3 CC - SS - Semana 18 Economia en El Virreinato.

 

  LJ[]L]VKLÛJ FMVKB]LSB ’[BJ DVBJ @BV]L[]B―  @BV]L[]B― 

OVB\]BPB ‛ OVBJKBSFILKB

 

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^IBJLCLKBKLÛJ MF B^PFJMLTBDF[ ÂPFB  HPBMA [FEBJB KAE^F]FJKLB

Klfjklbs [aklbifs. ;¾ - Hrbma - [fkujmbrlb. 23 - Bprfjma fj Kbsb.

KLKIA  [FKKLÛJ CFKOB

SLL VJLKB >6/>?/0>0>

Kajstruyf Ljtfrprftbklajfs Olstûrlkbs.

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Ib Fkajaeåb fj fi Slrrfljbta fj fi ^frô.

Bktlvlmbm4

2¾ Lmfjtlclkbeas Ib Fkajaeåb fj fi Slrrfljbta mfi ^frô murbjtf ib sfhujmb eltbm mfi slhia _SL y cljbifs mfi slhia _SLL  0¾ Fxprfsbeas apljlajfs sa`rf kaea a`tfjåbj su fkajaeåb murbjtf fi vlrrfljbta fj fi ^frô.  ^frô.  

[F[LAJ

Lmfjtlclkbjma ibs mlvfrsbs carebs mf trb`bda/fskibvltum, trb`bda/fskibvltum, murbjtf fi Slrrfljbta fj fi ^frô fj ib a`tfjklûj mf su fkajaeåb.

^PA^A[L]A

Ruf ibs(as) fstumlbjtfs kajazkbj ibs mlvfrsbs carebs mf kaea a`tfjåbj su fkajaeåb fk ajaeåb y b qulfj `fjfclklb`b murbjtf fi Slrrfljbta fj fi ^frô.

PF]A /Fvlmfjklb 

Fildf su Arhbjlzbmar mf su s u ljtfrfs quf qulfrb trb`bdbr y rfspajmfrâj ibs prfhujtbs kfrrbmbs.

Ib Fkajae åb fj fi Slrrfy yj j b ta f j f i ^ f r ô

Jas ^rfhujtbeas4 ±Kûea a`tfjåbj su fkajaeåb1 ±B qulìjfs `fjfclklb`bj1  B p r f j m f r f e a s Fi vlrrfljbta fj fi ^frô4 su slstfeb fkajûelka Ib Fkajaeåb fj fi , 

Slrrfljbta mfi ^frô murbjtf ib sfhujmb eltbm mfi slhia _SL y cljbifs mfi slhia _SLL , sf `bsû fj bktlvlmbmfs kaea ib eljfråb, bhrlkuiturb, hbjbmfråb y kaefrkla.   Mf fstb careb pbrb bikbjzbr fstas a`dftlvas sf mfpfjmåb mf ib b`ujmbjklb mf mljfra, b trbvìs mf ib bkueuibklûj mf ara y eftbifs prfklasas. Ib eljfråb par ia tbjta sf kajstltuyû fj fi prljklpbi plibr mf ib fkajaeåb. Bså elsea b pbrtf mf ib fxtrbkklûj mf eftbifs, ib fxpiatbklûj y fxpartbklûj ebtfrlbs prlebs a`tfjlmas mfi sfktar bhråkaib ias kubifs frbj mfstljbmas pbrb b`bstfkfr fi efrkbma furapfa, tambs fstbs bktlvlmbmfs cufraj mftfreljbjma ib krfbklûj mf mlvfrsas jôkifas fxpartbmarfs fj kuya birfmfmar sf krfbraj atrbs bktlvlmbmfs pramuktlvbs quf fj kajdujta carebraj slstfebs mf fxpiatbklûj y bpraplbklûj. eljfrb pbsû [l b sfr Ib ias Eljfråb4 mf plibrfsIbmfbktlvlmbm ib fkajaeåb kaiajlbi. `lfjuja ja cuf ib ôjlkb bktlvlmbm pramuktlvb ljtramuklmb par ias kaiajlzbmarfs, cuf ib quf mftfreljû eâs kbe`las fkajûelkas, saklbifs f ljkiuslvf paiåtlkas. Pfsuitb sljtaeâtlka quf crbsfs kaea ¡Sbif uj ^frô! a ¡Sbif uj ^ataså! sf bkuòbrbj fj ib ìpakb kaiajlbi, mf`lma b ib ebrhljbklûj mf qulfjfs saòb`bj kaj ibs rlqufzbs, fspfklbiefjtf fi ara y ib pibtb quf fi ^frô pramukåb. ktlvlmbmfs hrapfkubrlbs4  Ib bhrlkuiturb y ib hbjbmfråb prfolspâjlkbs cufraj pracujmbefjtf trbjscarebmbs kaj ib ljtramukklûj mf ibs jufvbs tìkjlkbs, fspfklfs y ofrrbelfjtbs mf ias kajqulstbmarfs. pbtrajfs mf bjmljas kbe`lbraj kaj ibIas lepibjtbklûj jufvbstbe`lìj carebs mf arhbjlzbklûj saklbi mf ib bktlvlmbm bhrapfkubrlb. Ias pfjljsuibrfs trbdfraj fi kfrfbi furapfa eâs prfklbma, fi trlha7 tbe`lìj pibjtbs kaea ib vlm, ias kåtrlkas y fi bda7

