_2__Manual_de_Proteccin_Catdica____Cathodic_Protection_Handboo

July 23, 2018 | Author: goyote | Category: Anode, Electrochemistry, Transformer, Rectifier, Zinc
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CATHODIC

PROTECTION

CA AT HOD DIIC C P PROT  T E ECT IIO ON HA AND DBOO OK 

IIIS S O 0 1 2 0 0 SO O9 90 00 01 1:::2 20 00 00 0

R sse R e v i  e d 1 0 0 3 Re ev vi  i  ed d1 10 0---2 20 00 03 3 V  e ... 9 V  e r  9 V  er  r  9

LAIKEN S.A. Av. Ramón Carrillo 332 (C1275AHH) – Buenos Aires – Argentina Tel: (54)-11-4304-0111 Fax: (54)-11-4305-6785 email: [email protected]  Web site: www.laiken.com.ar 

CATHODIC

PROTECTION

CATHODIC

PROTECTION

CATHODIC

PROTECTION

INDEX 1. Anode Typical Installation......................... Installation......................... ............................ ............................. ................ 2 2. Cathodic Protection Accessories 2.1. Test Point ............................. ............................ ............................ ............................... 3 2.2. “Carbofill” Coke Backfill................................. Backfill.... ............................. ............................ ............................ ...... 4 2.3. “Corrcarb” Coke Backfill .......................... ............................ ............................. ........... 5 2.4. Manual Regulated Rectifiers .......................... ............................ ............................. .... 6 3. Magnesium Anodes 3.1. Magnesium anodes – Galvomag and AZ63 – LK08, LK04, LK14, LK22 .................... 3.2. Magnesium ribbon – Galvomag (High Potential Alloy).................... ............................ 3.3. Extruded Magnesium rod – Galvomag (High Potential Alloy) ............................. ........ 3.4. Magnesium anodes for heat exchangers – LK20, LK21 .......................... ................... 3.5. Pictures of Magnesium anodes..................................... anodes......... ............................ ............................ ..................

8 10 11 12 13

4. Zinc Anodes 4.1. Zinc anodes LK87, LK88, LK89 ......................... ............................. ............................ 14 4.2. Zinc anodes for cathodic protection and grounding - LK45 to LK60 ......................... .. 15 4.3. Zinc ribbon ............................ ............................ ............................. ............................. 16 4.4. Zinc anodes for ship hulls - LK34, LK43 .......................... ............................ ............... 19 4.5. Zinc anodes for ship hulls - LK36, LK38 .......................... ............................ ............... 20 4.6. Zinc anodes for ship hulls – LK37, LK39, LK42 .......................... ............................ .... 21 4.7. Zinc anodes for ship hulls - LK40, LK41 .......................... ............................ ............... 22 4.8. Zinc Reference Electrode………………………………… Electrode……………………………………………………………… ……………………………….. ….. 23 4.9. Pictures of Zinc anodes for ship hulls .......................... ............................. .................. 24 5. Aluminium Anodes 5.1. Galvalum anodes for interior interior bottom of oil oil tanks tanks - LK44, LK44, LK44b, LK17....................... 5.2. Galvalum anodes for interior bottom of oil tanks – LK3/60 ............................. ............ 5.3. Galvalum anodes for ballast tanks - LK45 to LK60 .......................... ........................... 5.4. Galvalum anodes for marine environment - LK70,LK71,LK72,LK73,LK74,LK LK70,LK71,LK72,LK73,LK74,LK75........ 75........ 5.5. Galvalum anode for marine environment environment - LK70 A ........................... ........................ 5.6. Galvalum anode for marine environment environment - LK70 F ............................. ........................ 5.7. Galvalum anode for marine environment environment - LK71 A ............................. ........................ 5.8. Galvalum bracelets for submerged pipelines - LK90, LK91 ........................ ................ 5.9. Galvalum anode for marine environment environment - LK95 ........................... ............................. 5.10. Galvalum anode for oil oil offshore platforms - LK98 LK98 ............................ ........................... 5.11. Galvalum anode for oil oil offshore platforms - LK99 LK99 ............................ ........................... 5.12. Pictures of Aluminium anodes............................. ............................ ............................

25 26 27 28 30 32 34 36 41 43 45 47

6. Graphite Anodes 6.1. Graphite Anodes ........................... ............................ ............................ ...................... 48 6.2. Center connected graphite anode...................................... anode......... ............................. ............................ ............. 49 6.3. End connected graphite anode ............................ ........................... ........................... . 50 6.4. Pictures of Graphite anodes ……………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………….. ……………….. 51 7. High Silicon – Cast Iron Anodes 7.1. Fe-Si-Cr Stick anodes - LK260F, LK260G ........................ ........................... ............... 52 7.2. Fe-Si-Cr Tubular anodes – LK2284, LK4884............................. LK4884.. ........................... ............................ ..... 54 8. Mixed Metal Oxide – Titanium Titanium Anodes 8.1. Titanium MMO Tubular anode ........................... ............................ ............................ . 55 8.2. Titanium MMO Individual anode ............................ ............................. ........................ 56 8.3. Pictures of Titanium Titanium MMO anodes ……………………………………………… ………………………………………………………… ………… 57 LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ACCESSORIES

GALVANIC ANODE TYPICAL INSTALLATION LAIKEN S.A. explains in the following scheme the installation of a galvanic anode connected to an underground pipeline.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ACCESSORIES

TEST POINT

The Test Point is a product designed to be used in various applications. It is used for measuring potentials, jumping insulating joints and for  connecting the galvanic anodes to the structure to be protected, as well as other applications. The Test Point is manufactured in cast iron and the steel conduit is made of a 1-inch diameter pipe. The Test Points are painted in various colors, according to the customers´ preferences.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ACCESSORIES

“CARBOFILL” COKE BACKFILL Backfill is widely used in cathodic protection systems for increasing the effective size of  groundbed anodes. By reducing the anode-to-earth resistance and current density, anode consumption level is lowered and a longer life can be expected for the anode. In order to achieve these properties, the backfill must be a good electrical conductor such as LAIKEN’s CARBOFILL. Carbofill is made of Calcined Petroleum Coke.

Backfill Composition Fixed Carbon

98.50 %

Backfill Characteristics Grade

1 mm (max)

Volatile

0.50 %

Resistivity

1.25 ohm-cm

Sulphur

0.50 %

Specify Gravity

1.01 gr/cm

Ashes

0.50 %

Moisture

0.20 %

3

LAIKEN’s CARBOFILL does not contaminate the soils as it doesn’t contain tensioactives or surfactants in its formula.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ACCESSORIES

“CORRCARB” COKE BACKFILL Backfill is widely used in cathodic protection systems for increasing the effective size of  groundbed anodes. By reducing the anode-to-earth resistance and current density, anode consumption level is lowered and a longer life can be expected for the anode. LAIKEN is the representative for South America of SASOL CARBO–TAR, a world-wide producer of carbon products and the supplier of CORRCARB Backfill. CORRCARB is specially used at deep groundbeds where a superior-quality backfill is required. Corrcarb presents very low anode-to-earth resistance, low particle resistance, high conductivity, good chemical resistance to anodic products, and a suitable particle size distribution to facilitate the egress of gas while maintaining good conductivity. Corrcarb is dust free which is very helpful when installing at deep groundbeds as it can be simply poured. Therefore, it does not need chemical surfactants in its composition. This has positioned Corrcarb as one of the purest Backfills available. ELEMENT

