2B - 5 - Laporan Praktikum Farmakologi Laksatif, Diare, Analgesik
October 7, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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CG^ATG@ ^TGI]FIXJ EGTJGIACAKF F ]F@KIG] 4D
Mfsusu` achl ? Ihcajpai 8 Hrfig Tgljgwgtf
(^7;228776>=;)
Egtlg` ]sg`f Jglgrmlfig T
(^7;228776>=6)
Rgcgjgl Rgcsgdfcg
(^7;228776>58)
]fgrg Gzfzzgl
(^7;228776>54>
^AC]HIIHR IHJH@IHR DG@MX@K OXTXRG@ EGTJGRF 4>4>
F.
@gjg ^hrbadgg`
Xof Gitfvftgs Cgitgsfe
FF.
]uoug` ^rgitfiuj
g. Jh`khtgluf mg` jhjglgjf bgrg jh`kuof hehi cgisgtfe gtgu ph`bglgr d. Jhcgiuig` ph`kuofg` adgt uof hehi cgisgtfe pgmg lhwg` phrbadgg` FFF.
^rf`sfp ^hrbadgg`
Jh`kku`gig` jhtamh prathisf pgmg lhwg` Xof mff`muisf mh`kg` @g BJB ihjumfg` mfdhrfig` adgt cgitgsfe gtgu ph`bglgr. Mg` jhtamh Asjasfs mh`kg` jh`yu`tfig` JkRA= 48% mg` @gBc >,6% pgmg usus lhwg` uof. FU.
^h`mglucug`
Mhef`fsf ia`tfpgsf dhrsfegt rhcgtfe, ia`stfpgsf gmgcgl phrshpsf kg`kkug` dug`k gfr dhsgr dhrupg dhriurg`k`yg erhiuh`sf dug`k gfr dhsgr, sh`sgsf tfmgi pugs`yg dug`k gfr dhsgr, thrmgpgt rgsg sgift, lgrus jh`khog` gtgu ehshs ihrgs. Mfshdut ia`stfpgsf dfcg tf`og yg`k ihcugr oujcgl`yg lg`yg shmfift, ihrgs, ihrf`k, mg` khrgig` usus lg`yg throgmf iurg`k mgrf 2 x mgcgj 7 jf`kku (Tgjiujgr, M^. Mg` Tga, RRB). Jhig`fsjh ihrog adgt ph`bglgr jhcfputf ph`kurg`kg` gdsarpsf gfr mg` hchitracft, jh`f`kigtig` asjacgcftgs mgcgj cujh`, mg` jh`f`kigtig` thig`g` lfmrastgtfi mgcgj usus. Adgt ph`bglgr f`f jh`kudgl iaca`, yg`k `arjgc`yg jhrupgig` arkg` thjpgt throgmf`yg ph`yhrgpg` bgfrg` jh`ogmf arkg` yg`k jh`shirhsfig` gfr mg` hchitracft (Mfpfra, ht gc., 4>>8). Adgt ph`bglgr sh`mfrf mgpgt mfdhmgig` jh`ogmf 2 kaca`kg`, ygftu (7) ph`bglgr yg`k jhcu`gig` ehshs, (4) ph`bglgr yg`k jgjpu jhcu`giig` ehshs yg`k cu`gi gtgu shjf bgfr mgcgj wgitu 5-74 ogj (mhrfvgt mfeh`fcjhtg` mg` mhrfvgt g`trgiuf`a`), shrtg ph`bglgr yg`k jgjpu jh`klgsfcig` ph`khcugrg` ehshs yg`k bgfr mgcgj wgitu 7- 5 ogj (sgcf`h bgtlgrtfbs, jf`ygi bgstar, cgrutg` hchitracft pacfhtfch` kcfiac). ^h`kadgtg` utgjg gmgcgl phjdhrfg` mfht tf`kkf shrgt. Ducif`k gkh`ts jhrupgig` ph`kadgtg` cf`f dhrfiut`yg. ^hjdhrfg` icfsjg mgpgt mfihrogig` u`tui jhjdg`tu jhcgiuig` hvgiugsf tf`og shbgrg tatgc. Lf`mgrf phjgigfg` frftg` gtgu phrg`ksg`k phrfstgctfi. ^hjgigfg` adgt-adgt f`f mgcgj og`kig pg`og`k phr`gl mfcgparig` mgpgt jh`fjducig` ihrusgig` pgmg –jyh`thrfb pchxus‚, yg`k shcg`out`yg sh cg`out`yg oustru gig` jh`kkg`kku khrgig` khrgig` usus.
^h`bglgr yg`k jhcu`giig` ehshs shbgrg ujuj jhrupgig` sh`ygwg yg`k tfmgi mfgdsarpsf mgcgj sgcurg` ph`bhr`gg` mg` dhrgisf mh`kg` jh`f`kigtig` vacujh pgmgtg` ehshs mg` jhcu`giig` ehshs supgyg chdfl jumgl mfihcugrig`. mfihcugrig`. Adgt kaca`kg` cgisgtfe gtgu ph`bglgr shrf`k mfpgigf u`tui jh`kurg`kf dhrgt dgmg` mh`kg` jhcg`bgrig` DGD (dug`k gfr dhsgr) mflgrgpig` dhrgt dgmg` oukg rhcgtfe thria`trac. Dg`ygi shmfgg` supchjh` yg`k jh`kg`mu`k lfkl-efdhr yg`k –mff`mfigsfig`‚ u`tui jhcg`ksf`kig` jhcg`ksf`kig` tudul mg` mgpt mfphrachl shbgrg dhdgs. Rhrgt tf`kkf mflgrgpig` jh`khjdg`k mf sgcurg` bhr`g mg` jhjfbu khrgig` phrfstgctfi usus shlf`kkg gig` jhjumglig` DGD. [gcgupu` ju`kif` dhrlgsfc, thtgpf hehi`yg ujuj`yg tfmgi thrcgcu sfk`fefig`. Rhcgf` oh`fs efdhr f`f, dhdhrgpg ph`bglgr cgf` oukg shrf`k mfpgigf shdgkgf phcg`kfs`k. ^h`kku`gg` ph`bglgr shdgkgf phcg`ksf`k mgcgj wgitu cgjg tfmgi mfsgrg`ig` igrh`g usus gig` jh`ogmf –jgcgs‚, gig` dhihrog ofig gmg phjfbu`yg, mgcgj lgc f`f jh`ogmfig` shjgbgj –ihthrkg`tu`kg`‚.
U.
Gcgt mg` Dglg` g. 8 hiar jh`bft
d. Adgt cgisgtfe-purkgtfe? kgrgj f`kkrfs, Iajpacgx, Ac. Tfbf`f, pgrgef` cfq, JkRA= 48% b. Ihrtgs sgrf`k m. [gmgl ph`kgjgtg` h. BJB
UF.