 

  bjlebifs kaea ib vbkb, ias kfrmas y ibs hbiiljbs. [f ljtramuda fi usa mfi kb`biia y fi `urra, quf cufraj utlilzbmas fj ias ljhfjlas y fj ib prfpbrbklûj mf ib tlfrrb kaj fi brbma mf tlra. Fi kajsuea mfi ebåz y ib kakb, quf bjtfs mf ib kajqulstb fstuva rfsfrvbma pbrb ibs ìiltfs, cuf ebslclkbma par ias fspbòaifs. Ias A`rbdfs4  Fj 26=6 sf cujmû fj dbudb fi prlefr tbiifr mf ebjucbkturb tfxtli, tfxtli , iibebma a`rbdf a`rbdf.. [l `lfj fstas tfxtlifs ja iifhbraj b tfjfr fi rfcljbelfjta iahrbma par ias bjtlhuas pfrubjas, ib kbilmbm mf ib pramukklûj frb suclklfjtf pbrb sbtlscbkfr b ias ciarfklfjtfs efrkbmas ur`bjas y eljfras. Ias prlefras a`rbdfs cufraj ljstbibmas par ias fjkaefjmfras, qulfjfs eajapailzb`bj fi pamfr y ib rlqufzb mf ibs rfhlajfs.

Kaefrkla4  Ias eftbifs prfklasas fxtrbåmas mf ibs kaiajlbs befrlkbjbs sf kajvlrtlfraj fj ib `bsf mfi fxpbjslajlsea mf Fspbòb y ib kajsailmbklûj mf ibs fkajaeåbs furapfbs, bmfeâs mf fstleuibr su kaefrkla fxtfrlar y pfreltlrifs su`slmlbr ibs juefrasbs hufrrbs quf pratbhajlzbraj ibs eajbrquåbs b`saiutlstbs fj ias ljlklas mf ib fmbm eamfrjb. ^ar fiia, fj fi slhia _SL sf ljstburû ujb paiåtlkb kaefrklbi fxkiuslvlstb y ujbfstbtbi sfrlf mf ljstbjklbs mf kajtrai quf pfreltlfrbj fxpartbr ib ebyar kbjtlmbm kbj tlmbm mf fstas eftbifs obklb ib pfjåjsuib mfi eama eâs fclkbz.  ]ama fstf buhf par fi kaefrkla kajvlrtlû bi pufrta mfi Kbiiba obstb `lfj fjtrbmb ib ìpakb kaiajlbi fj fi eâs lepartbjtf mf ib Beìrlkb fspbòaib. ^ar fsa ja mf`fråb sarprfjmfr quf cufrb, fj fsf tlfepa, våktleb mf btbqufs mf plrbtbs, karsbrlas y clil`ustfras. Obklfjmbs ^ô`ilkbs fj fi Slrrfljbta4   Ib Pfjtb`lilmbm mf ibs kaiajlbs befrlkbjbs mfpfjmåb mf ujb obklfjmb pô`ilkb arhbjlzbmb quf fjkbuzbrb mf eama fclklfjtf ias ljhrfsas pfrkl`lmas par kajkfpta mf lepufstas obklb ibs brkbs mf ib karajb. Mbma quf ibs pasfslajfs befrlkbjbs frbj pbtrleajla mf ib eajbrquåb fspbòaib, sf ibs mfjaeljb`b obklfjmb rfbi a rfbi obklfjmb. Fstb kajtb`b kaj mlcfrfjtfs tlpas mf pbtrleajla7 fi quf frb mfi rfy, fi mf ib Karajb y fi clskbi. Rulfrf mfklr4 fi vlrrfy bmeljlstrb`b fj fi ^frô y tama eavlelfjta par kajkfpta mf biqulifr, vfjtb y kubiqulfr eavlelfjta mf ljtfrfs fkajûelka sf tfjlb quf pbhbr ias lepufstas y mf boå sf pbhb`b ias hbstas mf ib bmeljlstrbklûj vlrrfljbi fj fi ^frô y ia rfstbjtf sf fjvlb`b b ib karajb fspbòaib. (Fi ^uf`ia frb fi ebs sucrlma trb`bdf a ja trb`bdf tfjåbj quf pbhbr sus lepufstas).

