CATHODIC
PROTECTION
CA AT HOD DIIC C P PROT T E ECT IIO ON HA AND DBOO OK
IIIS S O 0 1 2 0 0 SO O9 90 00 01 1:::2 20 00 00 0
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LAIKEN S.A. Av. Ramón Carrillo 332 (C1275AHH) – Buenos Aires – Argentina Tel: (54)-11-4304-0111 Fax: (54)-11-4305-6785 email:
[email protected] Web site: www.laiken.com.ar
CATHODIC
PROTECTION
CATHODIC
PROTECTION
CATHODIC
PROTECTION
INDEX 1. Anode Typical Installation......................... Installation......................... ............................ ............................. ................ 2 2. Cathodic Protection Accessories 2.1. Test Point ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................... 3 2.2. “Carbofill” Coke Backfill................................. Backfill.... ............................. ............................ ............................ ...... 4 2.3. “Corrcarb” Coke Backfill .......................... ............................ ............................. ........... 5 2.4. Manual Regulated Rectifiers .......................... ............................ ............................. .... 6 3. Magnesium Anodes 3.1. Magnesium anodes – Galvomag and AZ63 – LK08, LK04, LK14, LK22 .................... 3.2. Magnesium ribbon – Galvomag (High Potential Alloy).................... ............................ 3.3. Extruded Magnesium rod – Galvomag (High Potential Alloy) ............................. ........ 3.4. Magnesium anodes for heat exchangers – LK20, LK21 .......................... ................... 3.5. Pictures of Magnesium anodes..................................... anodes......... ............................ ............................ ..................
8 10 11 12 13
4. Zinc Anodes 4.1. Zinc anodes LK87, LK88, LK89 ......................... ............................. ............................ 14 4.2. Zinc anodes for cathodic protection and grounding - LK45 to LK60 ......................... .. 15 4.3. Zinc ribbon ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. 16 4.4. Zinc anodes for ship hulls - LK34, LK43 .......................... ............................ ............... 19 4.5. Zinc anodes for ship hulls - LK36, LK38 .......................... ............................ ............... 20 4.6. Zinc anodes for ship hulls – LK37, LK39, LK42 .......................... ............................ .... 21 4.7. Zinc anodes for ship hulls - LK40, LK41 .......................... ............................ ............... 22 4.8. Zinc Reference Electrode………………………………… Electrode……………………………………………………………… ……………………………….. ….. 23 4.9. Pictures of Zinc anodes for ship hulls .......................... ............................. .................. 24 5. Aluminium Anodes 5.1. Galvalum anodes for interior interior bottom of oil oil tanks tanks - LK44, LK44, LK44b, LK17....................... 5.2. Galvalum anodes for interior bottom of oil tanks – LK3/60 ............................. ............ 5.3. Galvalum anodes for ballast tanks - LK45 to LK60 .......................... ........................... 5.4. Galvalum anodes for marine environment - LK70,LK71,LK72,LK73,LK74,LK LK70,LK71,LK72,LK73,LK74,LK75........ 75........ 5.5. Galvalum anode for marine environment environment - LK70 A ........................... ........................ 5.6. Galvalum anode for marine environment environment - LK70 F ............................. ........................ 5.7. Galvalum anode for marine environment environment - LK71 A ............................. ........................ 5.8. Galvalum bracelets for submerged pipelines - LK90, LK91 ........................ ................ 5.9. Galvalum anode for marine environment environment - LK95 ........................... ............................. 5.10. Galvalum anode for oil oil offshore platforms - LK98 LK98 ............................ ........................... 5.11. Galvalum anode for oil oil offshore platforms - LK99 LK99 ............................ ........................... 5.12. Pictures of Aluminium anodes............................. ............................ ............................
25 26 27 28 30 32 34 36 41 43 45 47
6. Graphite Anodes 6.1. Graphite Anodes ........................... ............................ ............................ ...................... 48 6.2. Center connected graphite anode...................................... anode......... ............................. ............................ ............. 49 6.3. End connected graphite anode ............................ ........................... ........................... . 50 6.4. Pictures of Graphite anodes ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………….. ……………….. 51 7. High Silicon – Cast Iron Anodes 7.1. Fe-Si-Cr Stick anodes - LK260F, LK260G ........................ ........................... ............... 52 7.2. Fe-Si-Cr Tubular anodes – LK2284, LK4884............................. LK4884.. ........................... ............................ ..... 54 8. Mixed Metal Oxide – Titanium Titanium Anodes 8.1. Titanium MMO Tubular anode ........................... ............................ ............................ . 55 8.2. Titanium MMO Individual anode ............................ ............................. ........................ 56 8.3. Pictures of Titanium Titanium MMO anodes ……………………………………………… ………………………………………………………… ………… 57 LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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ACCESSORIES
GALVANIC ANODE TYPICAL INSTALLATION LAIKEN S.A. explains in the following scheme the installation of a galvanic anode connected to an underground pipeline.
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ACCESSORIES
TEST POINT
The Test Point is a product designed to be used in various applications. It is used for measuring potentials, jumping insulating joints and for connecting the galvanic anodes to the structure to be protected, as well as other applications. The Test Point is manufactured in cast iron and the steel conduit is made of a 1-inch diameter pipe. The Test Points are painted in various colors, according to the customers´ preferences.
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ACCESSORIES
“CARBOFILL” COKE BACKFILL Backfill is widely used in cathodic protection systems for increasing the effective size of groundbed anodes. By reducing the anode-to-earth resistance and current density, anode consumption level is lowered and a longer life can be expected for the anode. In order to achieve these properties, the backfill must be a good electrical conductor such as LAIKEN’s CARBOFILL. Carbofill is made of Calcined Petroleum Coke.
Backfill Composition Fixed Carbon
98.50 %
Backfill Characteristics Grade
1 mm (max)
Volatile
0.50 %
Resistivity
1.25 ohm-cm
Sulphur
0.50 %
Specify Gravity
1.01 gr/cm
Ashes
0.50 %
Moisture
0.20 %
3
LAIKEN’s CARBOFILL does not contaminate the soils as it doesn’t contain tensioactives or surfactants in its formula.