^rashmur Jhtamh ^rathisf g. Jh`bft mfdgkf jh`ogmf 4 ihcajpai, tfgp ihcajpai thrmfrf mgrf 2 hiar jh`bft
d. Ihcajpai 7 ? ia`trac `hkgtfe (mfdhrf BJB), 2> jh`ft ihjumfg` mfdhrf gfr b. Ihcajpai 4 ? ia`trac pasftfe (mfdhrf BJB), 2> jh`ft ihjumfg` mfdhrf achuj rfbf`f/ pgrgef` bgfr/kgrgj f`kkrfs/iajpacgi. m. Rhjug dglg` uof mfdhrfig` mh`kg` ruth argc. h. ]fgp jh`bft mfjgsuig` ihmgcgj wgmgl ph`kgjgtg` yg`k mfdhrf gcgs ihrtgs sgrf`k yg`k thcgl mftfjdg`k dhrgt`yg. e. Mfcgiuig` ph`kgjgtg` erhiuh`sf mhehigsf, ia`sfsth`sf ehshs mg` dhrgt ehshs shtfgp shcg`k 78 jh`ft shcgjg 5> jh`ft.
k. Erhiuh`sf ehshs mfth`tuig` dhrmgsgrig` dhrgpg igcf jh`bft thrshdut jh`kgcgjf mhehigsf mgcgj tfgp shcg`k 8 jh`ft. l. Ia`sfsth`sf ehshs mf`ygtgig` mgcgj dh`tui siar shdgkgf dhrfiut ? Rfjdac Ia`sfsth`sf Riar @ (@arjgc) : >, C@ (Chjdhi @arjgc) : 7, C (Chjdhi) : 4, CB (Chjdhi Bgfr) : 2 B (Bgfr) : = (Rujdhr ? Rudgr`gs mii, 4>>,6% u`tui shkjh` 4. k. ]hjpgtig` ihjdgcf shkjh` usus ih mgcgj ra`kkg gdmajh`, dgsglf thrus mh`kg` @gBc efsfacakfs l. Gjgtf mg` dg`mf`kig` shbgrg iugcftgtfe ia`mfsf ihmug shkjh` thrshdut. ; f. ]gdhcig` lgsfc hisphrfjh` u`tui jhcflgt ph`kgrul jgsf`k-jgsf`k cgrutg` thrlgmgp rhth`sf bgfrg`.
UFF.
Lgsfc ph`kgjgtg`
Dhrfiut mgtg lgsfc ph`kgjgtg` jhtamh prathisf ? 7. Ia`sfsth`sf g. ]gdhc ph`kgjgtg` Ia`sfsth`sf Ehshs Ia`sfsth`sf Ehshs (siar) jh`ft ih-
Ihcajpai
78
2>
=8
5>
;8
Tgtg - rgtg 6>
Ia`trac
>
>
7
7
>
7
>,8>>>
Achuj Tfbbf`f Dfsgbamyc
2
4
2
2
2
4
4,555;
7
4
7
4
2
4
7,
4
7,2222
d. Krgefi ^h`kgjgtg` Ia`sfsth`sf Ehshs
Ia`sfsth`sf Ehshs 2,8 2 4,8 4 7,8 7 >,8 > 78'
2>'
=8'
Ia`trac
5>'
Achuj Tf T fbbf`f
Dfsgbamyc
;8'
6>'
Uhkhtg
b. Krgefi Tgtg ‒ Tgtg ‒ rgtg rgtg Ia`sfsth`sf Ehshs
Tgtg Tgt g - rg rgtg tg 2 4,8 4 7,8 7 >,8 > Ia`trac
Achuj Tfbbf`f
Tgtg - rgtg
Dfsgbamyc
Uhkhtg
4. Erhiuh`sf g. ]gdhc ^h`kgjgtg` Erhiuh`sf Ehshs Erhiuh`sf Ehshs (igcf) jh`ft ih-
Ihcajpai
78
2>
=8
5>
;8
6>
Oujcgl
Ia`trac
4
2
7
4
4
2
72
Achuj Tfbbf`f Dfsgbamyc
7
=
=
8
2
4
76
4
2
2
4
2
4
78
Uhkhtg
7
7
4
2
=
2
7=
d. Krgefi ^h`kgjgtg` Erhiuh`sf Ehshs
Erhiuh`sf 5 8 =
2 4 7 > 78'
2>' Ia`trac
=8' Achuj Tf T fbbf`f
5>' Dfsgbamyc
;8'
6>'
Uhkhtg
b. Krgefi Oujcgl Erhiuh`sf Ehshs
Oujcgl Erhiuh`sf Ehshs shcgjg shcgjg 6> jh`ft jh`ft 4> 7< 75 7= 74 7> < 5 = 4 > Ia`trac
Achuj Tfbbf`f
Dfsgbamyc Oujcgl
Uhkhtg
2. Dadat g. ]gdhc ^h`kgjgtg` Dadat Ehshs Dadat Ehshs (kr) jh`ft ih-
Ihcajpai
Tgtg - rgtg
78
2>
=8
5>
;8
6>
Ia`trac
7.822
7.>4
7.2,8 > Ia`trac
Achuj Tfbbf`f
Dfsgbamyc
Tgtg - rgtg
Uhkhtg
Kgjdgr 7. Ehshs mgrf lgsfc mhehigsf jh`bft yg`k mfdhrf achuj rfbf`f
^rgitfiuj ihmug jh`kku`gig` jhtamh asjatfi. Mh`kg` mgtg yg`k mfmgpgtig` gmgcgl shdgkgf dhrfiut?
JkRA= =>%
@gBc >,6%
Kgjdgr 4. Xsus jh`bft yg`k mfdhrf cgrutg` uof
UFFF.