 

 

Kajtfxta Olstûrlka4 Ib Fkajaeåb fj fi Slrrfyjbta fj fi ^frô Fi kaefrkla fspbòai cuf tbe`lìj mf tlpa eajapailstb, rfhuibma fstrlktbefjtf par ib Karajb y kaepifefjtbma kaj ib kaiajlzbklûj. Ib clskbilzbklûj mf ib elseb karråb b kbrha mf ib "Kbsb mf Kajtrbtbklûj", kuyb sfmf cuf [fvliib, mfsmf su cujmbklûj fj 26>;, obstb 2828, quf sf trbsibmû b Kâmlz. Ib "Kbsb mf Kajtrbtbklûj" fstb`b fjhbrzbmb mfjtra mf ib fstrukturb elseb mfi Fstbma, pufs mfpfjmåb mlrfktbefjtf mfi Kajsfda mf Ljmlbs, (mfsmf 2603) y iufha, (mfsmf 2666), mf ibs aclkljbs mf Obklfjmb mfi rflja. Ias pramuktas kaefrklbmas fj ^arta`fia btrbvfsb`bj ^bjbeâ y sf rffe`brkbraj kaj mfstlja bi Kbiiba, pufrta mf Ileb sfmf mfi Slrrfljbta mfi ^frô, quf tuva fi eajapaila mfi kaefrkla sumbefrlkbja. L vaivfr, vaivfr, ibs mas ciatbs sf rfujåbj fj ib Ob`bjb y careb`bj ujb saib, ljtfhrbmb par kfjtfjbrfs mf jbvåas, fqulpbmas kaj brtliifråb y prfstas b ib mfcfjsb. ^fsf b fstbs prfkbuklajfs, frb prfsb câkli mf plrbtbs y karsbrlas. Fjtrf ib pbrtlmb y fi rftarja b pufrta fspbòai,  ias jbvåas fepifb`bj mas bòas. Ibs efrkbmfråbs furapfbs quf sf trbåbj pbrb Beìrlkb frbj pramuktas ebjucbkturbmas, tbifs kaea pbòas, ilfjzas, brtåkuias mf eftbi, brebs, ftk. Mf Beìrlkb sf iifvb`b ara, pibtb, pfribs, ebtfrlbs, prlebs, pramuktas praplas mf ib rfhlûj, ftk. Obklb cljfs mfi slhia _SLLL, ibs efrkbmfråbs ebjucbkturbmbs fj Fspbòb yb ja tfjåbj slhjlclkbklûj, fj fi kajdujta mf ibs quf sf rfeltåbj fj Beìrlkb. Fstumlas ofkoas sa`rf fi pbrtlkuibr, ljmlkbj quf eâs mf måbs. Fstf bepilû sus cujklajfs fkajûelkbs, rfsaivlfjma qufrfiibs efrkbjtlifs y bmeljlstrbjma ìi ka`ra mf ibs bikb`bibs. (Ib bikb`bib saj ias lepufstas b pbhbr par kubiqulfr åjmaif mf trbjsbkklûj kaefrklbi) LJ]FPSFJ[LAJL[EA4  Fj `bsf b fstf pratfkklajlsea kajtrailstb eftrapailtbja, ib Karajb lepfmåb y rfstrljhåb fj sus kaiajlbs fi mfsbrraiia mf tbiifrfs tfxtlifs, vlòfmas, kurtlfe`rfs, ftk. quf befjbzb`bj kaepftlr kaj ias pramuktas quf vfjmåbj ibs feprfsbs pfjljsuibrfs.  ]rl`utbklûj rl`utbklûj Ljmåhfjb4 cuf lepufsta kaea "mfrfkoa" b ias puf`ias ljvbmlmas fj fi rfljbma mf ]PL@V]BKLAJ4 ] Kbrias L a S. Fstb armfjb`b b tama ljmåhfjb mf 2? b 6> bòas ib a`ilhbklûj mf pbhbr uj lepufsta pbrtf fj fspfklf y pbrtf fj eftâilka. Mlfzeas eftâilka. Mlfzeas y prlelklbs4 kajtrl`uklajfs b cbvar mf ib Lhifslb quf fstb`b bilbmb kaj fi Fstbma, fj cujklûj mfi Pfhla ^btrajbta. Bieadbrlcbzha4 Lepufsta bmubjfra a brbjkfi mfi 2>% mf ibs lepartbklajfs y mfi 06% b ibs fxpartbklajfs Bikb`bib4 Lepufsta hrbvbma b ib kaeprb mf Ljeuf`ifs y efrkbmfråbs obstb fi 6>% mf su vbiar, pbrb ku`rlr ias hbstas mf ib Brebmb mfi [ur. Efmlb BJJB]B4 lepufsta b ias kbrhas pô`ilkas (kaea b ias jatbrlas) Bvfråbs. Frb ujb tbsb mf ib eltbm mfi prfkla mf ibs efrkbmfråbs. Ib Eltb Kaiajlbi. Fxpiatbklûj ib`arbi mf ias vbrajfs ljmåhfjbs fj ias kfjtras eljfras, fjtrf ias 2? y 6> bòas, mfjaeljbmas ljmlas mf kìmuib. Cuf fstb`ifklma par fi vlrrfy ]aifma kaea efkbjlsea mf utlilzbklûj mf ias sfrvlklas pfrsajbifs mf ib ebsb ljmåhfjb. Eltb eljfrb4 fj tamas ias bslfjtas eljfras mfi ^frô, majmf ias eltbyas pbsb`bj eâs mf mas efsfs ifhbifs, fj oubtbkas. Eltb mf darjbmbs mf trfs oarbs. Eltb a`rbdfrb4 trb`bdas rfbilzbmas fj ias tbiifrfs tfxtlifs, iibebmas oubtbkas. ^ibzb4 trb`bda4 quf rfbilzb`bj ias bi`bòlifs, f`bjlstbs y dlplkujbs a kbrhbmarfs fj kbrhbmarfs  fj ibs klumbmfs. Eltb mf ]be`as a kbeljas4 trb`bda fj pufjtfs, kbeljas y pasbmbs. Cbitrlqufråb4 ias ljmlas rlkas, qulfjfs pamåbj pbhbr pbrb ja lr b

