2603d Manual para La Negociacion Colectiva
July 28, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Kicokkgûl Glkcusgûl y Ngvorsgnhn Lúdori 8;
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH OL DH^ORGH NO NG[KHVHKGNHN
Kicokkgûl Glkcusgûl y Ngvorsgnhn Ngroktir: Cugs Khyi Vçroz Buoli
Kil oc hpiyi no: DGLG[^ORGI NO [HLGNHN, [ORQGKGI[ [IKGHCO[ O G@_HCNHN
[OKRO^HRÄH NO O[^HNI NO [ORQGKGI[ [IKGHCO[ O G@_HCNHN NGROKKGÛL@OLORHC NO VICÄ^GKH[ NO HVIWI H CH NG[KHVHKGNHN
Ongkgûl no Cugs Khyi Vçroz Buoli VRGDORH ONGKGÛL: julgi 268; © KORDG © NO CH GC_[^RHKGÛL NO K_BGOR^H: Nhvgn no ch Auolto Kiocci, 268;.
Rosorvhnis tinis cis norokmis. Kuhcqugor airdh no roprinukkgûl, ngstrgbukgûl, kidulgkhkgûl ;púbcgkh i trhlsairdhkgûl no osth ibrh sûci so puono rohcgzhnh kil ch hutirgzhkgûl no sus tgtuchros, shcvi oxkopkgûl provgsth pir ch coy. Ngräjhso h KONRI (Koltri Osphøic no Norokmis Ropri`rèkis, www.konri.ir`) sg lokosgth aitikipghr i oskhlohr hc`úl arh`dolti no osth ibrh. Ch rospilshbgcgnhn no chs ipglgilos oxproshnhs ol chs ibrhs no ch Kicokkgûl Glkcusgûl y Ngvorsgnhn ongthnhs pir Ongkgilos Kglkh, [. H., glkudbo oxkcusgvhdolto h sus hutiros y su pubcgkhkgûl li sg`lgkh quo Ongkgilos Kglkh, [. H. so gnoltgquo kil chs dgsdhs. NG[OØI NO KICOKKGÛL Juhl Qgnhurro VRIN_KKGÛL ONG^IRGHC, KIIRNGLHKGÛL ^ÇKLGKH O GDVRO[GÛL:
@rupi Ongtirghc Kglkh, [. H. K/ @olorhc Gbèøoz Gbori, ?H 2=66; Dhnrgn ^oc.: 78 ??; 22 02 Ahx: 78 ??> ;0 76 `rupiongtirghcFongkgiloskglkh.kid www.ongkgiloskglkh.kid
NOVÛ[G^I CO@HC: D. 8=.12; - 268; G[BL: 70=-=>-8?;6?->0-0
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH OL DH^ORGH NO NG[KHVHKGNHN Ongkgûl no Cugs Khyi Vçroz Buoli
Osto Dhluhc so mh ochbirhni kil oc hpiyi no:
ÄLNGKO
Vrosolthkgilos..........................................................................................
88
GL^RIN_KKGÛL .................................................................................
8?
¹Vir quç osto Dhluhc9 ............................................................................ ¹H qugçl so ngrg`o9 .................................................................... ................................................................................. ............. ¹Xuç ibjotgvis porsg`uo9 ........................................................................ ¹Kûdi so mh ochbirhni9 ......................................................................... ¹Kuèc os oc olaiquo quo irgolth osto Dhluhc9 ...................................... ¹Xuç gdpcgkhkgilos tgolo osto olaiquo9 ................................................ ¹Xuç kiltolgnis noshrricch osto Dhluhc9 ..............................................
8? 81 81 80 8= 87 26
Khpätuci G
OC RO^I NO VI^OLKGHR CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH KIDI GL[^R_DOL^I VHRH AHKGCG^HR CH VHR^GKGVHKGÛL W HK^GQHKGÛL NO CH[ VOR[ILH[ KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN OL CH QGNH CHBIRHC ...........................
2?
G.8. Oc odpcoi no chs dujoros y midbros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol Osphøh: brovos pglkochnhs...................................................
2?
=
ÄLNGKO
G.2. Ahktiros quo cgdgthl i kilngkgilhl ch glkcusgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn.............................................. G.;. Oc roti no gltrinukgr ulh picätgkh ospokäkh ngrg`gnh h ch ngskhphkgnhn ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh............................
20 27
Khpätuci GG
OC DHRKI J_RÄNGKI HVCGKHBCO VHRH CH G@_HCNHN NO CH[ VOR[ILH[ KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN OL OC ÈDBG^I CHBIRHC W OL CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH ... ...
;;
GG.8. Dhrki jurängki no ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc èdbgti noc odpcoi.........
;;
¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH OL DH^ORGH NO NG[KHVHKGNHN9 ............. ...............
?8
Khpätuci GGG
GGG.8. Glkirpirhkgûl Glkirpirhk gûl sgstodètgkh no kcèusuchs kilvolkgilhcos glkcusgvhs ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn ol cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis .......................................................................... ............................................................................ GGG.2. Gltrinukkgûl no ulh picätgkh ospokäkh ngrg`gnh h ch ngskhphkgnhn ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ............................. GGG.;. Vhuths y rokidolnhkgilos quo so mhl no kilsgnorhr ol oc prikosi no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh................................. GGG.>. Vhuths y rokidolnhkgilos phrh oc odpinorhdgolti no cis prith`ilgsths no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh..................
?2 1= 08 0;
ÄLNGKO
7
HLO]I[ Hloxi G Oc odpcoi no chs dujoros y midbros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol Osphøh: brovos pglkochnhs..................................................................................... pglkochnhs...................................... ...............................................
07
Hloxi GG Ahktiros quo cgdgthl i kilngkgilhl ch glkcusgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ...................................................................... ..................................................................................... ...............
7?
Hloxi GGG Dhrki jurängki no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ..........................................
86?
Hloxi GQ Auoltos no roaorolkgh .............................................................................
8;8
VRO[OL^HKGILO[ Vhroko bhsthlto kchri quo ch prosolthkgûl no ul cgbri nobo sorvgr phrh mhkorso ulh gnoh no sus kiltolgnis quo glkoltgvo ch kiltglugnhn no ch cokturh. Ol khsi, puono ul sgdpco nospgoko nocostis tätuciibjotgvis. noc cgbri ol cis ngvorsis kilkoptis quoosto glkcuyo, kudpcgr yh kil Osto Dhluhc mhbch no ngskhphkgnhn y no glkcusgûl, glkcusgûl , y kil osti lis rokuornh quo ch ngskhphkgnhn, kidi ngaorolkgh, so puono trhnukgr ol nosg`uhcnhn, ol oxkcusgûl. Vir osi, ch prgdorh throh os loutrhcgzhr ch oxkcusgûl, cukmhr kiltrh ch ngskrgdglhkgûl ngrokth o glngrokth. Vori so puono y so nobo nhr ul phsi dès, oc phsi quo supilo vhcirhr ch ngaorolkgh kidi ngvorsgnhn, y ol osto torroli yh li osthdis mhbchlni sici no cis oaoktis sikghcdolto lo`htgvis no ch nosg`uhcnhn. Osthdis mhbchlni thdbgçl no cis oaoktis lo`htgvis no ch nosg`uhcnhn nosno ch porspoktgvh no ch okgolkgh okilûdgkh, no kûdi ch nosg`uhcnhn supilo dhc`hsthr oc khpgthc bèsgki no ch okilidäh, oc khpgthc mudhli. Krçhldo quo li so trhth no ul sgdpco juo`i no phchbrhs: ch sikgonhn, ch okilidäh li puonol pordgtgrso pornor chs khphkgnhnos no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Vir osi mhy quo trhbhjhr phrh quo ch ngaorolkgh li soh nosg`uhcnhn, y thdbgçl phrh quo ch ngaorolkgh soh ngvorsgnhn, soh hprivokmhdgolti no chs khphkgnhnos. W mhy quo osairzhrso nosno oc trhbhji, nosno oc odpcoi kidi väh aulnhdolthc no sikghcgzhkgûl o glkcusgûl. Vir osi os duy gdpirthlto
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VRO[OL^HKGILO[
quo osto Dhluhc so ikupo no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, pirquo ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh os oc glstrudolti bèsgki y khrhktorästgki no ch ro`uchkgûl chbirhc. W ci os, oltro itrhs kishs, pirquo so trhth no ulh ro`uchkgûl kil khphkgnhn no hnhpthkgûl h chs ngaoroltos kgrkulsthlkghs no chs odproshs, no cis trhbhjhniros y no cis trhbhjis. Kil osti vicvodis h chs gnohs no ngaorolkgh y ngvorsgnhn, kidi ipuosths h ch no nosg`uhcnhn, y thdbgçl h chs gnohs no kimosgûl i glkcusgûl sikghc y okgolkgh okilûdgkh. Ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh puono ro`uchr oc trhbhji irgoltèlniso h ch cukmh kiltrh ch ngskrgdglhkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, y thdbgçl h ch hnhpthbgcgnhn ol ch `ostgûl no cis rokursis mudhlis quo ahkgcgth ch pcolh utgcgzhkgûl no chs khphkgnhnos, no ch ngvorsgnhn ol chs khphkgnhnos. W phrh osth throh, osto Dhluhc pripirkgilh glairdhkgûl y hbro cälohs no rofloxgûl, hpirth oxporgolkgh y pripilo oxporgolkghs. Hvhlkol puos dès hccè no osth prosolthkgûl y hprokghrèl, ulh voz dès, oc buol trhbhji no KORDG ol ahvir no ch glkcusgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Dhrkis Voøh Vrosgnolto Kilsoji Okilûdgki y [ikghc no Osphøh
Dhluhc phrh ch lo` lo`ikghkgûl ikghkgûl kicoktgvh glkcusgvh ol dhtorgh no ngs-
Oc khphkgnhn noc
KORDG os ul toxti sgl prokonoltos ol ch cgtorhturh sibro rochkgilos chbirhcos ol Osphøh. Ol su ronhkkgûl mhl kichbirhni donghlto kilsucths, oltro itris, cis h`oltos sikghcos (_@^, KKII y KOIO), h`oltos no ch okilidäh sikghc (KOVO[ y AOHKOD) y ch Aulnhkgûl ILKO. Oc khrèktor gllivhnir noc toxti norgvh no ch rochkgûl quo osthbcoko oltro ch bhjh thsh no odpcohbgcgnhn no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn y ch husolkgh no dokhlgsdis ro`uchniros i pitolkghniros noc odpcoi h trhvçs chs lirdhs kilvolkgilhcos. [u ibjotgvi prgdirnghc kilsgsto ol pripirkgilhr h cis h`oltos sikghcos ulh morrhdgolth phrh glkirpirhr ch ngskhphkgnhn ol tinis cis èdbgtis no ch odprosh quo nopolnol no ch kilkorthkgûl sikghc, pripilgolni ul kil julti no kilsg`l kilsg`lhs hs prèktg prèktgkhs khs quo puonhl sorvgr no `uäh nurhlto ch lo`ik lo`ikghghkgûl no kilvolgis kicoktgvis. No osth airdh, so protolno quo sgrvh no roaorolkgh h cis h`oltos sikghcos nurhlto ch lo`ikghkgûl no kilvolgis kicoktgvis. H thc l so su`goro ch gltrinukkgûl no kcèusuchs ol cis kilvolgis quo ahvirozkhl ch dhyir glkcusgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc dorkhni chbirhc. Hnodès, oc ostungi nosthkh ch lokosgnhn no quo cis h`oltos sikghcos tidol no kilkgolkgh no ch pribcodètgkh noc kicoktgvi no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn y ch lokoshrgh glkcusgûl no kcèusuchs quo ahvirozkhl ch li ngskrgdglhkgûl y su hkkosgbgcgnhn hc èdbgti chbirhc. Ol torkor cu`hr, oc dhluhc mhko mglkhpgç ol quo so mh no hvhlzhr ol oc kiltric no ch hpcgkhkgûl oaoktgvh no ch lirdhtgvh ol dhtorgh no g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y li ngskrgdglhkgûl h trhvçs noc ipirtuli kiltric pir phrto no chs hndglgstrhkgilos púbcgkhs y no ch portglolto vg`gchlkgh no cis h`oltos sikghcos. Oc toxti hpirth ulh vgsgûl krätgkh no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh duy livonish yh quo kilsgnorh quo, sg bgol so mhl rohcgzhni kgortis hvhlkos, quonh
8>
VRO[OL^HKGILO[
húl dukmi khdgli pir rokirror. Hsä, li bhsthräh ch rogtorhkgûl no ostgpuchkgilos co`hcos sgli quo noborähl gltrinukgrso ol cis kilvolgis kcèusuchs no kiltolgni dès kilkroti quo pordgtgorhl `hrhltgzhr ch oaoktgvh g`uhcnhn y li ngskrgdglhkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn (h trhvçs no, oltro itrhs, ulh dès hnokuhnh ro`uchkgûl no chs kilngkgilos chbirhcos, kuiths no rosorvh, hkkosgbgcgnhn noc oltirli chbirhc, pchlos no g`uhcnhn, pritokkgûl sikghc y hpiyi h chs ahdgcghs kil dgodbris kil ngskhphkgnhn no cis trhbhjhniros). Cis h`oltos sikghcos nobol tidhr kilkgolkgh no ch pribcodètgkh chbirhc ospokäkh no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn (li sici ol oc hkkosi hc dorkhni chbirhc sgli thdbgçl nurhlto oc noshrricci no ch rochkgûl chbirhc y, duy phrtgkuchrdolto, ol su kilsorvhkgûl kuhlni ch ngskhphkgnhn so prinuko no dhlorh sibrovolgnh). W os quo mhy quo glsgstgr ol quo sil chs oltgnhnos no okilidäh sikghc „oltro itrhs, phtrilhc y sglngkhtis„ qugolos nobol ojorkol ul phpoc pitolkghnir no ch kimosgûl sikghc. Ol nolgtgvh, oc hkkosi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn h ul odpcoi ng`li y no khcgnhn so vorè ahvirokgni sg chs kilngkgilos chbirhcos quo rg`ol ol chs odproshs, y quo rosucthl no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, so kilkgbol ol kchvo no glkcusgûl y htolkgûl h ch ngvorsgnhn quo supilo ch ngskhphkgnhn. Chs kchvos no kûdi dojirhr ch ro`uchkgûl kilvolkgilhc vg`olto so noshrricchl ol osto dhluhc no glngspolshbco kilsucth phrh cis h`oltos sikghcos y kuyh pubcgkhkgûl nobo supilor ul mgti ol oc èdbgti no chs rochkgilos chbirhcos, pir oc quo mhy quo aocgkgthrso. Èl`oc Bchski Voccgkor Vrosgnolto no ch Kidgsgûl Kilsuctgvh Lhkgilhc no Kilv Kilvolgis olgis Kicoktgvis Khtonrètgki no Norokmi noc ^rhbhji y [o`urgnhn [ikghc _lgvorsgnhn no Qhcolkgh
GL^RIN_KKGÛL ¹Vir quç osto Dhluhc9 Chsolbhjhs thshs no chs hktgvgnhn y ikuphkgûl chs porsilhs kgnhn luostri phäs, ngkucthnos phrh su no glkcusgûl chbirhc,kil cisngskhphnçkgts oxgstoltos phrh ch oaoktgvh g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos ol su hkkosi, pridikgûl y noshrricci ol oc èdbgti chbirhc, chs ngaorolkghs oltro midbros y dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol dhtorgh no odpcoi, otk. ^inis ostis ocodoltis pilol no rocgovo ch lokosgnhn no nospco`hr picätgkhs, ostrhto`ghs, prèktgkhs y hktuhkgilos ngrg`gnhs h hktgvhr h chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc èdbgti chbirhc ol kilngkgilos no oaoktgvh g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos. Ol ostoquo soltgni, rokgoltos rovochl quoporsilhs uli no kil cis ahktiros dès rocovhltos oxpcgkhostungis ch bhjh thsh no odpcoi no cis ngskhphkgnhn os ch oskhsh utgcgzhkgûl no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh phrh ahkgcgthr no airdh hktgvh su phrtgkgphkgûl ol ch vgnh chbirhc. Vir thcos ditgvis, osto DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH OL DH^ORGH NO NG[KHVHKGNHN so pchltoh kil ch lhcgnhn úctgdh no kiltrgbugr h ch glkcusgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn y hc ojorkgkgi y ngsaruto no tinis sus norokmis ol oc èdbgti chbirhc, kil pcolgtun y ol g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos.
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GL^RIN_KKGÛL
¹H qugçl so ngrg`o9 Osto Dhluhc so ngrg`o h tinhs hquocchs porsilhs, h`oltos y iporhniros sikghcos ol kuhcqugor èdbgti ol quo so nospcgo`h ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh: lo`ikghniros no cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis, odproshrgis, rospilshbcos no rokursis mudhlis, dgodbris no cis kidgtçs no odprosh y noco`hnis no porsilhc, noco`hnis sglngkhcos, otk.
¹Xuç ibjotgvis porsg`uo9 • [orgr no phuth h cis lo`ikghniros no kilolgis kicoktgis, hkuornis i phktis h ch mirh no glkirpirhr ch porspoktgvh no ch ngskhphkgnhn ol kuhcqugor prikosi no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, nosno ul olaiquo glto`rhc, hpirthlni hsgdgsdi ojodpcis phrh ch gltrinukkgûl ol cis kilvolgis no kcèusuchs quo glkgnhl ol cis/hs trhbhjhniros/hs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol tinis cis èdbgtis. • Kiltrgbugr h ch trhlorshcgzhkgûl trhlorshcgzhkgûl no ch ngskhphkgnhn ol oc èdbgti no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, kilsg`ugolni ul dhyir kilikgdgolti y tidh no kilkgolkgh no cis ngstgltis h`oltos quo gltorvgolol ol cis prikosis no kicoktgvh sibro cis ocodoltis quo so mhl no no osto glkirpirhr phrhlo`ikghkgûl ch glkcusgûl, ch li ngskrgdglhkgûl y hkkosgbgcgnhn `rupi sikghc ol oc èdbgti chbirhc. • Hhlzhr ol oc oaoktgi kudpcgdgolti no ch lirdhtgh hpcgkhbco phrh ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y li ngskrgdglhkgûl ol oc èdbgti chbirhc, ol chs ngstglths dinhcgnhnos no odpcoi irnglhrgi, odpcoi prito`gni, odpcoi kil hpiyi, otk., ahvirokgolni ch glkirpirhkgûl ol cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis, hkuornis i phktis (i lirdhs kilvolgnhs) no ngspisgkgilos quo kiltrgbuyhl h ch oaoktgvh hpcgkhkgûl no kuostgilos kidi ch kuith no
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
80
rosorvh, hnhpthkgilos no puostis no trhbhji, hjustos rhzilhbcos, hkkosgbghkkosg bgcgnhn ulgvorshc, g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos ol oc hkkosi hc odpcoi, ol ch airdhkgûl y pridikgûl, vgsgbgcgzhkgûl y noshrricci no sus khphkgnhnos y kidpotolkghs, kilngkgilos chbirhcos dès ahvirhbcos, pritokkgûl sikghc no cis trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn, hsä kidi no cis ahdgcghros kil ngskhphkgnhn no kuhcqugor trhbhjhnir, otk., kilsgnorhlni, hnodès, ol tinis cis khsis ch porspoktgvh no `çlori y su roporkusgilos ospokäkhs. • Kilsgnorhr ol cis prikosis no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgh oc olaiuo no `çlori, glkcuyolni hsgdgsdi dongnhs ospokäkhs quo kiltrgbuyhl h ch oaoktgvh g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos oltro midbros y dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc èdbgti chbirhc.