^hjdglgsg`
^gmg prgitfiuj igcf f`f mfcgiuig` uof gitfvftgs cgisgtfe thrlgmgp jh`bft yg`k jh`kgcgjf ia`stfpgsf, mh`kg` mff`muisfig` achl BJB @g jh`kku`gig` mug jhtamh, ygftu jhtamh prathisf mg` jhtamh asjatfi. Ia`stfpgsf gmgcgl khogcg prashs mhehigsf yg`k dhrjgsgcgl, tfmgi cg`bgr, mg` tfmgi thrgtur. Rhmg`kig`, cgisgtfe gmgcgl zgt yg`k mgpgt jh`stfjucgsf khrgig` phrfstgctfi usus shdgkgf rhechis r hechis mgrf rg`ksg`kg` cg`ksu`k c g`ksu`k thrlgmgp mf`mf`k usus yg`k mgpgt jh`yhdgdig` gtgu jhjphrjumgl mhehigsf. Cgisgtfe f`f jhjfcfif dhdhrgpg icgsfefigsf,
ygftu
dhrmgsgrig`
jhig`fsjh
ihrog`yg
mg`
dhrmgsgrig`
cgjg
hehi/a`sht`yg. ^gmg prgitfiuj mh`kg` jhtamh prathisf jh`kku`gig` achuj rfbf`f yg`k thrjgsui ih mgcgj cgisg` frftgtfe, mh`kg` jhig`fsjh ihrog jh`stfjucgsf shirhsf bgfrg` mg` hchitracft mg` oukg shbgrg ujuj cgisg` frftgtfe dfsg jh`kfrftgsf usus mg` cgjg hehi shcgjg 7-2 ogj. Mfcflgt pgmg ihtfkg f`mfigtar, ygftu ia`sfsth`sf, erhiuh`sf mg` dadat, achuj rfbf`f f`f jhjfcfif lgsfc yg`k tf`kkf mgrf yg`k cgf` mg` oukg ia`trac. Rhcg`out`yg, u`tui dfsgbamyc f`f thrjgsui ih mgcgj cgisg` frftgtfe oukg mg` cgjg hehi shcgjg 5-< ogj. Mfcflgt pgmg ihtfkg f`mfigtar`yg jhjfcfif lgsfc yg`k tf`kkf ihmug mgrf yg`k cgf` mg` oukg ia`trac shthcgl achuj rfbf`f. Ihjumfg` u`tui vhkhtg f`f thrjgsui ih mgcgj cgisg` phjdh`tui jgssg (duci earjf`k) mh`kg` jhig`fsjh ihrog jhjdh`tui khc mf usus dhsgr, jh`yhdgdig` rhth`sf gfr, mg` jh`f`kigtig` khrgig` phrfstgctfi mg` mh`kg` cgjg hehi shcgjg 7-2 lgrf. Mg` mfcflgt mgrf ihtfkg f`mfigtar thrshdut, vhkhtg jhjfcfif lgsfc yg`k pgcf`k rh`mgl mgrf achuj rfbf`f mg` dfsgbamyc, tgpf chdfl tf`kkf mgrf ia`trac. Rhcgf` mh`kg` jh`kku`gig` jhtamh prathisf, mfcgiuig` oukg jhtamh asjatfi. Jhtamh asjatfi mfcgiuig` mh`kg` bgrg mfsu`tfiig` jgk`hsfuj sucegt =>% mg` @gBc >,6% pgmg usus jh`bft yg`k thcgl mffigt shlf`kkg thrdh`tui 4 dgkfg`. Cgcu pgmg dgkfg` phrtgjg mfsu`tfiig` jgk`hsfuj sucegt =>% mg` dgkfg` ihmug mfsu`tfiig` @gBc >,6%. Rhthcgl ftu usus yg`k thcgl mfsu`tfig` mfthjpgtig` ihjdgcf pgmg gdmajh` yg`k thcgl dhrfsf @gBc efsfacakfs. Rhthcgl ftu mfmgpgt lgsfc dgkfg` pgmg jgk`hsfuj sucegt =>% chdfl dhsgr mgrfpgmg dgkfg` yg`k mfsu`tfiig` @gBc >,6 %. Lgc ftu mfshdgdig` igr`g ia`sh`trgsf Jgk`hsfuj Rucegt chdfl dhsgr Rhlf`kkg throgmf prashs asjasfs ygftu mfjg`g ia`sh`trgsf rh`mgl gig` pf`mgl pgmg ia`sh`trgsf yg`k chdfl phigt. Mfsf`f @gBc
efsfacakfs pf`mgl ih Jgk`hsfuj Rucegt =>% shlf`kkg pgmg dgkfg` Jgk`hsfuj Rucegt =>% chdfl dhsgr mfdg`mf`k @gBc >,6%. F\.
Ihsfjpucg`
^gmg prgitfiuj igcf f`f mgpgt mfsfjpucig` mfs fjpucig` dglwg? g. ^gmg jhtamh prathisf achuj rfbf`f jhjfcfif lgsfc yg`k chdfl tf`kkf mgrf zgt uof cgf` mg` ia`trac. Achuj Tgbf`f oukg chdfl dgfi igrh`g cgjg hehi`yg chdfl bhpgt mgrf yg`k cgf`. d.
^gmg jhtamh asjatfi mfmgpgt lgsfc Jgk`hsfuj sucegt mgpgt jhjdhrfig` hehi yg`k chdfl pgmg jh`bft mfigrh`gig` ia`sh`trgsf yg`k chdfl phigt shlf`kkg jh`kgcgjf asjasfs.
MGE]GT ^XR]GIG
Xtlfg, Tglfjgtuc, mii. 4>76. –Xof Gitfvftgs Cgisgtfe Histrgi Htg`ac Mgu` Ky`urg prabujdh`s (Caur.) Jhrr. pgmg Jh`bft ^utfl Og`tg` yg`k Mff`muisf Caphrgjfm ‚. Oaur`gc ae Dfacakfbgc Dfacakfbg c Rbfh`bhs.
F.
@gjg ^hrbadgg`
Xof Gitfvftgs G`tfmfgrh FF.
]uoug` ^rgitfiuj
g. Jhjpu`ygf ihthrgjpfcg` mgcgj jhcgiuig` phrbadgg` adgt d. Jh`khtgluf shogul jg`g jg `g g`tfmfgrh mgpgt jh`klgjdgt mfgrh yg`k mftfjducig` achl sugtu ph`bglgr.
FFF.