 

  ib eltb. Eljhbmas4 ljmlas quf l`bj vaiujtbrlbefjtf b ibs eltbs eljfrbs, par uj pbha ebyar Ib eltb kaiajlbi ja vlfjf b sfr slja ib arhbjlzbklûj slstfeâtlkb mfi sfrvlkla pfrsajbi mf ias fspbòaifs quf fspbòaifs quf sf bcljkbraj bquå. Ib eltb kaiajlbi sf fepifû, fj ujb efmlmb `bstbjtf hrbjmf tbe`lìj fj `fjfclklb prlvbma, fj ib kaiajlbi oby ujb mfsprfakupbklûj tatbi sa`rf fi pujta, bi fxtrfea mf quf ja ljtfrfsû prâktlkbefjtf sl fi eltbya Eltb/rb`bda mf rfklpraklmbm fj fi rfljbma ljkb)) pamåb rfslstlr a ja fi trb`bda bi quf frb saeftlma . Ib eltb kaiajlbi kaelfjzb b taebr careb, kubjma ias vfkljas mf ibs klumbmfs plmfj b ibs butarlmbmfs quf ifs praparklajfj ljmåhfjbs pbrb fepifbrias tfeparbiefjtf fj fi sfrvlkla maeìstlka, fi pbstarfa, ib ljmustrlb, fi ib`arfa mf ibs eljbs, ftk. CVJKLAJBELFJ]A MFI KAEFPKLA F[^BÒAI 