LIMITS

TEST METHOD

Fixed Carbon

99.50 % min

ASTM D 4239 – 94 100 % - (% Ash + % VCM)

Ash & Volatiles

0.50 % max

ASTM D 4422 – 89 and BS 1016 Part 4, respectively

Sulphur

0.25 % max

ASTM D 4239 – 94

Moisture

0.15 % max

ASTM D 3173 - 87

Bulk Density ( 0-3 mm) Consumption Rate

Resistivity vs. Pressure

Particle Size Distribution

3

3

1000 gr/cm (63 lbs/ft )

ASTM D 527

0.028 kg / A-yr  200 kPa

0.2180 ohm-cm

400 kPa

0.1509 ohm-cm

600 kPa

0.1139 ohm-cm

800 kPa

0.0959 ohm-cm

1000 kPa

0.0831 ohm-cm

< 1mm

ASTM D 293-69

The Corrcarb particle distribution size has been selected to minimize interfacial resistance and maximize conductivity, while promoting the egress of gas during normal groundbed operations. The specific Corrcarb PSD allows one to operate deep well anode groundbeds at high current outputs, on a continuous basis under all soils conditions.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ACCESSORIES

MANUAL-REGULATED RECTIFIERS Cathodic protection systems with impressed current anodes require stable direct current. In order to convert alternating current into direct current, a rectifier is used. Manual-Regulated Rectifiers 3-Phase input, 50 Volts 50 Amps Oil-Filled Cabinet 1. CABINET: The cabinet type Series 2, with oil bath, is built following the specifications N3TD1317PG, N3TD1318PG, and N3TD1321PG. The cabinet contains the transformer, the rectifier unit, and the devices that regulate the output voltage. Input and output connectors, measurement instruments, and the input switch, are all installed inside anti-explosive boxes. The cabinet is fully zinc-coated. Its cover is built for avoiding water or snow accumulation. 2. FRAMES: The cabinet contains a steel frame including the transformer, the rectifier unit, and the output voltage regulator device. 3. SUPPORT: The cabinet has built in his basement two U-shaped steel bars UPN80, with four holes for  installing it on a pedestal. 4. TRANSFORMER: The transformer is a 3-phase insulator, with dry insulation, Class F (155 C), better than 40 Mohms between coils and between coils and ground. Its core is built by Fe-Si oriented grain, and coils of electrolytic copper. It has less than 5 % of loss, measured at full power. 5. RECTIFIER UNIT: 3-phase, full wave bridge, cooled by natural convection. It uses 1200V reverse-peak voltage diodes, mounted on aluminum heat-exchangers, allowing the unit to work continuously at 75 amps RMS. It is protected against overloading by means of NH00 fuses. Over-voltage protection is built by RC networks and metallic oxide varistors. 6. REGULATION: 6.1 Tabs: Output voltage regulation can be done by means tabs on the secondary coil of the transformer, connected to a panel placed inside the cabinet. A coarse adjust of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 volts, and a fine one of 10 volt-by-volt positions can be performed by using of  removable nickel-coated copper bridges.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ACCESSORIES

MANUAL-REGULATED RECTIFIERS 6.2 Variable autotransformer: In those cases where a fine continuous adjusts is desirable, controlled from outside the cabinet, a variable autotransformer (variac) is installed between the input voltage and the primary coil of the transformer. A small motor and a mechanical speed reduction unit allow to control, by means of two push bottoms, the output voltage without need of dismounting the cabinet cover. 7. INSTRUMENTS: A microprocessor-based system performs the measurement of input AC voltage (between phases), output DC voltage, and output DC current. All those measurements are shown simultaneously on a liquid crystal display (LCD). 8. INPUT AND OUTPUT CONNECTORS: Input connectors are muzzle-muzzle kind, with insulated contacts, polyamide body, and protected contacts for cables up to 10 mm2. Output connectors are screw-threaded over a polyamide base, for cables up to 35 mm2. 9. SCREWS AND NUTS: All screws, nuts and washers are brass-made, with the exception of those used for  mounting of the transformer and output boxes, which are steel-made. 10. PROTECTION AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC DISCHARGES: An over-voltage discharger is placed on the input, between phases and ground. All diodes of the rectifier unit are protected by metallic-oxide varistors. All sensitive electronic devices have varistors and voltage-transient suppressor diodes. Two varistors are placed on the DC-output. 11. WARRANTY: These equipments are warranted for the term of one (1) year, covering fails originated on component failures or building defects.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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MAGNESIUM ANODES

MAGNESIUM ANODES GALVOMAG (High Potential) and AZ63 ALLOYS Magnesium anodes are traditionally used for cathodic protection of oil and gas pipelines, and all kinds of buried pipelines. Each anode is delivered with a 3.5 mts cable, welded to the head of the anode, and is presented in a bag filled with backfill. The cable is a singleconductor of 4mm2 of cross-section; it is made of electrolytic copper and provided with thermoplastic insulation type TW. The backfill composition includes bentonite, hydrated plaster and sodium sulfate, and the quantities vary accordingly to the conditions of the soil.

Type 08

Types 04, 14, 22

ANODES

LK01/08 LK02/08

LK01/04 LK02/04

LK01/14 LK02/14

LK01/14b LK02/14b

LK01/22 LK02/22

Dimensions

mm

in.

mm

in.

mm

in.

mm

in.

mm

in.

a

650

25.5

615

24.5

512

20.2

1200

47.2

780

31

b

94

3.5

63

2.5

126

5

85

3.3

126

5

c

88

3.6

60

2.4

140

5.5

85

3.3

125

5

Weight

kg

lbs.

kg

lbs.

kg

lbs.

kg

lbs.

kg

lbs.

Nominal Wt.

8

17

4

9

14.5

32

14.7

32.5

22.5

50

Back-Fill

15

33.5

15

33.5

15

33.5

15

33.5

15

33.5

In order to identify the anodes quickly, remember the suffix indicates the nominal weight (in kg) and the prefix indicates the alloy (01 for GALVOMAG, 02 for AZ63 alloy). Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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MAGNESIUM ANODES

MAGNESIUM ANODES GALVOMAG HIGH POTENTIAL ALLOY TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

ALLOY COMPOSITIONS ELEMENT

%

Aluminum

0.01

Manganese (min)

0.50 – 1.30

Iron (max)

0.03

Nickel (max)

0.001

Copper (max)

0.02

Other (max)

0.30

Magnesium

Balance

Amperes Hr / Lb.

500 - 550

Efficiency

50 – 55 %

Closed Circuit Potential

-1.50 V to -1.75 V

Open Circuit Potential

-1.70 V to -1.75 V

AZ63 ALLOYS ALLOY COMPOSITIONS

TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Grade “A” Grade “B” Grade “C” ELEMENT

%

%

%

Aluminum

5.3 – 6.7

5.3 – 6.7

5.0 – 7.0

Zinc

2.5 – 3.5

2.5 – 3.5

2.0 – 4.0

0.15

0.15

0.10

Iron (max)

0.003

0.003

0.003

Nickel (max)

0.002

0.003

0.003

Copper (max)

0.02

0.05

0.10

Silicon (max)

0.10

0.30

0.30

Others (max)

0.30

0.30

0.30

Balance

Balance

Balance

Manganese (min)

Amperes Hr / Lb.