Mgsgr ]harf
Mfgrh mfmhef`fsfig` shdgkgf sugtu ihgmgg` mf jg`g erhiuh`sf mhehigsf jhchdflf erhiuh`sf `arjgc (chdfl mgrf tfkg igcf shlgrf) mh`kg` ia`sfsth`sf ehshs yg`k jh`uru` (chjdhi gtgu bh`mhru`k bgfr). ^h`f`kigtg` erhiuh`sf mhehigsf throgmf igrh`g jh`uru``yg wgitu trg`sft blyjus mgcgj sgcurg` bhr`g gifdgt jh`f`kigt`yg phrkhrgig` (jatfcftgsf) sgcurg` bhr`g. Jh`f`kigt`yg wgitu trg`sft blyjus mgcgj sgcurg` bhr`g oukg jh`yhdgdig` tfmgi buiup`yg wgitu u`tui gdsarpsf gfr. Lgc f`f jh`yhdgdig` ehshs yg`k mfihcugrig` jh`ogmf chdfl chjdhi gtgu bgfr. Gmg cfjg oh`fs icf`fs ph`ygift mfgrh, ygftu Mfgrh giut dhrbgjpur mh`kg` gfr, mfgrh f`f jhjfcfif khogcg yg`k mgtg`k tfdg-tfdg mg` dhrcg`ksu`k iurg`k mgrf 7=
lgrf, ph`mhrftg gig` jh`kgcgjf mhlfmrgsf mg` ph`uru`g` dhrgt dgmg` ofig tfmgi mfdhrfig` jgig` mgj jf`uj. Mfgrh ira`fi, mfgrh yg`k khogcg`yg dhrcg`ksu`k chdfl mgrf 7= lgrf yg`k mfshdgdig` achl vfrus, dgithrf mg` pgrgsft, jgupu` `a` f`ehisf. Mfgrh giut dhrbgjpur mgrgl, shcgf` f`th`sftgs dug`k gfr dhsgr jh`f`kigt, mfgrh f`f
mgpgt jh`yhdgdig` ihrusgig` usus lgcus,sphsfs, jgc`utrfsf gtgu iurg`k kfzf mg` mhlfmrgsf. Mfgrh phrsfsth`/ira`fs, khogcg`yg dhrcg`ksu`k shcgjg chdfl mgrf 7= lgrf, dglgyg utgjg gmgcgl ihiurg`kg` kfzf, f`ehisf shrfus tfmgi lg`yg mgcgj usus thtgpf jh`yhdgr lf`kkg ihcugr usus. Mfgrh mh`kg` iurg`k kfzf dhrgt, mfgrh f`f chdfl pgrgl mgrf mfgrh yg`k cgf``yg, igrh`g jh`kgifdgtig` f`ehisf yg`k sfegt`yg sfsthjfi gtgu jh`yhcurul yg`k dhrgt, mhlfmrgsf, ihiurg`kg` vftgjf` mg` jf`hrgc, dglig` dfsg jh`kgifdgtig` kgkgc og`tu`k. ^h`kkaca`kg` adgt mfgrh gmgcgl Ihjathrgphutfig, mfku`gig` u`tui thrgpf igusgc, ygftu jhjdhrg`tgs dgithrf ph`yhdgd mfgrh mh`kg` g`tfdfatfig (thtrgsficf`, icargjeh`fiac, mg` gjaisfsfcf`, sucea`gjfmg, eurgzacfmf`, mg` iuf`aca`). _gt ph`hig` phrfstgctfi usus, dhihrog jhjphrcgjdgt jatfcftgs sgcurg` bhr`g mh`kg`
jhjph`kgrulf atat sfriuchr mg` ca`kftumf`gc usus (Ba`tal? Bg`mu mg` gcigcafm`yg, mhrfvgt phtfmf` (mhef`aisfcgt mg` caphrgjf`), mg` g`tfiacf`hrkfi (gtrapf` mg` histrgi dhcgma`g). Gmsardh` jhjfcfif mgyg shrgp yg`k buiup dgfi, ilgsfgt adgt f`f gmgcgl jh`kfigt gtgu jh`yhrgp taisf` dgithrf mg` lgsfc-lgsfc jhtgdacfsjh shrtg jhcgpfsf phrjuigg` juiasg usus (ba`tal? igrda`, jusfcgkh, igacf`, phitf`, kgrgj-kgrgj dfsjut, mg` kgrgj-kgrgj gcuju`fuj). Caphrgjfmg, adgt f`f jhjphrcgjdgt jatfcftgs sgcurg` bhr`g mh`kg` jhjph`kgrulf atat sfriuchr mg` ca`kftumf`gc usus. FU.
Gcgt, Dglg`, mg` Lhwg` Xof Gcgt [gmgl ph`kgjgtg` u`tui ph`kgjgtg`, ph`kgjg tg`, gcgt su`tfi 7 jc, jc, sa`mh argc jh`bft, tfjdg`kg` jh`bft, tfjdg`kg` hchitrfi, stapwgtbl.
U.
Dglg` Achuj rfbf`f / pgrgef` bgfr, Caphrgjfm, @gBc efsfacakfs, BJB @g, Ihrtgs sgrf`k yg`k thcgl mftfjdg`k.
Lhwg` Xof Jh`bft putfl shihcgj shihcgjf` f`
^rashmur Jhtamh ]rg`sft F`thstf`gc? 7. Dadat jh`bft mftfjdg`k ihjumfg` mfihcajpaiig` shbgrg gbgi jh`ogmf 2
ihcajpai, 4. ihcajpai ia`trac mfdhrf BJB 4%, 2. ihcajpai uof Caphrgjfm masfs F mg` masfs FF mf dhrfig` shbgrg phr argc, =. ^gmg wgitu ih-2> jh`ft, shjug ihcajpai lhwg` mfdhrfig` tf`tg bf`g >,7 jc/7> k jh`bft shbgrg phr argc, 8. ^gmg wgitu ih- 5> jh`ft shjug lhwg` mfiardg`ig` mh`kg` bgrg mfscaigsf tucg`k chlhr, 5. Ihjumfg` shthcgl shjug lhwg` mfiardg`ig`, usus mfihcugrig` shbgrg lgtf-lgtf sgjpgf usus thrhkg`k, ;. Rhthcgl usus thrhkg`k, mf uiur pg`og`k usus yg`k mfcgcuf `arft jucgf mgrf pfcarus sgjpgf uou`k gilfr (dhrwgr`g lftgj) mg` pg`og`k shcurul usus mgrf pfcarus sgjpgf rhbtuj, jh`ft ihjumfg` mfdhrf BJB @g b. Ihcajpai 4 ? ia`trac adgt uof (mfdhrf achuj rfbbf`f), 2> jh`ft ihjumfg` mfdhrf adgt g`tfmfgrh 4. Rhjug dglg` uof mfdhrfig` mh`kg` ruth argc, ar gc, 2. ]fgp jh`bft mfjgsuig` ihmgcgj wgmgl ph`kgjgtg` yg`k mfdhrf gcgs ihrtgs sgrf`k yg`k thcgl mftfjdg`k dhrgt`yg, =. Mfcgiuig` ph`kgjgtg` erhiuh`sf mhehigsf, ia`sfsth`sf ehshs mg` dhrgt ehshs shtfgp shcg`k 78 jh`ft shcgjg 5> jh`ft, 8. Erhiuh`sf ehshs mfth`tuig` dhrmgsgrig` dhrgpg igcf jh`bft thrshdut jh`kgcgjf mhehigsf mgcgj tfgp shcg`k 8 jh`ft, 5. Ia`sfsth`sf ehshs mf`ygtgig` mgcgj dh`tui siar shdgkgf dhrfiut ? Rfjdac
Ia`sfsth`sf
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Chjdhi @arjgc
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Erhiuh`sf Ehshs (igcf) jh`ft ih-
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4
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Dhrfiut mgtg lgsfc ph`kgjgtg` jhtamh trg`sft f`thstf`gc? ^hrcgiug`
Lgsfc
Gqug + BJB-@g + ]f`tg Bf`g
Ogrgi yg`k mfthjpul tf`tg bf`g ^g`og`k Xsus Jh`bft
: 48,= bj : 8= bj
Ac. Tfbbf`f + Caphrgjfm + ]f`tg Bf`g
Ogrgi yg`k mfthjpul tf`tg bf`g ^g`og`k Xsus Jh`bft
Ac. Tfbbf`f + @g BJB + ]f`tg Bf`g
Ogrgi yg`k mfthjpul tf`tg bf`g ^g`og`k Xsus Jh`bft
: 4; bj : 88,8 bj : 2;,= bj : 82,8 bj
Tgtg Tgtg Lgsfc ^h`kgjgtg` Jhtamh ^rathisf 2,8
2,7;
2
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> Ia`sfsth`sf
UFF.