Fspbòb, ib eìrlkb fspbòaib, ibs lsibs Clilpljbs y ias ^båsfs @bdas cuf ia quf qufmû mfi lepfrla mf Kbrias S y, mfsmf fjtajkfs, sf cuf "kajvlrtlfjma fj pbrtf mf ib sfelpfrlcfrlb mf Furapb" pfrmlfjma pratbhajlsea mfjtra mf ib fkajaeåb - eujma furapfb. ]fdlmas, il`ras y fspfklbs sf fe`bib`bj fj [fvliib kajdujtbefjtf kaj pbòas kbstfiibjas a kbtbibjfs, vlja, bkfltf, trlha bjmbiuz, rue`a bi Jufva Eujma. Eujma . Bjubiefjtf btrbvfsb`bj fi ^bkåclka birfmfmar mf 2>> `brkas quf jbvfhb`bj fj kajvay a ciatbs. B su rfhrfsa sf rfhlstrb`b ias kbrhbefjtas y sf ka`rb`b fi 8,6% /bieadbrlcbzha) b ib efrkbmfråb pravfjlfjtf mf Beìrlkb. Fstas kbrhbefjtas sf fe`brkb`bj fj Sfrbkruz, Kbrtbhfjb a Jae`rf mf Mlas. Ib Kbsb mf Kajtrbtbklûj mf [fvliib arhbjlzb`b ib Kbrrfrb mf ibs Ljmlbs , ib quf b pbrtlr mf 263> pfreltåb fi zbrpf mf mas kajvayfs bjubifs Vja rue`a b Jufvb Fspbòb y fi atra b ]lfrrb Clref (Kaiae`lb y Sfjfzufib). Fj fi efs mf ebrza be`bs ciatbs sf ujåbj fj Ib Ob`bjb pbrb fjkajtrbrsf kaj ib ciatb mf hufrrb y rftarjbr b Fspbòb. Fjtrf Fspbòb.  Fjtrf slftf y akoa jbvåas mf hufrrb fskaitb`bj ibs jbvfs kaj efrkbmfråb befrlkbjb rfkahlmb fj fi Haica mf Eìxlka, ^bjbeâ y fj pufrtas mf ib kastb sfptfjtrlajbi mf [umbeìrlkb. ujquf kastasa, fi slstfeb mf kajvayfs frb sfhura . [ûia fj mas akbslajfs fstas kajvayfs kbyfraj fj ebjas fjfelhbs4 fj 230? fi oaibjmìs ^lft Ofyj sf bpamfrû mf tambs ibs jbvfs, fxkfpta trfs, y fj 2363-68 fi Ljhifs @ibgf ibs mfstruyû. Eukoas mf ias kaefrklbjtfs y oae`rfs mf jfhaklas mf ib Fspbòb mfi slhia _SL frbj fxtrbjdfras, hfjavìs fj su ebyaråb7 maeljb`bj ib vlmb fkajûelkb mfi sur mf Fspbòb majmf eukoas mf fiias fstb`bj fstb`ifklmas mfsmf ias tlfepas mf ib rfkajqulstb. Fjtrf 23=8 .=? sf clreû fi bkufrma mf pbz fjtrf Fspbòb y ias oaibjmfsfs4 ]rbtbma mf Eùjstfr fi 0= aktu`rf 23=?, par fi kubi Fspbòb  rfkajakf cljbiefjtf ib ljmfpfjmfjklb y sa`frbjåb mf ibs ^ravljklbs Vjlmbs [fptfjtrlajbifs trbs eâs mf 8> bòas mf iukob, "quf eljbraj fi pamfr y ias rfkursas mf Kbstliib". Fj 260=, bjtf ibs prfslajfs mf ias `bjkas bifebjfs, Kbrias S pfreltlû b ias kaefrklbjtfs fxtrbjdfras kaefrklbr kaj ibs Ljmlbs, bujquf ja fstb`ifkfrsf fj fiibs. ^fra fjtrf 2606 y 2603, ias sô`mltas mf kubiqulfrb mf ias maeljlas mfi fepfrbmar a`tuvlfraj fi mfrfkoa mf trbsibmbrsf b Beìrlkb, y fj 260< ib Karajb iifhû b butarlzbr b mlfz pufrtas kbstfiibjas fi kaefrkla mlrfkta kaj fi Jufva Eujma. pbrtlr mf 26;> "fi prljklpla mfi eajapaila" ob`åb trlujcbma4 uj eajapaila cbvarb`if b ib Karajb mf Kbstliib y sa`rf tama bi pufrta mf [fvliib. Mfsmf fsf eaefjta y obstb 23?>, [fvliib cuf mufòb mfi Btiâjtlka fspbòai. Fj [fvliib sf biebkfjb`bj ibs efrkbjkåbs fspbòaibs y fxtrbjdfrbs pbrb uj trbjspartf b ibs Ljmlbs, y b [fvliib rfhrfsb`bj ias hbifajfs kbrhbmas mf pramuktas mfi Jufva Eujma. Ibs Eujma.  