500 - 540

Efficiency

50 – 54 %

Closed Circuit Potential (Copper/Copper Sulfate)

-1.45 V to -1.55 V

Open Circuit Potential (Copper/Copper Sulfate)

-1.50 V to -1.60 V

Impurities

Magnesium

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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MAGNESIUM ANODES

MAGNESIUM RIBBON (High Potential Alloy) The Magnesium Ribbon, used for cathodic protection of metallic structures, is made of  GALVOMAG alloy. It is particularly useful for pipelines buried in soils with a resistivity higher than 6000 Ohm-cm, where a GALVOMAG alloy anode can drain more current than any other anode. The ribbon can be installed by mechanical ways and it may also be installed at the time of locating the pipeline. The ribbon is sold in 300 mts. rolls with the following dimensions: Exterior diameter: 850 mm Interior diameter: 450 mm Width: 220 mm

Dimensions

mm

in.

a

9.5

3/8

b

19

6/8

c

3.2

1/8

Weight

0.37 kg/mts

2.7 lbs/ft

ALLOY COMPOSITIONS ELEMENT Aluminum Manganese (min)

% 0.01 0.50 – 1.30

Iron (max)

0.03

Nickel (max)

0.001

Copper (max)

0.02

Other (max)

0.30

Magnesium

Balance

TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Amperes Hr / Lb.

500 - 550

Efficiency

50 – 55 %

Closed Circuit Potential

-1.50 V to -1.75 V

Open Circuit Potential

-1.70 V to -1.75 V

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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MAGNESIUM ANODES

EXTRUDED MAGNESIUM RODS (High Potential Alloy) CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BURIED PIPELINES IN HIGH RESISTIVE SOILS Magnesium rods are made of GALVOMAG alloy, which is particularly used in soils where its high resistivity makes it impossible to drain enough current with traditional magnesium anodes. As rods have a greater surface-mass ratio, they drain more current t han traditional anodes. For example, a rod of 6 m (length) and 25 mm (diameter) in a high resistive soil (6000 ohm-cm) will drain 80 mA, while a 8 kg anode will drain 25 mA. Magnesium rods are provided with a cable of 3.5 m. (length) by 4 mm2 (cross-section), and they are available in different sizes: Diameter: 19, 21 y 25 mm Length: 1.5, 3 and 6 m

ALLOY COMPOSITIONS ELEMENT Aluminium Manganese (min)

% 0.01 0.50 – 1.30

Iron (max)

0.03

Nickel (max)

0.001

Copper (max)

0.02

Other (max)

0.30

Magnesium

Balance

TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Amperes Hr / Lb.

500 - 550

Efficiency

50 – 55 %

Closed Circuit Potential

-1.50 V to -1.75 V

Open Circuit Potential

-1.70 V to -1.75 V

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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MAGNESIUM ANODES

MAGNESIUM ANODES CATHODIC PROTECTION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS LK20 and LK21 anodes are specially created for protecting heat exchanger from corroding. The design of these anodes reduces costs of renewing the cathodic protection because these anodes do not require to be welded to the structure. When the renewal of the cathodic protection is needed, the anode is unscrewed from a fixing device and replaced, while the fixing device remains attached to the structure. LK20 and LK21 anodes are made of GALVOMAG (High Potential) or AZ63 alloy and they are provided as spare-parts.

Insulating plug

Insulating washer  Fixing nut Washer 

Anode

Insulating plate

Plate for fixing anode to heat exchanger 

ANODES LK 20

LK 21

Dimensions

a

b

c

d

mm

50

50

54

80

in.

1.98

1.98

2.12

3.14

mm

50

94

102

130

in.

1.98

3.70

4.0

5.12

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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MAGNESIUM ANODES

Magnesium Anodes LK 01/08 for oil & gas pipelines

Magnesium Anode LK 01/14 packaged

Magnesium Anodes LK 01/14 for oil & gas pipelines

Magnesium Anodes LK 21 for heat exchangers LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ZINC ANODES

ZINC ANODES LK87 LK88 LK89 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BURIED STRUCTURES The chemical composition of these anodes meets the following specifications: MIL-A18001, IRAM 677 and ASTM-B-418-80. Each anode is delivered with a 3.5 m cable, welded to the head of the anode, and is presented in a bag filled with 15 kg of backfill. The cable is a single-conductor of 4mm2 of cross-section; it is made of electrolytic copper and provided with thermoplastic insulation type TW.

Electrical conductor 

Zinc Anode

Backfill

ANODES

LK 87

LK 88

LK 89

Dimensions

mm

mm

mm

a

660

600

570

b

50

60

85

c

38

45

70

Gross Weight

7 kg

9 kg

19 kg

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.

COMPOSITION OF ZINC ALLOYS ASTM-B-418 Type I MIL-A-18001-K ELEMENT

%

ASTM-B-418 Type II ELEMENT

%

Fe (max)

0.005

Fe (max)

0.0014

Pb (max)

0.006

Pb (max)

0.003

Cu(max)

0.005

Cu(max)

0.002

Al

0.1 – 0.5

Al (max)

0.005

Cd

0.025 – 0.07

Cd (max)

0.003

Zn

Remainder

Zn (max)

Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ZINC ANODES

ZINC ANODES CATHODIC PROTECTION AND GROUNDING OF HIGH VOLTAGE TOWERS Due to its low current output and long life, these anodes are used both for cathodic protection of steel structures (High Voltage towers, reinforcing bars, tanks, etc) and as earthing electrode for electrical grounding of these structures. The anode is delivered with a cable and backfill; cable dimensions and backfill quantity and quality should be specified in the purchase order. The chemical composition of these anodes meets the following specifications: MIL18001, IRAM 677 y ASTM B418-80.

LK45 LK46 LK47 LK48 LK49 LK50 LK51 LK52 LK53 LK54 LK55 LK56 LK57 LK58 LK59 LK60 Dim.

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

a

800

900

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

800

900

b

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

c

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

e

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

Gross Wt.(Kg)

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

14.4

16.2

18

19.8

21.6

23.4

25.2

27

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces. ASTM-B-418 Type I MIL-A-18001-K ELEMENT

%

ASTM-B-418 Type II ELEMENT

%

Fe (max)

0.005

Fe (max)

0.0014

Pb (max)

0.006

Pb (max)

0.003

Cu(max)

0.005

Cu(max)

0.002

Al

0.1 – 0.5

Al (max)

0.005

Cd

0.025 – 0.07

Cd (max)

0.003

Zn

Remainder

Zn (max)

Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ZINC ANODES

ZINC RIBBON CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BURIED PIPELINES The Zinc Ribbon provides excellent and low-cost cathodic protection for buried pipelines as it can be installed simultaneously with the installation of the pipeline, in the same ditch. Additionally, Zinc Ribbon enables the use of zinc in higher resistivity soils, where tr aditional zinc anodes cannot be used. CATHODIC PROTECTION OF INTERIOR OF WATER PIPELINES The Zinc Ribbon will protect interior of saltwater pipelines (with or without coating) costeffectively. CATHODIC PROTECTION FOR SHIRT PIPES Zinc Ribbon protects pipelines which enclose other pipelines in the inside, in case the shirt pipe gets wet. CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SUCTION PIPES OF WATER WELLS Zinc Ribbon will protect the suction pipes and also the pump in hard water wells. CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BALLAST TANKS Laiken´s Zinc Ribbon eliminates the “screening effect” in cathodic protection systems of  Ballast Tanks. Additionally, it protects those spaces which accumulate water when empty. CATHODIC PROTECTION OF INTERIOR BOTTOM OF FUEL STORAGE TANKS Zinc Ribbon prevents fuel storage tanks from corroding due to the action of the water  remaining at the bottom of the tank.

