April 7, 2017 | Author: E.I.SQUARE PUBLISHING | Category: N/A
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ÊÔ觷Õè´ÙàËÁ×͹¢Ñ´á§¡Ñ¹¢Í§ÇÔ¶Õá˧âµâÂµÒ (THE TOYOTA WAY) ¡ç¤×Í áÁÇÒ¨Ð໹¡ÒûÃѺ»ÃاáÅÐà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ÍÂÙµÅÍ´àÇÅÒÍÂÒ§µÍà¹×èͧ áµá¹Ç¤Ô´ËÅÑ¡ ¡ÅѺÂѧ¤§àËÁ×͹à´ÔÁäÁà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ à¾ÃÒÐàÃÒ¡íÒÅѧàÃÕ¹ÃÙ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃã¹á§ÁØÁãËÁæ áÅСíÒÅѧÈÖ¡ÉÒÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒùíÒä»»ÃÐÂØ¡µãªã¹Ê¶Ò¹¡ÒóµÒ§æ ÍÂÙÍÂÒ§µÍà¹×èͧ áÁÇÒ àÃÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢Ò㨷ÕèÅÖ¡«Öé§ÁÒ¡ÂÔ觢Öé¹áÅÇ ¾×é¹°Ò¹ «Öè§à»¹µÑǪÕéá¹Ð¡ÒõѴÊÔ¹ã¨áÅÐ ÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃµÒ§æ ¹Ñé¹ ¡çÂѧ¤§à»¹ÊÔ觷ÕèàÃÒÂÖ´¶×ÍÍÂÙàÊÁÍ
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Êí Ò ËÃѺ ÀÒ¹͡à¤Ã× Í ºÃÔ ÉÑ· Toyota áÅ Ç ¤ÇÒÁ· Ò ·Ò¹Ñé¹ ¡ÅÒÂà» ¹ àÃ×è Í § ¢Í§¡ÒÃ͸ԺÒÂá¹Ç¤Ô´«Öè§àÃÕ¹ÃÙ¼Ò¹¡Òþٴ¶Ö§«éíÒæ ºÍÂæ ᵡÅѺäÁ͸ԺÒ¶֧ ¡® «Öè§à»¹¨ÃÔ§àÊÁÍ àÅ áÅÐäÁä´ÁÕà¾Õ§ ˹·Ò§à´ÕÂÇ ·Õè¨ÐÊÒÁÒö´íÒà¹Ô¹¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃẺÅչ䴡Ѻ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃã´æ ´Ç 㹷Ò·ÕèÊØ´àÃÒ¨Ö§ÊÃØ»ä´ÇÒ ÁÕºÒ§ÊÔ觷Õè¤ÃÙ ¼Ù¶Ò·ʹ (Sensei) Ãкº¡ÒüÅԵẺâµâµÒࡧæ ÃÙáÅÐà¢Òã¨ä´´Õâ´ÂÊѪҵҳ ᵾǡà¢Ò äÁÃÙÇÒµ¹àͧÃÙä´ÍÂÒ§äà áÅйÕè¡ç·íÒãËà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁ·Ò·ÒµÍà¹×èͧ ä»ÍÕ¡ÇÒ ·íÒÍÂÒ§äè֧¨ÐÊÒÁÒöÊ×èÍÊÒÃáÅжÒ·ʹÊÔè§àËÅÒ¹Õéãˤ¹Í×è¹æ ä´ÍÂÒ§ ÁÕ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸Ô¼Å