Ibs lepartbklajfs eâs katlzbmbs mf Beìrlkb, bpbrtf mfi ara y ib pibtb, frbj ias tljtfs, ibs pfribs y fi bzôkbr. [fvliib sf kajstltuyû fj fi kfjtra mf ib fkajaeåb eujma fspbòaib. Ibs eljbs mf ara y pibtb mf Eìxlka y ^frô cufraj cf`rliefjtf fxpiatbmbs.   FL obiibzha mf ibs cb`uiasbs eljbs mf pibtb mf ^ataså, fj 26=6, y 26=6,  y su bpravfkobelfjta (kaj fi eìtama mf ib bebihbeb mf efrkurla) iahrû supfrbr b ib mfi ara. Fjtrf 26>; y 233> iifhbraj b [fvliib ujas 23 eliiajfs mf glias mf pibtb. Ib Karajb brrfjmb`b a trbjscfråb ibs eljbs b pbrtlkuibrfs rfkl`lfjma fj kbe`la pbrtf mf ias `fjfclklas, ias quf sf cldbraj fj ujb quljtb pbrtf. Fi bzôkbr cuf uja mf ias eâs lepartbjtfs kaepajfjtfs mf ib mlftb furapfb y sfråb utlilzbmb kaea cufjtf mf ibs kbiaråbs y sustltutlva mf ibs hrbsbs pbrb ib fib`arbklûj mf `f`lmbs bikaoûilkbs y iufha pbrb ib "fib`arbklûj mfi koakaibtf, usa quf ias fspbòaifs bprfjmlfraj mf ias bztfkbs y quf frb bprfklbmåsleb fj ib iahra  fi kajtrai mf eâs mf ib eltbm mf ib pa`ibklûj mfi ofelscfrla Fspbòb mfi slhia _SL". Fjtrf 26;6 y 26=>, Fspbòb iahra fi akklmfjtbi. \ "mfsmf fjtajkfs obstb 238>,23?>, fi ârfb `bda kajtrai furapfa, pbsa mf ; eliiajfs mf ge0 b 8 eliiajfs bpraxlebmbefjtf". Ib fjkaelfjmb fj ib eìrlkb fspbòaib cuf cuf ujb krfbklûj mlrfktb mf4 mf4   ib Karajb. [u dustlclkbklûj lmfaiûhlkb frb ib krlstlbjlzbklûj, su cujklûj `âslkb frb ib mf sueljlstrbr pramuktas bhråkaibs b ias fjkaefjmfras y b ias trb`bdbmarfs mf ibs eljbs. Ib fjkaelfjmb cuf su arlhfj uj prlvlifhla cfumbi, fi mfrfkoa b a`tfjfr sfrvlklas mf trb`bda mf ias ljmlas4 "Ib ebsb mf ib pa`ibklûj fstb`b mfmlkbmb bi trb`bda a`ilhbma, klrkujskrlta f lepufsta par fi Fstbma y su bpbrbta dumlklbi. Ias fskibvas frbj utlilzbmas fj ib quf frb rfjtb`if obkfria y majmf tbi efmlmb duråmlkb frb fxkfslvbefjtf kastasb, ib bitfrjbtlvb mf ujb ebja mf a`rb carebiefjtf il`rf, pfra ifhbiefjtf saeftlmb b kafrklûj, cuf fepifbmb fj ias kuitlvas pbrb fi efrkbma". Ib carebklûj mf ujb fkajaeåb eujmlbi brtlkuibmb fj careb cifxl`if, quf fjibzb`b Furapb akklmfjtbi, Furapb arlfjtbi y Puslb kaj fi Jufva Eujma befrlkbja, sf iifvû b kb`a fj fi slhia _SL. \ mf fiia saj rfspajsb`ifs tbjta ^artuhbifjvlb`b kaea Fspbòb, bså kaea tbe`lìjmfias[fvliib, hrbjmfstamb kaefrklbjtfs quf bktubraj bi ibma mf fstbskaea4 eajbrquåbs. Fspbòb b eìrlkb, b trbvìs kibsf mf pramuktas ebjucbkturbmas sliibrfs y eâreaifs mf Kbrrbrb, kfmra mfi Iå`bja y mf Jlkbrbhub, bzuifdas mf [fvliib, kartljbs mf Mbebska, pbòas mf Cibjmfs, tfrklapfia mf ]aifma,  ]aifma,  tbcftbjfs mf Hrbjbmb, a`rbs mf brtf furapfbs, ftk. Ib ebyaråb pravfjåbj mf tbiifrfs ltbilbjas, ljhifsfs, lribjmfsfs, yb quf ias tbiifrfs fspbòaifs ja pamåbj b`bstfkfr b sus kaiajlbs. Mf eama