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ACCESSORIES
“CORRCARB” COKE BACKFILL Backfill is widely used in cathodic protection systems for increasing the effective size of groundbed anodes. By reducing the anode-to-earth resistance and current density, anode consumption level is lowered and a longer life can be expected for the anode. LAIKEN is the representative for South America of SASOL CARBO–TAR, a world-wide producer of carbon products and the supplier of CORRCARB Backfill. CORRCARB is specially used at deep groundbeds where a superior-quality backfill is required. Corrcarb presents very low anode-to-earth resistance, low particle resistance, high conductivity, good chemical resistance to anodic products, and a suitable particle size distribution to facilitate the egress of gas while maintaining good conductivity. Corrcarb is dust free which is very helpful when installing at deep groundbeds as it can be simply poured. Therefore, it does not need chemical surfactants in its composition. This has positioned Corrcarb as one of the purest Backfills available. ELEMENT
LIMITS
TEST METHOD
Fixed Carbon
99.50 % min
ASTM D 4239 – 94 100 % - (% Ash + % VCM)
Ash & Volatiles
0.50 % max
ASTM D 4422 – 89 and BS 1016 Part 4, respectively
Sulphur
0.25 % max
ASTM D 4239 – 94
Moisture
0.15 % max
ASTM D 3173 - 87
Bulk Density ( 0-3 mm) Consumption Rate
Resistivity vs. Pressure
Particle Size Distribution
3
3
1000 gr/cm (63 lbs/ft )
ASTM D 527
0.028 kg / A-yr 200 kPa
0.2180 ohm-cm
400 kPa
0.1509 ohm-cm
600 kPa
0.1139 ohm-cm
800 kPa
0.0959 ohm-cm
1000 kPa
0.0831 ohm-cm
< 1mm
ASTM D 293-69
The Corrcarb particle distribution size has been selected to minimize interfacial resistance and maximize conductivity, while promoting the egress of gas during normal groundbed operations. The specific Corrcarb PSD allows one to operate deep well anode groundbeds at high current outputs, on a continuous basis under all soils conditions.
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ACCESSORIES
MANUAL-REGULATED RECTIFIERS Cathodic protection systems with impressed current anodes require stable direct current. In order to convert alternating current into direct current, a rectifier is used. Manual-Regulated Rectifiers 3-Phase input, 50 Volts 50 Amps Oil-Filled Cabinet 1. CABINET: The cabinet type Series 2, with oil bath, is built following the specifications N3TD1317PG, N3TD1318PG, and N3TD1321PG. The cabinet contains the transformer, the rectifier unit, and the devices that regulate the output voltage. Input and output connectors, measurement instruments, and the input switch, are all installed inside anti-explosive boxes. The cabinet is fully zinc-coated. Its cover is built for avoiding water or snow accumulation. 2. FRAMES: The cabinet contains a steel frame including the transformer, the rectifier unit, and the output voltage regulator device. 3. SUPPORT: The cabinet has built in his basement two U-shaped steel bars UPN80, with four holes for installing it on a pedestal. 4. TRANSFORMER: The transformer is a 3-phase insulator, with dry insulation, Class F (155 C), better than 40 Mohms between coils and between coils and ground. Its core is built by Fe-Si oriented grain, and coils of electrolytic copper. It has less than 5 % of loss, measured at full power. 5. RECTIFIER UNIT: 3-phase, full wave bridge, cooled by natural convection. It uses 1200V reverse-peak voltage diodes, mounted on aluminum heat-exchangers, allowing the unit to work continuously at 75 amps RMS. It is protected against overloading by means of NH00 fuses. Over-voltage protection is built by RC networks and metallic oxide varistors. 6. REGULATION: 6.1 Tabs: Output voltage regulation can be done by means tabs on the secondary coil of the transformer, connected to a panel placed inside the cabinet. A coarse adjust of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 volts, and a fine one of 10 volt-by-volt positions can be performed by using of removable nickel-coated copper bridges.
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ACCESSORIES
MANUAL-REGULATED RECTIFIERS 6.2 Variable autotransformer: In those cases where a fine continuous adjusts is desirable, controlled from outside the cabinet, a variable autotransformer (variac) is installed between the input voltage and the primary coil of the transformer. A small motor and a mechanical speed reduction unit allow to control, by means of two push bottoms, the output voltage without need of dismounting the cabinet cover. 7. INSTRUMENTS: A microprocessor-based system performs the measurement of input AC voltage (between phases), output DC voltage, and output DC current. All those measurements are shown simultaneously on a liquid crystal display (LCD). 8. INPUT AND OUTPUT CONNECTORS: Input connectors are muzzle-muzzle kind, with insulated contacts, polyamide body, and protected contacts for cables up to 10 mm2. Output connectors are screw-threaded over a polyamide base, for cables up to 35 mm2. 9. SCREWS AND NUTS: All screws, nuts and washers are brass-made, with the exception of those used for mounting of the transformer and output boxes, which are steel-made. 10. PROTECTION AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGES: An over-voltage discharger is placed on the input, between phases and ground. All diodes of the rectifier unit are protected by metallic-oxide varistors. All sensitive electronic devices have varistors and voltage-transient suppressor diodes. Two varistors are placed on the DC-output. 11. WARRANTY: These equipments are warranted for the term of one (1) year, covering fails originated on component failures or building defects.
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MAGNESIUM ANODES
MAGNESIUM ANODES GALVOMAG (High Potential) and AZ63 ALLOYS Magnesium anodes are traditionally used for cathodic protection of oil and gas pipelines, and all kinds of buried pipelines. Each anode is delivered with a 3.5 mts cable, welded to the head of the anode, and is presented in a bag filled with backfill. The cable is a singleconductor of 4mm2 of cross-section; it is made of electrolytic copper and provided with thermoplastic insulation type TW. The backfill composition includes bentonite, hydrated plaster and sodium sulfate, and the quantities vary accordingly to the conditions of the soil.
Type 08
Types 04, 14, 22
ANODES
LK01/08 LK02/08
LK01/04 LK02/04
LK01/14 LK02/14
LK01/14b LK02/14b
LK01/22 LK02/22
Dimensions
mm
in.
mm
in.
mm
in.
mm
in.
mm
in.
a
650
25.5
615
24.5
512
20.2
1200
47.2
780
31
b
94
3.5
63
2.5
126
5
85
3.3
126
5
c
88
3.6
60
2.4
140
5.5
85
3.3
125
5
Weight
kg
lbs.
kg
lbs.
kg
lbs.
kg
lbs.
kg
lbs.
Nominal Wt.
8
17
4
9
14.5
32
14.7
32.5
22.5
50
Back-Fill
15
33.5
15
33.5
15
33.5
15
33.5
15
33.5
In order to identify the anodes quickly, remember the suffix indicates the nominal weight (in kg) and the prefix indicates the alloy (01 for GALVOMAG, 02 for AZ63 alloy). Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.
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MAGNESIUM ANODES
MAGNESIUM ANODES GALVOMAG HIGH POTENTIAL ALLOY TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ALLOY COMPOSITIONS ELEMENT
%
Aluminum
0.01
Manganese (min)
0.50 – 1.30
Iron (max)
0.03
Nickel (max)
0.001
Copper (max)
0.02
Other (max)
0.30
Magnesium
Balance
Amperes Hr / Lb.
500 - 550
Efficiency
50 – 55 %
Closed Circuit Potential
-1.50 V to -1.75 V
Open Circuit Potential
-1.70 V to -1.75 V
AZ63 ALLOYS ALLOY COMPOSITIONS
TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Grade “A” Grade “B” Grade “C” ELEMENT
%
%
%
Aluminum
5.3 – 6.7
5.3 – 6.7
5.0 – 7.0
Zinc
2.5 – 3.5
2.5 – 3.5
2.0 – 4.0
0.15
0.15
0.10
Iron (max)
0.003
0.003
0.003
Nickel (max)
0.002
0.003
0.003
Copper (max)
0.02
0.05
0.10
Silicon (max)
0.10
0.30
0.30
Others (max)
0.30
0.30
0.30
Balance
Balance
Balance
Manganese (min)
Amperes Hr / Lb.