Erhiuh`sf
Dadat Ehshs
^hjdglgsg`
Mfgrh jhrupgig` ia`mfsf rg`ksg`kg` dug`k gfr dhsgr yg`k thrus jh`hrus mfshrtgf ihcugr`yg ehshs gtgu tf`og yg`k ihchdflg` bgfrg`, gtgu jhjfcfif ig`mu`kg` gfr yg`k dhrchdfl mgrf ihgmgg` `arjgc. ^gmg phrbadgg` igcf f`f mfcgiuig` uof gitfvftgs g`tfmfgrh yg`k tuoug` `yg gmgcgl u`tui jh`khtgluf shogul jg`g g`tfmfgrh mgpgt jh`klgjdgt mfgrh yg`k mftfjducig` achl sugtu ph`bglgr mh`kg` 4 jhtamh yg`k dhrdhmg, ygftu mh`kg` jhtamh prathisf mg` jhtamh trg`sft f`thstf`gc. Mgcgj phrbadgg`, lhwg` badg yg`k mfku`gig` gmgcgl jh`bft igrh`g lhwg` jh`bft f`f jhrupgig` lhwg` yg`k jhjfcfif g`gtajf efsfacakf yg`k sgjg mh`kg` g`gtajf efsfacakf pgmg jg`usfg mg` mgpgt jh`klhjgt wgitu igrh`g uiurg` tudul`yg yg`k ihbfc jumgl u`tui mftg`kg`f. Jhtamh prathisf pgmg uof g`tfmfgrh f`f jhjpu`ygf prf`sfp yg`k sgjg mh`kg` mh`kg` jhtamh prathisf yg`k mfcgiuig` pgmg uof gitfvftgs cgitgsfe, thtgpf jh`kku`gig` sh`ygwg adgt yg`k dhrdhmg, phrtgjg jh`bft mfihcajpaig` jh`ogmf 2 ihcajpai, ihcajpai 7 jhrupgig` ia`trac `hkgtfvh, jh`bft lg`yg mfdhrf zgt phjdgwg BJB @g, ihcajpai 4 jhrupgig` ia`trac pasftfe, jh`bft mfdhrf Achuj rfbbf`f, 2> jh`ft ihjumfg` mfdhrf BJB @g, mg` ihcajpai ih 2 jhrupgig` ia`trac adgt uof, jh`bft mf dhrf achuj rfbbf`f, 2> jh`ft ihjumfg` mfdhrf adgt g`tfmfgrh. Adgt
g`tfmfgrh yg`k mfku`gig` mfku`gig` mgcgj phrbadgg` f`f gmgcgl caphrgjfm, Mfgpht, mg` Mfgtgd Rhjug dglg` uof mfdhrfig` shbgrg argc igrh`g yg`k gig`k mfgjgtf gmgcgl ihbhpgtg` phrfstgctfi usus. Rhthcgl`yg jh`bft mfjgsuig` ihmgcgj wgmgl ph`kgjgtg` yg`k mfdhrf ihrtgs sgrf`k yg`k sumgl mftfjdg`k shdgkgf gcgs `yg, ihjumfg` mfcgiuig` ph`kgjgtg` erhiuh`sf mhehigsf, ia`sh`trgsf ehshs mgcgj rh`tg`k wgitu 78 jh`ft shcgjg 6> jh`ft, ph`kgjgtg` dhrgt ehshs jh`bft, dhrmgsgrig` shcfsfl ph`fjdg`kg` ihrtgs sgrf`k gwgc mh`kg` ihrtgs sgrf`k shtfgp 78 jh`ft wgitu ph`kgjgtg`. Mfmgpgt lgsfc mhehigsf yg`k tf`kkf pgmg ia`trac pasftfe, ygftu ihcajpai jh`bft yg`k lg`yg mfdhrf achuj rfbbf`f mg` phjdgwg BJB @g. Achuj rfbbf`f f`f jhjfcfif jhig`fsjh ihrog jh`stfjucgsf shirhsf bgfrg` mg` hchitracft. Mg` mgpgt mfcflgt lgsfc mgrf ia`trac adgt uof mfg`tgrg tfkg adgt yg`k mf uof jhjfcfif ph`kurg`kg` pgcf`k tf`kkf thrmgpgt pgmg jh`bft mh`kg` adgt uof Caphrgjfm, Caphrgjfm jhjphrcgjdgt khrgig` usus mh`kg` jhjph`kgrulf cg`ksu`k atat sfriucgr mg` ca`kftumf`gc mf`mf`k usus, shrtg jhjph`kgrulf khrgig` gfr mg` hchitracft mfusus dhsgr. Rhlf`kkg jh`uru`ig` vacujh usus, jh`f`kigtig` vfsiasftgs, mg` jh`klh`tfig` ihlfcg`kg` bgfrg` mg` hchitracft. Cgcu jhtamh yg`k ih 4 gmgcgl jhtamh trg`sft f`thstf`gc, jhtamh f`f mfku`gig` caphrgjfm mh`kg` masfs dhrdhmg yg`k mfdhrfig` shbgrg argc. Rhthcgl 2> jh`ft phjdhrfg` caphrgjfm lhwg` uof mfdhrfig` tf`tg bf`g >,7 jc/7> krgj yg`k oukg mfdhrfig` shbgrg argc. ^h`kku`gg` tf`tg bf`g f`f dhrtuoug` shdgkgf f`mfigtar u`tui jh`khtgluf ihbhpgtg` jatfcftgs usus. Rhthcgl 5> jh`ft lhwg` uof mf iardg`ig` mh`kg` bgrg mfscaigsf tucg`k chlhr mg` mfihcugrig` mg` mfrh`tg`kig` usus lhwg` uof shbgrg lgtf-lgtf. Ihjumfg` mfuiur pg`og`k usus yg`k mfcgcuf tf`tg bf`g jucgf mgrf pycarus sgjpgf uou`k gilfr dhrwgr`g lftgj. Mg` pg`og`k shcurul usus mgrf pycarus sgjpgf rhbtuj. Mfmgpgt lgsfc jhtamh trg`sft f`thstf`gc, jh`bft mh`kg` ia`trac pasftfe yg`k sumgl mfdhrf achuj rfbbf`f, jhjfcfif ruth tf`tg bf`g yg`k mfcgcuf pgcf`k pg`og`k. Rhmg`kig` jh`bft ia`trac `hkgtfe jhjfcfif ogrgi pgcf`k ph`mhi, igrh`g tfmgi mfdhrf zgt cgitgsfe, mg` jh`bft mh`kg` dglg` adgt uof, jhjfcfif `fcgf th`kgl igrh`g shdhcuj mfdhrf adgt g`tfmfgrh, jh`bft ia`trac adgt uof mfdhrf zgt cgisg` yg`k jh`f`kigtig` khrgig` phrfstgctfi atat usus.
UFFF.