 

  quf ib pibtb befrlkbjb fjtrb`b par [fvliib pbrb mlrlhlrsf b pbhbr b ias pravffmarfs furapfas mf Fspbòb. Ias eftbifs prfklasas pfreltåbj pbhbr ias hbstas eliltbrfs mf Fspbòb y sbimbr su mfumb fxtfrjb kaj bkrffmarfs hfjavfsfs y dumåas. @lfj pufmf mfklrsf quf mfklrsf quf Furapb mfpfjmåb mfi kaefrkla fspbòai, pfra mf bqufi pravfjlfjtf mf Beìrlkb.

KVI]VP FJ FI SLPPFLJ ]A

Kaea pramukta mf ib ljvbslûj sf ljvbslûj  sf arhbjlzbraj jufvbs fxprfslajfs, kuiturbifs pfra fstf koaquf cuf vlaifjta, fs par fiia quf ib kuiturb akklmfjtbi prfvbifklû, bujquf ib rfslstfjklb ljmåhfjb fj fi bspfkta mf ib kuiturb bjmljb iahrû, fj bihujas kbsas, ebjtfjfrsf y fj atras bslelibrsf. FMVK KLAJ4 Bquå tbe`lìj sf pramukf fi slstfeb mf kibsfs (kibslstb) quf cbvarfkfj cujmbefjtbiefjtf b furapfas y krlaiias7 fi puf`ia sf fmukb`b fj ib cbelilb, atras bprfjmåbj fj ias hrfelas pbrb bprfjmfr aclklas brtfsbjbifs, fj ias tbiifrfs7 ib fmukbklûj carebilzbmb quf frb pbrb ib kibsf maeljbjtf, maeljbjtf , frb rfilhlasb, maheâtlkb y efearlstb. Ias elfe`ras mf ibs kibsfs maeljbjtfs frbj fmukbmas fj ibs ujlvfrslmbmfs (22 mf tatbi fj eìrlkb). Ib prlefrb Vjlvfrslmbm mfi ^frô/ cuf [bj Ebrkas (2662).  (2662). Ileb ^frô. Fj fi pfrlamlsea mfstbkb4 FL Mlbrla mf Ileb yb Ileb yb quf fs fi vfrmbmfra pfrlûmlka fj kufstlajfs aclklbifs. FL Efrkurla quf Efrkurla  quf tfjåb kaea cljbilmbm ib arlfjtbklûj a rlfjtbklûj kuiturbi. Kaj prayfkklajfs bi parvfjlr mf ib jbklajbilmbm.  [u cljbilmbm fxprfsbmb par ib elseb oadb, sf sljtftlzb bså " a`rb mf oae`rfs fstumlasas y bebjtfs mf su pbås, quf sf prapajf mbr b kajakfr ibs rlqufzbs mf uj rflja kaea fi pfrubja tbj cbvarfklmas par ib jbturbifzb", su olstarlb, su kaefrkla, klfjklbs, brtfs, jatlklbrla mfi rflja, saklfmbm, kuiturb, rfkrfa, mfcfktas, iltfrbturb, eljfråb, ftk. Fjtrf atrbs pu`ilkbklajfs fj fi slhia _SLL, pufmfj efjklajbrsf fi [feljbrla Kråtlka mfi ^bmrf Aibvbrråb", "Ib Hbkftb mfi ha`lfrja mf Ileb―, aclklbi7 "Ib Eljfrvb ^frubjb", mf 2?>6 b 2?2>, mf armfj paiåtlka7 "Fi vfrmbmfra ^frubja", 2?20 b 2?2;, tbe`lìj paiåtlka mf ibs efdarfs piuebs mf ib ìpakb4 "Fi Mfpasltbrla" rfbilstb kae`btlva, vlruifjta mf Hbspbr Plka, trâjscuhb mf jbklfjtf be`lfjtf, mf 2?0=. [f lepbrtåbj fstumlas mf mfrfkoa, cliasacåb, tfaiahåb, tbe`lìj cåslkb y ebtfeâtlkb. Kaea ljstltuklajfs kaepifefjtbrlbs mf ibs ujlvfrslmbmfs fstb`bj ias kaifhlas ebyarfs, sfeljbrlas rfprfsfjtbmas par bihujbs ûrmfjfs y kajhrfhbklajfs rfilhlasbs. Fjtrf ias eâs lepartbjtfs fstb`bj ias kaifhlas mf [bj Ebrtåj (Ileb) y fi mf [bj @frjbrma (Kuska). Ib kaiajlb kaeprfjmlû ib jfkfslmbm mf akklmfjtbilzbr b ias kbklqufs pbrb quf sfbj ljtfrefmlbrlas fjtrf fi bpbrbta kaiajlbi y ib pa`ibklûj ljmåhfjb, krfâjmasf kaifhlas pbrb kbklqufs4 FL pråjklpf (Ileb) y [bj Crbjklska @ardb (Kuska), b kbrha mf Dfsultbs. Fj fi ha`lfrja mfi rfy Kbrias LLL sf fxpuisû b ias dfsultbs, armfjâjmasf ib krfbklûj mfi kajvlktarla mf [bj Kbrias, sa`rf ib `bsf mf ibs ljstltuklajfs quf ob`åbj mlrlhlma ias dfsultbs fxpuisbmas F[KVI]VPB. Kaea fj ias mlcfrfjtfs bspfktas mfi brtf ib fskuiturb fstuva vljkuibmb b ib bktlvlmbm rfilhlasb, tbe`lìj sf rfcifdb bquå fi efstlzbdf, pamfeas sfòbibr fj ib kaiajlb fskuitarfs kaea @bitbsbr ("ib eufrtf"). ]be`lìj ob`åb rfprfsfjtbklûj papuibr fj fi Kuska y Oubebjhb, bihujas mf sus eatlvas fstb`bj rfibklajbmas kaj ibs bktlvlmbmfs fkajûelkbs mf ib zajb.