500 - 540
Efficiency
50 – 54 %
Closed Circuit Potential (Copper/Copper Sulfate)
-1.45 V to -1.55 V
Open Circuit Potential (Copper/Copper Sulfate)
-1.50 V to -1.60 V
Impurities
Magnesium
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MAGNESIUM ANODES
MAGNESIUM RIBBON (High Potential Alloy) The Magnesium Ribbon, used for cathodic protection of metallic structures, is made of GALVOMAG alloy. It is particularly useful for pipelines buried in soils with a resistivity higher than 6000 Ohm-cm, where a GALVOMAG alloy anode can drain more current than any other anode. The ribbon can be installed by mechanical ways and it may also be installed at the time of locating the pipeline. The ribbon is sold in 300 mts. rolls with the following dimensions: Exterior diameter: 850 mm Interior diameter: 450 mm Width: 220 mm
Dimensions
mm
in.
a
9.5
3/8
b
19
6/8
c
3.2
1/8
Weight
0.37 kg/mts
2.7 lbs/ft
ALLOY COMPOSITIONS ELEMENT Aluminum Manganese (min)
% 0.01 0.50 – 1.30
Iron (max)
0.03
Nickel (max)
0.001
Copper (max)
0.02
Other (max)
0.30
Magnesium
Balance
TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Amperes Hr / Lb.
500 - 550
Efficiency
50 – 55 %
Closed Circuit Potential
-1.50 V to -1.75 V
Open Circuit Potential
-1.70 V to -1.75 V
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MAGNESIUM ANODES
EXTRUDED MAGNESIUM RODS (High Potential Alloy) CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BURIED PIPELINES IN HIGH RESISTIVE SOILS Magnesium rods are made of GALVOMAG alloy, which is particularly used in soils where its high resistivity makes it impossible to drain enough current with traditional magnesium anodes. As rods have a greater surface-mass ratio, they drain more current t han traditional anodes. For example, a rod of 6 m (length) and 25 mm (diameter) in a high resistive soil (6000 ohm-cm) will drain 80 mA, while a 8 kg anode will drain 25 mA. Magnesium rods are provided with a cable of 3.5 m. (length) by 4 mm2 (cross-section), and they are available in different sizes: Diameter: 19, 21 y 25 mm Length: 1.5, 3 and 6 m
ALLOY COMPOSITIONS ELEMENT Aluminium Manganese (min)
% 0.01 0.50 – 1.30
Iron (max)
0.03
Nickel (max)
0.001
Copper (max)
0.02
Other (max)
0.30
Magnesium
Balance
TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Amperes Hr / Lb.
500 - 550
Efficiency
50 – 55 %
Closed Circuit Potential
-1.50 V to -1.75 V
Open Circuit Potential
-1.70 V to -1.75 V
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MAGNESIUM ANODES
MAGNESIUM ANODES CATHODIC PROTECTION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS LK20 and LK21 anodes are specially created for protecting heat exchanger from corroding. The design of these anodes reduces costs of renewing the cathodic protection because these anodes do not require to be welded to the structure. When the renewal of the cathodic protection is needed, the anode is unscrewed from a fixing device and replaced, while the fixing device remains attached to the structure. LK20 and LK21 anodes are made of GALVOMAG (High Potential) or AZ63 alloy and they are provided as spare-parts.
Insulating plug
Insulating washer Fixing nut Washer
Anode
Insulating plate
Plate for fixing anode to heat exchanger
ANODES LK 20
LK 21
Dimensions
a
b
c
d
mm
50
50
54
80
in.
1.98
1.98
2.12
3.14
mm
50
94
102
130
in.
1.98
3.70
4.0
5.12
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.
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MAGNESIUM ANODES
Magnesium Anodes LK 01/08 for oil & gas pipelines
Magnesium Anode LK 01/14 packaged
Magnesium Anodes LK 01/14 for oil & gas pipelines
Magnesium Anodes LK 21 for heat exchangers LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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ZINC ANODES
ZINC ANODES LK87 LK88 LK89 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BURIED STRUCTURES The chemical composition of these anodes meets the following specifications: MIL-A18001, IRAM 677 and ASTM-B-418-80. Each anode is delivered with a 3.5 m cable, welded to the head of the anode, and is presented in a bag filled with 15 kg of backfill. The cable is a single-conductor of 4mm2 of cross-section; it is made of electrolytic copper and provided with thermoplastic insulation type TW.
Electrical conductor
Zinc Anode
Backfill
ANODES
LK 87
LK 88
LK 89
Dimensions
mm
mm
mm
a
660
600
570
b
50
60
85
c
38
45
70
Gross Weight
7 kg
9 kg
19 kg
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.
COMPOSITION OF ZINC ALLOYS ASTM-B-418 Type I MIL-A-18001-K ELEMENT
%
ASTM-B-418 Type II ELEMENT
%
Fe (max)
0.005
Fe (max)
0.0014
Pb (max)
0.006
Pb (max)
0.003
Cu(max)
0.005
Cu(max)
0.002
Al
0.1 – 0.5
Al (max)
0.005
Cd
0.025 – 0.07
Cd (max)
0.003
Zn
Remainder
Zn (max)
Remainder
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ZINC ANODES
ZINC ANODES CATHODIC PROTECTION AND GROUNDING OF HIGH VOLTAGE TOWERS Due to its low current output and long life, these anodes are used both for cathodic protection of steel structures (High Voltage towers, reinforcing bars, tanks, etc) and as earthing electrode for electrical grounding of these structures. The anode is delivered with a cable and backfill; cable dimensions and backfill quantity and quality should be specified in the purchase order. The chemical composition of these anodes meets the following specifications: MIL18001, IRAM 677 y ASTM B418-80.
LK45 LK46 LK47 LK48 LK49 LK50 LK51 LK52 LK53 LK54 LK55 LK56 LK57 LK58 LK59 LK60 Dim.
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
a
800
900
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
800
900
b
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
c
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
e
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Gross Wt.(Kg)
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
14.4
16.2
18
19.8
21.6
23.4
25.2
27
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces. ASTM-B-418 Type I MIL-A-18001-K ELEMENT
%
ASTM-B-418 Type II ELEMENT
%
Fe (max)
0.005
Fe (max)
0.0014
Pb (max)
0.006
Pb (max)
0.003
Cu(max)
0.005
Cu(max)
0.002
Al
0.1 – 0.5
Al (max)
0.005
Cd
0.025 – 0.07
Cd (max)
0.003
Zn
Remainder
Zn (max)
Remainder
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ZINC ANODES
ZINC RIBBON CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BURIED PIPELINES The Zinc Ribbon provides excellent and low-cost cathodic protection for buried pipelines as it can be installed simultaneously with the installation of the pipeline, in the same ditch. Additionally, Zinc Ribbon enables the use of zinc in higher resistivity soils, where tr aditional zinc anodes cannot be used. CATHODIC PROTECTION OF INTERIOR OF WATER PIPELINES The Zinc Ribbon will protect interior of saltwater pipelines (with or without coating) costeffectively. CATHODIC PROTECTION FOR SHIRT PIPES Zinc Ribbon protects pipelines which enclose other pipelines in the inside, in case the shirt pipe gets wet. CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SUCTION PIPES OF WATER WELLS Zinc Ribbon will protect the suction pipes and also the pump in hard water wells. CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BALLAST TANKS Laiken´s Zinc Ribbon eliminates the “screening effect” in cathodic protection systems of Ballast Tanks. Additionally, it protects those spaces which accumulate water when empty. CATHODIC PROTECTION OF INTERIOR BOTTOM OF FUEL STORAGE TANKS Zinc Ribbon prevents fuel storage tanks from corroding due to the action of the water remaining at the bottom of the tank.