Ihsfjpucg`
^gmg prgitfiuj uof gitfvftgs g`tfmfgrh f`f mgpgt mfsfjpuig` dglwg ? g. ^gmg jhtamh prathisf mfmgpgt lgsfc dglwg Caphrgjfm jhjfcfif ph`kurg`kg` mhehigsf pgcf`k tf`kkf, mfg`tgrg ihtfkg adgt yg`k mfuof. d. ^gmg jhtamh trg`sft f`thstf`gc mfmgpgt lgsfc - Jh`bft yg`k mfdhrf zgt cgisg` tg`pg adgt g`tfmfgrh jhjfcfif ogrgi pgcf`k pg`og`k yg`k mfcgcuf achl tf`tg bf`g. - Jh`bft mh`kg` dglg` adgt uof, jhjfcfif `fcgf th`kgl - Jh`bft yg`k tfmgi mfdhrf zgt cgisg` jhjfcfif jhjfcf if ogrgi pgcf`k ph`mhi.
F.
@gjg ^hrbadgg` Xof Gitfeftgs G`gckhsfi
FF. ]uoug` ^rgitfiuj
g. Jh`kh`gc dhrdgkgf bgrg u`tui jh`khvgcugsf shbgrg hisphrfjh`tgc hehi g`gckhtfi sugtu adgt d d.. Jhjglgjf mgsgr-mgsgr phrdhmgg` mgyg g`gckhtfi dhrdgkgf adgt g`gckhtfi b. Jgjpu jhjdhrfig` pg`mg`kg` jh`kh`gf ihshsugfg` ilgsfgt yg`k mfg`ourig` u`tui shmfgg`-shmfgg` egrjgsf g`gckhtfig.
FFF. ^h`mglucug` Dg`ygi, ju`kif` pucg shjug sh`sgsf `yhrf mfshdgdig` igrh`g phjdhdgsg` sh`ygwg-sh`ygwg ifjfg thrth`tu achl stfjucus `yhrf. Rh`ygwg-sh`ygwg ifjfg yg`k mfdhdgsig` f`f gmg yg`k jh`yhrupgf drgmfaif`f` yg`k mgpgt jh`fjducig` rgsg `yhrf, jfsgc`yg vgsamfcgtgsf phjducul mgrgl yg`k jh`kgifdgtig` jfkrgf`h, gtgu jh`fjducig` ihog`k-ihog`k atat vfshrgc gtgu frftgsf jgupu` ihrusgig` ogrf`kg` shthjpgt. ]hrkg`tu`k pgmg shrgdut sygrge yg`k jh`klg`tgrig` fjpucs `yhrf ih iarthis sh`sarfi mf atgi, jgig sh`sgsf `yhrf mfsgmgrf shdgkgf `yhrf yg`k tgogj, jh`usui gtgu `yhrf yg`k chdfl dhrsfegt cf`u. ^h`ygmgrg` sh`sgsf `yhrf sh`mfrf shdgkgf rhspa` thrlgmgp stfjucus `yhrf mgpgt sg`kgt dhrvgrfgsf mgrf arg`k ih arg`k. G`gckhtfi `griatfi shphrtf jaref` mfihtgluf oukg o ukg jhjamfefigsf rhgisf mg` rhspa` arg`k thrlgmgp `yhrf, shlf`kkg `yhrf yg`k mfmhrftg`yg mgpgt chdfl c hdfl dgfi. Adgt-adgt g`gckhtfi gmgcgl ihcajpai adgt yg`k jhjfcfif gitfvftgs jh`hig` gtgu jh`kurg`kf rgsg `yhrf thrlgmgp rg`ksg`k `yhrf jhig`fi, thrjfi, cfstrfi gtgu ifjfgwf mf pusgt mg` phrfehr gtgu mh`kg` bgrg jh`klgjdgt phjdh`tuiig` prastgkcg`mf` shdgkgf jhmfgtar sh`sgsf `yhrf. Ihcajpai adgt f`f thrdgkf ih mgcgj kaca`kg` g`gckhtfi iugt (g`gckhtfi `griatfi) yg`k dhihrog sh`trgc thrlgmgp sfsthj sygrge pusgt, mg` kaca`kg` g`gckhtfi chjgl (g`gckhtfi `a`-`griatfi) yg`k dhihrog shbgrg phrfehr. ^gmg phjgigfg` yg`k tfmgi lgtf-lgtf adgt-adgt mgcgj ihcajpai phrtgjg mgpgt jh`fjducig` ihthrkg`tu`kg`, shmg`kig` adgt-adgt mgcgj ihcajpai ihmug gmgigcg`yg jhjfcfif pucg hehi g`tfpfrhtfig mf sgjpf`k hehi g`gckhsfi shphrtf gshtasgc, mg` hehi g`tf rgmg`k shphrtf plh`acdutgza`. Mf sgjpf`k ftu gmg dhdhrgpg adgt yg`k jhsifpu` tfmgi mfkaca`kig` g`gckhtfi, dhihrog shbgrg sphsfefi u`tui jhrf`kg`ig` ph`mhrftgg` `yhrf shphrtf hrkatgjf`, sh`ygwg-sh`ygwg `ftrft mg` iacilfsf`. ^gmg wgitu jh`khvgcugsf hehi adgt g`gckhtfig phrcu mfphrlgtfig` dglwg jhtamg-jhtamg hisphrfjh`tgc yg`k gmg tfmgi shcgcu mgpgt jh`mfsirfjf`gsfig` mh`kg` dgfi g`tgrg adgt
yg`k path`sfgc mg` yg`k tfmgi path`sfgc shdgkgf g`gckhtfi pgmg jg`usfg. Ihsucftg` mfshdgdig` pucg igrh`g tfmgi shjug tfph `yhrf mgpgt mfrhpramuisf shbgrg hisphrfjh`tgc. Rhbgrg ujuj mfg`kkgp dglwg path`sf sugtu g`gckhtfig tfmgi mgpgt mfhvgcugsf mh`kg` dgfi shbgrg hisphrfjh`tgc mgcgj arg`k shlgt shlf`kkg hiphrfjh`hisphrfjh` u`tui jgisum f`f shcgcu mfrh`bg`gig` u`tui sftugsf icf`fi. Jhtamh ph`kuofg` gitfvftgs g`gckhtfig mfcgiuig` mh`kg` jh`fcgf ihjgj ihjgjpug` pug` zgt uof u`tui jh`hig` gtgu jh`klfcg`kig` rgsg `yhrf yg`k mff`muisf pgmg lhwg` phrbadgg` (jh`bft, tfius, jgrjat), yg`k jhcfputf f`muisf shbgrg jhig`fi, thrjfi, hchitrfi mg` shbgrg ifjfg. Jhtamh ph`kuofg` mh`kg` f`muisf `yhrf shbgrg jhig`fi gtgu thrjfi chdfl shsugf u`tui jh`khvgcugsf adgt g`gckhtfig iugt. ^gmg ujuj`yg mgyg ihrog g`gckhtfig mf`fcgf pgmg lhwg` mh`kg` jh`kuiur dhsgr`yg ph`f`kigtg` stfjucus `yhrf yg`k lgrus mfdhrfig` shdhcuj gmg rhspa` `yhrf gtgu og`kig wgitu ihtglg`g` lhwg` thrlgmgp stfujucus `yhrf gtgu oukg phrg`g` erhiuh`sf rhspa` `yhrf. ^rf`sfp jhtamh pgmg f`muisf `yhrf shbgrg pg`gs f`f ygftu lhwg` phrbadgg` mfthjpgtig` mf gtgs pcgt pg`gs mh`kg` sulu thtgp shdgkgf stfjucus `yhrf gig` jhjdhrfig` rhspa` mgcgj dh`tui jh`kg`kigt gtgu jh`ofcgt thcgpgi igif mhpg`, gtgu jhca`bgt. Rhcg`k wgitu g`tgrg phjdhrfg` stfjucus `yhrf mg` throgmf`yg rhspa` yg`k mfshdut mh`kg` wgitu rhgisf, mgpgt mftf`kigtig` achl ph`kgrul adgt-adgtg` g`gckhtfig. ^h`f`kigtg` wgitu rhgisf f`f shcg`out`yg mgpgt mfogmfig` pgrgjhthr mgcgj jh`khvgcugsf jh`khv gcugsf gitfvftgs g`gckhtfig.