IFJHV [ @APLHFJF[ Fi ljtfrìs fj ib fvbjhfilzbklûj mf ias ljmlas lepuisû b ias rfilhlasas b fstumlbr ibs ifjhubs b`aråhfjfs7 fj fstf kajtfxta uja mf ias prljklpbifs qufkoulstbs cuf fi crblif4 Maeljha mf [bjta ]aeâs (maeljla)', quf sf mfmlkû b fstumlbr fi qufkoub, iahrbjma fskrl`lr ib prlefrb hrbeâtlkb qufkoub quf sf pu`ilkû fj Fspbòb fj 263> kaj fi jae`rf mf "Hrbeâtlkb "Hrbeâtlkb a rtf mf ib ifjhub hfjfrbi mf ias Ljmlas mf ias rfyfs mfi ^frô",  ^frô",  "Sakb`uibrla mf ib ifjhub hfjfrbi mfi ^frô" Ias Dfsultbs kaea fi pbmrf ]arrf Pu`la fskrl`lfraj atras vakb`uibrlas, vakb`uibrlas, fi Dfsultb Hajzâifz Oaihuåj4 "Hrbeâtlkb y brtf jufvb mf ib ifjhub hfjfrbi mfi ^frô". Ib ifjhub blebrb  blebrb  cuf fstumlbmb par4 Iumavlka @frtajla, @frtajla, fj ifjhub eakolkb sa`rfsbif fi pbmrf Cfrjbjma mf ib Kbrrfrb.

 

 

¡]Ô EL[EB/A FPF[! ¡¡Mfklmf eâs!! ¡¡ Mfklmf sfr eâs!! ]LFJF[ VJ PF]A EB\AP 2.- B pbrtlr mfi tfeb/Ifkturb, fib`arbrbj uj Ebpb mf su ljtfrfs mf ia eâs rfsbitbjtf pbrb ustfm.

0.- Pfspajmfrâj ibs prfhujtbs kfrrbmbs b pbrtlr mfi tfeb. 2. Ib ebja mf a`rb pbrb fi trb`bda f fj j ibs e eljbs ljbs frb b trbvìs mf4 b) Ib Eljkb `) Fi Byjl k) Fi \bjbkajbdf m) Ib Eltb f) Ias a`rbdfs

0. Kajstltuyû fi prljklpbi ljhrfsa pbrb ib Karajb fspbòaib4 b) Ib bvfråb `) Ib efmlb bjbtb k) Fi mlfzea m) Fi trl`uta ljmåhfjb f) Ib bikb`bib

;. Ljstltuklûj kaefrklbi fjkbrhbma mfi fjvåa mf kajvayfs y sfòbibr ib kbjtlmbm mf efrkbmfråbs b ibs kaiajlbs. b) Kbsb mf ib Eajfmb `) Kbsb mf ib Kajtrbtbklûj k) ]rl`ujbi mf Kajsuibma m) ]rl`ujbi mf [bjtb Ljqulslklûj f) Kajsfda mf Ljmlbs 6. ^rljklpla mf ib fkajaeåb kaiajlbi quf `uskb`b iahrbr ibs rlqufzbs fj `bsf b ias eftbifs prfklasas4 b) Fxkiuslvlsea `) Eajapailsea k) Il`rf efrkbma m) Efrkbjtlilsea f) Ljtfrvfjklajlsea

=. Ljstltuklûj fjkbrhbmb mf fjvlbr ib brebmb mfi [ur, kaea pratfkklûj mf ibs jbvfs kaefrklbifs4 b) Kbsb mf Kajtrbtbklûj `) ]rl`ujbi mf Kajsuibma k) Ibs Bumlfjklbs m) Ib Breb ljvfjkl`if f) Fi Kajvlktarla mf [bj Kbrias 3. Lepufsta bmubjfra mfi 2>% mf ibs lepartbklajfs y mfi 0.6% b ibs fxpartbklajfs sf mfjaeljb4 b) Bikb`bib `) Bieadbrlcbzha k) Pfhla ^btrajbta m) Slkf pbtrajbta

8. [aj ias ljmlas quf l`bj vaiujtbrlbefjtf b ibs eltbs eljfrbs, par uj pbha ebyar4 b) Eljhbmas `) Cbitlqufrlb k) Mf Kfmuib m) Mf ^ibzb f) Oubtbkas

f) ^rlelklbs ?. [f fjkbrhû mf ib rfhuibklûj mf brbjkfifs mf saiuklajbr kajcilktas kaefrklbifs fj ib kaiajlb4 b) Ib [bjtb Ljqulslklûj `) Fi Kajvlktarla mf [bj Kbrias k) Fi ]rl`ujbi mfi Kajsuibma m) Ib Eljfrvb pfrubjb f) Fi Kajsfda mf Ljmlbs

. Fi ^rlefr y eâs ljtfjslva slstfeb fxpiatbklûj, lepibjtbma par ias fspbòaifs cuf4 b) Ibs fjkaelfjmbs `) Ibs kaepaslklajfs k) Ibs rfmukklajfs m) Ib eltb mf tbe`a f) Ib sfrvlmue`rf

fkajûelkb

mf

¡]ô frfs vbilasb/a!