The chemical composition of these anodes meets the specifications: MIL18001. ASTM-B-418 Type I MIL-A-18001-K ELEMENT
%
ASTM-B-418 Type II ELEMENT
%
Fe (max)
0.005
Fe (max)
0.0014
Pb (max)
0.006
Pb (max)
0.003
Cu(max)
0.005
Cu(max)
0.002
Al
0.1 – 0.5
Al (max)
0.005
Cd
0.025 – 0.07
Cd (max)
0.003
Zn
Remainder
Zn (max)
Remainder
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ZINC ANODES
ZINC RIBBON
TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Amperes - hr / Lb. (theorical)
372
Efficiency
95%
Amperes - hr / Lb. (real)
353
Electrode Potential (Cu/CuSO4)
1.110 V
Cross-section Dimensions
DIMENSIONS
Super
Standard
Minor
Minimum
Cross-section – diagonals (mm)
25 x 32
16 x 22
13 x 14
9 x 12
Weight (kg/m)
3.60
1.80
0.90
0.38
Roll dimensions (ask for special lengths)
30 m
60 m
150 m
300 m
Tolerance: ± 5 %
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ZINC ANODES
ZINC RIBBON
10000 5000 2000 1000
SEA WATER
500 200 100 50 25 10
0.01 0.02 0.05
0.1
0.2 0.5 1.0 200 500 1000
2
5
10
20
50
100
Current drained for various lengths in different resistivity values with AV: -0.25 V.
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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ZINC ANODES
ZINC ANODES LK34 LK43 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SHIP HULLS These anodes are the ones traditionally used for cathodic protection of ships, vessels and pontoons. Its chemical composition meets the following specifications: MIL-A-18001, A.R.A. Zinc/67, IRAM 677 and ASTM B-418-80.
ANODES
Dimensions (mm) a
b
c
d
LK34
365
130
76
LK43
230
76
38
e
Net Weight (kg) f
g
Mg
Al
Zn
620
4.8
38
3.1
5.0
13.0
310
3.2
15.8
0.5
0.8
2.2
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.
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ZINC ANODES
ZINC ANODES LK36 LK38 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SHIP HULLS These anodes are the ones traditionally used for cathodic protection of ships, vessels and pontoons. Its chemical composition meets the following specifications: MIL-A-18001, A.R.A. Zinc/67, IRAM 677 and ASTM B-418-80.
ANODES
Dimensions (mm)
Net Weight (kg)
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Mg
Al
Zn
LK36
300
150
32
254
32
4.8
76
2.2
3.5
9.5
LK38
610
150
32
254
32
4.8
135
4.4
7.0
18.4
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-20 -
ZINC ANODES
ZINC ANODES LK37 LK39 LK42 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SHIP HULLS These anodes are the ones traditionally used for cathodic protection of ships, vessels and pontoons. Its chemical composition meets the following specifications: MIL-A-18001, A.R.A. Zinc/67 , IRAM 677 and ASTM B-418-80.
ANODES
Dimensions (mm)
Net Weight (kg)
a
b
c
d
e
f
Mg
Al
Zn
LK37
304
80
32
404
32
4.8
1.0
1.7
4.4
LK39
150
150
32
254
32
4.8
1.2
1.9
5.0
LK42
150
80
32
254
32
4.8
0.5
0.8
2.1
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-21 -
ZINC ANODES
ZINC ANODES LK40 LK41 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SHIP HULLS These anodes are the ones traditionally used for cathodic protection of ship hulls and helms. The hydrodynamic shape of LK40 is designed to oppose minimum resistance to the flow of water. In case of placing a continuous line of anodes, LK40 anodes should be placed at the beginning and at the end of the line, while LK41 anodes should be placed in the middle part. The chemical composition of these anodes meets the following specifications: MIL-A-18001, A.R.A. Zinc/67, IRAM 677 and ASTM B-418-80.
Aluminium
Magnesium
Zinc
ANODES
Gross Wt. (kg)
Net Wt. (kg)
Gross Wt. (kg)
Net Wt. (kg)
Gross Wt. (kg)
Net Wt. (kg)
LK40
8.7
8.1
5.8
5.2
22.2
21.6
LK41
8.6
8.0
5.6
5.0
21.6
21.0
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-22 -
ZINC ANODES
ZINC REFERENCE ELECTRODE
The pure zinc electrode is suitable as a permanently installed reference electrode. It is used for potential difference measurements in the interior of tanks, pipelines, etc. In order to identify the electrode needed, the following code system should be used: This example is for a zinc electrode code LKZE50/200 LKZE50/200 LKZE: Zinc electrode 50: Diameter in mm 200: Anode length in mm
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-23 -
ZINC ANODES
ZINC ANODES FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SHIP HULLS
Zinc Anodes LK 37 (left) and LK 36 (right)
Zinc Anodes LK 43
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-24 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK44 LK44B LK17 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF INTERIOR BOTTOM OF OIL TANKS These anodes are especially manufactured for protecting the interior bottom of oil tanks from the corrosive action of the saltwater mixed with crude oil. In order to get the best results from these anodes and achieve the normal operating conditions, the anodes should always be submerged in water. Regarding the installation and fixation to the bottom of the oil tank, we provide a bolt and nut along with each anode. The bolt has to be welded to the tank and fixed to the anode with the nut.
ANODES
LK44
LK44B
LK17
Dimensions
mm
mm
mm
a
125
65
90
b
300
300
200
c
50
50
50
Gross Wt (Kg)
23
12
7.5
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces .
GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT
%
Zn
2.80 – 6.50 %
Hg
0.00 %
In
0.010 – 0.02 %
Si
0.08 – 0.2 %
Cu (max)
0.006 %
Fe (max)
0.120 %
Other Ea. (max) Aluminium
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)
-1.15 V
Nominal Efficiency
85%
Nominal Ampere Hours / pound
1150
0.02 % Remainder
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-25 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK3/60 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF INTERIOR BOTTOM OF OIL TANKS These anodes are especially manufactured for protecting the interior bottom of oil tanks from the corrosive action of the saltwater mixed with crude oil. In order to get the best results from these anodes and achieve the normal operating conditions, the anodes should always be submerged in water. Regarding the installation and fixation, an eye bolt core is provided for hanging the anode from a steel wire rather than from the HMWPE connection cable. This improves the safety conditions of the oil tank as it protects the HMWPE cable from being torn off causing the anode to fall and therefore provoking a spark inside the tank. The anodes are also provided with a thermo shrinkable tube which protects the HMWPE cable and seals the connection anode-cable. Thermo shrinkable tube DIMENSIONS a
Eye bolt core
b
Net weight
mm
in
mm
in
kg
lb
76
3
1520
60
18.7
41.2
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.
GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT
%
Zn
2.80 – 6.50 %
Hg
0.00 %
In
0.010 – 0.02 %
Si
0.08 – 0.2 %
Cu (max)
0.006 %
Fe (max)
0.120 %
Other Ea. (max) Aluminium
0.02 % Remainder
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)
-1.15 V
Nominal Efficiency
85%
Nominal Ampere Hours / pound
1150
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-26 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK45 to LK60 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BALLAST TANKS
LK45
LK46
LK47
LK48
LK49
LK53
LK54
LK55
LK56
LK57
LK58
LK59
LK60
Dimension
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
a
800
900
1000
1100
1200
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
b
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
c
38
38
38
38
38
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
d
38
38
38
38
38
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
e
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
3.1
3.5
3.9
4.3
4.7
5.3
6.0
6.6
7.3
8.0
8.7
9.3
10.0
3.6
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.2
6.2
7.0
7.7
8.4
9.2
9.9
10.6
11.4
Net Wt. (Kg) Gross Wt. (Kg)
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces. GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT
%
Zn
2.80 – 6.50
Hg
0.00
In
0.010 – 0.02
Si
0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max)
0.006
Fe (max)
0.120
Other Ea. (max)
0.02
Aluminium
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)
-1.15 V
Nominal Efficiency
85%
Nominal Ampere Hours / pound
1150
Remainder
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-27 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK70 to LK75 FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
ANODES
LK70
LK71
LK72
LK73
LK74
LK75
Dimensions
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
a
1200
1300
1360
1000
1400
1500
b
100
50
140
130
90
100
c
100
130
100
110
60
100
d
110
140
110
150
90
100
Net Weight (Kg)
34
24
54
46
25
40
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.
For type A and B anodes, the core dimensions are: 2 in. (wide) x ¼ in. (thick), except for LK74: 1½ in. x ¼ in. For type C anodes, the core consists in two Schedule 80 pipes (2 in diameter) welded to a bar with “L” shaped cross-section. For type D anodes, the core consists in a rod (e= diameter= 1 in.; length= 1800 mm; f=150 mm). These anodes meet NACE STANDARD RP 03787-87, Metallurgical and Inspection Requirements for Cast Sacrificial Anodes for offshore applications. LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-28 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK70 to LK75 FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT
%
Zn
2.80 – 6.50
Hg
0.00
In
0.010 – 0.02
Si
0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max)
0.006
Fe (max)
0.120
Other Ea. (max)
0.02
Aluminium
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)
-1.15 V
Nominal Efficiency
85%
Nominal Ampere Hours / pound
1150
Remainder
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-29 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK70 A FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
WEIGHT (Kg)
CURRENT OUTPUT INITIAL
FINAL
NET
GROSS
2.27 A (*)
1.67 A (*)
33.6
35.7
ANODE LK70-A
a
b
c
d
e
f
t
Dimensions (mm)
1200
110
100
1500
38
4.7
90
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces
(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm ( saltwater) “Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate) LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-30 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK70 A FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT
%
Zn
2.80 – 6.50
Hg
0.00
In
0.010 – 0.02
Si
0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max)
0.006
Fe (max)
0.120
Other Ea. (max)
0.02
Aluminium
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)
-1.15 V
Nominal Efficiency
85%
Nominal Ampere Hours / pound
1150
Remainder
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-31 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK70 F FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
WEIGHT (Kg)
CURRENT OUTPUT INITIAL
FINAL
NET
GROSS
2.06 A (*)
1.67 A (*)
15.5
17.6
ANODE LK70-F
a
b
c
d
e
f
t
Dimensions (mm)
1200
95
50
1500
38
4.7
90
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces
(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm ( saltwater) “Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate) LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-32 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK70 F FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT
%
Zn
2.80 – 6.50
Hg
0.00
In
0.010 – 0.02
Si
0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max)
0.006
Fe (max)
0.120
Other Ea. (max)
0.02
Aluminium
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)
-1.15 V
Nominal Efficiency
85%
Nominal Ampere Hours / pound
1150
Remainder
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-33 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK71 A FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
WEIGHT (Kg)
CURRENT OUTPUT INITIAL
FINAL
NET
GROSS
2.1 A (*)
1.67 A (*)
21.4
23.5
ANODE LK71-A
a
b
c
d
e
f
t
Dimensions (mm)
1200
135
50
1500
38
4.7
120
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces
(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm ( saltwater) “Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate)
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-34 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK71 A FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT
%
Zn
2.80 – 6.50
Hg
0.00
In
0.010 – 0.02
Si
0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max)
0.006
Fe (max)
0.120
Other Ea. (max)
0.02
Aluminium
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)
-1.15 V
Nominal Efficiency
85%
Nominal Ampere Hours / pound
1150
Remainder
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-35 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM BRACELETS LK90 LK91 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SUBMERGED PIPELINES
Dimensions (inches)
ANODES
Interior Diameter
Coating thickness
LK90
6 /8
5
3
3
13
LK91
8 /8
5
3
4
13
1 /2
/32 /32
r /32 /32
t
l
1 /2
1
13 /4
1
13 /4
g
Net Weight Gross (Kg) Weight (Kg)
1
1 /4
1
18.20
20
1
1 /4
1
22.26
25
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-36 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM BRACELETS LK90 LK91 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SUBMERGED PIPELINES
GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT
%
Zn
2.80 – 6.50
Hg
0.00
In
0.010 – 0.02
Si
0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max)
0.006
Fe (max)
0.120
Other Ea. (max)
0.02
Aluminium
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)
-1.15 V
Nominal Efficiency
85%
Nominal Ampere Hours / pound
1150
Remainder
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-37 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
TAPERED BRACELETS INT. DIAM.
TYPE (*)
mm
(*)
THICKNESS
LENGTH
GAP
NET WT.