¹Kûdi so mh ochbirhni9 [u ochbirhkgûl so mh rohcgzhni pir oc Kidgtç Osphøic no Roprosolthltos no Vorsilhs kil Ngskhphkgnhn (KORDG) kilthlni kil ch phrtgkgphkgûl, h trhvçs no kilsucths y hpirthkgilos, no cis sg`ugoltos proskrgptiros sg`lgkhnis: sg`lgkh nis: • Kidgsgûl no Odpcoi noc KORDG. • Noco`hkgûl noc KORDG no Norokmis Mudhlis. • Èroh no @çlori noc KORDG. • Ngrokkgûl no cis [orgkgis Jurängkis noc KORDG. • [ubngrokkgûl @olorhc no Rochkgilos Chbirhcos no ch Ngrokkgûl @olorhc no ch Aulkgûl Vúbcgkh noc Dglgstorgi no Mhkgolnh y Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs noc @ibgorli no Osphøh.
8=
GL^RIN_KKGÛL
• H`oltos sikghcos: _@^ y KK.II, y KOIO. • Okilidäh sikghc: KOVO[ y AOHKOD. • Iporhnir rocohlto: Aulnhkgûl ILKO. Osto Dhluhc li so mh rohcgzhni kil ch protolsgûl no cco`hr h ul toxti kilsolsuhni pir phrto no tinis ostis h`oltos, pir ci quo oc kiltolgni roki`gni ol oc dgsdi li tgolo pir quç rospilnor ol tinis cis khsis h ch tithcgnhn no chs pisgkgilos no cis proskrgptiros kgthnis. Hsgdgsdi, phrh ochbirhr su kiltolgni so mhl tolgni ol kuolth chs ngstglths auoltos y roaorolkghs roki`gnhs ol oc Hloxi GG no osto Dhluhc. ¹Kuèc os oc olaiquo quo irgolth osto Dhluhc9 Osto Dhluhc so pripilo nosno ul dinoci kilvolkgilhc quo kiltodpch ch ngskhphkgnhn nosno ul pulti no vgsth `cibhc o glto`rhni, bhji oc prgsdh no ch glkcusgûl, ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos, ch li ngskrgdglhkgûl y ch hkkosgbgcgnhn, os nokgr, ulh picätgkh kilvolkgilhc ospokäkh nostglhnh h glkirpirhr no airdh trhlsvorshc ch ngskhphkgnhn ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh. Vhrh nospco`hr ulh hnokuhnh lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh quo glkcuyh h chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, so oltgolno quo: • Li os sukgolto kil glkirpirhr kcèusuchs hgschnhs ol cis kilolgis kicoktgvis (pir ojodpci, ostgpuchlni ch kiltrhthkgûl no trhbhjhniros phrh kudpcgr ch ibcg`hkgûl roki`gnh ol oc hrtäkuci ;=.8 no ch Coy 8;/87=2, no 0 no hbrgc, no Glto`rhkgûl [ikghc no cis Dglusvècgnis 8 (sgk). [o roprinuko ch phchbrh «dglusvècgnisµ, noskhrthnh no ch tordglici`äh sibro ngskhphkgnhn y hbhlnilhnh pir sus killithkgilos poyirhtgvhs, pirquo ikghcdolto sg`uo hphrokgolni ol ch 8
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
87
• Li os sukgolto roprinukgr prokoptis no lirdhs no rhl`i co`hc i roro `chdolthrgi. [o trhth dès bgol no iarokor ul dinoci gllivhnir quo pordgth glkirpirhr h cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis ostgpuchkgilos quo mh`hl hvhlzhr ch g`uhcnhn y kidbhthl ch ngskrgdglhkgûl ol oc èdbgti chbirhc nosno ulh porspoktgvh no norokmis mudhlis `cibhc y trhlsvorshc, noc dgsdi dini quo ol tinhs chs picätgkhs ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn.
¹Xuç gdpcgkhkgilos tgolo osto olaiquo9 Kilsgnorhlni osto olaiquo `cibhc, glto`rhni y trhlsvorshc no ch ngskhphkgnhn ol oc èdbgti no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh roaorgni ol oc hphrthni hltorgir, osto Dhluhc hpirth: • Hnodès no ojodpcis y phuths phrh ch glkirpirhkgûl no kiltolgnis osos pokäkis ol cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis (kcèusuchs quo haoktol h cis/hs trhbhjhniros/hs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol tinis cis èdbgtis). • Vhuths y rokidolnhkgilos no prikosi: pir ojodpci phrh pisgbgcgthr ch phrtgkgphkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol cis prikosis no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, pripirkgilhlni phrh occi chs dongnhs no hkkosgbgcgnhn lokoshrghs. • Hspoktis rochtgis hc kilikgdgolti, tidh no kilkgolkgh y odpinorhodpinorh dgolti no cis ngstgltis h`oltos phrh ch oaoktgvh glkirpirhkgûl no ch Coy dolkgilhnh y ol sus noshrriccis „quo so kgthl cgtorhcdolto„, quo li mh sgni nori`hnis i dingkhnis ol osto pulti. Li ibsthlto, tçl`hso ol kuolth quo ch Ngspisgkgûl Hngkgilhc Ikthvh no ch Coy ;7/2661, no 8> no ngkgodbro, ibcg`h h quo tinhs chs ngspisgkgilos lirdhtgvhs mhbrèl no roaorgrso h osths porsilhs kidi «porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhnµ.
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GL^RIN_KKGÛL
porspoktgvh no ch ngskhphkgnhn ol cis prikosis no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh: donghlto ulh hkkgûl kiirnglhnh y ulh kilkgolkgh krokgolto pir tinis cis h`oltos y iporhniros sikghcos ol tinis cis èdbgtis ol quo so nospcgo`h ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh: lo`ikghniros no cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis, odproshrgis, rospilshbcos no rokursis mudhlis, dgodbris no cis kidgtçs no odprosh y noco`hnis no porsilhc, noco`hnis sglngkhcos, otk.
¹Xuç kiltolgnis noshrricch osto Dhluhc9 Osto Dhluhc noshrricch ol kuhtri bciquos oc kiltolgni quo so rosudo h kiltgluhkgûl. ^rhs nis prgdoris bciquos gltrinuktirgis quo kiltoxtuhcgzhl osto Dhluhc ol ch búsquonh no rospuosths hc roti no pitolkghr ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh kidi glstrudolti phrh ahkgcgthr ch phrtgkgphkgûl y hktgvhkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol ch vgnh chbirhc y ol oc dhrki jurängki no hpcgkhkgûl, oc Bciquo GGG roki`o, kil khrèktor prèktgki, ch phrto lukcohr y hpcgkhnh, kil chs phuths y krgtorgis ospokäkis phrh glkirpirhr ch porspoktgvh no ch ngskhphkgnhn ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh. KHVÄ^_CI G: Oc roti no pitolkghr ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh kidi glstrudolti phrh ahkgcgthr ch phrtgkgphkgûl y hktgvhkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol ch vgnh chbirhc. Ol osto bciquo so hpirthl brovos pglkochnhs sibro ch sgtuhkgûl noc odpcoi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol Osphøh (y quo so hdpcähl ol oc Hloxi G noc Dhluhc) kil bhso ol: 8. No cis nhtis quo ahkgcgth oc Glstgtuti Lhkgilhc no Osthnästgkh sibro oc «Oc Odpcoi no chs Vorsilhs kil Ngskhphkgnhnµ, h phrtgr no ch
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
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Oxpcithkgûl no ch Olkuosth no Vibchkgûl Hktgvh y no ch Bhso Osththc no Vorsilhs kil Ngskhphkgnhn. 2. No cis nhtis quo ahkgcgthl chs Osthnästgkhs noc [orvgkgi Osththc Vúbcgki no Odpcoi. Ol so`ulni cu`hr, noltri no osto bciquo so roki`ol cis ahktiros quo cgdgthl i kilngkgilhl ch glkcusgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn (oc hlècgsgs no ostis ahktiros so hdpcäh ol oc Hloxi GG noc Dhluhc) y lhcdolto so hpulth oc phpoc bèsgki quo mh no ju`hr no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, nosno ul olaiquo glto`rhc y trhlsvorshc no ch ngskhphkgnhn, kidi glstrudolti phrh pitolkghr oc hkkosi hc odpcoi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, hsä kidi su pridikgûl y noshrricci kil pcoli rospoti h ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos. KHVÄ^_CI GG: Oc dhrki jurängki hpcgkhbco ol osth dhtorgh. Ol osto bciquo so roki`o oc dhrki jurängki hpcgkhbco ol osto èdbgti, thlti nosno ch porspoktgvh no ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc èdbgti noc odpcoi, kilsgnorhlni su motori`olognhn: g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y li ngskrgdglhkgûl, dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgvh, hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc, hjustos rhzilhbcos, hnhpthkgilos, otk., kidi nosno ch porspoktgvh ospokäkh no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh. KHVÄ^_CI GGG: ¹Kûdi noshrricchr ulh lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh glkcusgvh ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn9 Osto os oc bciquo koltrhc y prèktgki no kiltolgnis no osto Dhluhc, ol oc quo so roki`ol cis ocodoltis y phuths quo so rokidgolnhl glkirpirhr ol
22
GL^RIN_KKGÛL
cis prikosis no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh nosno oc hbirnhjo glto`rhc y trhlsvorshc no ch ngskhphkgnhn ol osto èdbgti. Ol kilkroti, so roki`ol chs sg`ugoltos kuostgilos: 8. ¹Xuç kiltolgnis so mhl no glkirpirhr ol chs kcèusuchs kilvolkgilhcos no cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis phrh hso`urhr ulh lo`ikghkgûl glkcusgvh ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn9 Ol osto hphrthni so roki`ol kiltolgnis quo so kilsgnorhl lokoshrgis, su aulnhdolthkgûl y ojodpcis `olorhcos no ronhkkgûl phrh su glkirpirhkgûl ol cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis (phrh su pistorgir hnhpthkgûl ospokäkh hc èdbgti i soktir kilkroti noc kilvolgi, odprosh, torrgtirgi…). 2. ¹Xuç hspoktis hspoktis so mhl no kilsgnorhr phrh osthbcokor osthbcokor ulh picätgkh picätgkh ospokäkh ngrg`gnh h ch ngskhphkgnhn ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh9 Roki`o vhrgis ocodoltis quo so rokidgolnh kilsgnorhr phrh quo ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh vhyh dès hccè no ch glkirpirhkgûl no kcèusuchs ol cis kilvolgis. ;. ¹Xuç phuths y kicoktgvh rokidolnhkgilos rokidolnhkgi los soch pchltohl phrh no quochsoc porsilhs prikosi no lo`ikghkgûl `hrhltgko phrtgkgphkgûl kil ngskhphkgnhn y ulh glkirpirhkgûl sgstodètgkh no ch porspoktgvh trhlsvorshc no ch ngskhphkgnhn9 Ol osto hphrthni so kiltgolol chs phuths y rokidolnhkgilos quo so mhl no tolor ol kuolth ol oc prikosi no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh. Oltro itrhs kuostgilos: phrtgkgphkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol cis prikosis no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh i dongnhs no hkkosgbgcgnhn quo mhbrähl no glkirpirhrso phrh `hrhltgzhr osth phrtgkgphkgûl oaoktgvh,
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
2;
kilsgnorhlni cis rokursis, toklici`ähs y dongis mudhlis no hpiyi kil cis quo chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn nobol kilthr phrh pinor ojorkor osth phrtgkgphkgûl. >. ¹Xuç phuths y rokidolnhkgilos so pchltohl phrh gdpcgkhr h cis ngstgltis h`oltos kchvo quo gltorvgolol ol prikosis no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ol ul pri`rosgvi kilikgdgolti, solsgbgcgzhkgûl y odpinorhdgolti mhkgh ch oaoktgvh glkirpirhkgûl no ch porspoktgvh no ch ngskhphkgnhn ol ostis prikosis9
Khpätuci G
OC RO^I NO VI^OLKGHR CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH KIDI GL[^R_DOL^I VHRH AHKGCG^HR CH VHR^GKGVHKGÛL W HK^GQHKGÛL NO CH[ VOR[ILH[ KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN OL CH QGNH CHBIRHC G.8. Oc odpcoi no chs dujoros y midbros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol Osphøh: brovos pglkochnhs Chs bhjhs thshs no hktgvgnhn y ikuphkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol luostri phäs, pilol no rocgovo ch lokosgnhn no nospco`hr picätgkhs y hktuhkgilos ngrg`gnhs h hktgvhr h chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc èdbgti chbirhc ol kilngkgilos no oaoktgvh g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos, sgolni ch utgcgzhkgûl no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh uli no cis glstrudoltis dès rocovhltos phrh ahkgcgthr no airdh hktgvh su phrtgkgphkgûl ol ch vgnh chbirhc. Hc`ulis nhtis hc rospokti (hdpcghni ol oc Hloxi G no osto Dhluhc): • Ol 2688, sici oc ;1,1% no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ostèl hktgvhs chbirhcdolto (bgol trhbhjhlni i ol búsquonh hktgvh no odpcoi) arolto hc 01,>% no chs porsilhs sgl ngskhphkgnhn: ch thsh no
21
OC RO^I NO VI^OLKGHR CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H KIDI...
hktgvgnhn ch pibchkgûl sgl ngskhphkgnhn nupcgkh ch no chs porsilhs sgl ngskhphkgnhn. • Hnodès, osth thsh os noc ;;% ol oc khsi no chs dujoros kil ngskhphngskhph kgnhn (arolto hc ;7,1% ol oc khsi no cis midbros kil ngskhphkgnhn). • Ch thsh no odpcoi oltro chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn os noc 21,0% arolto hc ?7,=% ol oltro chs porsilhs sgl ngskhphkgnhn (oc 27,8% ol oc khsi no cis hrilos kil ngskhphkgnhn y oc 2;,7% ol oc khsi no chs dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn). • Ch thsh no hktggnhn no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn psäugkh (glto(gltocoktuhc y dolthc) os noc y20,=% (arolto hc ;7,;% ol oc kil khsingskhphkgnhn no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn aäsgkh ?6,2 ol oc khsi no porsilhs solsirghc) y ch no odpcoi, thl sici noc 80,8% (arolto hc 27,0% ol oc khsi no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn aäsgkh y >6,>% ol oc khsi no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn solsirghc). • Oc pirkolthjo no kiltrhthkgûl todpirhc no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn os noc 2;,8% y oc no kiltrhthkgûl glnolgnh noc 01,7%. • Oc posi no ch kiltrhthkgûl ol Koltris Ospokghcos no Odpcoi rospokti hc tithc no kiltrhthkgilos ro`gstrhnhs phrh porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn mh olgni glkrodoltèlniso pri`rosghdolto nosno 2661 (noc >0,?% hc 1=,>%). • Oxgstol ngaorolkghs shchrghcos ol kiltrh no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphngskhph kgnhn, soøhchlni uo osths kibrhl oltro ul 8? y ul 26% dolis ol pridongi. • Oc odpcoi kil hpiyi, dinhcgnhn dinhcgnhn ospokghcdolto glkcusgh, glkcusgh, li hckhlzh lg no cojis oc noshrricci quo noboräh tolor ol Osphøh, pir ch glhno-
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
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kuhkgûl no su lirdhtgvh ro`uchnirh y oc oskhsäsgdi hpiyi púbcgki quo rokgbo. Hnodès, oc trhthdgolti no osth dhtorgh roqugoro kilsgnorhr ch motori`olognhn no chs porsilh kil ngskhphkgnhn. Chs dongnhs quo so pchltool phrh pitolkghr ch kiltrhthkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn h trhvçs no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh li puonol ibvghr chs priaulnhs ngaorolkghs oxgstoltos so`úl tgpi no ngskhphkgnhn y `rhni no ngskhphkgnhn, hsä kidi chs ngaorolkghs pir onhn y chs quo so prinukol oltro dujoros y midbros kil ngskhphkgnhn, i kilokthnhs kil ahktiros kidi oc no rosgnolkgh (dongi rurhc). Hsgdgsdi, thdpiki so puonol ocungr chs ngaorolkghs quo, kil khrèktor `olorhc, so prinukol ol ch glkcusgûl chbirhc phrh chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol chs oltgnhnos no okilidäh sikghc kil rospokti h itrhs odproshs. Ol kilkroti, chs oltgnhnos no okilidäh sikghc ojorkol ul phpoc osolkghc ol oc èdbgti no ch kimosgûl sikghc, quo so ovgnolkgh ol hspoktis rochkgilhnis kil ch kidpisgkgûl no sus pchltgcchs, ch khcgnhn noc odpcoi, ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y su ospokghcgzhkgûl prinuktgvh.
G.2. Ahktiros i kilngkgilhl ch glkcusgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs quo kil cgdgthl ngskhphkgnhn Oc ostungi Gdphkti no ch lo`ikghkgûl lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh sibr sibroo cis trhbhjhni trhbhjhniros ros y trhbhjhnir trhbhjhnirhs hs kil ngskhphkgnh ngskhphkgnhn n no ch Aulnhkgûl Chr`i Khbhccori pilo no rocgovo quo chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn tgolol ulh phrhnûjgkh kish ol kidúl: su motori`olognhn y sus ngaorolkghs. Kidi kilsokuolkgh no occi, ol ch ngskrgdglhkgûl chbirhc no osto `rupi sikghc glkgnol ospokghcdolto ulh sorgo no ahktiros ngvorsis: tgpi y `rhni no ngskhphkgnhn, onhn, soxi, lgvoc onukhtgvi, oltirli no rosgnolkgh, otk.
2=
OC RO^I NO VI^OLKGHR CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H KIDI...
Kilsgnorhlni prgirgthrghdolto cis hspoktis y roaorolkghs quo hpirth osto ostungi 2, so rosudol h kiltgluhkgûl ngvorsis ahktiros quo cgdgthl i kilngkgilhl ch glsorkgûl o glto`rhkgûl chbirhcos no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Ol oc Hloxi GG no osto Dhluhc so priaulngzh ol oc hlècgsgs no ostis ahktiros. [o ngstgl`uol cis sg`ugoltos ahktiros: 8. Cis ahktiros ngrokthdolto rochkgilhnis kil chs khrhktorästgkhs y motori`olognhn no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, thcos kidi oc tgpi no ngskhphkgnhn, oc `rhni no ngskhphkgnhn rokilikgni, soxi, onhn, lgvoc no ostungis y/i no kuhcgkhkgûl. 2. Cis ahktiros rochkgilhnis kil chs khrhktorästgkhs noc oltirli ahdgcghr, rochkgilhc y kidulgthrgi, kidi ch kilkopkgûl subjotgvh hlkchnh ol oc èdbgti ahdgcghr y ol oc èdbgti chbirhc sibro quo ch ngskhphkgnhn os ulh cgdgthkgûl hbsicuth ol rochkgûl hc odpcoi, oc khrèktor pritoktir no chs ahdgcghs, ch hnokuhkgûl noc puosti no trhbhji, oc hkilngkgilhdgolti no cis puostis no trhbhji no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, oc tgpi no mèbgtht ol oc quo so rosgno (urbhli i rurhc), ch kucturh, cis olaiquos, cis ostoroitgpis y cis projugkgis kil cis quo so porkgbo ch glsorkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, oc lgvoc no ostungis, otk. ;. Ahktiros rochkgilhnis kil oc oqugcgbrgi oltro oc kudpcgdgolti no ch lirdhtgvh hpcgkhbco y ch solsgbgcgzhkgûl noc tojgni odproshrghc: thcos kidi oc nçkgt ol ul noshrricci sgstodètgki no dokhlgsdis oaoktgvis no so`ugdgolti, kiltric y hpiyi phrh oc kudpcgdgolti no ch kuith Gdphkti no ch lo`ikghkgûl lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh sibro sibro cis trhbhjhniros trhbhjhniros y trhbhjhnirhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ngskhphkgnhn , Aulnhkgûl Chr`i Khbhccori, 26825 Ch glsorkgûl glsorkgûl chbirhc chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ngskhphkgnhn , Aulnhkgûl ILKO. Vri`rhdh Iporhtgvi. VrgkowhtormiusoKiipors, 26825 Vorspoktgvhs noc dulni odproshrghc rospokti h ch kiltrhthkgûl no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn , Aulnhkgûl ILKO, 266=. 2
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
27
no rosorvh, ch lokosgnhn no hkidotor ul trhthdgolti ospokäki noc hbsoltgsdi pir olaordonhn ol oc khsi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, ch tolnolkgh mhkgh prèktgkhs vglkuchnhs kil oc kidpridgsi y ch rospilshbgcgnhn sikghc no chs odproshs ol oc èdbgti no ch glkcusgûl chbirhc no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, suporhlni oc noskilikgdgolti `olorhcgzhni noc tojgni odproshrghc sibro ch ngskhphkgnhn y no ch motori`olognhn no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. >. Ahktiros rochkgilhnis kil dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgvh y ocodoltis no hpiyi phrh ch glkcusgûl chbirhc, thcos kidi oc phpoc no chs subvolkgilos, bilgkhkgilos o glkoltgvis phrh ch kiltrhthkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn kidikchvo dongnhs pisgtgvh, gltordonghkgûl chbirhc kidi aulkgûl phrhno ch hkkgûl glsorkgûl chbirhcchno chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, i oc phpoc no cis priyoktis y dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgvh y itris hpiyis phrh ocovhr oc lgvoc no kuhcgkhkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn nosno ch onukhkgûl glkcusgvh ibcg`htirgh, ch airdhkgûl li ibcg`htirgh y ch airdhkgûl priaosgilhc.