FU.
Gcgt, Dglg`, mg` Lhwg` Xof
Gcgt ?
7. Gcgt su`tfi 7 jc/sa`mh argc 4.
^cgt pg`gs sulu 88¾B mfch`kigpf tlhrjastgt
2. ^cgtearj ph`kgjgtg` jh`bft
Dglg` ?
=. Rtapwgtbl 8. ]fjdg`kg` jh`bft 7. adgt g`gckhsfi (gsgj gshtfc sgcfsfcgt/gshtasgc gtgu bamhf`,
Lhwg` phrbadgg` ?
gsgj
Jheh`gjgt,
^grgbhtgjac
gtgu
g`tgckf`) 4. Cgrutg` @gBc efsfacakfs, Gsgj gshtgt >,;%, BJB @g 7- 4% Jh`bft putfl og`tg` mh`kg` dhrgt dgmg` 48-2> k
U.
^rashmur Jhtamh F`muisf Ifjfg g.
Lhwg` mfdgkf gtgs 2 ‒ = ihcajpai. Rhjug lhwg` mgrf shtfgp ihcajpai mfdhrf phrcgiug` shsugf mh`kg` ihcajpai`yg shbgrg phr argc, ygftu ?
7) Ihcajpai ia`trac mfdhrf cgrutg` @gBc efsfacakfs gtgu cgrutg` susph`sf kaj grgd 4%
4) Ihcajpai adgt stg`mgr mfdhrf gsgj gshtfc gs htfc sgcfsfcgt 7>> jk/ikDD 2) Ihcajpai uof mfdhrfig` adgt uof shsugf masfs =) Rhthcgl 2> jh`ft, lhwg` mfdhrf gsgj gshtgt >,;% shbgrg s hbgrg f.p d. d.
Rhkhrg shthcgl phjdhrfg` gsgj gshtgt, lhwg` mfsfjpg` pgmg pcgtearj ph`kgjgtg`, khrgig` khcfgt lhwg` mfgjgtf, mg` oujcgl oujcgl khcfgt mfbgtgt shtfgp 8 jh`ft shcgjg 5> jh`ft og`kig wgitu ph`kgjgtg`.
b.
Mgtg yg`k mfphrachl mfg`gcfsfs shbgrg stgtfstfi dhrmgsgrig` g`gcfsfs vgrfg`sf mg` ihdhrjgi`gg` phrdhmgg` oujcgl khcfgt g`tgrg ihcajpai ia`trac mg` ihcajpai uof mfg`gcfsfs mh`kg` mh`kg` stumh`t‖s stumh`t‖s ]-thst ]-thst
m.
Mgyg prathisf adgt uof thrlgmgp rgsg `yhrf mg` hehitfvftgs g`gckhsfi`yg mflftu`k mh`kg` rujus dhrfiut ? % prathisf : 7>> ‒ (oujcgl khcfgt ihc. uof / oujcgl khcfgt ihcajpai ia`trac) x7>>% % hehitfvftgs g`gckhsfi g`gckhsfi : % prathisf zgt uof / % prathisf gs.gshtfc sgcfsfcgt x 7>>%.
h.
UF.
Mgtg mfsgofig` mgcgj dh`tui tgdhc gtgu krgefi
Lgsfc ^h`kgjgtg` Tgtg Tgtg
Oujcgl khcfgt (igcf) jh`ft ih-
Ihcajpai 8‖
7>‖
Ia`trac @arjgc
>
>
Ia`trac ^asftfe (f`muisf) Gspfrf`
7
78‖
4>‖
48‖
>
>
>
4
77
2>
7
7
78
Gsgj Jheh`gjgt
>
>
Jhcaisfigj
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4
28‖
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>
>
>
>
25
=7
==
=4
78
72
7>
48
7>
77
6
7>
77
;
5
8
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88‖
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>
>
>
87
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27
2>,=4
47
6
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4
7
7>,8<
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>
>
2,22
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5
5
7
7
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Fdupraeh`
>
6
48
48
78
76
7>
6
<
<
5
8
Tgtg-Tgtg Lgsfc ^h`kgjgtg` 28
2> 48
4>
78
7>
8
> Ia`trac @arjgc
Ia`trac ^asftfe
Gspfrf`
Gsgj Jheh`gjgt
Jhcaisfigj
Fdupraeh`
- ^hrlftu`kg` %prathisf
UFF.
4;
7. % prathisf Gspfrf`
: 7>> ‒ 7>> ‒ ( (
7>>)
: 58,4%
4. % prathisf Gsgj Jheh`gjgt
: 7>> 7>> ‒ ‒ ( (
7>>)
: =%
2. % prathisf Jhcaisfigj
: 7>> ‒ 7>> ‒ ( (
7>>)
: ‒ 7>> ‒ ( (
7>>)
: 57,64%
258 = 258 82
258 26
258
^hjdglgsg`
@yhrf jhrupgig` sh`sgsf yg`k jh`kf`mfigsfig` dglwg tudul shmg`k jh`kgcgjf ihrusgig` ogrf`kg`, f`ecgjgsf, gtgu ihcgf`g` yg`k chdfl dhrgt shphrtf mfseu`ksf sfsthj sgrge. Achl igrh`g ftu `yhrf shrf`k mfshdut shdgkgf gcgrj u`tui jhcf`mu`kf tudul mgrf ihrusgig` ogrf`kg` yg`k chdfl pgrgl. Tgsg `yhrf shrf`kigcf jh`yhdgdig` rgsg tfmgi `ygjg` shphrtf rgsg thrtusui, rgs g thrdgigr, rgsg ihshtruj, mg` cgf``yg shlf`kkg jh`kkg`kku iugcftgs lfmup pgsfh` gtgu arg`k yg`k jh`kgcgjf `yhrf. G`gckhsfi gmgcgl adgt yg`k shchitfe jh`kurg`kf rgsg sgift mh`kg` dhrtf`mgi mgcgj sfsthj sgrge pusgt gtgu pgmg jhig`fsjh `yhrf phrfehr, tg`pg shbgrg sfk`fefig` jh`kudgl ihsgmgrg`. G`gckhsfi jh`klfcg`kig` rgsg sgift, tg`pg jhjph`kgrulf ph`yhdgd`yg. G`gckhsfi gpgdfcg mfku`gig` mh`kg` masfs yg`k dhrchdflg` jgig mgpgt jh`fjducig` dhdhrgpg hehi sgjpf`k. (Blg`mrg ht gc., 4>75).
