr Construction in progress 10.0 16.0 6.0 Cr Cash, accounts payable, etc. 10.0 16.0 6.0 (ii) To record billings to customers: Dr Accounts receivable 8.0 20.0 12.0 Cr Billings on contracts in progress 8.0 20.0 12.0 (iii) To record cash collections: Dr Cash 8.0 20.0 12.0 Cr Accounts receivable 8.0 20.0 12.0 (iv) To record periodic income recognised:
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Dr Construction in progress Dr Construction expenses Cr Revenue from long‐term contracts To record final approval and acceptance: Dr Billings on contracts in progress Cr Construction in progress
2.5 4.0 1.5 10.0 16.0 6.0 12.5 20.0 7.5
(v) — — 40.0 — — 40.0 Financial statement extracts 2013 2014 2015 $m $m $m Balance sheet Construction in progress 12.5 32.5 ‐ Less: Billings on contracts in progress (8) (28) ‐ 4.5 4.5 Income statement Revenue from long‐term contracts 12.5 20 7.5 Less: Construction expenses (10) (16) (6) Included in profit 2.5 4 1.5 *** It should be noted that in this case the profit emerges over the life of the contact activity.
Practice Questions: Past exam questions 1. Construction contract Bridge Ltd signs a contract on 1 January 20X7 to build a bridge for a customer over three years at an agreed contact price of $80m. The estimated construction costs for each year are as follows: 20X7 $20m 20X8 $20m 20X9 $10m $50m Due to weather delays, Bridge Ltd has only incurred actual costs to build the bridge of $10m by the end of 20X7 but it still expects to complete the project on time for total construction costs of around $50m. Bridge Ltd has invoiced the customer $15 million during 20X7 of which $8m has been received by 31 December 20X7. REQUIRED In accordance with AASB 111 Construction Contracts, prepare the journal entries of Bridge Ltd in respect of the construction contract for the year to 31 December 20X7.
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