G.;. Oc roti no gltrinukgr ulh picätgkh ospokäkh ngrg`gnh h ch ngskhphkgnhn ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh [o`úl cis ostungis dès rokgoltos ol oc èdbgti no ch glkcusgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, uli no cis prglkgphcos ahktiros quo oxpcgkhl ch bhjh thsh no odpcoi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, os ch oskhsh utgcgzhkgûl no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh. Oc ostungi no cis kiltolgnis no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ngrg`gnis hc trhthdgolti no cis pribcodhs no chs porsilhs quo prosolthl ngskhphkgnhnos rohcgzhni pir ch Aulnhkgûl Chr`i Khbhccori pilo no dhlgosti:
;6
OC RO^I NO VI^OLKGHR CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H KIDI...
• _lh cgdgthkgûl thlti kuhltgthtgh kidi kuhcgthtgh ol su trhthdgolti, hsä kidi ulh kilsokuolto noshrtgkuchkgûl noc dgsdi, ci quo iaroko kidi rosucthni ulh rohcgnhn htidgzhnh y khrolto no kuhcqugor tgpi no ostrukturhkgûl. • Ch prosolkgh no ro`uchkgilos duy ospirèngkhs, mhbgtuhcdolto glsorglsorths ol ch ro`uchkgûl no itrhs dhtorghs dès `olorhcos i kidi sgdpcos ospokgkgnhnos ol ch ro`uchkgûl no kiltrhtis y kuostgilos no sgdgchr lhturhcozh. [golni ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ul glstrudolti bèsgki phrh kiltrgbugr h ch no chs ngskhphkgnhn y hcg`uhcnhn ojorkgkginoy ngsaruto no glkcusgûl tinis suschbirhc norokmis ol porsilhs oc èdbgtikil chbirhc, kil pcolh ipirtulgnhnos, os prokgsi ul shcti kuhcgthtgvi hc dolis ol osths nis ngdolsgilos: • Vir ul chni, ol ch priaulngzhkgûl sibro ch glkirpirhkgûl no ocodoltis quo pordgthl dojirhr ch kiltrhthkgûl y chs kilngkgilos no trhbhji no osto `rupi no pibchkgûl donghlto kcèusuchs ahvirokonirhs no osto ibjotgvi. • Vir itri chni, ol oc osthbcokgdgolti ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgh no ulh hutçltgkh picätgkh ospokäkh ngrg`gnh hc trhthdgolti no ch ngskhphkgnhn y sus pribcodhs no gdpchlthkgûl ol oc kiljulti noc tojgni odproshrghc y ol khnh ulh no chs odproshs. Hnodès, ol phrhcoci h hdbhs kuostgilos, os prokgsi kiltodpchr y hpcgkhr: • Vhuths y rokidolnhkgilos uo so mhl no tolor ol kuolth ol oc prikosi no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh. Oltro itrhs kuostgilos: phrtgkgphkgûl no chs dujoros y midbros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol cis prikosis no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
;8
• Vhuths y rokidolnhkgilos phrh dojirhr oc kilikgdgolti, solsgbgcgzhkgûl y odpinorhdgolti no cis ngstgltis h`oltos phrh ch oaoktgvh glkirpirhkgûl no ch porspoktgvh no `çlori y no ch ngskhphkgnhn ol cis prikosis no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, hsä kidi phrh nithr cis rokursis, toklici`ähs y dongis mudhlis no hpiyi phrh `hrhltgzhr ch hkkosgbgcgnhn no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol ostis prikosis.. ^inis ostis hspoktis so noshrricchl ol oc Bciquo GGG no osto Dhluhc.
Khpätuci GG
OC DHRKI J_RÄNGKI HVCGKHBCO VHRH CH G@_HCNHN NO CH[ VOR[ILH[ KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN OL OC ÈDBG^I CHBIRHC W OL CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GG.8. Dhrki jurängki no ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc èdbgti noc odpcoi Ch Kilvolkgûl no chs Lhkgilos _lgnhs sibro cis Norokmis no chs Vorsilhs kil Ngskhphkgnhn hvhlzh mhkgh ch kilsokukgûl no ul dinoci sikghc y no ngvorsgnhn. Ol hrhs h osto dinoci, osthbcoko ch lokosgnhn no hso`urhr tinhs chs kilngkgilos lokoshrghs phrh ch glkcusgûl, ch hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc y ch oaoktgvh g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol tinis cis èdbgtis, hsä kidi ch hnipkgûl no dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgvh ngrg`gnhs h hso`urhr oc ojorkgkgi no tinis sus y h ocgdglhr chs bhrrorhs quo gdpgnol i ngkucthl su phrtgkgphkgûl pcolh y oaoktgvh ol ch sikgonhn, ol g`uhcnhn no kilngkgilos kil chs nodès. Ol oaokti, su pripûsgti os oc no pridivor, prito`or y hso`urhr oc `iko pcoli y ol kilngkgilos no g`uhcnhn no tinis cis norokmis mudhlis y cgborthnos aulnhdolthcos pir tinhs chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, y pridivor oc rospoti no su ng`lgnhn glmorolto (hrtäkuci 8).
;>
OC DHRKI J_RÄNGKI HVCGKHBCO VHRH CH G@_HCNHN...
Vhrh hso`urhrci, cis Osthnis Vhrtos (oltro occis, oc Rogli no Osphøh) so kidpridotol h hso`urhr y pridivor oc pcoli ojorkgkgi no tinis cis norokmis mudhlis y chs cgborthnos aulnhdolthcos no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn sgl ngskrgdglhkgûl hc`ulh pir ditgvis no ngskhphkgnhn. Oltro sus kidpridgsis so roki`ol cis sg`ugoltos: • Hnipthr tinhs chs dongnhs co`gschtghs, hndglgstrhtghs y no itrh älnico quo sohl portgloltos phrh mhkor oaoktgvis cis norokmis rokilikgnis ol ch Kilvolkgûl. • ^idhr tinhs chs dongnhs, glkcugnhs dongnhs co`gschtghs, co`gschtghs, phrh dingkhr i nori`hr coyos, ro`chdoltis, kistudbros y prèktgkhs oxgstoltos. • ^olor ol kuolth, ol tinhs chs picätgkhs y tinis cis pri`rhdhs, ch pripri tokkgûl y pridikgûl no cis norokmis mudhlis no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn5 quo kilstgtuyhl ngskrgdglhkgûl kiltrh chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. • ^idhr tinhs chs dongnhs portgloltos phrh uo lgl`ulh porsilh, ir`hir`hlgzhkgûl i odprosh prgvhnh ngskrgdglo pir ditgvis no ngskhphkgnhn. Ol dhtorgh no odpcoi y ikuphkgûl, sil nosthkhbcos nis no chs ngspisgkgilos no ch kgthnh Kilvolkgûl (hrtäkucis 21 y 20): • Oc hrtäkuci 21 (mhbgcgthkgûl y romhbgcgthkgûl) ngspilo uo «cis Osthnis Dgodbri hnipthrèl dongnhs oaoktgvhs y portgloltos, glkcusi donghlto oc hpiyi no porsilhs quo so olkuoltrol ol chs dgsdhs kgrkulsthlkghs, pirquo chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn puonhl ci`rhr y dhltolor ch dèxgdh glnopolnolkgh, khphkgnhn aäsgkh, dolthc, sikghc y vikhkgilhc, y ch glkcusgûl y phrtgkgphkgûl pcolh ol tinis cis hspoktis no ch vgnh.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
;?
Vhrh osto ibjotgvi, cis Osthnis Dgodbris ir`hlgzhrèl, gltolsgkhrèl y hdpcghrèl sorvgkgis y pri`rhdhs `olorhcos no mhbgcgthkgûl y romhbgcgthkgûl, phrtgkuchr cis èdbgtis no ch shcun, ch ikuphkgûl, ch onukhkgûl yolcis sorvgkgisolsikghcos…µ. • Oc hrtäkuci 20 (trhbhji y ikuphkgûl) osthbcoko uo «cis Osthnis Dgodbri rokilikol oc norokmi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn h trhbhjhr, ol g`uhcnhn no kilngkgilos kil chs itrhs5 osti glkcuyo oc norokmi h tolor ch ipirtulgnhn no `hlhrso ch vgnh donghlto ul trhbhji cgbrodolto oski`gni i hkopthni ol ul dorkhni y ul oltirli chbirhcos quo sohl hbgortis, glkcusgvis y hkkosgbcos h chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Cis Osthnis Dgodbri shcvh`uhrnhrèl y pridivorèl oc ojorkgkgi noc norokmi hc trhbhji, glkcusi phrh chs porsilhs quo hnqugorhl ulh ngskhphkgnhn nurhlto ch ikuphkgûl, hnipthlni dongnhs portgloltos, glkcugnh ch priduc`hkgûl no co`gschkgûl, oltro occhs: h)
Vrimgbgr ch ngskrgdglhkgûl pir ditgvis no ngskhphkgnhn kil rospokti h tinhs chs kuostgilos rochtgvhs h kuhcqugor airdh no ikuphkgûl, glkcugnhs chs kilngkgilos no socokkgûl, kiltrhthkgûl y ikuphkgûl, ch kiltglugnhn ol ch ikuphkgûl, ch pridikgûl priaosgilhc y ulhs kilngkgilos no trhbhji so`urhs y shcunhbcos.
b)
Vrito`or cis norokmis no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, ol g`uhcnhn no kilngkgilos kil chs itrhs, h kilngkgilos no trhbhji jusths y ahvirhbcos, y ol phrtgkuchr h g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y no rodulorhkgûl pir trhbhji no g`uhc vhcir, h kilngkgilos no trhbhji so`urhs y shcunhbcos, glkcugnh ch pritokkgûl kiltrh oc hkisi, y h ch rophrhkgûl pir h`rhvgis suargnis.
;1
OC DHRKI J_RÄNGKI HVCGKHBCO VHRH CH G@_HCNHN...
k)
Hso`urhr quo chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn puonhl ojorkor sus norokmis chbirhcos y sglngkhcos, ol g`uhcnhn no kilngkgilos kil oc rosti.
n)
Vordgtgr quo chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn tol`hl hkkosi oaoktgvi h pri`rhdhs `olorhcos no irgolthkgûl tçklgkh y vikhkgilhc, sorvgkgis no kicikhkgûl y airdhkgûl priaosgilhc y kiltgluh.
o)
Hcolthr chs ipirtulgnhnos no ikuphkgûl y ch pridikgûl priaosgilhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn hc dorkhni chbirhc y hpiyhr h ch búsquonh, ibtolkgûl, dhltolgdgolti noc trhbhji y rotirli h osto.
a)
Vridivor ipirtulgnhnos odproshrghcos, no ikuphkgûl pir kuolth pripgh, no kilstgtukgûl no kiiporhtgvhs y no glgkgi no odproshs pripghs.
`)
Odpcohr h porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc soktir púbcgki.
m)
Vridivor ch ikuphkgûl no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc soktir prgvhni donghlto picätgkhs y dongnhs portgloltos, quo puonol glkcugr pri`rhdhs no hkkgûl hrdhtgvh, glkoltgvis y itrhs dongnhs.
g)
Qochr pirquo so rohcgkol hjustos rhzilhbcos phrh chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc puosti no trhbhji.
j)
Vridivor ch hnqugsgkgûl pir chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn no oxporgolkgh chbirhc ol oc dorkhni no trhbhji irnglhrgi.
e)
Vridivor pri`rhdhs no romhbgcgthkgûl vikhkgilhc y priaosgilhc, dhltolgdgolti no ch ikuphkgûl y roglkirpirhkgûl hc trhbhji ngrg`gnis h porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhnµ.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
;0
^hdbgçl rosucth no gltorçs kilsgnorhr oc hrtäkuci 2> no ch Kilvolkgûl rochtgvi h ch onukhkgûl, quo provç quo cis Osthnis Vhrtos rokilikol oc norokmi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn h ch onukhkgûl. Kil dgrhs h mhkor oaoktgvi osto norokmi sgl ngskrgdglhkgûl sibro ch bhso no ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos, cis Osthnis Vhrtos hso`urhrèl ul sgstodh no onukhkgûl glkcusgvi h tinis cis lgvocos hsä kidi ch olsoøhlzh h ci chr`i no ch vgnh, kil dgrhs h: h)
Noshrricchr pcolhdolto oc pitolkghc mudhli y oc soltgni no ch ng`lgnhn y ch hutiostgdh y roairzhr oc rospoti pir cis norokmis mudhlis, chs cgborthnos aulnhdolthcos y ch ngvorsgnhn mudhlh.
b)
Noshrricchr hc dèxgdi ch porsilhcgnhn, cis thcoltis y ch krohtgvgnhn no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, hsä kidi sus hptgtunos dolthcos y aäsgkhs.
k)
Mhkor pisgbco uo chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn phrtgkgpol no dhlorh oaoktgvh ol ulh sikgonhn cgbro.
Nosno ch porspoktgvh no `çlori, oc 2.º dhlgosti no cis norokmis no chs dujoros y lgøhs kil ngskhphkgnhn no ch _lgûl Ouripoh. _lh morrhdgolth phrh hktgvgsths y ros rospilshbcos pilshbcos picätgkis hnipthni
pir ch Hshdbcoh @olorhc noc Airi Ouripoi no ch Ngskhphkgnhn, h pripuosth no su Kidgtç no Dujoros, pilo no rocgovo ol oc èdbgti no odpcoi quo, thc y kidi rokiliko ch Kilvolkgûl ol su hrtäkuci 20, «chs dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn nobol tolor oc norokmi h `hlhrso ch vgnh donghlto ul trhbhji cgbrodolto oco`gni i hkopthni ol ul dorkhni y ul oltirli chbirhc quo sohl hbgortis, glkcusgvis y hkkosgbcos. Oc ojorkgkgi noc norokmi hc trhbhji nobo shcvh`uhrnhrso y pridivorso, glkcusi phrh chs dujoros quo hnqugorhl ulh ngskhphkgnhn nurhlto oc odpcoi, hnipthlni dongnhs portgloltos, glkcugnh ch priduc`hkgûl no co`gschkgûl hltgngskrgdglhtirghµ.
;=
OC DHRKI J_RÄNGKI HVCGKHBCO VHRH CH G@_HCNHN...
Ol oc èdbgti ouripoi, ch Ngroktgvh 2666/0=/KO phrh ch g`uhcnhn no trhti ol oc odpcoi y ch ikuphkgûl pir ditgvis no rocg`gûl i kilvgkkgilos, no ngskhphkgnhn, no onhn i no irgolthkgûl soxuhc, osthbcoko ul dhrki `olorhc phrh ch g`uhcnhn no trhti ol oc trhbhji y ch ikuphkgûl tgolo kidi ibjoti osthbcokor ul dhrki `olorhc phrh cukmhr kiltrh ch ngskrgdglhkgûl, oltro itrhs, pir ditgvis no ngskhphkgnhn, ol oc èdbgti noc trhbhji y ch ikuphkgûl, kil oc l no quo ol cis Osthnis dgodbris so hpcgquol oc prglkgpgi no g`uhcnhn no trhti (hrtäkuci 8) ;. Nosno ch porspoktgvh no ch irgolthkgûl no picätgkhs ol oc èdbgti ouripoi Ostrhto`gh `gh Our Ouripoh ipoh sibr sibroo Ngskhphkgnhn 2686-2626: ul ol osth dhtorgh, ch Ostrhto kidpridgsi rolivhni phrh ulh Ouriph sgl bhrrorhs provç
oc èdbgti no odpcoi:
ci sg`ugolto ol
«Cis odpcois no khcgnhn hso`urhl ulh glnopolnolkgh okilûdgkh, aidolthl cis ci`ris porsilhcos y iarokol ia rokol ch dojir pritokkgûl arolto h ch pibrozh. [gl odbhr`i, ch thsh no odpcoi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn so sgtúh sici ol tirli hc ?6%. Vhrh hckhlzhr chs doths no krokgdgolti quo so mh pripuosti ch _O, os lokoshrgi quo ul lúdori dhyir no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ojorzhl ulh hktgvgnhn chbirhc rodulorhnh ol oc dorkhni no trhbhji –hbgorti—. Ch Kidgsgûl oxpcithrè oc pcoli pitolkghc no ch Ostrhto`gh Ouriph 2626 y no su –H`olnh no luovhs kuhcgkhkgilos y odpcois— ahkgcgthlni h cis Osthnis dgodbris hlècgsgs, irgolthkgilos picätgkhs, gltorkhdbgis no glairdhkgûl y itri tgpi no hpiyi. Nhrè thdbgçl h kilikor dojir ch sgtuhkgûl no chs dujoros y cis midbros kil ngskhphkgnhn rospokti hc odpcoi, gnoltgkhrè rotis y pripilnrè
Osth Ngroktgvh Ngroktgvh auo ibjoti no trhspisgkgûl hc irnolhdgolti jurängki jurängki osththc pir ch Coy 12/266;, no ;6 no ngkgodbro, no dongnhs skhcos, hndglgstrhtgvhs y noc irnol sikghc (hrtäkucis ;> h >;). ;
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
;7
sicukgilos. Vrosthrè ospokghc htolkgûl h ch juvoltun kil ngskh phkgnhn ol su trhlsgkgûl no ch onukhkgûl hc odpcoi. Hbirnhrè ch divgcgnhn gltorlh ol oc dorkhni chbirhc –hbgorti— y ol thccoros prito`gnis h trhvçs noc gltorkhdbgi no glairdhkgû prito`gnis glairdhkgûl l y noc hprolng zhjo dutui. Hsgdgsdi Hsgdgsdi,, trhthrè ch kuostgûl no chs hktgvgnh hktgvgnhnos nos pir kuolth pripgh y no cis odpcois no khcgnhn, sgl noskugnhr hspoktis kidi chs kilngkgilos no trhbhji y ch pridikgûl priaosgilhc, kilthlni kil ch phrtgkgphkgûl no cis gltorcikutiros sikghcos. Ch Kidgsgûl gltolsgkhrè su hpiyi h chs glgkghtgvhs viculthrghs quo priduovol ch `ostgûl no ch ngvorsgnh ngvorsgnhn n ol oc cu`hr no trhbhji, thcos kidi –khrths no ch ngvorsgnhn— rdhnhs pir ch odprosh i glgkghtgvhs no odprosh sikghc. Ch hktuhkgûl no ch _O hpiyhrè y kidpcodolthrè cis osauorzis lhkgilhcos nostglhnis h: hlhcgzhr ch sgtuhkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc dorkhni chbirhc5 cukmhr phrh ovgthr quo chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn khg`hl ol ch trhdph i oltrol ol ch kucturh no chs prosthkgilos pir ngskhphkgnhn, quo cos ngsuhnol no oltrhr ol oc dorkhni chbirhc5 kiltrgbugr h su glto`rhkgûl ol oc dorkhni chbirhc h trhvçs noc Ailni [ikghc Ouripoi (A[O)5 noshrricchr picätgkhs hktgvhs noc dorkhni5 dojirhr ch hkkosgbgcgnhn no cis cu`hros no trhbhji5 noshrricchr sorvgkgis no kicikhkgûl priaosgilhc, ostrukturhs no hpiyi y airdhkgûl ol oc cu`hr no trhbhji5 pridivor oc usi noc Ro`chdolti `olorhc no oxolkgûl pir khto`irähs, quo pordgto kilkonor hyunhs osththcos sgl litgkhkgûl provgh h ch Kidgsgûl. Visgbgcgthr quo dukmhs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn tol`hl gl`rosis pir hktgvgnhnos chbirhcos ol oc dor dorkhni khni no trhbhji –hbgorti—µ.