The chemical composition of these anodes meets the specifications: MIL18001. ASTM-B-418 Type I MIL-A-18001-K ELEMENT

%

ASTM-B-418 Type II ELEMENT

%

Fe (max)

0.005

Fe (max)

0.0014

Pb (max)

0.006

Pb (max)

0.003

Cu(max)

0.005

Cu(max)

0.002

Al

0.1 – 0.5

Al (max)

0.005

Cd

0.025 – 0.07

Cd (max)

0.003

Zn

Remainder

Zn (max)

Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ZINC ANODES

ZINC RIBBON

TYPICAL ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Amperes - hr / Lb. (theorical)

372

Efficiency

95%

Amperes - hr / Lb. (real)

353

Electrode Potential (Cu/CuSO4)

1.110 V

Cross-section Dimensions

DIMENSIONS

Super

Standard

Minor

Minimum

Cross-section – diagonals (mm)

25 x 32

16 x 22

13 x 14

9 x 12

Weight (kg/m)

3.60

1.80

0.90

0.38

Roll dimensions (ask for special lengths)

30 m

60 m

150 m

300 m

Tolerance: ± 5 %

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ZINC ANODES

ZINC RIBBON

10000 5000 2000 1000

SEA WATER

500 200 100 50 25 10

0.01 0.02 0.05

0.1

0.2 0.5 1.0 200 500 1000

2

5

10

20

50

100

Current drained for various lengths in different resistivity values with AV: -0.25 V.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ZINC ANODES

ZINC ANODES LK34 LK43 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SHIP HULLS These anodes are the ones traditionally used for cathodic protection of ships, vessels and pontoons. Its chemical composition meets the following specifications: MIL-A-18001, A.R.A. Zinc/67, IRAM 677 and ASTM B-418-80.

ANODES

Dimensions (mm) a

b

c

d

LK34

365

130

76

LK43

230

76

38

e

Net Weight (kg) f

g

Mg

Al

Zn

620

4.8

38

3.1

5.0

13.0

310

3.2

15.8

0.5

0.8

2.2

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-19 -

ZINC ANODES

ZINC ANODES LK36 LK38 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SHIP HULLS These anodes are the ones traditionally used for cathodic protection of ships, vessels and pontoons. Its chemical composition meets the following specifications: MIL-A-18001, A.R.A. Zinc/67, IRAM 677 and ASTM B-418-80.

ANODES

Dimensions (mm)

Net Weight (kg)

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

Mg

Al

Zn

LK36

300

150

32

254

32

4.8

76

2.2

3.5

9.5

LK38

610

150

32

254

32

4.8

135

4.4

7.0

18.4

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-20 -

ZINC ANODES

ZINC ANODES LK37 LK39 LK42 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SHIP HULLS These anodes are the ones traditionally used for cathodic protection of ships, vessels and pontoons. Its chemical composition meets the following specifications: MIL-A-18001, A.R.A. Zinc/67 , IRAM 677 and ASTM B-418-80.

ANODES

Dimensions (mm)

Net Weight (kg)

a

b

c

d

e

f

Mg

Al

Zn

LK37

304

80

32

404

32

4.8

1.0

1.7

4.4

LK39

150

150

32

254

32

4.8

1.2

1.9

5.0

LK42

150

80

32

254

32

4.8

0.5

0.8

2.1

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ZINC ANODES

ZINC ANODES LK40 LK41 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SHIP HULLS These anodes are the ones traditionally used for cathodic protection of ship hulls and helms. The hydrodynamic shape of LK40 is designed to oppose minimum resistance to the flow of water. In case of placing a continuous line of anodes, LK40 anodes should be placed at the beginning and at the end of the line, while LK41 anodes should be placed in the middle part. The chemical composition of these anodes meets the following specifications: MIL-A-18001, A.R.A. Zinc/67, IRAM 677 and ASTM B-418-80.

Aluminium

Magnesium

Zinc

ANODES

Gross Wt. (kg)

Net Wt. (kg)

Gross Wt. (kg)

Net Wt. (kg)

Gross Wt. (kg)

Net Wt. (kg)

LK40

8.7

8.1

5.8

5.2

22.2

21.6

LK41

8.6

8.0

5.6

5.0

21.6

21.0

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-22 -

ZINC ANODES

ZINC REFERENCE ELECTRODE

The pure zinc electrode is suitable as a permanently installed reference electrode. It is used for potential difference measurements in the interior of tanks, pipelines, etc. In order to identify the electrode needed, the following code system should be used: This example is for a zinc electrode code LKZE50/200 LKZE50/200 LKZE: Zinc electrode 50: Diameter in mm 200: Anode length in mm

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-23 -

ZINC ANODES

ZINC ANODES FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SHIP HULLS

Zinc Anodes LK 37 (left) and LK 36 (right)

Zinc Anodes LK 43

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-24 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK44 LK44B LK17 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF INTERIOR BOTTOM OF OIL TANKS These anodes are especially manufactured for protecting the interior bottom of oil tanks from the corrosive action of the saltwater mixed with crude oil. In order to get the best results from these anodes and achieve the normal operating conditions, the anodes should always be submerged in water. Regarding the installation and fixation to the bottom of the oil tank, we provide a bolt and nut along with each anode. The bolt has to be welded to the tank and fixed to the anode with the nut.

ANODES

LK44

LK44B

LK17

Dimensions

mm

mm

mm

a

125

65

90

b

300

300

200

c

50

50

50

Gross Wt (Kg)

23

12

7.5

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces .

GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT

%

Zn

2.80 – 6.50 %

Hg

0.00 %

In

0.010 – 0.02 %

Si

0.08 – 0.2 %

Cu (max)

0.006 %

Fe (max)

0.120 %

Other Ea. (max) Aluminium

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)

-1.15 V

Nominal Efficiency

85%

Nominal Ampere Hours / pound

1150

0.02 % Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-25 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK3/60 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF INTERIOR BOTTOM OF OIL TANKS These anodes are especially manufactured for protecting the interior bottom of oil tanks from the corrosive action of the saltwater mixed with crude oil. In order to get the best results from these anodes and achieve the normal operating conditions, the anodes should always be submerged in water. Regarding the installation and fixation, an eye bolt core is provided for hanging the anode from a steel wire rather than from the HMWPE connection cable. This improves the safety conditions of the oil tank as it protects the HMWPE cable from being torn off causing the anode to fall and therefore provoking a spark inside the tank. The anodes are also provided with a thermo shrinkable tube which protects the HMWPE cable and seals the connection anode-cable. Thermo shrinkable tube DIMENSIONS a

Eye bolt core

b

Net weight

mm

in

mm

in

kg

lb

76

3

1520

60

18.7

41.2

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.

GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT

%

Zn

2.80 – 6.50 %

Hg

0.00 %

In

0.010 – 0.02 %

Si

0.08 – 0.2 %

Cu (max)

0.006 %

Fe (max)

0.120 %

Other Ea. (max) Aluminium

0.02 % Remainder 

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)

-1.15 V

Nominal Efficiency

85%

Nominal Ampere Hours / pound

1150

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-26 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK45 to LK60 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BALLAST TANKS

LK45

LK46

LK47

LK48

LK49

LK53

LK54

LK55

LK56

LK57

LK58

LK59

LK60

Dimension

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

a

800

900

1000

1100

1200

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

b

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

c

38

38

38

38

38

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

d

38

38

38

38

38

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

e

6

6

6

6

6

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

3.1

3.5

3.9

4.3

4.7

5.3

6.0

6.6

7.3

8.0

8.7

9.3

10.0

3.6

4.0

4.4

4.8

5.2

6.2

7.0

7.7

8.4

9.2

9.9

10.6

11.4

Net Wt. (Kg) Gross Wt. (Kg)

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces. GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT

%

Zn

2.80 – 6.50

Hg

0.00

In

0.010 – 0.02

Si

0.08 – 0.2

Cu (max)

0.006

Fe (max)

0.120

Other Ea. (max)

0.02

Aluminium

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)

-1.15 V

Nominal Efficiency

85%

Nominal Ampere Hours / pound

1150

Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-27 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK70 to LK75 FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

ANODES

LK70

LK71

LK72

LK73

LK74

LK75

Dimensions

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

a

1200

1300

1360

1000

1400

1500

b

100

50

140

130

90

100

c

100

130

100

110

60

100

d

110

140

110

150

90

100

Net Weight (Kg)

34

24

54

46

25

40

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces.

For type A and B anodes, the core dimensions are: 2 in. (wide) x ¼ in. (thick), except for  LK74: 1½ in. x ¼ in. For type C anodes, the core consists in two Schedule 80 pipes (2 in diameter) welded to a bar with “L” shaped cross-section. For type D anodes, the core consists in a rod (e= diameter= 1 in.; length= 1800 mm; f=150 mm). These anodes meet NACE STANDARD RP 03787-87, Metallurgical and  Inspection Requirements for Cast Sacrificial Anodes for offshore applications. LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-28 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODES LK70 to LK75 FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT

%

Zn

2.80 – 6.50

Hg

0.00

In

0.010 – 0.02

Si

0.08 – 0.2

Cu (max)

0.006

Fe (max)

0.120

Other Ea. (max)

0.02

Aluminium

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)

-1.15 V

Nominal Efficiency

85%

Nominal Ampere Hours / pound

1150

Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-29 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK70 A FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

WEIGHT (Kg)

CURRENT OUTPUT INITIAL

FINAL

NET

GROSS

2.27 A (*)

1.67 A (*)

33.6

35.7

ANODE LK70-A

a

b

c

d

e

f

t

Dimensions (mm)

1200

110

100

1500

38

4.7

90

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces

(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm ( saltwater) “Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate) LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-30 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK70 A FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT

%

Zn

2.80 – 6.50

Hg

0.00

In

0.010 – 0.02

Si

0.08 – 0.2

Cu (max)

0.006

Fe (max)

0.120

Other Ea. (max)

0.02

Aluminium

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)

-1.15 V

Nominal Efficiency

85%

Nominal Ampere Hours / pound

1150

Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-31 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK70 F FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

WEIGHT (Kg)

CURRENT OUTPUT INITIAL

FINAL

NET

GROSS

2.06 A (*)

1.67 A (*)

15.5

17.6

ANODE LK70-F

a

b

c

d

e

f

t

Dimensions (mm)

1200

95

50

1500

38

4.7

90

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces

(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm ( saltwater) “Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate) LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-32 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK70 F FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT

%

Zn

2.80 – 6.50

Hg

0.00

In

0.010 – 0.02

Si

0.08 – 0.2

Cu (max)

0.006

Fe (max)

0.120

Other Ea. (max)

0.02

Aluminium

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)

-1.15 V

Nominal Efficiency

85%

Nominal Ampere Hours / pound

1150

Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-33 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK71 A FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

WEIGHT (Kg)

CURRENT OUTPUT INITIAL

FINAL

NET

GROSS

2.1 A (*)

1.67 A (*)

21.4

23.5

ANODE LK71-A

a

b

c

d

e

f

t

Dimensions (mm)

1200

135

50

1500

38

4.7

120

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces

(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm ( saltwater) “Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate)

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-34 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK71 A FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT

%

Zn

2.80 – 6.50

Hg

0.00

In

0.010 – 0.02

Si

0.08 – 0.2

Cu (max)

0.006

Fe (max)

0.120

Other Ea. (max)

0.02

Aluminium

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)

-1.15 V

Nominal Efficiency

85%

Nominal Ampere Hours / pound

1150

Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-35 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM BRACELETS LK90 LK91 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SUBMERGED PIPELINES

Dimensions (inches)

ANODES

Interior  Diameter 

Coating thickness

LK90

6 /8

5

3

3

13

LK91

8 /8

5

3

4

13

1 /2

/32 /32

r /32 /32

t

l

1 /2

1

13 /4

1

13 /4

g

Net Weight Gross (Kg) Weight (Kg)

1

1 /4

1

18.20

20

1

1 /4

1

22.26

25

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-36 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM BRACELETS LK90 LK91 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF SUBMERGED PIPELINES

GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT

%

Zn

2.80 – 6.50

Hg

0.00

In

0.010 – 0.02

Si

0.08 – 0.2

Cu (max)

0.006

Fe (max)

0.120

Other Ea. (max)

0.02

Aluminium

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)

-1.15 V

Nominal Efficiency

85%

Nominal Ampere Hours / pound

1150

Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-37 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

TAPERED BRACELETS INT. DIAM.

TYPE (*)

mm

(*)

THICKNESS

LENGTH

GAP

NET WT.

GROSS WT.