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˹ѧÊ×ÍàÅÁ¹Õé໹¤ÇÒÁ¾ÂÒÂÒÁÃٻẺ˹Öè§ã¹¡ÒÃãˤÇÒÁ¡ÃШҧà¡ÕèÂǡѺ ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒäÇÒÁ¤Ô ´ Ẻ·Õè Toyota ãª Í ÂÙ áÅзí Ò ãË à Ëç ¹ ä´ ªÑ ´ ¢Öé ¹ Ç Ò á¹Ç¤Ô ´ àËÅ Ò ¹Ñé ¹ ¶Ù ¡ ¹í Ò ä»»ÃÐÂØ ¡ µ á ÅÐãª Ê Ã Ò §¤ÇÒÁÊí Ò àÃç ¨ ¤ÃÑé § ãË ´Ñ § ·Õè Toyota ºÃÃÅØ Í ÂÙ ä ´ ÍÂÒ§äà â´ÂàÃÒ¨ÐÁا๹价ÕèÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒäԴà¡ÕèÂǡѺ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃáÅÐÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃá¡ä¢»ËÒ «Ö觤س¨Ðä´¾ºà¨Í¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁ·Ò·Òµҧæ ÁÒ¡ÁÒµÅÍ´¡Ãкǹ¡ÒùÕé áÅШ§¨íÒ ¤í Ò àµ× Í ¹áÅФí Ò · Ò ·Ò·Õè Toyota ¡Å Ò Çà» ¹ »ÃШí Ò äÇ à ÊÁÍ ¹Ñè ¹ ¤× Í Åͧ´Ù ÊÔ áÅÐ ·íÒãËÊØ´½Á×͹Ð
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¡ÃÐáʢͧá¹Ç¤Ô´áººÅÕ¹ (Lean Thinking) ã¹»ÃÐà·Èä·ÂäÁ㪸ÃÃÁ´ÒáÅÇ ¨Ò¡ÂÍ´¾ÔÁ¾¢Í§ÇÔ¶Õá˧âµâÂµÒ : The Toyota Way ·Õèä´ÃѺ¡ÒõͺÃѺ໹ÍÂÒ§´Õ µÑé § áµ ¡ ÒÃ¨Ñ ´ ¾Ô Á ¾ ¤ ÃÑé § áᨹÁÒ¶Ö § » ¨ ¨Ø ºÑ ¹ ¹Ñè ¹ à» ¹ ÊÔè § ·Õè ¾Ô ÊÙ ¨ ¹ ä ´ Ç Ò ¤ÇÒÁµÃÐË¹Ñ ¡ ¢Í§ÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁä·Âã¹ÁØÁÁͧ¢Í§á¹Ç¤Ô´áººÅÕ¹·ÕèÁյ͡ÃÐáÊâÅ¡ÒÀÔÇѵ¹ ˹ѧÊ×Í àÅÁ¹Õéä´¡ÃеعãËÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁä·Âä´¡ÅѺÁÒàÃÕ¹ÃÙ¶Ö§á¹Ç¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´áÅÐͧ¤¤ÇÒÁÃÙ ·ÕèºÃÔÉÑ·ÃдѺâÅ¡ÍÂÒ§âµâµÒä´»¯ÔºÑµÔÁÒ໹àÇÅÒÁÒ¡ÇÒ 80 » àÁ×èͶ֧àÇÅÒÍѹÊÁ¤Çà ˹ѧÊ×Íá¹Ç¤Ô´áººÅÕ¹ : Lean Thinking (·Õè¨Ñ´¾ÔÁ¾Áҡ͹˹ѧÊ×Í The Toyota Way) ¡ç¶Ù¡á»Å໹ÀÒÉÒä·Âà¾×è͵ÍÂÍ´¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´áººÅÕ¹·Õè໹ÃÒ¡°Ò¹¢Í§ÇÔ¶Õá˧ âµâÂµÒ áµ¹Ñ蹡çÂѧ¤§äÁ¾Í à¾ÃÒФ§¨ÐäÁÁÕ˹ѧÊ×ÍàÅÁä˹·ÕèºÍ¡·Ø¡ÍÂÒ§¤Ãºã¹ àÅÁà´ÕÂÇ áÅзÕèÊíÒ¤Ñ ¤ÇÒÁÃÙ¨ÐäÁÁÕº·ÊØ´·Ò ËÃ×ÍàÅÁÊØ´·Ò µÃÒº¨¹âÅ¡ ÁÅÒÂÊÔé¹ä» ᵤ¹ÊǹãË (ÍÒ¨¨Ð໹à¾ÃÒФÇÒÁäÁà¢Òã¨ËÃ×Í໹ÇѲ¹¸ÃÃÁã¹ ¡Ò÷íÒ§Ò¹ËÃ×Í¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹Ã٢ͧÊѧ¤Áä·Â) ªÍºËÒÍÐäÃ໹ÊÙµÃÊíÒàÃç¨ã¹àÅÁà´ÕÂÇ ËÃ×Í ¨Ò¡»ÃÐʺ¡Òó¢Í§¤¹æ à´ÕÂÇ «Öè§äÁÁÕÊÔ觷ÕèµÍ§¡ÒÃàËÅÒ¹Ñé¹ã¹µÅÒ´ ¶Ö§ÁÕ˹ѧÊ×Í àËÅÒ¹Ñé¹ÍÍ¡ÁÒ¡çãªä´äÁµÅÍ´ Âѧ¤§µÍ§¢Ç¹¢ÇÒÂËҡѹãËÁÍÂÙ´Õ