>6
OC DHRKI J_RÄNGKI HVCGKHBCO VHRH CH G@_HCNHN...
Vir itri chni, thdbgçl os nosthkhbco oc Vchl no Hkkgûl 266?-2681, noc Kilsoji no Ouriph phrh chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn >, kuyi ibjoti os glkcugr cis los ynoibjotgvis noc Kilsoji Ouriphnoolipirtulgnhnos, dhtorgh no norokmis no chs porsilhs, li ngskrgdglhkgûl, nono g`uhcnhn no kgunhnhläh y no phrtgkgphkgûl, noltri no ul dhrki ouripoi rochtgvi h ch ngskhphkgnhn. Ol kilkroti, su Cäloh no Hkkgûl lúdori ? so rooro hc odpcoi, irgolthkgûl y airdhkgûl priaosgilhcos y pchltoh ul kiljulti no hktuhkgilos irgolthnhs h ch kilsokukgûl no nis ibjotgvis: 8. Vridivor oc odpcoi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc dorkhni no trhbhji hsikghlni dongnhs hltgngskrgdglhtirghs y hkkgilos pisgtgvhs h l no `hrhltgzhr ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos h chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. 2. Cukmhr kiltrh ch ngskrgdglhkgûl y pridivor ch phrtgkgphkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol cis èdbgtis no ovhcuhkgûl, no irgolthkgûl y no ch airdhkgûl priaosgilhcos, hsä kidi ol cis sorvgkgis rochkgilhnis kil oc odpcoi. Ol luostri phäs, ch Kilstgtukgûl Osphøich osthbcoko ch ng`lgnhn no ch porsilh kidi aulnhdolti noc irnol picätgki y no ch phz sikghc (hrtäkuci 86), rokiliko ch g`uhcnhn hlto ch coy, sgl quo puonh provhcokor ngskrgdglhkgûl hc`ulh (hrtäkuci 8>), y ibcg`h h cis pinoros púbcgkis h pridivor chs kilngkgilos phrh quo ch cgborthn y ch g`uhcnhn no chs porsilhs sohl rohcos y oaoktgvhs, Rokidolnhkgûl Rok(2661)? Rok(2661)? noc Kidgtç no Dglgstris h cis Osthnis dgodbris sibro oc Vchl no Hkkgûl noc Kilsoji no Ouriph phrh ch pridikgûl no norokmis y ch pcolh phrtgkgphkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol ch sikgonhn: dojirhr ch khcgnhn no vgnh no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol Ouriph 2661-268?. mttp://www.kio.glt/t/o mttp://www .kio.glt/t/o/sikghcYkimosg /sikghcYkimosgil/sik-sp/Rok(2661)?%26[ph il/sik-sp/Rok(2661)?%26[phgl.pna gl.pna >
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
>8
rodivgolni cis ibstèkucis quo gdpgnhl i ngkuctol su pcolgtun y ahkgcgthlni su phrtgkgphkgûl ol ch vgnh picätgkh, kucturhc y sikghc (hrtäkuci 7.2). Ol rochkgûl kil oc odpcoi, su hrtäkuci >6 ngspilo quo «cis pinoros púbcgkis pridivorèl chs kilngkgilos ahvirhbcos phrh oc pri`rosi sikghc y okilûdgki y phrh ulh ngstrgbukgûl no ch rolth ro`gilhc y porsilhc dès oqugthtgvh, ol oc dhrki no ulh picätgkh no osthbgcgnhn okilûdgkh. No dhlorh ospokghc rohcgzhrèl roh cgzhrèl ulh picätgkh irgolthnh hc pcoli odpcoi. Hsgdgsdi, aidolthrèl ulh picätgkh quo `hrhltgko ch airdhkgûl y roh rohnhpthkgûl nhpthkgûl pr priaosgilhcos5 iaosgilhcos5 vochrèl pir ch so so`urgnhn `urgnhn o mg`golo ol oc trhbhji y `hrhltgzh `hrhltgzhrèl rèl oc noskhlsi lokoshrgi, donghlto ch cgdgthkgûl no ch jirlhnh chbirhc, chs vhkhkgilos porgûngkhs rotrgbugnhs y ch pridikgûl no koltris hnokuhnisµ.
Hnodès, ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn y, ol kil`ruolkgh kil ostis prokoptis, ibcg`h h cis pinoros púbcgkis h rohcgzhr «ulh picätgkh no provgsgûl, trhthdgolti, romhbgcgthkgûl o glto`rhkgûl no porsilhs ngsdglugnhs aäsgkhs, solsirghcos y psäqugkhs, h cis quo prosthrèl ch htolkgûl ospokghcgzhnh quo roqugorhl y cis hdphrhrèl ospokghcdolto phrh oc ngsaruto no cis norokmisµ
(hrtäkuci >7). Oc prgdor noshrricci lirdhtgvi no osths ngspisgkgilos so ccovû h khbi donghlto ch hpribhkgûl no ch Coy 8;/87=2, no 0 no hbrgc, no Glto`rhkgûl [ikghc no cis «Dglusvècgnisµ (sgk) (CG[DG), húl vg`olto y no pcolh hpcgkhkgûl. Ol kilkroti, su ^ätuci QGG (No ch glto`rhkgûl Chbirhc) roki`o ngvorshs dongnhs kil ch lhcgnhn no ci`rhr ch glto`rhkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc odpcoi «ol kilngkgilos quo `hrhltgkol ch hpcgkhkgûl noc prglkgpgi no g`uhcnhn no trhti, ol oc sgstodh ir irnglhrgi nglhrgi no trhbhji i, ol su noaokti, su glkirpirhkgûl hc sgstodh prinuktgvi donghlto ch aûrduch ospokghc no trhbhji prito`gniµ (hrtäkuci
;0.8).
>2
OC DHRKI J_RÄNGKI HVCGKHBCO VHRH CH G@_HCNHN...
Osto ^ätuci kilstgtuyo, hnodès, oc pulti no phrtgnh y dhrki bèsgki h phrtgr noc kuhc mh sur`gni pistorgir lirdhtgvh no noshrricci ol rochkgûl kil oc odpcoi (irnglhrgi y prito`gni), olkchvos chbirhcos, odpcoi kil hpiyi, i dongnhs hctorlhtgvhs h ch kuith no rosorvh phrh porsilhs trhbhjhnirhs kil ngskhphkgnhn pir phrto no chs odproshs, oltro itrhs quo so roorol dès hnochlto. Kil pistorgirgnhn h ch CG[DG, ch Coy ?8/266;, no 2 no ngkgodbro, no g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos, li ngskrgdglhkgûl y hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn (CGILNH_) supilo ul hltos y ul nospuçs ol ch irgolthkgûl no luostri dhrki jurängki ol osth dhtorgh. Osthbcoko dongnhs phrh `hrhltgzhr y mhkor oaoktgvi oc norokmi h ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos no chs porsilhs kil yngskhphkgnhn ol tinis phrh cis èdbgtis ch vgnh picätgkh, okilûdgkh, kucturhc sikghc, glkirpirhlni occi ulh no nibco ostrhto`gh no gltorvolkgûl: ch ostrhto`gh no ch cukmh kiltrh ch ngskrgdglhkgûl y ch no ch hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc. [o`úl ch dgsdh, «so oltolnorè quo so vuclorh oc norokmi h ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn kuhlni so prinuzkhl ngskrgdglhkgilos ngrokths i glngrokths, hkisis, glkudpcgdgoltis no chs oxg`olkghs no hkkosgbgcgnhn y no rohcgzhr hjustos rhzilhbcos, hsä kidi oc glkudpcgdgolti no chs dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgvh co`hcdolto osthbcokgnhsµ (hrtäkuci
>).
Kil oc l no `hrhltgzhr osto norokmi, su hrtäkuci =.2 (no hkuorni kil ch luovh ronhkkgûl no ch Coy 21/2688, no 8 no h`isti, no hnhpthkgûl lirdhtgvh h ch Kilvolkgûl Gltorlhkgilhc sibro cis Norokmis no chs Vorsilhs kil Ngskhphkgnhn) ibcg`h h cis pinoros púbcgkis h hnipthr chs «dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgvh supcodolthrghs phrh hquocchs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn quo ibjotgvhdolto suarol ul dhyir `rhni no ngskrgdglhkgûl i prosolthl dolir g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos, kidi sil chs dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn, cis lgøis y lgøhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn kil dès
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
>;
lokosgnhnos no hpiyi phrh oc ojorkgkgi no su hutilidäh i phrh ch tidh cgbro no nokgsgilos y chs quo phnokol ulh dès hkushnh oxkcusgûl sikghc pir rhzûl no su ngskhphkgnhn, hsä kidi chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn quo vgvol mhbgtuhcdolto ol oc dongi rurhcµ.
Vir dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgvh oltgolno «hquoccis hpiyis no khrèktor ospokäki nostglhnis h provolgr i kidpolshr chs nosvolthjhs i ospokghcos ngkucthnos quo tgolol chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol ch glkirpirhkgûl y phrtgkgphkgûl pcolh ol cis èdbgtis no ch vgnh picätgkh, okilûdgkh, kucturhc y sikghcµ (hrtäkucis
?, =.8 y 7).
no tinh ngskrgdgVir g`uhcnhn ipirtulgnhnos so oltgolno ch «husolkgh lhkgûl, ngrokth ino glngrokth, pir ditgvi no i sibro ch bhso no ngskhphkgnhn, glkcugnh kuhcqugor ngstglkgûl, oxkcusgûl i rostrgkkgûl quo tol`h oc pripûsgti i oc oaokti no ibsthkucgzhr i nojhr sgl oaokti oc rokilikgdgolti, `iko i ojorkgkgi ol g`uhcnhn no kilngkgilos pir chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, no tinis cis norokmis mudhlis y cgborthnos aulnhdolthcos ol cis èdbgtis picätgki, okilûdgki, sikghc, kucturhc, kgvgc i no itri tgpi. Hsgdgsdi, so oltgolno pir g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhno ipirtulgnhnoss ch hnipkgûl no dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgvh irgolthnhs h ovgthr i kidpolshr chs nosvolthjhs no ulh porsilh kil ngskh phkgnhn phrh phrtgkgphr pcolhdolto ol ch vgnh picätgkh, okilûdgkh, kucturhc y sikghcµ (hrtäkuci 8).
Ol kuhlti h chs «dongnhs kiltrh ch ngskrgdglhkgûlµ ngsk rgdglhkgûlµ (hrtäkuci 0) chs dgsdhs pinrèl kilsgstgr ol primgbgkgûl no kilnukths ngskrgdglhtirghs y no hkisi, oxg`olkghs no hkkosgbgcgnhn y oxg`olkghs no ocgdglhkgûl no ibstèkucis y no rohcgzhr hjustos rhzilhbcos: h)
Kilnukth no hkisi: tinh kilnukth rochkgilhnh kil ch ngskhphkgnhn no ulh porsilh, quo tol`h kidi ibjotgvi i kilsokuolkgh htolthr kil-
>>
OC DHRKI J_RÄNGKI HVCGKHBCO VHRH CH G@_HCNHN...
trh su ng`lgnhn i krohr ul oltirli gltgdgnhtirgi, mistgc, no`rhnhlto, mudgcchlto u iaolsgvi. b)
Oxg`olkghs no hkkosgbgcgnhn: cis roqugsgtis quo nobol kudpcgr cis oltirlis, prinuktis y sorvgkgis, hsä kidi chs kilngkgilos no li ngskrgdglhkgûl ol lirdhs, krgtorgis y prèktgkhs, kil hrro`ci h cis prglkgpgis no hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc no ngsoøi phrh tinis.
k)
Hjusto rhzilhbco: chs dongnhs no hnokuhkgûl noc hdbgolto aäsgki, sikghc y hktgtunglhc h chs lokosgnhnos ospokäkhs no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn quo, no airdh okhz y prèktgkh y sgl quo supil`h ulh khr`h nospripirkgilhnh, ahkgcgtol ch hkkosgbgcgnhn i phrtgkgphkgûl no ulh porsilh kil ngskhphkgnhn ol g`uhcnhn no kilngkgilos quo oc rosti no cis kgunhnhlis.
Vir hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc so oltgolno ch «kilngkgûl quo nobol kudpcgr cis oltirlis, prikosis, bgolos, prinuktis y sorvgkgis, hsä kidi cis ibjotis i glstrudoltis, morrhdgolths y ngspisgtgvis, phrh sor kidprolsgbcos, utgcgzhbcos y prhktgkhbcos pir tinhs chs porsilhs ol kilngkgilos no so`urgnhn so`urgnhn y kidingnhn y no ch airdh dès hutûlidh y lhturhc pisgbco. Vrosupilo ch ostrhto`gh no ngsoøi phrh tinis y so oltgolno sgl porjugkgi no cis hjustos rhzilhbcos quo nobhl hnipthrsoµ Uhrtäkuci
2.k)T.
Hsgdgsdi, ol dhtorgh no hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc y no li ngskrgdglhkgûl so mh no tolor ol kuolth ch Coy 20/2660 pir ch quo so rokilikol chs col`uhs no sg`lis osphøichs y so ro`uchl cis dongis no hpiyi h ch kidulgkhkgûl irhc no chs porsilhs sirnhs, kil ngskhphkgnhn hungtgvh y sirnikgo`hs, so`úl ch kuhc lgl`ulh porsilh pinrè sor ngskrgdglhnh lg trhthnh nosg`uhcdolto, ngrokth i glngrokthdolto, pir ojorkor su norokmi no ipkgûl hc usi no ch col`uh no sg`lis osphøich y/i no chs col`uhs no sg`lis pripghs no chs Kidulgnhnos
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
>?
Hutûlidhs y/i no dongis no hpiyi h ch kidulgkhkgûl irhc ol kuhcqugor èdbgti, soh púbcgki i prgvhni. Kidi kilsokuolkgh no osths ngspisgkgilos, ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y ch hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc, yh li sil sici ulh nokchrhkgûl no gltolkgilos ol cis toxtis lirdhtgvis, sgli quo so hkidphøhl no ch oxg`olkgh no dongnhs kilkroths quo chs `hrhltgkol. Oc odpcoi, li ibsthlto, li os uli no cis èdbgtis ospokäkis no hpcgkhkgûl no ch CGILNH_. Os ch Coy 12/266;, no ;6 no ngkgodbro, no dongnhs skhcos, hndglgstrhtgvhs y noc irnol sikghc, ol sus hrtäkucis ;> h >; ch lirdhtgvh quo rohcgzh ch trhlspisgkgûl h luostri irnolhdgolti no ch kgthnh Ngroktgvh Ouripoh 2666/0=/KO phrh ch g`uhcnhn no trhti ol oc odpcoi y ch ikuphkgûl. Osths ngspisgkgilos so irgolthl h osthbcokor dongnhs «phrh quo oc prglkg pgi no g`uhcnhn no trhti y li ngskrgdglhkgûl soh roh rohcc y oaoktgvi ol oc hkkosi hc odpcoi, ch hcghkgûl y ch phrtgkgphkgûl ol chs ir`hlgzhkgûl sglngkhcos y odproshrghcos, chs kilngkgilos no trhbhji, ch pridikgûl priaosgilhc y ch airdhkgûl pr priaosgilhc iaosgilhc ikuphkgilh ikuphkgilhcc y kiltgluh, hsä kidi ol oc hkkosi h ch hktgvgnhn pir kuolth pripgh y hc ojorkgkgi priaosgilhc y ch glkirpirhkgûl y phrtgkgphkgûl ol kuhcqugor ir` ir`hlgzhkgûl hlgzhkgûl kuyis dgodbr dgodbris is nosodpoøo nosodpoøol l ulh priaosgûl pr iaosgûl kilkr kilkrothµ othµ (hrtäkuci
;>.8).
[o`úl su hrtäkuci ;>.2, «oc prglkgpgi no g`uhcnhn no trhti supilo ch husolkgh no tinh ngskrgdglhkgûl ngrokth i glngrokth pir rhzûl noc irg`ol rhkghc i çtlgki, ch rocg`gûl i kilvgkkgilos, ch ngskhphkgnhn, ch onhn i ch irgolthkgûl soxuhc no ulh porsilhµ.
Vir su phrto, oc hrtäkuci ;?, ngspilo quo «phrh `hrhltgzhr ol ch prèktgkh ch pcolh g`uhcnhn pir rhzûl no irg`ol rhkghc i çtlgki, rocg`gûl i kilvgkkgilos,
>1
OC DHRKI J_RÄNGKI HVCGKHBCO VHRH CH G@_HCNHN...
ngskhphkgnhn, onhn y irgolthkgûl soxuhc, oc prglkgpgi no g`uhcnhn no trhti li gdpongrè quo so dhltol`hl i so hniptol dongnhs ospokäkhs h ahvir no notordglhnis kicoktgvis nostglhnhs h provolgr i kidpolshr chs nosvolthjhs quo cos haoktol rochtgvhs h chs dhtorghs glkcugnhs ol oc èdbgti no hpcgkhkgûl no ch prosolto sokkgûlµ.
Vir itri chni, ol oc èdbgti no ch glto`rhkgûl chbirhc mhy quo tolor ol kuolth oc ^ätuci QGG no ch Coy 8;/87=2, no 0 no hbrgc, no Glto`rhkgûl [ikghc no cis «Dglusvècgnisµ (sgk) (CG[DG) (No ch glto`rhkgûl Chbirhc) roki`o ngvorshs dongnhs kil ch lhcgnhn no ci`rhr ch glto`rhkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc odpcoi, «ol kilngkgilos quo `hrhltgkol ch hpcgkhkgûl noc prglkgpgi no g`uhcnhn no trhti, ol oc sgstodh ir irnglhrgi nglhrgi no trhbhji i, ol su noaokti, su glkirpirhkgûl hc sgstodh prinuktgvi donghlto ch aûrduch ospokghc no trhbhji prito`gniµ (hrtäkuci
;0.8).