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^gmg prgitfiuj Xof Gitfvftgs G`gckhsfi f`f dhrtuoug` u`tui mgpgt jhcgiuig` dhrdgkgf bgrg u`tui jh`khvgcugsf shbgrg hisphrfjh`tgc hehi sugtu adgt g`gckhsfi, mgpgt jhjglgjf mgsgr ‒ mgsgr phrdhmgg` mgyg g`gckhsfi dhrdgkgf adgt, mg` oukg jgjpu jhjdhrfig` pg`mg`kg` jh`kh`gf ihshsugfg` ilgsfgt yg`k mfg`ourig` u`tui shmfgg` ‒ shmfgg` ‒ shmfgg` shmfgg` egrjgsf yg`k jh`kg`mu`k g`gckhtfig. Jhtamh yg`k mfku`gig` pgmg prgitfiuj igcf f`f gmgcgl jhtamh f`muisf ifjfg. ^rf`sfp mgrf jhtamh f`muisf ifjfg f`f gmgcgl f`f mh`kg` mfdhrfig` rgsg `yhrf thrlgmgp jh`bft. @yhrf mff`muisf mh`kg` f`ohisf frftg` ihmgcgj ra`kkg phrfta`hgc jh`bft. Lhwg` thrshdut dhrhgisf mh`kg` phrfcgiu phrhkg`kg` yg`k mfshdut khcfgtg`, shcg`out`yg mfih`gc mh`kg` jhtamh wrftlf`k thst . Xof badg f`f babai u`tui jh`mhthisf
gitfvftgs
g`gckhsfi
wgcgupu`
dhdhrgpg
gkh`
psfiagitfe
oukg
jh`u`ouiig` gitfvftgs. _gt ifjfg yg`k mfku`gig` pgmg prgituiuj f`f gmgcgl Gsgj Gshtgt. Adgt g`gckhsfi yg`k gig` mfuofig` g`tgrg cgf` Gspfrf`, Gsgj Jheh`gjgt, Jhcaisfigj mg` Fdupraeh`. ^hrtgjg yg`k lgrus mfcgiuig` gmgcgl jh`yfgpig` lhwg` uof. Lhwg` uof yg`k mfku`gig` gmgcgl jh`bft. Rfgpig` 5 jh`bft, cgcu tg`mgf jh`bft thrshdut. Jh`bft 7 u`tui ihcajpai ia`trac `arjgc, jh`bft 4 u`tui ihcajpai ia`trac pasftfe, jh`bft 2 u`tui ihcajpai uof adgt gspfrf`, jh`bft = u`tui ihcajpai uof adgt Gsgj Jheg`gjgt, jh`bft 8 u`tui ihcajpai uof adgt Jhcaxfbgj mg` jh`bft 5 u`tui ihcajpai uof adgt Fdupraeh`. Cgcu shthcgl ftu, pgmg ihcajpai ia`trac `arjgc mg` ia`trac, mfdhrfig` BJB-@g shbgrg phrargc, cgcu u`tui ihcajpai uof mfdhrfig` adgt uof shsugf masfs`yg. Rhthcgl 2> jh`ft, ihcajpai ia`trac pasftfe mg` ihcajpai uof mfdhrf gsgj gshtgt >,;% shbgrg f`trgphrfta`hgc. ^hjdhrfg` Gsgj Gshtgt mfdhrfig` shbgrg f`trgphrfta`hgc igrh`g u`tui jh`bhkgl ph`kurgfg` sggt jhchwgtf ogrf`kg` efsfacakfi pgmg arkg` thrth`tu mg` mfilgwgtfrig` mgpgt jhrusgi ogrf`kg` tudul ofig mfdhrfig` jhcgcuf ruth cgf`.Lhwg` uof sfjpg` mf gtgs pcgtearj ph`kgjgtg`, cgcu mfcgiuig` ph`kgjgtg` oujcgl khcfgt pgmg lhwg` tfgp 8 jh`ft. ^hjdhrfg` Gsgj Gshtgt f`f dhrtuoug` u`tui jh`fjducig` rg`ksg`k `yhrf jhcgcuf rg`ksg`k iffjfg. ^hjdhrfg` dglg` ifjfg thrth`tu gig` jhrusgi ogrf`kg` shlf`kkg jhjfbu thrchpgs`yg jhmfgtar `yhrf shphrtf drgmfif`f`, prastgkcg`mf` mgrf ogrf`kg` yg`k rusgi yg`k ihjumfg` jhrg`ksg`k rhshptar `yhrf mf uou`k ‒ uou`k sgrge phrfehr yg`k shcg`out`yg mfthrusig` ih pusgt `yhrf mf iarthis shrhdrf yg`k achl sgrge sh`sarfs jhcgcuf sujsuj tucg`k dhcgig`k mg` tgcgjus yg`k ihjumfg` dhrupg
rgsg `yhrf shdgkgf gifdgt mgrf rg`ksg`k atgi. Mfku`gig` Gsgj Gshtgt igrh`g jhrupgig` gsgj chjgl yg`k pgmg mgsgr`yg dhrsfegt jh`kfrftgsf mg` mgpgt jhjdugt cuig yg`k mgpgt jh`fjducig` rgsg sgift, thtgpf chdfl shmfift jhrusgi ogrf`kg` ogrf`kg` mg` tfmgi phrjg`h` dfcg mfdg`mf`kig` mh`kg` jh`kku`gig` gsgj gtgu dgsg dgs g iugt. Cgrutg` Gsgj Gshtgt mfdhrfig` shthcgl 2> jh`ft igrh`g mfihtgluf dglwg adgt yg`k thcgl mfdhrfig` shdhcuj`yg sumgl jh`kgcgjf egsh gdsardsf u`tui jhrhmgig` rgsg `yhrf. Rhcg`k dhdhrgpg jh`ft shthcgl phjdhrfg` Gsgj Gshtgt jh`bft gig` jh`kkhcfgt yg`k mftg`mgf mh`kg` gmg`yg ihog`k phrut mg` igif mftgrfi ih dhcgig`k. Cgcu oujcgl khcfgt jh`bft mflftu`k shtfgp shcg`k wgitu 8 jh`ft shcgjg 5> jh`ft. ^gmg lgsfc ph`kgjgtg`, mgpgt mfcflgt dglwg rgtg ‒ rgtg rgtg khcfgt pgmg ihcajpai ia`trac pasftfe gmgcgl 2>.=4, rgtg ‒ rgtg ‒ rgtg rgtg erhiuh`sf khcfgt pgmg ihcajpai uof Gspfrf` gmgcgl 7>.8
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