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

60

T

32

305

25

5.0

5.9

89

T

32

305

25

6.8

7.7

114

T

38

305

32

10.4

11.3

114

T

38

489

32

20.9

22.7

141

T

38

397

32

16.8

18.1

168

T

38

286

38

14.5

16.3

168

TB2

38

343

19

14.5

16.3

168

T

38

346

38

16.3

18.1

168

T

38

457

32

27.2

29.0

168

T

44

540

38

33.6

35.4

168

ST

44

553

38

35.8

37.7

187

TB2

57

241

25

20.0

20.9

219

T

38

286

38

17.7

20.0

219

T

38

364

38

22.7

25.0

219

T

38

503

38

37.2

39.5

219

TB1

57

676

-

37.2

39.5

219

T

64

406

38

44.0

45.8

238

ST w/sockets

38

343

76

32.2

34.0

241

TB2

64

267

51

29.5

30.4

273

T

38

323

51

22.7

25.9

273

T

38

451

51

34.5

36.7

273

T

35

476

38

36.7

39.0

273

T

44

559

51

53.5

55.8

273

ST

44

565

51

56.3

59.4

273

TB1

83

622

-

59.4

65.8

273

ST

44

1016

64

103.0

107.5

324

T

38

375

51

33.6

38.1

324

T

38

425

38

42.64

45.4

324

ST

38

539

57

54.0

59.4

324

T w/sockets

38

584

102

56.7

59.4

324

T

51

498

51

67.6

73.5

324

ST1

35

800

51

74.8

80.3

345

T w/sockets

38

356

102

31.3

34.0

356

ST

38

536

57

59.4

65.3

356

ST

44

553

51

69.9

75.8

406

ST

44

508

57

76.7

83.5

406

ST1

38

813

51

95.3

102.0

406 ST 51 T = Tapered TB1 = Tapered-Bolt-On (One Half Only) TB2 = Tapered-Bolt-On

584

64 95.7 ST = Semi-Tapered ST1= Semi-Tapered (One End Only)

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

102.5

-38 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

CONCRETE COATED PIPE BRACELETS INT. DIAM.

TYPE (*)

mm

THICKNESS

LENGTH

GAP

NET WT.

GROSS WT.

mm

mm

mm

kg

kg

168

CC

38

368

76

18.6

20.4

175

IT

38

495

51

28.1

29.9

219

CC

38

216

51

13.6

15.0

219

CC

44

413

38

39.9

42.2

225

IT

38

419

51

28.6

30.4

273

CC

44

464

64

47.2

51.3

273

CC

44

559

51

53.5

58.1

273

CC

51

441

51

54.4

58.5

273

CC

51

19

64

61.7

66.2

279

IT

38

495

51

41.0

46.7

305

CC

38

416

51

40.8

45.4

305

CC

51

299

51

40.8

45.4

324

CC

29

406

51

30.8

36.7

324

CC

32

406

51

33.6

36.3

324

CC

29

546

38

43.6

49.4

324

CC

38

480

51

50.8

56.7

324

CC

44

470

76

59.0

64.9

324

CC

38

676

76

67.6

73.5

330

IT

38

419

51

41.3

43.6

356

CC

32

426

51

41.7

48.1

356

CC

51

533

76

90.3

86.2

406

CC

32

305

51

30.4

37.2

406

CC

25

533

51

47.2

54.4

406

CC

25

629

38

58.1

65.3

406

CC

38

445

51

58.1

65.3

406

CC

32

635

38

70.3

77.6

406

CC

44

470

76

71.7

78.9

406

CC

38

553

51

76.2

83.5

406

CC

64

340

76

77.1

84.4

456

CC

41

437

111

62.6

70.3

457

CC

64

318

76

81.7

89.4

457

CC

44

495

64

85.3

93.0

457

CC

44

480

51

85.3

93.0

457

RT

70

632

111

98.0

105.7

457

CC

44

702

76

119.3

127.0

457

CC

51

540

64

108.0

116.1

508

CC

44

216

95

34.0

38.6

508

CC

44

241

51

45.4

54.0

508

CC

44

260

51

50.4

59.0

508

CC

38

419

76

65.0

73.0

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

-39 -

ALUMINIUM ANODES

INT. DIAM. TYPE (*) THICKNESS LENGTH GAP NET WT. mm mm mm mm kg 508 CC 41 406 64 71.2 508 CC 64 254 51 72.6 508 CC 48 362 76 73.0 508 CC 57 324 64 78.0 508 CC 48 413 76 85.7 508 CC 41 540 64 86.2 508 CC 64 356 64 93.4 508 CC 44 502 64 94.8 508 CC 51 727 76 159.7 610 CC 32 330 51 52.6 610 CC 44 283 76 64.0 610 CC 44 359 76 80.3 610 CC 44 222 76 80.3 610 CC 95 152 89 80.3 610 CC 38 432 64 84.4 610 CC 54 286 64 85.3 610 CC 51 333 64 87.5 610 CC 64 276 76 90.7 610 CC 44 470 76 105.7 610 CC 51 406 76 105.7 610 CC 79 254 64 106.9 610 CC 76 270 76 106.9 610 CC 51 432 76 115.2 610 CC 79 273 51 120.2 610 CC 36.5 730 76 135.2 610 CC 51 498 76 130.2 610 CC 44 616 76 142.9 610 CC 51 908 76 234.1 610 CC 60 845 76 270.4 635 CCB 89 114 51 55.8 635 CCB 114 127 51 84.8 635 CC 41 551 127 114.3 762 CC 51 254 76 81.7 762 CC 70 216 76 98.4 762 CC 57 273 102 99.8 762 CC 51 318 76 105.7 762 CC 64 340 76 140.6 762 CC 57 394 76 146.5 914 CC 51 387 76 155.1 914 CC 57 384 76 173.7 914 CC 76 320 102 190.5 914 CC 76 934 76 573.4 1016 CC 83 730 102 529.8 1016 CC 108 549 102 534.8 (*) CC = Concrete Coated (square bracelet) TR = Reversely Tapered Bracelet IT = Internally Tapered Bracelet CCB = Square-Bolt-On Bracelet

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

GROSS WT. Kg 79.4 80.7 81.2 86.2 93.9 94.8 102.0 103.4 167.8 63.1 74.4 90.7 90.7 90.7 94.8 95.7 98.0 101.2 116.1 116.1 119.3 119.3 125.7 130.6 145.6 140.6 153.3 244.5 280.3 Variable Variable 125.2 93.0 105.7 113.0 117.0 152.0 157.9 171.0 189.6 206.4 596.5 555.2 560.2

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ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK95 FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

CURRENT OUTPUT

WEIGHT (Kg)

INITIAL

FINAL

NET

GROSS

2.67 A (*)

2.3 A (*)

65

73

ANODE LK95

a

b

c

d

e

f

t

Dimensions (mm)

1350

145

130

1750

51

12.5

110

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces

(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm ( saltwater) “Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate) LK95 meets NACE requirements RP 03787-87 LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK95 FOR METALIC STRUCTURES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT

GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT

%

Zn

2.80 – 6.50

Hg

0.00

In

0.010 – 0.02

Si

0.08 – 0.2

Cu (max)

0.006

Fe (max)

0.120

Other Ea. (max)

0.02

Aluminium

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)

-1.15 V

Nominal Efficiency

85%

Nominal Ampere Hours / pound

1150

Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK98 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF OIL OFFSHORE PLATFORMS

WEIGHT (Kg)

CURRENT OUTPUT INITIAL

FINAL

NET

GROSS

4.11 A (*)

3.75 A (*)

136

149

ANODE LK98

a

b

c

e

t

Dimensions (mm)

2400

190

125

51

115

Dimensions and weights should be considered with the typical tolerances of cast pieces

(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm ( saltwater) “Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate) LK98 meets the following requirement: NACE standard RP 0387-87 LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK98 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF OIL OFFSHORE PLATFORMS GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT

%

Zn

2.80 – 6.50

Hg

0.00

In

0.010 – 0.02

Si

0.08 – 0.2

Cu (max)

0.006

Fe (max)

0.120

Other Ea. (max)

0.02

Aluminium

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)