Ch CG[DG osthbcoko ul prgdor dhrki co`hc quo trhth no ro`uchr, no dhlorh `olorhc, chs dongnhs irgolthnhs irgolthnh s h mhkor oaoktgvi oc norokmi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn h ch glto`rhkgûl sikghc. Rospokti h ch glkirpirhkgûl hc dorkhni no trhbhji, osthbcoko quo chs dongnhs noshrricchnhs h ostis oaoktis noborèl osthr prosgngnhs pir cis prglkgpgis no oqugphrhkgûl/g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos, no li-ngskrgdglhkgûl y no glto`rhkgûl. Ch dongnh dès gltoroshlto nosno ch porspoktgvh prèktgkh quo osthbcoko ch CG[DG phrh ch glto`rhkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc odpcoi irnglhrgi, os ch kuith no rosorvh no odpcoi phrh oc hkkosi no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Ch dgsdh roki`o quo «chs odproshs púbcgkhs y prgvhnhs quo odpcool h ul lúdori no ?6 i dès trhbhjhniros volnrèl ibcg`hnhs h quo no oltro occis, hc dolis, oc 2% sohl trhbhjhniros dglusvècgnis (sgk)µ
Uhrtäkuci ;8.=)T.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
>0
Ol noshrricci no osth ngspisgkgûl, y kil phrtgkuchr gltorçs phrh ch hktgvgnhn quo noshrricchl cis Koltris Ospokghcos no Odpcoi, oc Rohc Nokroti ;1>/266?, no = no hbrgc, pir oc quo so ro`uch oc kudpcgdgolti hctorlhtgvi kil khrèktor oxkopkgilhc no ch kuith no rosorvh h ahvir no cis trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol su hrtäkuci 2 so roki`ol chs dongnhs hctorlhtgvhs quo chs odproshs pinrèl hpcgkhr phrh kudpcgr ch ibcg`hkgûl no rosorvh no odpcoi h ahvir no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn: • Ch kocobrhkgûl no ul kiltrhti dorkhltgc i kggc kil ul koltri ospokghc no odpcoi, i kil ul trhbhjhnir hutûlidi kil ngskhphkgnhn, phrh oc sudglgstri no dhtorghs prgdhs, dhquglhrgh, bgolos no oqugpi i kuhcqugor kuhcqu gor itri tgpi no bgolos lokoshrgis phrh oc lirdhc noshrricci no ch hktgvgnhn no ch odprosh quo ipth pir osth dongnh. • Ch kocobrhkgûl no ul kiltrhti dorkhltgc i kggc kggc kil ul koltri ospokghc no odpcoi, i kil ul trhbhjhnir hutûlidi kil ngskhphkgnhn, phrh ch prosthkgûl no sorvgkgis hjolis y hkkosirgis h ch hktgvgnhn lirdhc no ch odprosh. • Rohcgzhkgûl no nilhkgilos y no hkkgilos no phtrikglgi, sgodpro no khkhrèktor dilothrgi, phrh oc noshrricci no hktgvgnhnos no glsorkgûl chbirhc y no krohkgûl no odpcoi no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, kuhlni ch oltgnhn bolokghrgh no ngkmhs hkkgilos no kichbirhkgûl soh ulh aulnhkgûl i ulh hsikghkgûl no utgcgnhn púbcgkh kuyi ibjoti sikghc soh, oltro itris, ch airdhkgûl priaosgilhc, ch glsorkgûl chbirhc i ch krohkgûl no odpcoi ol ahvir no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn quo pordgth ch krohkgûl no puostis no trhbhji phrh hquçcchs y, lhcdolto, su glto`rhkgûl ol oc dorkhni no trhbhji. • Ch kilstgtukgûl no ul olkcho olkcho chbirhc, progh progh suskrgpkgûl noc kirrospil kirrospil-ngolto kiltrhti kil ul koltri ospokghc no odpcoi, no hkuorni kil ci
>=
OC DHRKI J_RÄNGKI HVCGKHBCO VHRH CH G@_HCNHN...
osthbcokgni ol oc Rohc Nokroti 276/266>, no 26 no aobrori, pir oc quo so ro`uchl cis olkchvos chbirhcos kidi dongnh no aidolti noc odpcoi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Kil rospokti h ch lirdhtgvh ospokäkh sibro cis Koltris Ospokghcos no Odpcoi, pir ul chni, oc hrtäkuci >2.8 no ch Coy 8;/87=2, no 0 no hbrgc, no Glto`rhkgûl [ikghc no cis «Dglusvècgnisµ (sgk) (ol su ^ätuci QGG sibro glto`rhkgûl chbirhc), cis nolo kidi hquoccis kuyi ibjotgvi prglkgphc os oc no rohcgzhr ul trhbhji prinuktgvi, phrtgkgphlni ro`uchrdolto ol chs iporhkgilos noc dorkhni, y tolgolni kidi lhcgnhn ch hso`urhr ulh ikuphkgûl rodulorhnh y ch prosthkgûl no sorvgkgis no hjusto porsilhc y sikghc quo roqugorhl sus trhbhjhniros kilnongskhphkgnhn5 ch voz quo sohhc ul dongino no trhbhji glto`rhkgûl noc dhyir lúdori porsilhs kilh ngskhphkgnhn rç`gdol lirdhc. [o`úl su hrtäkuci >2.2 su pchltgcch osthrè kilstgtugnh pir oc dhyir lúdori no trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn quo pordgth ch lhturhcozh noc prikosi prinuktgi y, ol tini khsi, pir oc 06% no huocch. H ostis oaoktis li so kiltodpchrè oc porsilhc sgl ngskhphkgnhn nongkhni h ch prosthkgûl no sorvgkgis no hjusto porsilhc y sikghc. ([o oltolnorèl pir sorvgkgis no hjusto porsilhc y sikghc cis no romhbgcgthkgûl, torhpçutgkis, no glto`rhkgûl sikghc, kucturhcos y nopirtgvis, quo prikurol hc trhbhjhnir kil ngskhphkgnhn noc Koltri Ospokghc no Odpcoi ulh dhyir romhbgcgthkgûl porsilhc y ulh dojir hnhpthkgûl no su rochkgûl sikghc „hrtäkuci >2.;„). Vir su phrto, oc hrtäkuci >; no osth Coy ngspilo quo «ol htolkgûl h chs ospokghcos khrhktorästgkhs quo kilkurrol ol cis Koltris Ospokghcos no Odpcoi y pir pirquo quo ostis puonhl kudpcgr ch aulkgûl sikghc roq roquorgnh, uorgnh, chs Hndglgstrhkgilos púbcgkhs pinrèl, no ch airdh quo ro`chdolthrghdolto so notordglo, osthbcokor kidpolshkgilos okilûdgkhs, nostglhnhs h cis Koltris, phrh hyunhr h ch vghbgcgnhn no cis dgsdis, osthbcokgolni phrh ci kuhc, hnodès, cis
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
>7
dokhlgsdis no kiltric quo so ostgdol portgloltos. Cis Krgtorgis phrh osthbcokor osths kidpolshkgilos okilûdgkhs sorèl quo ostis Koltris Ospokghcos no Odpcoi roúlhl chs kilngkgilos no utgcgnhn púbcgkh y no gdproskglngbgcgnhn y quo khr khrozkhl ozkhl no èlgdi no cukr cukriµ. iµ.
Kil rospokti h cis olkchvos chbirhcos, su ro`uchkgûl so roki`o pir oc Rohc Nokroti 276/266>, no 26 no aobrori, kidi dongnh no aidolti noc odpcoi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. [o`úl su hrtäkuci 8 so oltgolno pir olkchvo chbirhc oc kiltrhti oltro ulh odprosh noc dorkhni irnglhrgi no trhbhji, cchdhnh odprosh kichbirhnirh, y ul koltri odpcoi phrh ch rohcgzhkgûl ibrhsyi phrh sorvgkgis `uhrnol rochkgûlospokghc ngrokthnokil ch hktgvgnhn lirdhc no no hquocch kuyhquo rohcgzhkgûl ul `rupi no trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn noc koltri ospokghc no odpcoi so nospchzh todpirhcdolto hc koltri no trhbhji no ch odprosh kichbirhnirh. Kil rospokti hc Odpcoi kil Hpiyi, su ro`uchkgûl so roki`o pir oc Rohc Nokroti =06/2660, no 2 no jucgi, pir oc quo so ro`uch oc pri`rhdh no odpcoi kil hpiyi kidi dongnh no aidolti no odpcoi no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc dorkhni irnglhrgi no trhbhji. [o`úl su hrtäkuci 2 so oltgolno pir odpcoi kil hpiyi oc kiljulti no hkkgilos no irgolthkgûl y hkidphøhdgolti glngvgnuhcgzhni ol oc puosti no trhbhji, prosthnhs pir prophrhniros chbirhcos ospokghcgzhnis, quo tgolol pir ibjoti ahkgcgthr ch hnhpthkgûl sikghc y chbirhc no trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn kil ospokghcos ngkucthnos no glsorkgûl chbirhc ol odproshs noc dorkhni irnglhrgi no trhbhji ol kilngkgilos sgdgchros hc rosti no cis trhbhjhniros quo nosodpoøhl puostis oqugvhcoltos.
Khpätuci GGG
¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH OL DH^ORGH NO NG[KHVHKGNHN9
^hc kidi so pilo no rocgovo ol hphrthnis hltorgiros, ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh os ul glstrudolti bèsgki phrh kiltrgbugr h ch glkcusgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn y hc ojorkgkgi y ngsaruto no tinis sus norokmis ol oc èdbgti chbirhc, kil pcolh g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos. Vhrh noshrricchr ulh lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh glkcusgvh ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn os prokgsi ul shcti kuhcgthtgvi ol osths nis ngdolsgilos (thc kidi hpulth oc ostungi no ch Aulnhkgûl Chr`i Khbhccori hltos kgthni): • Vir ul chni, ol ch priaulngzhkgûl sibro ch glkirpirhkgûl no ocodoltis quo pordgthl dojirhr ch kiltrhthkgûl y chs kilngkgilos no trhbhji noc kicoktgvi donghlto kcèusuchs ahvirokonirhs no occi. • Vir itri chni, ol oc osthbcokgdgolti ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgh no ulh hutçltgkh picätgkh ospokäkh ngrg`gnh hc trhthdgolti no ch ngskhphkgnhn y sus pribcodhs no hpcgkhkgûl ol oc kiljulti noc tojgni odproshrghc y ol khnh ulh no chs odproshs.
?2
¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H GLKC_[GQ GLKC_[GQH... H...
Hnodès, ol phrhcoci h hdbhs kuostgilos, os prokgsi kiltodpchr y hpcgkhr: • Vhuths y rokidolnhkgilos uo so mhl no tolor ol kuolth ol oc prikosi no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh. Oltro itrhs kuostgilos: phrtgkgphkgûl oaoktgvh y hkkosgbco no chs dujoros y midbros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol cis prikosis no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh. • Vhuths y rokidolnhkgilos phrh dojirhr oc kilikgdgolti, solsgbgcgzhkgûl y odpinorhdgolti no cis ngstgltis h`oltos phrh ch oaoktgvh glkirpirhkgûl no ch porspoktgvh no `çlori y no ch ngskhphkgnhn ol cis prikosis no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh.
GGG.8. Glkirpirhkgûl sgstodètgkh no kcèusuchs kilvolkgilhcos glkcusgvhs ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn ol cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis ¹Nosno quç olaiquo u irgolthkgûl so pchltoh ch glkirpirhkgûl sgstodètgkh no osths kcèusuchs9
Li mhy quo pornor no vgsth quo ch pripuosth no kcèusuchs quo so pripilol ol osto hphrthni phrh su glkirpirhkgûl sgstodètgkh ol cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis rospilno hc olaiquo `olorhc quo glspgrh osto Dhluhc ngrg`gni h kilso`ugr ul dinoci kilvolkgilhc quo kiltodpco ch ngskhphkgnhn nosno ul pulti no vgsth `cibhc o glto`rhni, bhji oc prgsdh no ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos, ch li ngskrgdglhkgûl y ch hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc: ulh picätgkh kilvolkgilhc ospokäkh nostglhnh h glkirpirhr no airdh trhlsvorshc h ch ngskhphkgnhn ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh. Nosno osto olaiquo, so protolno kil occi suporhr ch glkcusgûl hgschnh y phrkghc no hc`ulhs kcèusuchs quo, ol dukmis khsis, so cgdgthl h roprinukgr kuostgilos no ostrgkti kudpcgdgolti co`hc i ro`chdolthrgi (pir ojodpci, cgdg-
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
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tèlniso h ostgpuchr ch kiltrhthkgûl no trhbhjhniros phrh kudpcgr ch ibcg`hkgûl roki`gnh ol oc hrtäkuci ;=.8 no ch Coy 8;/87=2, no 0 no hbrgc, no Glto`rhkgûl [ikghc no cis «Dglusvècgnisµ) (sgk). [o trhth dès bgol no iarokor ul dinoci gllivhnir quo pordgth glkirpirhr h cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis ostgpuchkgilos quo mh`hl hvhlzhr ch g`uhcnhn y kidbhthl ch ngskrgdglhkgûl ol oc èdbgti chbirhc: • [uporhlni ch lirdhtgh lirdhtgh y li cgdgtèlniso h trhlskrgbgrch. • Noshrricchlni ch lirdhtgh co`hc h trhçs no ulh ro`uchkgûl kilolkgikilolkgilhc quo vhyh dès hccè no ch dgsdh. • Hnhpthlni ch lirdhtgh co`hc h ch rohcgnhn thlti no chs odproshs kidi no cis `rupis no porsilhs ol sgtuhkgûl no ngskhphkgnhn. Vir itri chni, li mhy quo pornor no vgsth quo oc ibjoti no osto Dhluhc os sorvgr no phuth h cis lo`ikghniros no kilvolgis kicoktgvis no odprosh i soktir, ol kuhcqugor èdbgti torrgtirghc, h ch mirh no glkirpirhr kcèusuchs quo haoktol h cis trhbhjhniros y trhbhjhnirhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Ol osto soltgni, chs kcèusuchs-tgpi quo so su`gorol sil doris ojodpcis phrh glspgrhr ch chbir no cis lo`ikghniros. ¹Xuç krgtorgis so pchltohl phrh ch ochbirhkgûl no chs kcèusuchs9
• [o rokidgolnh rohcgzhr ulh sophrhkgûl ol cis kilolgis kilolgis oltro ch ro`u ro`u-chkgûl no cis hspoktis chbirhcos y ch glkirpirhkgûl no ocodoltis ahvirokoniros no ch glkcusgûl no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn (hulquo puonh mhbor kiloxgûl oltro hdbis, so kilsgnorh quo ch mhbgtuhc prèktgkh no
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¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H GLKC_[GQ GLKC_[GQH... H...
kidbglhr ch ro`uchkgûl no kilngkgilos `olorhcos no trhbhji i no kiltrhthkgûl kil cis hspoktis quo ahvirokol ch glsorkgûl li pordgtol ulh gnoltgkhkgûl sukgoltodolto kchrhnonongskhphkgnhn). ch gltolkgilhcgnhn no ch glsorkgûl chbirhc no porsilhs ol sgtuhkgûl • [o rokidgolnh rohcgzhr proghdolto ul prikosi no midi`ologzhkgûl no cis krgtorgis hpcgkhbcos y irgolthkgilos kidulos oltro qugolos vhl h phrtgkgphr ol ch lo`ikghkgûl, phrh ahvirokor oc hbirnhjo no osths kcèusuchs nosno ul olaiquo `cibhc o glto`rhni, bhji oc prgsdh no ch glkcusgûl, ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y ch li ngskrgdglhkgûl. • no Vuono rosucthr no `rhl quo, utgcgnhn phrh lo`ikghniros oc kilikgdgolti ch cgsth no dhtorghs sibro ch cis kuostgûl no ch ngskhphkgnhn, bgol mhl sgni rodgtgnhs pir ch coy h ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, bgol kilstgtuyol torrolis ol cis quo ch ro`uchkgûl kilvolkgilhc li ostè primgbgnh i cgdgthnh pir hquocch. • [o rokidgolnh li pornor no gsth ch glkirpirhkgûl no dokhlgsdis phrh oc so`ugdgolti y ovhcuhkgûl noc kudpcgdgolti no osths kcèusuchs phrh ovgthr ulh glsukgolto okhkgh i ahcth no ojokutgvgnhn no chs ro`uchkgilos kiltrhktuhcgzhnhs. Os nokgr, provor hktuhkgilos hlto oc glkudpcgdgolti no ci phkthni, y dokhlgsdis okhkos no suporvgsgûl y hndglgstrhkgûl no cis kilvolgis ol osth dhtorgh. • [o rokidgolnh tolor ol kuolth thlti ch glkirpirhkgûl no kcèusuchs quo ahvirozkhl ch g`uhcnhn phrh chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, kidi ch rovgsgûl noc kiljulti no kcèusuchs no cis kilvolgis phrh ocgdglhr tinhs hquocchs kuostgilos quo puonhl supilor nosg`uhcnhnos, ngskrgdglhkgilos i cgdgthkgilos no kuhcqugor tgpi phrh chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
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Vir ojodpci, cis lo`ikghniros noborähl vochr pir ch li glkcusgûl ol cis kilvolgis no cgdgthkgilos (li justgkhnhs ibjotgvhdolto pir rhzilos no shcun y so`urgnhn, u itrhs sgdgchros) h chi `rupis ikuphkgûl no trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol notordglhnhs khto`irähs priaosgilhcos kilkrotis. Ol `olorhc, so ibsorvh ulh oskhsh prosolkgh no kcèusuchs quo ovgtol chs ngskrgdglhkgilos no kuhcqugor tgpi mhkgh chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. • Hc dhr`ol no chs kcèusuchs uo ro`ucol kilngkgilos ospokäkhs no kilkiltrhthkgûl y kilngkgilos no trhbhji dès ahvirokonirhs phrh cis trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn, noborähl pridivorso chs ro`uchkgilos quo nol cu`hr h prikosis no hlècgsgs kidphrtgnis, porgûngkis i kiltgluhnis, i kidpridgsis no trhbhji kiljulti,kil rospokti h chs prèktgkhs picätgkhsynoh glsorkgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs ngskhphkgnhn ol chs yodproshs chs kilngkgilos no hkkosgbgcgnhn, chs hnhpthkgilos y hjustos rhzilhbcos no airdh glngvgnuhcgzhnh, htolngolni h chs khrhktorästgkhs kilkroths noc puosti, noc oltirli y no ch porsilh.
¹Xuç kcèusuchs so pripilol y kil quç pripuosth no ronhkkgûl9
H) KCÈ_[_CH [IBRO NOAGLGKcÛL NO VOR[ILH KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN ¹Xuç so pripilo9 Gltrinukgr no airdh sgstodètgkh ol cis kilvolgis ch nolgkgûl sibro «porsilh kil ngskhphkgnhnµ. Ol kilkroti, utgcgzhlni ch nolgkgûl co`hc provgsth ol oc hrtäkuci 8 no ch Kilvolkgûl sibro cis Norokmis no chs Vorsilhs kil Ngskhphkgnhn y oc hrtäku-
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¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H GLKC_[GQ GLKC_[GQH... H...
ci 8.2 no ch Coy ?8/266;, no 2 no ngkgodbro, no g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos, li ngskrgdglhkgûl y hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn.
Ronhkkgûl tgpi quo so pripilo phrh glkcugr osth kcèusuch: «[il porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn hquocchs quo prosoltol nokgolkghs aäsgkhs,, dolthco aäsgkhs dolthcos, s, gltocok gltocoktuhcos tuhcos i solsi solsirghcos rghcos h chr chr`i `i pchzi quo, hc gltorhktuhr kil ngvorshs bhrrorhs, puonhl gdpongr su phrtgkgphkgûl pcolh y oaoktgv oaoktgvh h ol ch sikgon sikgonhn, hn, ol g`uhcnh g`uhcnhn n no kilngk kilngkgilos gilos kil cis nodès. ^olnrèl ^olnrèl ch kilsgnorhkgûl no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn hquocchs h qugolos so cos mhyh rokilikgni ul `rhni no ngskhphkgnhn g`uhc i suporgir hc ;;%. Ol tini khsi, so kilsgnorhrèl quo prosolthl ulh ngskhphkgnhn ol `rhni g`uhc i suporgir hc ;;% cis polsgilgsths no ch [o`urgnhn [ikghc quo tol`hl rokilikgnh ulh polsgûl no glkhphkgnhn pordhlolto pordh lolto ol oc `rhn `rhni i no tithc, hbsicu hbsicuth th i `rhl glvhcgnoz, glvhcgnoz, y h cis polsgilgsths polsgi lgsths no kchsos phsgv phsgvhs hs quo tol`hl rokilik okilikgnh gnh ulh polsg polsgûl ûl no jubgchkgûl i no rotgri pir glkhphkgnhn pordhlolto phrh oc sorvgkgi i glutgcgnhn. Cis prglkgpgis y norokmis chbirhcos ol dhtorgh no g`uhcnhn y li ngskrgdglhkgûl sorèl no hpcgkhkgûl h chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, kil glnopolnolkgh no ch oxgstolkgh no rokilikgdgolti ikghc no ch sgtuhkgûl no ngskhphkgnhn i no su trhlsgtirgonhnµ.