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¼ÁÂѧµÍ§¢Í¢Íº¤Ø³ Bill Costantino ·Õè䴪ѡ¹íÒãË David Meier áÅмÁ ä´ÁÒ·íÒ§Ò¹ÃÇÁ¡Ñ¹ã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Íá¡ÐÃÍÂÇÔ¶Õá˧âµâÂµÒ ¤ÙÁ×ÍÀҤʹÒÁ : The Toyota Way Fieldbook àÅÁ¹Õé
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áÅз Ò ÂÊØ ´ ·Õè ¢ Ò´äÁ ä ´ ¡ç ¤× Í ¼Á⪤´Õ ·Õè ÁÕ ¤ Ãͺ¤ÃÑ Ç ÍÑ ¹ áʹÇÔ à ÈÉ ¹Ñè ¹ ¤× Í ÀÃÃÂҢͧ¼Á Deborah áÅÐÅÙ¡æ Jesse áÅÐ Emma ·Ø¡¤¹ãË¡ÒÃʹѺʹع¼Á ÍÂ Ò §´Õ à ÂÕè  ÁáÅмÁ¡ç ä ´ Á ͺàÇÅÒ¡ÅÑ º ¤× ¹ ä»ãË µ ÒÁ·Õè ·Ø ¡ ¤¹µ Í §¡ÒÃ¹Ñ º áµ Ë ¹Ñ § Ê× Í ÇÔ¶Õá˧âµâÂµÒ : The Toyota Way ÊíÒàÃç¨Å§
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Jeff ¡Ñº John Campbell ÍÒ¨Òä³ÐÃÑ°ÈÒʵà áÅÐ Brian Talbot ÍÒ¨ÒàÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑ Michigan Business School 䴨Ѵâ»Ãá¡ÃÁ¡ÒèѴ¡ÒÃà·¤â¹âÅÂÕẺ Õè»Ø¹ (Japan Technology Management Program) ¢Öé¹ÁÒ «Ö觼Á¡çÁÕâÍ¡ÒÊä´ä»ÃÇÁ ·í Ò ÍÂÙ ´ Ç ÂËÅÒ» â´ÂÁÕ ¾Ñ ¹ ¸¡Ô ¨ ¤× Í ÈÖ ¡ ÉÒÇ Ò Í§¤ ¡ ÷Õè » ÃÐʺ¤ÇÒÁÊí Ò àÃç ¨ ã¹Õè »Ø ¹ ¹Ñé¹ ¨Ñ´¡ÒÃà·¤â¹âÅÂÕÍÂÒ§äà «Ö觡ç·íÒãËÃÙÇÒ¤ÇÒÁä´à»ÃÕº㹡ÒÃᢧ¢Ñ¹¢Í§ºÃÔÉÑ· Õè»Ø¹¨íҹǹÁÒ¡ã¹áµÅÐÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁ¹Ñé¹ÁÔä´ÁÒ¨Ò¡¢Í´Õ¢Í§à·¤â¹âÅÂÕ µ¹·Ø¹ÊÙ§ (Hard Technology) áµÍÂҧ㴠à¾ÃÒÐâµâµҡç«×éÍà¤Ã×èͧ»ÁáÅÐËع¹µ¨Ò¡·Õèà´ÕÂÇ ¡Ñº GM ËÃ×Í Ford ᵤÇÒÁä´à»ÃÕº¹Ñé¹ÁÒ¨Ò¡ÇÔ¸Õ·Õè¾Ç¡à¢Ò¨Ñ´¡ÒáѺ෤â¹âÅÂÕ à´ÕÂǡѹµÒ§ËÒ¡ â»Ãá¡ÃÁ´Ñ§¡ÅÒǨÐ๹੾ÒÐä»·ÕèÇÔ¸Õ¡Ò÷Õè·íÒã˺ҧºÃÔÉÑ· (·ÕèàËç¹ ªÑ´æ ¡ç Toyota) ÊÒÁÒöºÙóҡÒÃà·¤â¹âÅÂÕà¢Ò¡Ñº¤¹ ͧ¤¡Ã ¼ÅÔµÀѳ± áÅСÅÂØ·¸ Ẻͧ¤ÃÇÁä´ áÁ¨ÐÁÕà¾Õ§äÁ¡ÕèºÃÔÉÑ··Õè¹Ò¨Ð¾ÍºÃÃÂÒ¶֧´Ç¶Í¤íÒàËÅÒ¹Õéä´ áµ ã¹Ãкºà·¤¹Ô¤Êѧ¤Á¢Í§¾Ç¡à¢Ò¡çÂѧ¤§áµ¡µÒ§¡Ñ¹ä»ÍÕ¡´ÇÂ