-1.15 V

Nominal Efficiency

85%

Nominal Ampere Hours / pound

1150

Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK99 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF OIL OFFSHORE PLATFORMS

CURRENT OUTPUT

WEIGHT (Kg)

INITIAL

FINAL

NET

GROSS

5.4 A (*)

4.2 A (*)

290

390

ANODE LK99

a

b

c

d

e

t

Dimensions (mm)

3000

240

215

3770

114.3

190

Dimensions and weight should be considered with the typical tolerances for cast pieces

(*) Current was calculated for a resistivity of 25 Ohm-cm ( saltwater) “Driving Potential” = 0.25 V (vs. Cu/Cu Sulfate) LK99 meets NACE requirements RP 03787-87 LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ALUMINIUM ANODES

GALVALUM III ALUMINIUM ANODE LK99 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF OIL OFFSHORE PLATFORMS

GALVALUM III COMPOSITION ELEMENT

%

Zn

2.80 – 6.50

Hg

0.00

In

0.010 – 0.02

Si

0.08 – 0.2

Cu (max)

0.006

Fe (max)

0.120

Other Ea. (max)

0.02

Aluminium

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES Electrode Potential (Cu/CuS04)

-1.15 V

Nominal Efficiency

85%

Nominal Ampere Hours / pound

1150

Remainder 

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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ALUMINIUM ANODES

Aluminium Anodes LK 44 for protection of interior bottom of oil tanks

Aluminium Anodes LK 120 for cathodic protection of piers

Aluminium Bracelets LK 90 for cathodic protection of submerged pipelines

Various Aluminium Anodes

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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GRAPHITE ANODES

GRAPHITE ANODES LAIKEN has always worked with graphite and knows everything about its amazing physical and electrical properties. Due to the nature of its atomic structure, graphite makes an excellent electrical conductor and presents a high chemical resistance. In addition to its good mechanical properties, graphite is easily machined. All of these properties make cathodic protection grade graphite an excellent material f or impressed current anodes. Graphite anodes are provided with cable with two possible connection alternatives: centerconnected or end-connected. Some soils may require special cable insulation, therefore we provide High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Cable (HMWPE) for anodes close to the surface, and HALAR cable for deep ground-bed anodes were the presence of chlorides or  petroleum hydrocarbons may attack a regular cable coating. Impregnation is also important in graphite anodes because it assures longer life to the anode as it protects it from incrustations of chemical agents. Several substances are used to impregnate graphite anodes; we use linseed oil and paraffin. GRAPHITE Anode Dimensions Length Diameter Cross-section

Tolerances

1520 mm

60 in

± 10%

76 mm

3 in

± 5%

4530 mm

7 in

2

± 5%

12.30 kg

27 lb

± 10%

Weight

2

GRAPHITE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS VALUE 3

Density

1.68 g/cm

Purity

99.9%

Porosity

< 3%

Particle Size

< 0.155 mm

Maximum electrical resistivity

7 µohm-m

Surface treatment

Impregnated with linseed oil / paraffin 2

Longitudinal tensile strength

7000 kN/m (min)

Transversal tensile strength

4000 KN/m (min)

2

2

Longitudinal compression strength

25000 kN/m (min)

Transversal compression strength

20000 kN/m (min)

Coefficient of thermal expansion

0.40 x 10 /°C

CABLE CHARACTERISTICS

VALUE

Cross-section

10 mm

Insulation

HMWPE / TW / KYNAR or HALAR

Length

As requested by the customer 

2

-6

2

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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GRAPHITE ANODES

CENTER CONNECTED GRAPHITE ANODE Hexcel anode capping and potting compound

Neoprene washer 

Novoid “C” asphaltic based sealing compound 0.75” diameter hole drilled to indicated depth with maximum deviation of 0.25” from true center 

Anode lead wire

LEAD CONNECTOR anode lead wire

bronze threaded rod

3” x 60” or 4” x 80” fully impregnated, drilled, solid graphite anode

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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GRAPHITE ANODES

END CONNECTED GRAPHITE ANODE

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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GRAPHITE ANODES

Center Connected Graphite Anodes for Impressed Current Systems for Cathodic Protection of buried pipelines, casings…

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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HIGH SILICON–CAST IRON ANODES

FE-SI-CR STICK ANODES LK260F – LK260G High Silicon – Cast Iron Anodes are used to protect buried and submerged metallic structures. These anodes have proven high reliability in different environments such as salt water, fresh water, and soils. For application on fresh water and normal soil, Silicon Iron anodes are the appropriate ones. In the presence of chloride, it is recommended to use High Silicon – Chromium – Cast Iron anodes commercially known as “Durichlor”. Chromium improves the performance of the anode, making high-durability anodes, which are resistant to abrasion on acid environments. Therefore, the “Durichlor” alloy is the most frequently used for Silicon-Iron anodes. Fe-Si-Cr anodes present low consumption rates of 0.5 to 1.0 lb/A-yr, depending on the soil characteristics. Furthermore, during operation, silicon dioxide is generated on the surface of the anode, decreasing the rate of consumption. These anodes are designed to operate with a current density of 1 Amp/ft2. Fe-Si-Cr anodes can be installed bare, but if a coke backfill is used, the discharge area is increased and the anode-to-earth resistance is diminished, therefore decreasing the current density and the consumption rate to approximately 0.25 lbs/A-yr. The anode is provided with cable of various types according to working conditions. For  deep groundbeds, we recommend HALAR Type as it presents a high resistance to corrosion due to chlorides and petroleum hydrocarbons. In order to assure a long-lasting connection of the cable to the anode, the leaded connection is sealed with a heat-shrink PE cap, which protects the connection from the action of moisture.

ANODE CHARACTERISTICS Nominal weight Total length Diameter Area

Nominal Discharge at a current density of : 21 kg (46 lbs) 1525 mm (60 in.) 50.8 mm (2 in.) 2

0.243 m

2

(2.6 ft )

0.75 A/ft 2 ( 8.1 A/m )

2

1.0 A/ft 2 (11 A/m )

2

2.0 Amps

2.6 Amps

(*) Maximum amperage based on maximum value in manufacturer publications, 15 year minimum life 2 criterion ( 0.7 lbs/amp-yr at 80% utilization) or 1 A/ft

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Density Tensile Strength Coef. of thermal expansion Fusion point

CABLE PROPERTIES

3

0.07 kg/cm

1100 – 1500 kg/cm -6

2

40-150°C 13.1x10 /°C 1160 – 1250 °C

Cross-section Insulation Length

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

2

10 mm

HMWPE / TW / KYNAR or HALAR As requested by the customer 

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HIGH SILICON–CAST IRON ANODES

FE-SI-CR STICK ANODES LK260F – LK260G Regarding anode consumption rate, the use of coke breeze lowers the consumption rate to a typical value of 0.70 lbs/A-yr. The maximum stable current density of discharge depends on the working conditions of the anode. For example, marine environment or strong electrolytes do not have limitations to current density, but clay soils suffer of “electro osmotic drying”. This phenomenon dries up clay soils, thus increasing earth-to-anode resistance.