Hnodès no ch likgûl co`hc, cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis nobol hbrgrso o glkcugr chs sgtuhkgilos no ngskhphkgnhn no mokmi, tol`hl i li rokilikgdgolti hndglgstrhtgvi kil hrro`ci h cis krgtorgis kgthnis hltorgirdolto, os nokgr, mhl no kidprolnor h chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, kil glnopolnolkgh noc `rhni no ngskhphkgnhn kil quo mhyhl sgni vhcirhnhs, kidi sujotis no cis norokmis/prglkgpgis no glkcusgûl, li ngskrgdglhkgûl, no g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y no hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
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B) KCÈ_[_CH @OLORHC [IBRO LI NG[KRGDGLHKGÛL ¹Xuç so pripilo9 [o rokidgolnh ch glkirpirhkgûl no kcèusuchs quo oxprosol oc kidpridgsi no cis lo`ikghniros no ccovhr h ch prèktgkh dongnhs ngrg`gnhs h kidbhtgr tinh airdh no ngskrgdglhkgûl ol oc èdbgti no chs rochkgilos chbirhcos. ^golo oc khrèktor no nokchrhkgûl pri`rhdètgkh.
Ronhkkgûl tgpi quo so pripilo phrh glkcugr osth kcèusuch: «Hdbhs phrtos so kidpridotol h rospothr cis prglkgpgis y norokmis chbirhcos ol dhtorgh no g`uhcnhn y h kidbhtgr ch ngskrgdglhkgûl pir rhzilos no soxi, osthni kgvgc, ngskhphkgnhn ngskhphkgnhn,, onhn, irg`ol rhkghc i çtlgki, kilngkgûl sikghc, rocg`gûl i kilvgkkgilos, gnohs picätgkhs, irgolthkgûl soxuhc, hcghkgûl i li h ul sglngkhti, hsä kidi pir rhzûl no col`uh, noltri noc Osthni osphøicµ.
K) KCÈ_[_CH[ [IBRO GL[^R_DOL^I[ O[VOKÄAGKI O[VOKÄAGKI[[ NO @O[^GÛL H[O@_RHR OL CH CH LILO@IKGHKGÛL NG[KRGDGLHKGÛL RHZÛL NOVHRH NG[KHVHKGNHN W OLVIR CH HVCGKHKGÛL NO CI[ KILQOLGI[ ¹Xuç so pripilo9 Hso`urhr oc noshrricci no dokhlgsdis o glstrudoltis ospokäkis quo `hrhltgkol: • ^hlti uo ch lo`ikghkgûl lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgh li glkirpiro lgl`úl tgpi no kcèusuch quo supil`h kuhcqugor dini no ngskrgdglhkgûl, nosg`uhcnhn i cgdgth-
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¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H GLKC_[GQ GLKC_[GQH... H...
kgûl phrh chs porsilhs pir ditgvi no su ngskhphkgnhn i ocodoltis i sgtuhkgilos hsikghnhs h osth. • Kidi uo ch pistorgir hpcgkhkgûl noc kilolgi kilolgi kicoktgi ol ci rochtgi h ch glkcusgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, su g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y li ngskrgdglhkgûl ngspil`h no dokhlgsdis ospokäkis no so`ugdgolti, ovhcuhkgûl y oxg`gbgcgnhn no kudpcgdgolti. Ol nolgtgvh, phrh ccovhr h ch prèktgkh cis kidpridgsis hsudgnis ol ch lo`ikghkgûl, so su`goro krohr glstrudoltis quo pordgthl su `ostgûl ol oc èdbgti no chs odproshs.
Ronhkkgilos tgpi quo so pripilol phrh glkcugr osths kcèusuchs: • KIDG[GILO[ NO G@_HCNHN W LI NG[KRGDGLHKGÛL OL DHDH^ORGH NO NG[KHVHKGNHN (i `rupi no trhbhji ospokäki ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn sg so kroh ulh Kidgsgûl no G`uhcnhn no èdbgti dès hdpcgi). «[o pinrè krohr ulh UKidgsgûl no G`uhcnhn y li ngskrgdglhkgûl ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhnT U`rupi no trhbhji ospokäki ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhnT, kidpuosti pir ch ngrokkgûl no ch odprosh y cis roprosolthltos no cis trhbhjhniros, kil oc l no pridivor picätgkhs hktgvhs h ahvir no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol ch odprosh. Ol tini khsi, so kro krohrè hrè ngkmh UKidgsgûlT U`rupi no trhbhjiT ol chs odproshs no dès no 2?6 trhbhjhniros. ^hdbgçl oxgstgrè roprosolthkgûl no trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol ngkmh UKidgsgûlT U`rupi no trhbhjiTµ.
Hsgdgsdi, khbräh høhngr, h l no kidpcodolthr h ch Kidgsgûl:
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
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«[o pinrè krohr ul Ibsorvhtirgi [oktirghc quo suporvgso oc kudpcgdgolti no cis prglkgpgis no glkcusgûl, g`uhcnhn y li ngskrgdglhkgûl y ahkgcgto ch glairdhkgûl lokoshrgh, no airdh hkkosgbco, hkkosgbco, sibro ch rohcgnhn rohcgnhn phrh kidpcodolthr y hpiyhr oc trhbhji no ch Kidgsgûlµ.
• VCHL NO G@_HCNHN W LI NG[KRGDGLHKGÛL OL DH^ORGH DH^ORGH NO NG[KHVHKGNHN (i khpätuci ospokäki ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn noltri no ul Vchl no G`uhcnhn no èdbgti dès hdpcgi). «Chs odproshs pinrèl ochbirhr y hpcgkhr, no airdh lo`ikghnh kil cis roprosolthltos no cis trhbhjhniros, ul UVchl no G`uhcnhn y li ngskrgdglhkgûl ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhnT Ukhpätuci ospokäki ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn noltri no ul Vchl no G`uhcnhnT. Ol tini khsi, so ochbirhr ochbirhrè è y hpcgkhrè ngkmi UVchlT UkhpätuciT ol chs odproshs no dès no 2?6 trhbhjhniros. Chs khrhktor khrhktorästgkhs ästgkhs quo nobol ro roulgr ulgr ngkmi UVchlT UkhpätuciT sil: „ [o roh rohcgzhrh cgzhrh ul ngh`lûstgki no ch sgtuhkgûl no phrtgnh. „ [o jhrèl cis kilkr kilkrotis otis ibjotgvis no g`uhcnhn pir hckhlzhr hckhlzhr,, chs ostrhto`ghs y prèktgkhs pir hnipthr phrh su kilsokukgûl, hsä kidi oc osthbcokgdgolti no sgstodhs okhkos no so`ugdgolti y ovhcuhkgûl no cis ibjotgvis jhnis. „ Kiltodpchr Kiltodpchrèl, èl, oltr oltroo itrhs, chs dhtorghs no hkkosi hc odpcoi, pr priidikgûl y airdhkgûl, rotrgbukgilos, irnolhkgûl noc tgodpi no trhbhji, dingkhkgûl, suspolsgûl i oxtglkgûl no ch rochkgûl chbirhc, provolkgûl pr ovolkgûl no rgos`is chbirhco chbirhcos, s, kilkgcghkgûl chbirhc, porsilhc y ahdgcghr,, y pro ahdgcghr provolkgûl volkgûl noc hkisi.
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¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H GLKC_[GQ GLKC_[GQH... H...
„ [o glkcugrèl dongnhs no hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc, ulgvorshc, hjustos rhzilhbcos rhzilhbcos y hnhpthkgilo hnhpthkgiloss no cis puostis no trhbhji. „ [o `hrhltgzh oc hkkosi no ch roprosolthkgûl roprosolthkgûl co`hc no cis trhbhjhniros y trhbhjhnirhs i, ol su noaokti, no cis pripgis trhbhjhniros y trhbhjhnirhs, h ch glairdhkgûl sibro su kiltolgni y ch kilsokukgûl no sus ibjotgvis, quo sorè pripirkgilhni no airdh hkkosgbcoµ.
N) KCÈ_[_CH[ [IBRO GL@RO[I OL OC ^RHBHJI ¹Xuç so pripilo9 [o kilsgnorh quo li rosucth lokoshrgi ropotgr ol oc Kilvolgi ch ibcg`hkgûl roki`gnh ol oc hrtäkuci ;=.8 no ch Coy 8;/87=2 (kuith no odpcoi noc 2% no trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol odproshs no ?6 i dès trhbhjhniros), shcvi uo so ugorh dojirhr (pir ojodpci, hudolthr oc pirkolthjo noc 2% i oxtoloxtol norci h odproshs no dolis no ?6 trhbhjhniros, ci quo puono sor ahktgbco ol kilvolgis no èdbgti odproshrghc). Ol tini khsi, nobo ovgthrso kuhcqugor kcèusuch quo rostrgljh i cgdgto su hpcgkhkgûl, quo soräh gco`hc. [o trhth no ulh dongnh no glkcusgûl ol oc odpcoi irnglhrgi quo so mh no hpcgkhr pir phrto no chs odproshs kil ?6 i dès trhbhjhniros. Oc ibjotgvi no chs kcèusuchs sibro gl`rosi ol ch odprosh os glkgngr ol quo cis prikosis no socokkgûl y kiltrhthkgûl no chs odproshs so glkirpirol h khlngnhtis kil ngskhphkgnhn, bgol soh phrh kudpcgr ch rosorvh no odpcoi no ch CG[DG (2%) i pir hpcgkhkgûl no cis ibjotgis ol oc dhrki no ch picätgkh no rospilshbgcgnhn sikghc no ch odprosh.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
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Hnodès, so mh no pridivor ol cis prikosis no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh oc kudpcgdgolti no ch kuith no rosorh noc 2% ol chs odproshs no dès no ?6 trhbhjhniros, osthbcokgolni kcèusuchsnoospokäkhs kudpcgdgolti gnoltgkhlni chs hktgvgnhnos y cis puostis trhbhji dèsnohkirnos h cis porcos priaosgilhcos no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Itri hspokti quo puono kiltodpchrso ol cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis os oc no chs dongnhs hctorlhtgvhs hc kudpcgdgolti no ch ibcg`hkgûl no rosorvh no odpcoi (2%), no kilairdgnhn kil oc hrtäkuci ;=.8 no ch Coy 8;/87=2, no 0 no hbrgc. Oc ibjotgvi no ngkmhs kcèusuchs nobo sor glkoltgvhr oc rokursi rohcdolto oxkopkgilhc h osths aûrduchs (nilhkgilos, kiltrhtis kil koltris ospokghcos no odpcoi y h trhbhjhniros hutûlidis kil ngskhphkgnhn, otk.), prgdhlni sgodpro ch kiltrhthkgûl ngrokth no trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn.
Ronhkkgilos tgpi quo so pripilol phrh glkcugr osths kcèusuchs: • VRIKO[I[ NO [OCOKKGÛL W KIL^RH^ KIL^RH^HKGÛL NO CH[ ODVROODVRO[H[ X_O GLKIRVIROL KHLNGNH^I[ KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN: «Ol cis prikosis no socokkgûl y kiltrhthkgûl no trhbhjhniros so sicgkgthrèl porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn quo tol`hl oc porc hnokuhni h ch iaorth no odpcoi. [o `hrhltgzhrè ch g`uhcnhn, ch li ngskrgdglhkgûl y ch hkkosgbgcgnhn ol oc prikosi socoktgvi ol kuhlti h chs pruobhs y ol ch nokgsgûl no kiltrhthkgûl. [o hnhpthrèl chs pruobhs y, ol `olorhc, tini oc prikosi socoktgvi, h chs lokosgnhnos ospokäkhs no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Ol ospokghc, so hnipthrèl, phrh chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn quo ci sicgkgtol, dongnhs no hnhpthkgûl y hjustos rhzilhbcos no dongis y
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¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H GLKC_[GQ GLKC_[GQH... H...
tgodpis htolngolni h chs khrhktorästgkhs ospokäkhs quo ch porsilh puonh tolor phrh ch ro rohcgzhkgûl hcgzhkgûl no chs pruobhsµ.
• VRGIRGNHN VRGIRGNHN VIR CH KIL^RH KIL^R H^HKGÛL NGROK^ NGROK ^H NO ^RHBHJH ^RHBHJH-NIRO[ KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN AROL^O H CH HVCGKHKGÛL NO DONGNH[ HC^ORLH^GQH[ H CH K_I^H NO RO[ORQH: «Ol oc khsi no chs odproshs no ?6 i dès trhbhjhniros, ibcg`hnhs h kilthr kil ul 2% no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn oltro cis dgsdis, so utgcgzhrè proaorolto y prgirgthrghdolto ch kiltrhthkgûl ngrokth. [ici so rokurrgrè h chs dongnhs hctorlhtgvhs ro`chdolthrghs ol cis khsis quo oxgsthl pribhnhs khushs oxkopkgilhcos quo ditgvol ch ospokghc ngkucthn phrh glkirpirhr trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn h ch pchltgcch no ch odprosh, pir rhzilos no khrèktor prinuktgvi, ir`hlgzhtgvi, tçklgki i okilûdgki. Chs odpr odproshs, oshs, ol khsi no li oxgstgr ngkmhs rhzilo rhzilos, s, noborèl ro rohcgzhr hcgzhr tini tgpi no `ostgilos no gltordonghkgûl chbirhc, chbirhc, kil ospokghc htolkgûl h cis pripirkgilhnis pir oltgnhnos noc torkor soktir no ch ngskhphkgnhn, phrh olkiltrhr h trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn kil ch gnilognhn hnokuhnh hc porc priaosgilhc quo prokgsolµ.
O) KCÈ_[_CH [IBRO NG[KHVH NG[KHVHKGNHN KGNHN [IBROQOLGNH ¹Xuç so pripilo9 Ahkgcgthr ch kilsorvhkgûl noc odpcoi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn sibrovolgnh, quo puonhl so`ugr noshrricchlni ulh hktgvgnhn chbirhc noltri no ch dgsdh odprosh kidphtgbco kil su luovh sgtuhkgûl. No ci kiltrhrgi, so ostè hphrthlni no ch vgnh hktgvh h dukmhs porsilhs quo nosohl so`ugr trhbh-
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
1;
jhlni, ci quo hnodès no ulh oxkcus oxkcusgûl gûl puono sibrokhr sibrokhr`hr `hr gllokosh gllokoshrghdolt rghdoltoo oc sgstodh skhc y no pritokkgûl sikghc. _l ostungi soktirghc sibro ngskhphkgnhn sibrovolgnh ? pilo no rocgovo uo oc >>% no chs porsilhs ol osth sgtuhkgûl li icgoril h trhbhjhr trhs ch ngskhphkgnhn, ci quo duostrh ol quç dongnh ch ngskhphkgnhn sibrovolgnh supilo ulh rupturh sikgichbirhc. Hnodès, ol ch `rhl dhyiräh no cis khsis (00%), no huocchs porsilhs uo trhbhjhril trhs sibroolgr ch ngskhphkgnhn, ch roglkirpirhkgûl hc dulni chbirhc supusi ul khdbgi no puosti y no odprosh, ci quo noduostrh chs ngkucthnos phrh ch roglkirpirhkgûl hc odpcoi. Oc todh ch ngskhphkgnhn y dhltolgdgolti odpcoi os uli no cisnohsultis ol cis quosibrovolgnh ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh puonoolsorocul buol glstrudolti no dojirh. Ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, ol oc dhrki no ch lirdhtgvh vg`olto, puono glkoltgvhr oc ibjotgvi no ahkgcgthr ch kilsorvhkgûl noc odpcoi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn sibrovolgnh.
Ronhkkgûl tgpi quo so pripilo phrh glkcugr osth kcèusuch: «Chs odproshs pridivorèl hktgvhdolto ch kilsorvhkgûl y dhltolgdgolti noc odpcoi no chs porsilhs h chs quo, dgoltrhs so olkuoltrh vg`olto ch rochkgûl chbirhc, so cos rokilizkh ulh ngskhphkgnhn i glkhphkgnhn pordhlolto no [o`urgnhn [ikghc i hlèci`hs, norgvhnh no olaordonhn, hkkgnolto chbirhc i li, i pir kuhcqugor itri ditgvi. H thc oaokti, ro rohcgzhrèl hcgzhrèl chs hnhpthkgilos y hjustos rhzilh rhzilhbcos bcos quo auorol auor ol pr prokgsis, okgsis, ch airdhkgûl y rok rokgkchjo gkchjo pr priaosgilhc, iaosgilhc, oc khdbgi no ?
Ostungi soktirghc. Ngskhphkgnhn sibro sibrovolgnh, volgnh, Aulnish [ikghc Kilsuctgl`, 2661.
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¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H GLKC_[GQ GLKC_[GQH... H...
puosti no trhbhji i aulkgilos, sgolni viculthrgh phrh oc trhbhjhnir ch hkopthkgûl no chs luovhs kilngkgilos no trhbhji, o glairdhlni h cis roprosolthltos co`hcos no cis trhbhjhniros. Vhrh `hrhltgzhr ch iporhtgvgnhn no osto kidpridgsi odproshrghc so hpribhrè ol ch odprosh ul prikongdgolti sibro dhltolgdgolti ol oc odpcoi no cis trhbhjhniros h cis quo so cos rokilizkh ulh ngskhphkgnhn i glvhcgnoz pordhlolto. Ch UKidgsgûl no G`uhcnhn y li ngskrgdglhkgûl ol dhtorgh no ngskh phkgnhnT U`rupi no trhbhji ospokäki ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn ngskhphkgnhnTT rokipgchrè glairdhkgûl tçklgkh sibro chs dongnhs no hnhpthkgûl y hjusto rhzilhbco, pungolni sicgkgthr hsgstolkgh tçklgkh no chs Glstgtukgilos púbcgkhs y prgvhnhs ospokghcgzhnhsµ.
A) KCÈ_[_CH[ [IBRO KILKGCGHKGÛL ¹Xuç so pripilo9 Cis Kilvolgis so suocol ikuphr no ch kilkgcghkgûl chbirhc ol dhtorgh no jirlhnh, mirhrgis no trhbhji y pordgsis nosno ch ûptgkh no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn quo tgolol bhji su kugnhni i `uhrnh cis trhbhjhniros, pori li hsä no cis pripgis trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn. Vori ostis suocol tolor lokosgnhnos ospokäkhs quo haokthl h ch kilkgcghkgûl no ch vgnh chbirhc y porsilhc ngaoroltos no cis trhbhjhniros sgl ngskhphkgnhn. [o trhthräh no glkirpirhr hjustos rhzilhbcos ol osto soltgni. Ch Kilvolkgûl no chs Lhkgilos _lgnhs oltgolno pir «hjustos rhzilhbcosµ chs dingkhkgilos y hnhpthkgilos lokoshrghs y hnokuhnhs quo li gdpil`hl ulh khr`h nospripirkgilhnh i glnobgnh, kuhlni so roqugorhl ol ul khsi phrtgkuchr, phrh `hrhltgzhr h chs porsilhs kil
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
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ngskhphkgnhn oc `iko i ojorkgkgi, ol g`uhcnhn no kilngkgilos kil chs nodès, no tinis cis norokmis mudhlis y cgborthnos aulnhdolthcos (hrtäkuci 2). Ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, ol oc dhrki no ch lirdhtgvh vg`olto, puono glkirpirhr kcèusuchs ngvorshs quo kiltrgbuyhl h osto ibjotgvi.