GROSS WT.
mm
mm
mm
kg
kg
60
T
32
305
25
5.0
5.9
89
T
32
305
25
6.8
7.7
114
T
38
305
32
10.4
11.3
114
T
38
489
32
20.9
22.7
141
T
38
397
32
16.8
18.1
168
T
38
286
38
14.5
16.3
168
TB2
38
343
19
14.5
16.3
168
T
38
346
38
16.3
18.1
168
T
38
457
32
27.2
29.0
168
T
44
540
38
33.6
35.4
168
ST
44
553
38
35.8
37.7
187
TB2
57
241
25
20.0
20.9
219
T
38
286
38
17.7
20.0
219
T
38
364
38
22.7
25.0
219
T
38
503
38
37.2
39.5
219
TB1
57
676
-
37.2
39.5
219
T
64
406
38
44.0
45.8
238
ST w/sockets
38
343
76
32.2
34.0
241
TB2
64
267
51
29.5
30.4
273
T
38
323
51
22.7
25.9
273
T
38
451
51
34.5
36.7
273
T
35
476
38
36.7
39.0
273
T
44
559
51
53.5
55.8
273
ST
44
565
51
56.3
59.4
273
TB1
83
622
-
59.4
65.8
273
ST
44
1016
64
103.0
107.5
324
T
38
375
51
33.6
38.1
324
T
38
425
38
42.64
45.4
324
ST
38
539
57
54.0
59.4
324
T w/sockets
38
584
102
56.7
59.4
324
T
51
498
51
67.6
73.5
324
ST1
35
800
51
74.8
80.3
345
T w/sockets
38
356
102
31.3
34.0
356
ST
38
536
57
59.4
65.3
356
ST
44
553
51
69.9
75.8
406
ST
44
508
57
76.7
83.5
406
ST1
38
813
51
95.3
102.0
406 ST 51 T = Tapered TB1 = Tapered-Bolt-On (One Half Only) TB2 = Tapered-Bolt-On
584
64 95.7 ST = Semi-Tapered ST1= Semi-Tapered (One End Only)
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
102.5
-38 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
CONCRETE COATED PIPE BRACELETS INT. DIAM.
TYPE (*)
mm
THICKNESS
LENGTH
GAP
NET WT.
GROSS WT.
mm
mm
mm
kg
kg
168
CC
38
368
76
18.6
20.4
175
IT
38
495
51
28.1
29.9
219
CC
38
216
51
13.6
15.0
219
CC
44
413
38
39.9
42.2
225
IT
38
419
51
28.6
30.4
273
CC
44
464
64
47.2
51.3
273
CC
44
559
51
53.5
58.1
273
CC
51
441
51
54.4
58.5
273
CC
51
19
64
61.7
66.2
279
IT
38
495
51
41.0
46.7
305
CC
38
416
51
40.8
45.4
305
CC
51
299
51
40.8
45.4
324
CC
29
406
51
30.8
36.7
324
CC
32
406
51
33.6
36.3
324
CC
29
546
38
43.6
49.4
324
CC
38
480
51
50.8
56.7
324
CC
44
470
76
59.0
64.9
324
CC
38
676
76
67.6
73.5
330
IT
38
419
51
41.3
43.6
356
CC
32
426
51
41.7
48.1
356
CC
51
533
76
90.3
86.2
406
CC
32
305
51
30.4
37.2
406
CC
25
533
51
47.2
54.4
406
CC
25
629
38
58.1
65.3
406
CC
38
445
51
58.1
65.3
406
CC
32
635
38
70.3
77.6
406
CC
44
470
76
71.7
78.9
406
CC
38
553
51
76.2
83.5
406
CC
64
340
76
77.1
84.4
456
CC
41
437
111
62.6
70.3
457
CC
64
318
76
81.7
89.4
457
CC
44
495
64
85.3
93.0
457
CC
44
480
51
85.3
93.0
457
RT
70
632
111
98.0
105.7
457
CC
44
702
76
119.3
127.0
457
CC
51
540
64
108.0
116.1
508
CC
44
216
95
34.0
38.6
508
CC
44
241
51
45.4
54.0
508
CC
44
260
51
50.4
59.0
508
CC
38
419
76
65.0
73.0
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
-39 -
ALUMINIUM ANODES
INT. DIAM. TYPE (*) THICKNESS LENGTH GAP NET WT. mm mm mm mm kg 508 CC 41 406 64 71.2 508 CC 64 254 51 72.6 508 CC 48 362 76 73.0 508 CC 57 324 64 78.0 508 CC 48 413 76 85.7 508 CC 41 540 64 86.2 508 CC 64 356 64 93.4 508 CC 44 502 64 94.8 508 CC 51 727 76 159.7 610 CC 32 330 51 52.6 610 CC 44 283 76 64.0 610 CC 44 359 76 80.3 610 CC 44 222 76 80.3 610 CC 95 152 89 80.3 610 CC 38 432 64 84.4 610 CC 54 286 64 85.3 610 CC 51 333 64 87.5 610 CC 64 276 76 90.7 610 CC 44 470 76 105.7 610 CC 51 406 76 105.7 610 CC 79 254 64 106.9 610 CC 76 270 76 106.9 610 CC 51 432 76 115.2 610 CC 79 273 51 120.2 610 CC 36.5 730 76 135.2 610 CC 51 498 76 130.2 610 CC 44 616 76 142.9 610 CC 51 908 76 234.1 610 CC 60 845 76 270.4 635 CCB 89 114 51 55.8 635 CCB 114 127 51 84.8 635 CC 41 551 127 114.3 762 CC 51 254 76 81.7 762 CC 70 216 76 98.4 762 CC 57 273 102 99.8 762 CC 51 318 76 105.7 762 CC 64 340 76 140.6 762 CC 57 394 76 146.5 914 CC 51 387 76 155.1 914 CC 57 384 76 173.7 914 CC 76 320 102 190.5 914 CC 76 934 76 573.4 1016 CC 83 730 102 529.8 1016 CC 108 549 102 534.8 (*) CC = Concrete Coated (square bracelet) TR = Reversely Tapered Bracelet IT = Internally Tapered Bracelet CCB = Square-Bolt-On Bracelet
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
GROSS WT. Kg 79.4 80.7 81.2 86.2 93.9 94.8 102.0 103.4 167.8 63.1 74.4 90.7 90.7 90.7 94.8 95.7 98.0 101.2 116.1 116.1 119.3 119.3 125.7 130.6 145.6 140.6 153.3 244.5 280.3 Variable Variable 125.2 93.0 105.7 113.0 117.0 152.0 157.9 171.0 189.6 206.4 596.5 555.2 560.2
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ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK95 FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
CURRENT OUTPUT
WEIGHT (Kg)
INITIAL
FINAL
NET
GROSS
2.67 A (*)
2.3 A (*)
65
73
ANODE LK95
a
b
c
d
e
f
t
Dimensions (mm)
1350
145
130
1750
51
12.5
110
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces
(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm ( saltwater) “Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate) LK95 meets NACE requirements RP 03787-87 LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK95 FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT
%
Zn
2.80 – 6.50
Hg
0.00
In
0.010 – 0.02
Si
0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max)
0.006
Fe (max)
0.120
Other Ea. (max)
0.02
Aluminium
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)
-1.15 V
Nominal Efficiency
85%
Nominal Ampere Hours / pound
1150
Remainder
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK98 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF OIL OFFSHORE PLATFORMS
WEIGHT (Kg)
CURRENT OUTPUT INITIAL
FINAL
NET
GROSS
4.11 A (*)
3.75 A (*)
136
149
ANODE LK98
a
b
c
e
t
Dimensions (mm)
2400
190
125
51
115
Dimensions and weights should be considered with the typical tolerances of cast pieces
(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm ( saltwater) “Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate) LK98 meets the following requirement: NACE standard RP 0387-87 LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK98 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF OIL OFFSHORE PLATFORMS GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT
%
Zn
2.80 – 6.50
Hg
0.00
In
0.010 – 0.02
Si
0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max)
0.006
Fe (max)
0.120
Other Ea. (max)
0.02
Aluminium
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)
-1.15 V
Nominal Efficiency
85%
Nominal Ampere Hours / pound
1150
Remainder
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK99 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF OIL OFFSHORE PLATFORMS
CURRENT OUTPUT
WEIGHT (Kg)
INITIAL
FINAL
NET
GROSS
5.4 A (*)
4.2 A (*)
290
390
ANODE LK99
a
b
c
d
e
t
Dimensions (mm)
3000
240
215
3770
114.3
190
Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces
(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm ( saltwater) “Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate) LK99 meets NACE requirements RP 03787-87 LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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ALUMINIUM ANODES
GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK99 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF OIL OFFSHORE PLATFORMS
GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT
%
Zn
2.80 – 6.50
Hg
0.00
In
0.010 – 0.02
Si
0.08 – 0.2
Cu (max)
0.006
Fe (max)
0.120
Other Ea. (max)
0.02
Aluminium
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)
-1.15 V
Nominal Efficiency
85%
Nominal Ampere Hours / pound
1150
Remainder
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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ALUMINIUM ANODES
Aluminium Anodes LK 44 for protection of interior bottom of oil tanks
Aluminium Anodes LK 120 for cathodic protection of piers
Aluminium Bracelets LK 90 for cathodic protection of submerged pipelines
Various Aluminium Anodes
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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GRAPHITE ANODES
GRAPHITE ANODES LAIKEN has always worked with graphite and knows everything about its amazing physical and electrical properties. Due to the nature of its atomic structure, graphite makes an excellent electrical conductor and presents a high chemical resistance. In addition to its good mechanical properties, graphite is easily machined. All of these properties make cathodic protection grade graphite an excellent material f or impressed current anodes. Graphite anodes are provided with cable with two possible connection alternatives: centerconnected or end-connected. Some soils may require special cable insulation, therefore we provide High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Cable (HMWPE) for anodes close to the surface, and HALAR cable for deep ground-bed anodes were the presence of chlorides or petroleum hydrocarbons may attack a regular cable coating. Impregnation is also important in graphite anodes because it assures longer life to the anode as it protects it from incrustations of chemical agents. Several substances are used to impregnate graphite anodes; we use linseed oil and paraffin. GRAPHITE Anode Dimensions Length Diameter Cross-section
Tolerances
1520 mm
60 in
± 10%
76 mm
3 in
± 5%
4530 mm
7 in
2
± 5%
12.30 kg
27 lb
± 10%
Weight
2
GRAPHITE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS VALUE 3
Density
1.68 g/cm
Purity
99.9%
Porosity
< 3%
Particle Size
< 0.155 mm
Maximum electrical resistivity
7 µohm-m
Surface treatment
Impregnated with linseed oil / paraffin 2
Longitudinal tensile strength
7000 kN/m (min)
Transversal tensile strength
4000 KN/m (min)
2
2
Longitudinal compression strength
25000 kN/m (min)
Transversal compression strength
20000 kN/m (min)
Coefficient of thermal expansion
0.40 x 10 /°C
CABLE CHARACTERISTICS
VALUE
Cross-section
10 mm
Insulation
HMWPE / TW / KYNAR or HALAR
Length
As requested by the customer
2
-6
2
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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GRAPHITE ANODES
CENTER CONNECTED GRAPHITE ANODE Hexcel anode capping and potting compound
Neoprene washer
Novoid “C” asphaltic based sealing compound 0.75” diameter hole drilled to indicated depth with maximum deviation of 0.25” from true center
Anode lead wire
LEAD CONNECTOR anode lead wire
bronze threaded rod
3” x 60” or 4” x 80” fully impregnated, drilled, solid graphite anode
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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GRAPHITE ANODES
END CONNECTED GRAPHITE ANODE
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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GRAPHITE ANODES
Center Connected Graphite Anodes for Impressed Current Systems for Cathodic Protection of buried pipelines, casings…
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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HIGH SILICON–CAST IRON ANODES
FE-SI-CR STICK ANODES LK260F – LK260G High Silicon – Cast Iron Anodes are used to protect buried and submerged metallic structures. These anodes have proven high reliability in different environments such as salt water, fresh water, and soils. For application on fresh water and normal soil, Silicon Iron anodes are the appropriate ones. In the presence of chloride, it is recommended to use High Silicon – Chromium – Cast Iron anodes commercially known as “Durichlor”. Chromium improves the performance of the anode, making high-durability anodes, which are resistant to abrasion on acid environments. Therefore, the “Durichlor” alloy is the most frequently used for Silicon-Iron anodes. Fe-Si-Cr anodes present low consumption rates of 0.5 to 1.0 lb/A-yr, depending on the soil characteristics. Furthermore, during operation, silicon dioxide is generated on the surface of the anode, decreasing the rate of consumption. These anodes are designed to operate with a current density of 1 Amp/ft2. Fe-Si-Cr anodes can be installed bare, but if a coke backfill is used, the discharge area is increased and the anode-to-earth resistance is diminished, therefore decreasing the current density and the consumption rate to approximately 0.25 lbs/A-yr. The anode is provided with cable of various types according to working conditions. For deep groundbeds, we recommend HALAR Type as it presents a high resistance to corrosion due to chlorides and petroleum hydrocarbons. In order to assure a long-lasting connection of the cable to the anode, the leaded connection is sealed with a heat-shrink PE cap, which protects the connection from the action of moisture.
ANODE CHARACTERISTICS Nominal weight Total length Diameter Area
Nominal Discharge at a current density of : 21 kg (46 lbs) 1525 mm (60 in.) 50.8 mm (2 in.) 2
0.243 m
2
(2.6 ft )
0.75 A/ft 2 ( 8.1 A/m )
2
1.0 A/ft 2 (11 A/m )
2
2.0 Amps
2.6 Amps
(*) Maximum amperage based on maximum value in manufacturer publications, 15 year minimum life 2 criterion ( 0.7 lbs/amp-yr at 80% utilization) or 1 A/ft
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Density Tensile Strength Coef. of thermal expansion Fusion point
CABLE PROPERTIES
3
0.07 kg/cm
1100 – 1500 kg/cm -6
2
40-150°C 13.1x10 /°C 1160 – 1250 °C
Cross-section Insulation Length
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
2
10 mm
HMWPE / TW / KYNAR or HALAR As requested by the customer
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HIGH SILICON–CAST IRON ANODES
FE-SI-CR STICK ANODES LK260F – LK260G Regarding anode consumption rate, the use of coke breeze lowers the consumption rate to a typical value of 0.70 lbs/A-yr. The maximum stable current density of discharge depends on the working conditions of the anode. For example, marine environment or strong electrolytes do not have limitations to current density, but clay soils suffer of “electro osmotic drying”. This phenomenon dries up clay soils, thus increasing earth-to-anode resistance.