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ᵡÒ÷íÒãË໹ÁҵðҹÂѧÁÕÍÕ¡ÁØÁ˹Öè§ «Öè§ Masaki Imai ¡ÅÒÇäÇ㹧ҹ Seminal Work ¢Í§à¢ÒÇÒ à¢Òä´àÃÕ¹ÃÙÇÒËÒ¡äÁÁÕ¡Ò÷íÒãË໹Áҵðҹ ¡çäÁÁÕ Kaizen 1 à¾ÃÒСÒ÷íÒãË໹Áҵðҹ¹Ñ¹é ໹¾×¹é °Ò¹¢Í§¡ÒûÃѺ»ÃاÍÂÒ§µÍà¹×Íè §ÍÂÒ§ á·¨ÃÔ§ ´Ñ§·Õèä´Í¸ÔºÒÂäÇã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í ÇÔ¶Õá˧âµâÂµÒ : The Toyota Way ÇÒ Paul Adler ãªÁØÁÁͧ´Ò¹·ÄÉ®Õͧ¤¡ÃáÅÐÁͧÅÖ¡à¢Òä»ã¹Ãкº¡ÒüÅԵẺâµâÂµÒ (TPS) 2 à¢Ò¤¹¾ºÇÒ Toyota ä´ËÅÕ¡àÅÕ觼ŷÕèµÒÁÁÒ㹷ҧźÍÂÒ§äÁä´µÑé§ã¨ 1 2
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Masaki Imai, Kaizen: The Key to Japans Competitive Success, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 1986. Paul S. Adler, Building Better Bureaucracies, Academy of Management Executive, 13:4, November 1999, 36-47.
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David Meier àÃÕ Â ¹ÃÙ á ¡ ¹ ·Õè á · ¨ ÃÔ § ¢Í§Ãкº¡ÒüÅÔ µ Ẻâµâµ Ò ÃÐËÇ Ò § 10 »·Õèà¢Ò·íҧҹ໹¼Ù¹íÒ¡ÅØÁ (Group Leader) ·Õè Toyota Motor Manufacturing ·ÕèàÁ×ͧ Georgetown ÃÑ° Kentucky à¢Òä´ÃѺ¡Òý¡½¹áÅÐãˤíÒ»ÃÖ¡ÉÒ¨Ò¡ Sensei ·Ñé§ã¹Õè»Ø¹áÅÐÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò ÀÒÂËÅѧ·ÕèÍÍ¡¨Ò¡ Toyota à¢Ò䴡͵Ñ駺ÃÔÉÑ··Õè»ÃÖ¡ÉÒ Lean Associate, Inc. à¾×è Í ÍØ ·Ô È µ¹ª Ç ÂàËÅ× Í ºÃÔ ÉÑ · µ Ò §æ ¹í Ò Ãкº¡ÒüÅÔ µ Ẻ âµâµÒä»»ÃѺãªà¾×èÍá»Å§ÊÀÒ¾à¢ÒÊÙÅÕ¹ ͧ¤¡Ã·Õèà¢ÒãË¡ÒêÇÂàËÅ×ÍÍÂÙã¹ËÅÒ¡ËÅÒÂÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁ હ Âҹ¹µ ÍÒ¡ÒÈÂÒ¹ ¼ÅÔµÀѳ±äÁáÅоÅÒʵԡ à¤ÁÕ àËÅç¡ ¡ÒûÃСͺ ·Ñé§ÂѧÁÕÍÕ¡ËÅÒÂͧ¤¡Ã·ÕèäÁä´ÍÂÙã¹ÀÒ¤¡ÒüÅÔµ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í·Õèà¢Òà¢Õ¹ÃÇÁ¡Ñº Dr. Liker ¤×Í Toyota Way Fieldbook, Toyota Talent áÅÐ Toyota Culture áÅÇ à¢ÒÂѧÃÇÁà¢Õ¹ºÒ§º·ã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í Lean Manufacturing: A Plant Floor Guide ÍÕ¡´Ç 616
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