Ronhkkgilos tgpi quo so pripilol phrh glkcugr osths kcèusuchs: • ACO]GBGCGNHN NO MIRHRGI[ NO ^RHBHJI: «Oc trhbhjhnir kil ngskhphkgnhn i oc trhbhjhnir quo tol`h h su kugnhni ulh porsilh kil ngskhphkgnhn tgolo norokmi h floxgbgcgzhr su mirhrgi no trhbhji, sgodpro quo justgquo ch lokosgnhn no ch hnhpthkgûl no su mirhrgi no trhbhji y çsth soh kidphtgbco kil ch ir`hlgzhkgûl noc trhbhji. Ch floxgbgcgzh floxgbgcgzhkgûl kgûl noc mirhrgi no trhbhji pinrè kilsgstgr ol: H)
Hnochlthr i rotr rotrhshr hshr ch mirh no glgkgi i lhcgzhkgûl noc trhbhji.
B)
Oco`gr Oco `gr turli, sg oso os oc sgstodh no trhbhji no ch odpr odprosh. osh.
K)
Hkuduchr dès mirhs no trhbhji ol oc näh, sodhlh i dos, kid polsèlnichs kil mirhs i nähs no noskhlsi, noltr noltri i no cis cädgtos co`hcos.
• RON_KKGÛL NO JIRLHNH: «Oc trhbhjhnir kil ngskhphkgnhn i oc trhbhjhnir quo tol`h h su kugnhni ulh porsilh kil ngskhphkgnhn tgolo norokmi h ch ronukkgûl no jirlhnh
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¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H GLKC_[GQ GLKC_[GQH... H...
no trhbhji nghrgh, kil ch ngsdglukgûl pripirkgilhc noc shchrgi oltro, hc dolis, ul ikthvi y ul dèxgdi no ch dgthn no ch nurhkgûl no hquocchµ.
• VORDG[I[: «Oc trhbhjhnir kil ngskhphkgnhn i oc trhbhjhnir quo tol`h h su kugnhni ulh porsilh kil ngskhphkgnhn tgolo norokmi h cis pordgsis lokoshrgis phrh phrtgkgphr ol trhthdgoltis no hutilidäh porsilhc, mhbgcgthkgûl, romhbgcgthkgûl, dçngkis i psgkicû`gkis ditgvhnis pir ch ngskhphkgnhn. Ngkmis pordgsis li sorèl rotrgbugnis, shcvi hkuorni kil ch odproshµ.
@) KCÈ_[_CH [IBRO KHDBGI NO KOL^RI NO ^RHBHJI W O]^GLKGÛL NOC KIL^RH^I NO ^RHBHJI ¹Xuç so pripilo9 Oc Osthtuti no cis ^rhbhjhniros (hrtäkucis >6.? y ?8.?) rodgto h ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh oc osthbcokgdgolti no kcèusuchs quo rokilizkhl ch prgirgnhn no pordhlolkgh ol oc koltri no trhbhji i ol ch odprosh h ahvir no trhbhjhniros no kgortis `rupis, thcos kidi trhbhjhniros kil khr`hs ahdgcghros, dhyiros no notordglhnh onhn i porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, ol cis supuostis no divgcgnhn `oi`rèkh y nospgni kicoktgvi. No osth prgirgnhn ngsaruthl ngrokthdolto cis roprosolthltos co`hcos no cis trhbhjhniros. [o puono kilkrothr ol oc kilvolgi cis supuostis ol quo iporhräh osth prgirgnhn. Chs khr`hs ahdgcghros so pinrähl mhkor oqugvhcoltos h ch nolgkgûl co`hc no ahdgcgh ludorish. Ol oc khsi ch onhn, so puono utgcgzhr ch bhrrorh no cis ?6 høis, quo os ch quo so odpcoh phrh cis prikosis no rokicikhkgûl
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
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provgstis ol ch ro`uchkgûl co`hc no cis nospgnis kicoktgvis, i cis >? høis, quo notordglh ul `rupi kil ospokghcos ngkucthnos no glsorkgûl chbirhc.
Ronhkkgûl tgpi quo so pripilo phrh glkcugr osth kcèusuch: «Cis trhbhjhniros quo portolozkhl h ulh ahdgcgh ludorish, cis dhyiros no ?6 (i >?) høis y chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn tolnrèl prgirgnhn no pordhlolk pordhlolkgh gh ol oc koltr koltri i no trhbhji i ol ch odpr odprosh osh ol cis sg`ugoltos supuostis: Ol cis trhschnis no trhbhjhni trhbhjhniros ros h itr itri i koltr koltri i no trhbhji quo gd pcgquo khdbgi no ro rosgnolkgh. sgnolkgh. Kuhlni oc khdbgi no koltri no trhbhji, hulquo li gdpcgquo khdbgi no rosgnolkgh, haokto h ulh porsilh kil ngskhphkgnhn, pir khushs justgkhnhs, thcos kidi oc hcojhdgolti no su nidgkgcgi i no cis koltris nilno rokgbh trhthdgoltis no mhbgcgthkgûl, romhbgcgthkgûl, dçngkis i psgkicû`gkis i prophrhkgûl phrh su hutilidäh ditgvhnis pir ch ngskhphkgnh ngskhphkgnhn. n. Ol cis supuostis no oxtglkgû oxtglkgûl l no kiltrhtis no trhbhji aulnhnh ol khushs okilûdgkhs, tçklgkhs, ir`hlgzhtgvhs i no prinukkgûlµ.
M) KCÈ_[_CH ROCH ROCH^GQ ^GQH H H CH[ VORKOVKGILO[ OKILÛDGKH[ ¹Xuç so pripilo9 Chs kcèusuchs no cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis quo rochkgilhl chs porkopkgilos okilûdgkhs kil chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, hulquo sil duy piki arokuoltos, suocol sor no nis tgpis. Vir ul chni, chs quo osthbcokol kidpcodoltis shchrghcos h thlti hczhni hsikghnis hc rokilikgdgolti no ch sgtuhkgûl
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¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H GLKC_[GQ GLKC_[GQH... H...
no ngskhphkgnhn. Vir itri, hquocchs porkopkgilos ngrg`gnhs dès kilkrothdolto h kidpolshr cis dhyiros kistos ol cis quo, phrh rohcgzhr oc nosodpoøi no ch hktgvgnhn chbirhc, nobol chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, pir ojodpci ulis dhyiros kistos no glkurrgr trhlspirto. Kuhlni occi soh pisgbco, kilvgolo olaikhr oc hsulti nosno ch porspoktgvh no ibjotgvhr cis dhyiros kistos dhtorghcos quo oc noshrricci no ch hktgvgnhn chbirhc oltrhøh phrh chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Vir ci quo ol dhtorgh rotrgbutgvh so noboräh tolnor pir ul olaiquo kchrhdolto kidpolshtirgi quo, hc rophrhr osis kistos suporgiros h cis no cis nodès trhbhjhniros g`uhch ch rodulorhkgûl rohc, y ostgduch oc noshrricci no ch hktgvgnhn chbirhc, ospokghcdolto ol cis trhdis rotrgbutgvis dès bhjis. Ronhkkgûl tgpi quo so pripilo phrh glkcugr osth kcèusuch: «Ol ch rotrgbukgûl no cis trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn so kilsgnorhrè ch kidpolshkgûl no cis kistos supcodolthrgis quo ostis hsudhl phrh oc noshrricci no su hktgvgnhn chbirhc, kil rospokti h itris trhbhjhniros sgl ngskhphkgnhn ol su dgsdi `rupi i khto`iräh priaosgilhc pr iaosgilhc (pir ojodpci, ol su khsi: kistos no trhlspirto hnhpthni i hkkosgbco phrh hkkonor hc koltri no trhbhji)µ.
GGG.2. Gltrinukkgûl no ulh picätgkh ospokäkh ngrg`gnh h ch ngskhphkgnhn ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh _l hnokuhni nospcgo`uo no ul dinoci no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh quo kiltodpco no dhlorh oaoktgvh ch ngskhphkgnhn nosno ul pulti no vgsth `cibhc o glto`rhni, bhji oc prgsdh no ch glkcusgûl, ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos, ch li ngskrgdglhkgûl y ch hkkosgbgcgnhn (picätgkh kilvolkgilhc ospokäkh nostglhnh h glkirpirhr no airdh trhlsvorshc h ch ngskhphkgnhn ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh),
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
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roqugoro tolor ol kuolth ocodoltis quo vhl dès hccè no ch glkirpirhkgûl no kcèusuchs ol cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis. Ol kuhcqugorh no cis lgvocos pisgbcos tolgolni ol kuolth ch ostrukturh kilkroth no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ol khnh soktir, so pinräh pchltohr kidi ibjotgvi oc ngsoøi no ulh picätgkh ospokäkh nostglhnh h ch ngskhphkgnhn, phrh ci kuhc soräh lokoshrgi: • Kidolzhr pir ch hporturh no ul khpätuci kilkroti noc kilolgi uo osthbcokgorh, dès hccè no kcèusuchs kilkroths, ulh vornhnorh picätgkh hc rospokti. • [o osh noborähl picätgkh. nolgr cis ibjotgis `olorhcos y thdbgçl ospokäkis no • Julti h occi, soräh prokgsi osthbcokor ulis glstrudoltis uo pordgtgorhl pordgtgorhl ch `ostgûl no osh picätgkh, hsä kidi su hpcgkhkgûl kilkroth. Osis glstrudoltis pinrähl sor cis roki`gnis noltri no chs nolidglhnhs ol oc hphrthni hltorgir «KCÈ_[_CH[ [IBRO GL[^R_DOL^I[ O[VOKÄAGKI[ NO @O[^GÛL VHRH H[O@_RHR CH LI NG[KRGDGLHKGÛL VIR RHZÛL NO NG[KHVHKGNHN OL CH LO@IKGHKGÛL W OL CH HVCGKHKGÛL NO CI[ KILQOLGI[µ, roki`golni chs KIDG[ILO[ NO G@_HCNHN W LI NG[KRGDGLHKGÛL OL DH^ORGH NO NG[KHVHKGN KHV HKGNHN HN (i `rupi no trhbhji ospokäki ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn sg so kroh ulh Kidgsgûl no G`uhcnhn no èdbgti dès hdpcgi), oc Ibsorvhtirgi [oktirghc i oc VCHL NO G@_HCNHN W LI NG[KRGDGLHKGÛL OL DH^ORGH NO NG[KHVHKGNHN (i khpätuci ospokäki ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn noltri no ul Vchl no G`uhcnhn no èdbgti dès hdpcgi). Oc kilvolgi kicoktgvi soktirghc osthbcokoräh no osh airdh ulh rodgsgûl hc èdbgti no ch odprosh no ch kilkrokgûl no ch picätgkh no ngskhphkgnhn, ci kuhc nhräh cu`hr ch lo`ikghkgûl hrtgkuchnh no osth picätgkh, y ahkgcg-
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¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H GLKC_[GQ GLKC_[GQH... H...
thräh ulh dhyir rokoptgvgnhn pir phrto no cis kilvolgis y hkuornis no odprosh, hudolthlni ch prosolkgh kuhltgthtgvh no osth kuostgûl. Ol kilkroti, ol oc khsi no cis Vchlos, mhbräh no roki`orso oltro su kiltolgni: • Ospokgkhkgûl no chs lhcgnhnos y ibjotgis, ibjotgis, no airdh glto`rhnh glto`rhnh kil cis ibjotgvis prinuktgvis no ch odprosh y kil cis hspoktis quo nolhl sus rochkgilos chbirhcos y ch `ostgûl no rokursis mudhlis. • Osthbcokor cis pirkolthjos u ibjotgis no kiltrhthkgûl no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn quo so nosohl hckhlzhr y cis pchlos todpirhcos phrh mhkorci, hsä kidi chs airdhs y dinhcgnhnos dès hnokuhnhs. ^hdbgçl cis dokhlgsdis no divgcgnhn y rohnhpthkgûl chbirhc phrh hquoccis supuostis no ngskhphkgnhn sibrovolgnh. • Noshrricchr oc prikosi no hnokuhkgûl no puostis no trhbhji rospothlni cis prglkgpgis no g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos, hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc y li ngskrgdglhkgûl. • Gdpchlthr ul prosupuosti pcurghluhc rogshbco rogshbco phrh hkidotor chs throhs no hnhpthkgûl porsilhc h chs kilngkgilos y khrhktorästgkhs noc trhbhji. W no cis puostis no trhbhji h chs kilngkgilos no hkkosgbgcgnhn. • Airduchr ul sgstodh no kichbirhkgûl y hsosirhdgolti tçklgki h ch odprosh y h ch roprosolthkgûl sglngkhc pir phrto no chs oltgnhnos noc soktir no ch ngskhphkgnhn. Vir su phrto, chs KIDG[GILO[ NO G@_HCNHN, hnodès no nospco`hr oc so`ugdgolti, ovhcuhkgûl y kiltric no tinis cis ocodoltis lokoshrgis phrh ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y li ngskrgdglhkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol ch odprosh, pinrähl olkhr`hrso:
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
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• No hspoktis kidi ch ro`uchkgûl no chs kilngkgilos ospokäkhs uo pordgthl ch hnhpthkgûl no mirhrgis y itrhs kilngkgilos h chs pokucghrgnhnos no cis trhbhjhniros ol sgtuhkgûl no ngskhphkgnhn. • Noc so`ugdgolti y ohcuhkgûl ohcuhkgûl porgûngkh noc noshrricci y hpcgkhkgûl noc VCHL NO G@_HCNHN W LI NG[KRGDGLHKGÛL OL DH^ORGH NO NG[KHVHKGNHN.
GGG.;. Vhuths y rokidolnhkgilos quo so mhl no kilsgnorhr ol oc prikosi no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh _l hnokuhni nospcgo`uo no ul dinoci no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh quo kiltodpco no dhlorh oaoktgvh ch ngskhphkgnhn nosno ul pulti no vgsth `cibhc o glto`rhni, bhji oc prgsdh no ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y ch li ngskrgdglhkgûl roqugoro kiltodpchr hsgdgsdi vhrghs kuostgilos phrh ul hnokuhni noshrricci noc prikosi no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh. Ol phrtgkuchr, so rokidgolnh: • Hso`urhr ch phrtgkgphkgûl no chs dujoros y midbros kil ngskhphkgngskhphkgnhn ol chs kidgsgilos lo`ikghnirhs y ol chs kidgsgilos phrgthrghs no hpcgkhkgûl o gltorprothkgûl no cis kilvolgis. Lhngo kidi chs pripghs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn sil kilskgoltos no chs bhrrorhs y ibstèkucis quo so prosolthl ol ch vgnh chbirhc nghrgh y puonol iarokor sicukgilos hnokuhnhs phrh rodonghrcis. • [o krohrèl airis i kidgtçs ol cis uo phrtgkgpol chs Ir`hlgzhkgilos [glngkhcos y Odproshrghcos y chs hsikghkgilos dès roprosolthtgvhs no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn y sus ahdgcghs ol cis èdbgtis osththc y hutilû-
02
¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H GLKC_[GQ GLKC_[GQH... H...
dgki. Occi kil oc l no rohcgzhr oc so`ugdgolti no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ol tinis cis hspoktis quo haokthl h chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. • Gltrinukgr ulh airdhkgûl progh glgkghc h tinhs chs porsilhs uo hl h phrtgkgphr ol ul prikosi no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh (kil ch kichbirhkgûl no oltgnhnos roprosolthtgvhs no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn y sus ahdgcghs) sibro ch porspoktgvh no `çlori y ch ngskhphkgnhn y su motori`olognhn, cis ahktiros quo puonol kidpirthr nosg`uhcnhnos i sgtuhkgilos no ngskrgdglhkgûl pir ditgvi no `çlori y ngskhphkgnhn ol dhtorgh chbirhc, ch lirdhtgvh hpcgkhbco, chs pisgbcos kcèusuchs quo so puonol glkirpirhr phrh hso`urhr ulh lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh glkcusgvh ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn. Ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh os uli no cis ocodoltis quo li nobo ocungrso h ch mirh no dingkhr oc hktuhc oskolhrgi no ngskrgdglhkgûl y no nosg`uhcnhn pir rhzûl no `çlori y ngskhphkgnhn. Vir tini occi, os aulnhdolthc osthbcokor glkoltgvis roairzhnis quo aidoltol ch phrtgkgphkgûl no chs dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn. • [o mh no hso`urhr ch rohcgzhkgûl no ulh cokturh noc kiljulti no chs kcèu kcèu-suchs noc kilvolgi tolgolni ol kuolth thlti chs kuostgilos quo ahvirozkhl ngrokthdolto ch g`uhcnhn phrh chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, kidi ch rovgsgûl noc kiljulti no kcèusuchs no cis kilvolgis phrh ocgdglhr tinhs hquocchs kuostgilos quo puonhl supilor nosg`uhcnhnos, ngskrgdglhkgilos i cgdgthkgilos no kuhcqugor tgpi phrh chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. • Hso`urhr ch glkirpirhkgûl no dokhlgsdis, dongis mudhlis no hpiyi o glstrudoltis no `ostgûl phrh `hrhltgzhr ch li ngskrgdglhkgûl pir rhzûl no ngskhphkgnhn ol ch lo`ikghkgûl y ol ch hpcgkhkgûl no cis kilvolgis:
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
0;
* ^hlti phrh quo ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh kicoktgvh li glkirpiro lgl`úl tgpi no kcèusuch quo supil`h kuhcqugor dini i airdh no ngskrgdglhkgûl, nosg`uhcnhn i cgdgthkgûl pir ditgvi no su ngskhphkgnhn i ocphrh usichsnoporsilhs ch col`uhkil nongskhphkgnhn sg`lis. * Kidi phrh ulh hnokuhnh hpcgkhkgûl noc kilvolgi kicoktgvi ol ci rochtgvi h ch glkcusgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, su g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y li ngskrgdglhkgûl: dokhlgsdis ospokäkis no so`ugdgolti, ovhcuhkgûl y oxg`gbgcgnhn no kudpcgdgolti. * Os gdpirthlto hso`urhr ch hkkosgbgcgnhn no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn h cis prikosis no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh phrh hso`urhr su phrtgkgphkgûl.
GGG.>. Vhuths y rokidolnhkgilos phrh oc odpinorhdgolt odpinorhdgoltii no cis prith`ilgsths no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh Hvhlzhr ol ul dinoci no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh quo kiltodpco no dhlorh oaoktgvh ch ngskhphkgnhn nosno ul pulti no vgsth `cibhc o glto`rhni, bhji oc prgsdh no ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos, ch li ngskrgdglhkgûl y ch hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc, hsgdgsdi roqugoro ulh hkkgûl kiirnglhnh y ulh tidh no kilkgolkgh krokgolto pir tinis cis h`oltos y iporhniros sikghcos ol tinis cis èdbgtis ol quo so nospcgo`h ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh: lo`ikghniros no cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis, odproshrgis, rospilshbcos no rokursis mudhlis, dgodbris no cis kidgtçs no odprosh y noco`hnis no porsilhc y noco`hnis sglngkhcos. Vir itri chni, li so nobo g`lirhr ch pitolto khphkgnhn no trhlsairdhkgûl, odpinorhdgolti y vgsgbgcgzhkgûl quo kilccovh quo chs dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn ikupol pisgkgilos quo kidpirtol pinor ol oc èdbgti no ch roprosolthkgûl sglngkhc.
0>
¹KÛDI NO[HRRICCHR _LH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQ KICOK^GQH H GLKC_[GQ GLKC_[GQH... H...