LK 260F
LK 260G
ANODE COMPOSITIONS (%) TYPE “DURIRON”
TYPE “DURICHLOR”
13.35 – 15.35
14.20 - 14.75
0
3.25 – 5.00
Carbon
0.7 – 0.9
0.70 - 1.10
Manganese
0.4 – 0.7
1.50 max
Molybdenum
0.20 max
0.20 max
Copper
0.50 max
0.50 max
Sulphur
0 - 0.06
0.06
Phosphorous
0 - 0.05
0.05
Iron
Balance
Balance
ELEMENT Silicon Chromium
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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HIGH SILICON–CAST IRON ANODES
FE-SI-CR TUBULAR ANODES LK 2284 – LK 4884 LAIKEN also sells ANOTEC “Chill Cast” Tubular anodes called “CENTERTEC”, as representatives of ANOTEC for South America. These anodes from ANOTEC are “Chill Cast” in metal molds. This fact assures consistent weight, greater density, lower flake graphite boundary, and lower chemical segregation than sand cast anodes. ”Chill Cast” also improves the mechanical strength, resulting in less field breakage during transportation and installation. Fe-Si-Cr anodes are specially used in chloride and sulphate environments due to the presence of Chromium in the alloy. Furthermore, “Chill Cast” Fe-Si-Cr anodes perform a 19 % better than Sand Cast ones, in chloride and sulphate environments. CENTERTEC anodes have center connection between anode and cable in order to avoid the “necking end effect”. These anodes feature a special connection a one piece low resistance cable connector (less than 0.0015 ohms) and an extra wall thickness at the center-connect area to protect the connection. This connection strength is superior to the copper cable strength.
ANODE COMPOSITION (%) ELEMENT
Dimensions of Anode
LK 2284
LK 4884
ASTM A518 Grade 3
Nom. Weight
23 kg (50 lbs)
57 kg (122 lbs)
Silicon
14.20 - 14.75
Nom. Length
2130 mm (84 in)
2130 mm (84 in)
Chrome
3.25 – 5.00
Nom. Diameter
56 mm (2.2 in)
122 mm (4.8 in)
Nom. Area
0.39 m (4.2 ft )
2
0.82 m (8.8 ft )
Carbon
0.70 - 1.10
2
2
2
Manganese
1.50 max
Nominal Discharge at a current density of :
Molybdenum
0.20 max
2
Anode
0.75 A/ft 2 ( 8.1 A/m )
2.0 A/ft 2 (11 A/m )
Copper
0.50 max
LK 2284
3.2 Amps
3.8 Amps
Iron
Balance
LK 4884
6.6 Amps
8.8 Amps.
2
Other sizes and shapes are available.
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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TITANIUM MMO
ANODES
TITANIUM MMO TUBULAR ANODES TITANIUM MMO TUBULAR Anodes are Titanium tubes with a mixed metal oxide coating which activates the titanium core. Titanium anodes represent the modern material for cathodic protection systems. Titanium Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) anodes have an extremely low consumption rate, measured in milligrams/A-yr, which means a long lifetime for the anode. Ti MMO anodes present a very high chemical stability, even in low pH environments or in the presence of chlorine. “Anode Strings” can be assembled with several tubular anodes connected each other with cable where each anode end is connected to the following anode end. These anode strings are widely used in deep groundbeds. In this case, the string behaves as a thin, long, single anode, eliminating the need of a junction box and reducing the cost of materials and labor. Anode strings demand a careful selection of the cable, with the following options: a PVDF/HMWPE cable for use in deep groundbeds where the presence of chloride may attack regular HMWPE. If the environment does not present chlorides, HMWPE represent an economical and durable option. For seawater applications, Exane Rig cable is recommended. Like in any impressed current system, Ti MMO anodes perform better if a high quality carbonaceous backfill is used in the groundbed. Application
Temperature
Max. Rated Output (amps)
4.0 8.0
Below 5°C (40°F)
2.0 A 4.0 A
Above 10°C (50°F)
4.0 8.0
Below 10°C (50°F)
2.0 A 4.0 A
20 years
Above 5°C (40°F)
3.0 6.0
Below 5°C (40°F)
1.5 A 3.0 A
15 years
Above 10°V (50°F)
25.0 50.0
Below 10°C (50°F)
12.5 A 25.0 A
Anode Type
Lifetime
Soil
FW/ST 2.5/50 FW/ST 2.5/100
20 years
Fresh or Brackish Water
FW/ST 2.5/50 FW/ST 2.5/100
20 years
Above 5°C (40°F)
Mud-Saline
MT 2.5/50 MT 2.5/100
15 years
Mud-Fresh or Brackish
MT 2.5/50 MT 2.5/100
Sea Water
SWT 2.5/50 SWT 2.5/100
Cable Specifications
Wire size
Nominal weight kg/m lbs/ft
Temperature
Max. Rated Output (amps) 2.0 4.0
Outer jacket
Inner jacket
Max Current Output (amps)
Features
HMWPE
#8 #6
0.13 0.18
0.09 0.12
HMWPE
None
27 50
Economical
PVDF/HMWPE
#8 #6
0.13 0.18
0.09 0.12
HMWPE
PVDF
27 50
Chlorineresistant
Exane Rig Cable
4/0
0.90
0.61
Exane irradiated cross-linked polyolefin
None
560
Highly flexible High current capacity
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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TITANIUM MMO
ANODES
TITANIUM MMO SINGLE ANODES TITANIUM MMO Single Anodes are Titanium tubes with a mixed metal oxide coating which activates the titanium core. Titanium anodes represent the modern material for cathodic protection systems. Titanium Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) anodes have an extremely low consumption rate, measured in milligrams/A-yr, which means a long lifetime for the anode. Ti MMO anodes present a very high chemical stability, even in low pH environments or in the presence of chlorine. “Single Anodes” are used for cathodic protection of buried structures in groundbeds with widely varying soil resistivities. These anodes are provided with one cable for every single anode. Ti MMO Single Anodes combine a tough and lightweight product, ease of handling, ease of installation, and a superior mechanical connection. A leak-proof moisture seal is needed to prevent moisture from disconnecting the anode. Several cables can be used with Ti MMO anodes: a HMWPE/ PVDF, Kynar or Halar cable for use in deep groundbeds where the presence of chloride may attack regular HMWPE. If the environment does not present chlorides, HMWPE represent an economical and durable option. Like in any impressed current system, Ti MMO anodes perform better if a high quality carbonaceous backfill is used in the groundbed.
Anode Type
Rated Output
Weight
10 yrs
15 yrs
20 yrs
Unweighted
Weighted
1 x 45 in.
5.5 – 6.0
4.0 – 4.5
3.0 – 3.5
1.4 lbs
4.0 lbs
1 x 60 in.
7–8
5–6
4–5
1.6 lbs
6.0 lbs
1 x 90 in.
11 – 12
8-9
6–7
2.0 lbs
9.0 lbs
Wire size
Nominal weight kg/m lbs/ft
Outer jacket
Inner jacket
Max Current Output (amps)
Cable Specifications HMWPE
#8 #6
0.13 0.18
0.09 0.12
HMWPE
None
27 50
HMWPE / PVDF, Kynar or Halar
#8 #6
0.13 0.18
0.09 0.12
HMWPE
PVDF
27 50
LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003
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