LK 260F

LK 260G

ANODE COMPOSITIONS (%) TYPE “DURIRON”

TYPE “DURICHLOR”

13.35 – 15.35

14.20 - 14.75

0

3.25 – 5.00

Carbon

0.7 – 0.9

0.70 - 1.10

Manganese

0.4 – 0.7

1.50 max

Molybdenum

0.20 max

0.20 max

Copper

0.50 max

0.50 max

Sulphur

0 - 0.06

0.06

Phosphorous

0 - 0.05

0.05

Iron

Balance

Balance

ELEMENT Silicon Chromium

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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HIGH SILICON–CAST IRON ANODES

FE-SI-CR TUBULAR ANODES LK 2284 – LK 4884 LAIKEN also sells ANOTEC “Chill Cast” Tubular anodes called “CENTERTEC”, as representatives of ANOTEC for South America. These anodes from ANOTEC are “Chill Cast” in metal molds. This fact assures consistent weight, greater density, lower flake graphite boundary, and lower chemical segregation than sand cast anodes. ”Chill Cast” also improves the mechanical strength, resulting in less field breakage during transportation and installation. Fe-Si-Cr anodes are specially used in chloride and sulphate environments due to the presence of Chromium in the alloy. Furthermore, “Chill Cast” Fe-Si-Cr anodes perform a 19 % better than Sand Cast ones, in chloride and sulphate environments. CENTERTEC anodes have center connection between anode and cable in order to avoid the “necking end effect”. These anodes feature a special connection a one piece low resistance cable connector (less than 0.0015 ohms) and an extra wall thickness at the center-connect area to protect the connection. This connection strength is superior to the copper cable strength.

ANODE COMPOSITION (%) ELEMENT

Dimensions of  Anode

LK 2284

LK 4884

ASTM A518 Grade 3

Nom. Weight

23 kg (50 lbs)

57 kg (122 lbs)

Silicon

14.20 - 14.75

Nom. Length

2130 mm (84 in)

2130 mm (84 in)

Chrome

3.25 – 5.00

Nom. Diameter 

56 mm (2.2 in)

122 mm (4.8 in)

Nom. Area

0.39 m (4.2 ft )

2

0.82 m (8.8 ft )

Carbon

0.70 - 1.10

2

2

2

Manganese

1.50 max

Nominal Discharge at a current density of :

Molybdenum

0.20 max

2

Anode

0.75 A/ft 2 ( 8.1 A/m )

2.0 A/ft 2 (11 A/m )

Copper

0.50 max

LK 2284

3.2 Amps

3.8 Amps

Iron

Balance

LK 4884

6.6 Amps

8.8 Amps.

2

Other sizes and shapes are available.

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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TITANIUM MMO

ANODES

TITANIUM MMO TUBULAR ANODES TITANIUM MMO TUBULAR Anodes are Titanium tubes with a mixed metal oxide coating which activates the titanium core. Titanium anodes represent the modern material for  cathodic protection systems. Titanium Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) anodes have an extremely low consumption rate, measured in milligrams/A-yr, which means a long lifetime for the anode. Ti MMO anodes present a very high chemical stability, even in low pH environments or in the presence of chlorine. “Anode Strings” can be assembled with several tubular anodes connected each other with cable where each anode end is connected to the following anode end. These anode strings are widely used in deep groundbeds. In this case, the string behaves as a thin, long, single anode, eliminating the need of a junction box and reducing the cost of  materials and labor. Anode strings demand a careful selection of the cable, with the following options: a PVDF/HMWPE cable for use in deep groundbeds where the presence of chloride may attack regular HMWPE. If the environment does not present chlorides, HMWPE represent an economical and durable option. For seawater applications, Exane Rig cable is recommended. Like in any impressed current system, Ti MMO anodes perform better if a high quality carbonaceous backfill is used in the groundbed. Application

Temperature

Max. Rated Output (amps)

4.0 8.0

Below 5°C (40°F)

2.0 A 4.0 A

Above 10°C (50°F)

4.0 8.0

Below 10°C (50°F)

2.0 A 4.0 A

20 years

Above 5°C (40°F)

3.0 6.0

Below 5°C (40°F)

1.5 A 3.0 A

15 years

Above 10°V (50°F)

25.0 50.0

Below 10°C (50°F)

12.5 A 25.0 A

Anode Type

Lifetime

Soil

FW/ST 2.5/50 FW/ST 2.5/100

20 years

Fresh or  Brackish Water 

FW/ST 2.5/50 FW/ST 2.5/100

20 years

Above 5°C (40°F)

Mud-Saline

MT 2.5/50 MT 2.5/100

15 years

Mud-Fresh or  Brackish

MT 2.5/50 MT 2.5/100

Sea Water 

SWT 2.5/50 SWT 2.5/100

Cable Specifications

Wire size

Nominal weight kg/m lbs/ft

Temperature

Max. Rated Output (amps) 2.0 4.0

Outer jacket

Inner jacket

Max Current Output (amps)

Features

HMWPE

#8 #6

0.13 0.18

0.09 0.12

HMWPE

None

27 50

Economical

PVDF/HMWPE

#8 #6

0.13 0.18

0.09 0.12

HMWPE

PVDF

27 50

Chlorineresistant

Exane Rig Cable

4/0

0.90

0.61

Exane irradiated cross-linked polyolefin

None

560

Highly flexible High current capacity

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

- 55 -

TITANIUM MMO

ANODES

TITANIUM MMO SINGLE ANODES TITANIUM MMO Single Anodes are Titanium tubes with a mixed metal oxide coating which activates the titanium core. Titanium anodes represent the modern material for  cathodic protection systems. Titanium Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) anodes have an extremely low consumption rate, measured in milligrams/A-yr, which means a long lifetime for the anode. Ti MMO anodes present a very high chemical stability, even in low pH environments or in the presence of chlorine. “Single Anodes” are used for cathodic protection of buried structures in groundbeds with widely varying soil resistivities. These anodes are provided with one cable for every single anode. Ti MMO Single Anodes combine a tough and lightweight product, ease of handling, ease of installation, and a superior mechanical connection. A leak-proof moisture seal is needed to prevent moisture from disconnecting the anode. Several cables can be used with Ti MMO anodes: a HMWPE/ PVDF, Kynar or Halar cable for use in deep groundbeds where the presence of chloride may attack regular HMWPE. If  the environment does not present chlorides, HMWPE represent an economical and durable option. Like in any impressed current system, Ti MMO anodes perform better if a high quality carbonaceous backfill is used in the groundbed.

Anode Type

Rated Output

Weight

10 yrs

15 yrs

20 yrs

Unweighted

Weighted

1 x 45 in.

5.5 – 6.0

4.0 – 4.5

3.0 – 3.5

1.4 lbs

4.0 lbs

1 x 60 in.

7–8

5–6

4–5

1.6 lbs

6.0 lbs

1 x 90 in.

11 – 12

8-9

6–7

2.0 lbs

9.0 lbs

Wire size

Nominal weight kg/m lbs/ft

Outer jacket

Inner jacket

Max Current Output (amps)

Cable Specifications HMWPE

#8 #6

0.13 0.18

0.09 0.12

HMWPE

None

27 50

HMWPE / PVDF, Kynar or Halar 

#8 #6

0.13 0.18

0.09 0.12

HMWPE

PVDF

27 50

LAIKEN – CATHODIC PROTECTION HANDBOOK – Revised: 10-2003

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