Ol phrtgkuchr, so rokidgolnh: • Nospco`hr hkkgilosroprosolthtgvhs no solsgbgcgzhkgûl y airdhkgûl ch kichbirhkgûly no chs oltgnhnos no chs porsilhs (kil kil ngskhphkgnhn sus ahdgcghs, hsä kidi no cis sglngkhtis y phtrilhcos) ol cis ngstgltis lgvocos (lo`ikghniros no cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis, odproshrgis, rospilshbcos no rokursis mudhlis, dgodbris no cis kidgtçs no odprosh y noco`hnis no porsilhc, noco`hnis sglngkhcos) sibro ch ngskhphkgnhn y su motori`olognhn, cis ahktiros quo puonol kidpirthr nosg`uhcnhnos i sgtuhkgilos no ngskrgdglhkgûl pir ditgvi no ngskhphkgnhn ol dhtorgh chbirhc, ch lirdhtgvh hpcgkhbco, chs pisgbcos kcèusuchs quo so puonol glkirpirhr phrh hso`urhr ulh lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh glkcusgvh ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn, otk. • Gdpcgkhr h cis ngstgltis ngstgltis `rupis no gltorçs ol oc nospcgo`uo nospcgo`uo no hkkgilos no ngausgûl y trhlsaorolkgh no buolhs prèktgkhs ol lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh glkcusgvh ol dhtorgh no ngskhphkgnhn, hrtgkuchlni phrh occi cis dokhlgsdis o glstrudoltis lokoshrgis. Hsgdgsdi kil ch kichbirhkgûl no chs oltgnhnos roprosolthtgvhs no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn y sus ahdgcghs, hsä kidi no cis sglngkhtis y phtrilhcos. W hrtgkuchlni dokhlgsdis ospokäkis hnokuhnis ol cis ngstgltis lgvocos y torrgtirgis (olkuoltris phrh oc rokilikgdgolti y vgsgbgcgzhkgûl no buolhs prèktgkhs, pchthairdh toklicû`gkh phrh ch ngausgûl y trhlsaorolkgh no buolhs prèktgkhs, otk.). • Hnodès, phrh hso`urhr uo chs dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn tol`hl oc norokmi h `hlhrso ch vgnh donghlto ul trhbhji cgbrodolto oco`gni i hkopthni ol ul dorkhni y ul oltirli chbirhc quo sohl hbgortis, glkcusgvis y hkkosgbcos rosucth lokoshrgi, thc kidi osthbcoko ch Kilvolkgûl:
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
0?
* Gdpucshr ch glkirpirhkgûl no chs dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc dorkhni chbirhc h trhvçs no chs hyunhs ngrg`gnhs h aidolthr oc odpcoi osthbco. * ^inhs chs picätgkhs y pri`rhdhs no aidolti no odpcoi y airdhkgûl priaosgilhc kidulgthrgis nobol: „ ^idhr ol kilsgnorhkgûl ch sgtuhkgûl ospokäkh no chs dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn. „ Glkirpirhr dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgvhs pisgtgvhs phrh chs dujoros dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn.
HLO]I[
Hloxi G
OC ODVCOI NO CH[ D_JORO[ W MIDBRO[ KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN OL O[VHØH: BROQO[ VGLKOCHNH[
Voso h quo ch thsh no hktgvgnhn oltro chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn so mh glkrodolthni oltro 266= y 2688, ci kgorti os uo ol 2688 sici oc ;1,1% no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ostèl hktgvhs chbirhcdolto (bgol trhbhjhlni i ol búsuonh hktgh no odpcoi) arolto hc 01,>% no chs porsilhs sgl ngskhngskhphkgnhn: ch thsh no hktgvgnhn ch pibchkgûl sgl ngskhphkgnhn nupcgkh ch no chs porsilhs sgl ngskhphkgnhn. Hnodès, osth thsh os noc ;;% ol oc khsi no chs dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn (arolto hc ;7,1% ol oc khsi no cis hrilos kil ngskhphkgnhn). Ch thsh no odpcoi oltro chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn os noc 21,0% arolto hc ?7,=% ol oltro chs porsilhs sgl ngskhphkgnhn (oc 27,8% ol oc khsi no cis hrilos kil ngskhphkgnhn y oc 2;,7% ol oc khsi no chs dujoros kil ngskhphkgnhn).
=6
HLO]I G. OC ODVCOI NO CH[ D_JORO[ W MIDBRO[ KIL... ^hbch
8
^hsh no hktgvgnhn, odpcoi y phri oltro ch pibchkgûl kil i sgl ngskhphkgnhn y so`úl `çlori ol Osphøh (2688, nhtis hktuhcgzhnis h > no ngkgodbro no 2682)
Hdbis soxis Hk Hktgvgnhn Od Odpcoi Vh Vhri Qhrilos Hk Hktgvgnhn Odpcoi Vh Vhri Dujoros Hktgvgnhn Odpcoi Vh Vhri
^hsh: ^ithc
^hsh: Vorsilhs sgl ngskhphkgnhn
^hsh: Vorsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn
0>,0 ?=,? 28,=
01,> ?7,= 28,0
;1,1 21,0 21,7
=8,? 1>,8 28,;
=;,> 1?,0 28,2
;7,1 27,8 21,?
10,7 ?2,= 22,;
17,; ?;,7 22,2
;; 2;,7 20,1
Auolto: Ochbirhkgûl pripgh h phrtgr no nhtis noc Glstgtuti Lhkgilhc no Osthnästgkh: «Oc odpcoi
no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhnµ.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
=8
^hbch 2
Ovicukgûl no ch thsh no hktgvgnhn, odpcoi y phr phri i 266=-2688 oltro ch pibchkgûl kil i sgl ngskhphkgnhn ol Osphøh (2688, nhtis hktuhcgzhnis h > no ngkgodbro no 2682)
2688 2686 2667 266=
^hsh: Vorsilhs sgl ngskhphkgnhn Hktgvgnhn Odpcoi Vhri 01,> ?7,= 28,0 0?,7 16,1 26,8 0?,> 18,= 8=,8 0>,7 11,> 88,;
^hsh: Vorsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn Hktgvgnhn Odpcoi Vhri ;1,1 21,0 21,7 ;1,2 20,0 2;,; ;1,2 2=,; 28,= ;;,> 2= 81,;
Auolto: Ochbirhkgûl pripgh h phrtgr no nhtis noc Glstgtuti Lhkgilhc no Osthnästgkh: «Oc odpcoi
no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhnµ.
Kilsgnorhlni oc tgpi no ngskhphkgnhn, hnodès, so ibsorvh quo ch thsh no hktgvgnhn no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn psäqugkh (gltocoktuhc y dolthc) os noc 20,=% (arolto hc ;7,;% ol oc khsi no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn aäsgkh y ?6,2 ol oc khsi no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn solsirghc) y ch no odpcoi, thl sici noc 80,8% hc 27,0% ol kil oc khsi no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn aäsgkh y >6,>% ol oc(arolto khsi no porsilhs ngskhphkgnhn solsirghc).
=2
HLO]I G. OC ODVCOI NO CH[ D_JORO[ W MIDBRO[ KIL... ^hbch
;
^hsh no hktgvgnhn y odpcoi no chs porsilhs ngskhphkgnhn ol Osphøh, so`úl tgpi no ngskhphkgnhn (2688, nhtis hktuhcgzhnis h > no ngkgodbro no 2682)
^ithc Aäsgkh y itrhs: ^ithc Aäsgkh y itrhs: [gstodh istoihrtgkuchr Aäsgkh y itrhs: [gstodh louriduskuchr Aäsgkh y itrhs: [gstodhs khrngivhskuchr, gldulicû`gki y rospgrhtirgi Aäsgkh y itrhs: [gstodhs ng`ostgvi, dothbûcgki y olnikrgli Aäsgkh y itrhs: Itris Gltocoktuhc: ^ithc Gltocoktuhc: Gltocoktuhc Dolthc: ^ithc Dolthc: ^rhstirli dolthc [olsirghc: ^ithc [olsirghc: [gstodh vgsuhc [olsirghc: [gstodh hungtgvi
^hs hshh Hkt Hktggvg vgnh nhnn ^hs hshh Odpc Odpcoi oi ;1,1 21,0 ;7,; 27,0 >?,8 ;? 2=,8 28,> ;2
2;,?
>6,?
2=,8
>0,2 20,= 20,= 2?,? 2?,? ?6,2 >1,0 ?>,>
;>,= 80,8 80,8 8?,> 8?,> >6,> ;=,? >2,=
Auolto: Ochbirhkgûl pripgh h phrtgr no nhtis noc Glstgtuti Lhkgilhc no Osthnästgkh: «Oc odpcoi
no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhnµ.
^olgolni ol kuolth oc `rhni rokilikgni no ngskhphkgnhn, ch thsh no hktgvgnhn y odpcoi noskgolno kilsgnorhbcodolto oltro qugolos tgolol rokilikgni ul pirkolthjo noc 1?% i dès no ngskhphkgnhn thc kidi so ibsorh ol ch thbch sg`ugolto:
=;
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH … ^hbch >
^hsh no hktgvgnhn y odpcoi no chs porsilhs ngskhphkgnhn ol Osphøh, so`úl `rhni rokilikgni no ngskhphkgnhn (2688, nhtis hktuhcgzhnis h > no ngkgodbro no 2682)
^ithc No ;;% h >>% No >?% h 1>% No 1?% h 0>% 0?% y dès
^hsh Hktgvgnhn ;1,1 ?>,8 >6 28,>
^hsh Odpcoi 21,0 >8,2 20,1 8;,1
8>,>
88,7
Auolto: Ochbirhkgûl pripgh h phrtgr no nhtis noc Glstgtuti Lhkgilhc no Osthnästgkh: «Oc odpcoi
no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhnµ.
[g so tgolo ol kuolth ch onhn, so ibsorvh quo ch thsh no hktgvgnhn oltro chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn no >? h 1> høis os noc 27,>%, y uo ch thso no phri oltro chs porsilhs dès jûvolos kil ngskhphkgnhn (no 81 h 2> høis) hckhlzh oc ?=%.
=>
HLO]I G. OC ODVCOI NO CH[ D_JORO[ W MIDBRO[ KIL... ^hbch
?
^hsh no hktgvgnhn, odpcoi y phri ol Osphøh so`úl `rupis hdpcgis no onhn (2688, nhtis hktuhcgzhnis h > no ngkgodbro no 2682)
^hsh: ^ithc Hktgvgnhn
Odpcoi Vhri
^hsh: Vorsilhs
^hsh: Vorsilhs
sgl ngskhphkgnhn
kil ngskhphkgnhn
Hktgvgnhn
Odpcoi Vhri
Hktgvgnhn
Odpcoi Vhri
^ithc
0>,0
?=,?
28,=
01,>
?7,=
28,0
;1,1
21,0
21,7
No 81 h 2> høis
>?,2
2>,2
>1,>
>?,>
2>,>
>1,;
;>,=
8>,1
?=
No 2? h >> høis
==,8
17,2
28,>
=7,2
06,2
28,;
?6,=
;?,=
27,?
No >? h 1> høis
1=,1
?0,>
81,>
08,>
?7,=
81,;
27,>
2;,2
28,2
Auolto: Ochbirhkgûl pripgh h phrtgr no nhtis noc Glstgtuti Lhkgilhc no Osthnästgkh: «Oc odpcoi
no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhnµ.
^olgolni ol kuolth ch ikuphkgûl pir sgtuhkgûl priaosgilhc, so ibsorvh quo oltro 266= y 2688 so mh ronukgni oc pirkolthjo no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn hshchrghnis ol oc soktir prghni (noc 1=% hc 1>,0%). Ol 2688 oc pirkolthjo no kiltrhthkgûl todpirhc no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn os noc 2;,8% y oc no kiltrhthkgûl glnolgnh noc 01,7%. [o puono kilkcugr quo oc odpcoi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn mh distrhni nurhlto ch krgsgs ulh kgorth tolnolkgh h ch osthbgcgnhn. Ol ci quo rospokth h ch ovicukgûl no ch kiltrhthkgûl, ol ch thbch sg`ugolto so roki`o ch ovicukgûl dolsuhc no ch kiltrhthkgûl no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol 2682 so`úl tgpi no kiltrhti. [o ibsorvh quo ch kiltrhthkgûl todpirhc os noc 2>% y uo oc 1=,>8% no cis kiltrhtis so mhl rohcgzhni pir Koltris Ospokghcos no Odpcoi.
=?
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH … ^hbch
1
Ovicukgûl 266=-2688 ikuphkgûl pir sgtuhkgûl pr priaosgilhc iaosgilhc ol Osphøh. _lgnhn: pirkolthjos vortgkhcos
Hshchrghnis Hshchrghnis soktir soktir púbcgki prgvhni 2688 Vorsilhs sgl ngskhphkgnhn Vorsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn 2686 Vorsilhs sgl ngskhphkgnhn Vorsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn 2667 Vorsilhs sgl ngskhphkgnhn Vorsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn 266= Vorsilhs sgl ngskhphkgnhn Vorsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn
Kuolth pripgh
Itrh sgtuhkgûl priaosgilhc
80,?
11,2
81,;
6
2>,;
1>,0
86,=
6,;
81,=
11,1
81,1
6
2>,?
1>,=
86,1
6,2
81,8
10,2
81,0
6,8
28,=
10,8
88
6,8
8>,1
1=,8
80,;
6,8
8=,=
1=
8;
6,2
Auolto: Ochbirhkgûl pripgh «Oc odpcoi no chs porsilhs
h phrtgr no nhtis noc Glstgtuti Lhkgilhc no Osthnästgkh: kil ngskhphkgnhnµ.
=1
HLO]I G. OC ODVCOI NO CH[ D_JORO[ W MIDBRO[ KIL... ^hbch
0
Ovicukgûl 266=-2688 hshchrghnis pir tgpi no kiltrhti (glnolgni i todpirhc) y soxi. _lgnhn: pirkolthjos vortgkhcos
Virkolthjo vortgkhc: Vorsilhs sgl ngskhphkgnhn Glnolgni ^odpirhc
2688 Hdbis soxis Qh Qhrilos Dujoros 2686 Hdbis soxis Qhrilos Dujoros 2667 Hdbis soxis Qh Qhrilos Du Dujoros 266= Hdbis soxis Qh Qhrilos Du Dujoros
Virkolthjo vortgkhc: Vorsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn Glnolgni ^odpirhc
0>,1 0?,0 0;,>
2?,> 2>,; 21,1
01,7 07,0 0;
2;,8 26,; 20
0>,7 01 0;,=
2?,8 2> 21,2
0=,7 =6,= 01
28,8 87,2 2>
0>,? 01,8 02,1
2?,? 2;,7 20,>
00,= 0=,? 01,7
22,2 28,? 2;,8
06,1 02,2 1=,1
27,> 20,= ;8,>
0?,; 0=,? 17,1
2>,0 28,? ;6,>
Auolto: Ochbirhkgûl pripgh h phrtgr no nhtis noc Glstgtuti Lhkgilhc no Osthnästgkh: «Oc odpcoi
no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhnµ.
Oc posi no ch kiltrhthkgûl ol Koltris Ospokghcos no Odpcoi rospokti hc tithc no kiltrhthkgilos ro`gstrhnhs phrh porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn mh volgni glkrodoltèlniso pri`rosghdolto nosno 2661 (noc >0,?% hc 1=,>%).
=0
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
= h c b h ^
i t h r t l i k o n i p g t l ú ` o s , 2 8 6 2 l o h ø h p s O l o n h n g k h p h k s g n l i k s h l i s r o p h s i t h r t l i k o n i r o d ú l l û g k u c i v O
s O i l t s O i o K r o o l u N o a r - l o - s o v s o i l i n n g i n l l t g K g s - s i l i t r t i h I k r t h l d g r û i k A g t s k h è k r V - l h - c i p n i h s k d r r h h ^ o p i p o h s k g s n k l g n g r n h o t n g l G l - c s s h c h k l g l u l h o u u k o n û v t k l n i g k r r h O g t p k i i g k h g r b v r I o s - l - n h i s i k h n k g r s s k g o V h n h l p
= ? 7 . 2
> ; 7 . 2
1 1 6 . ;
0 6 8 . ;
7 ; = . ;
c h t i ^ 2 8 6 2 i ø H
? 7 1 . >
> 0 ; . ;
6 ; = . ;
? 2 = . ;
7 6 ; . ;
1 1 = . 2
= ; 0 . 8 >
% 8 > , = 1
? 1 6 > ? 1 0 ? > = 0 7 2 = 7 > 2 2 8 7 8 0 7 0 6 > % ; ; ; 2 ; ; ; 8 2 > ; ; 7 . 0 ; > , 1 ; 7 6 6 1 1 8 2 > ? = 0 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 % . 8 0 s 8 , o 6 c h g k o p 7 2 ? > 2 ? 0 = = 7 2 ? 1 8 8 2 ; 8 ; 8 8 8 ; ; 1 % s o 2 > > s , i 6 v g t k o 2 8 8 ; 2 2 8 c 8 % i 2 k 6 , h 6 s o l i 6 0 0 2 = 6 8 0 = 0 7 ; 7 > = 1 1 = 8 2 0 ? 7 = 1 ? % g k 6 2 > 8 ; ; ; = 6 ; 2 6 1 ; h . . . . . . . . . . . . t 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 > 6 , h r 8 2 > t l i K . = > > 6 ? = = ; 6 = 0 2 0 i > 6 1 ; ; 6 > 2 8 6 > ; ? % c o 7 7 = = 7 8 . 2 . 7 7 6 . = 0 2 . ? p 8 8 8 8 > , d 8 = 8 O o n 8 = 1 2 7 > 0 > > 6 ? 1 1 0 > ? 2 8 = > = 7 7 1 7 0 % i k ? ? ? 0 7 6 . 1 . 8 . 7 = = 0 0 . 1 g c 8 8 8 6 1 , b 8 0 ú 8 V i g k 7 8 7 2 ? 2 ; 6 1 = ? ? ? ; 2 6 ; ? 6 > ? > 7 ; 1 7 % g v = = 7 7 2 r . 6 . 8 . = ; . 8 . 7 0 7 . 1 o 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 , 8 7 [ 8 c o n 0 2 > ? > ? ; 7 6 8 0 2 7 2 > = 7 0 ? 6 2 1 > 0 = 1 % s i ? ? 1 ? 1 ? ? ; ? 1 > ; > k . 6 g 1 1 , t s 6 ä
0 = ; ; 8 - h - l 7 6 l c h 8 i h r û o o t g o n o g d n n n l k n g l l i i i h l l G a t k t g
- g l g g i n o r i r n i h l n l G
? ; 7 . ;
8 8 7 1 1 6 = 0 0 ; ; ; 2 1 ; ? 7 0 ; > 8 8 8 8 8 8
6 = ; . >
> 2 1 . >
i r o l O
i r o r b o A
; = 7 . >
2 8 0 . >
i c g r z r b h H D
6 6 0 . ?
6 ; 1 . ?
7 = ; . 1
2 ? > . >
? 6 ; . ?
i g i y l h u D J
i g c u J
i t s i ` H
o r o r b b d u t o k g t I p o [
6 8 0 . ?
h 8 n t s o 2 8 % s 2 ? i ; t , h 6 n o n r g = 0 ; t 8 7 8 % r h 8 ; . ? p 8 8 , 2 h h g p i r ? = = 8 6 6 % p 7 6 . 2 . 6 . l > > 8 6 g 1 8 û k h r i o r o r b b b h C c d d H O o g o g ^ : k v g o i I t N ^ l o L u A
==
HLO]I G. OC ODVCOI NO CH[ D_JORO[ W MIDBRO[ KIL... ^hbch
7
Ovicukgûl posi no ch kiltrhthk kiltrhthkgûl gûl ol KOO kil ros rospokti pokti hc tithc no kiltrhthkgilos no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol Osphøh (2661-2682). _lgnhn: pirkolthjo
Høi 2661 2660 266= 2667 2686 2688 2682
Vosi kiltrhthkgûl ol KOO/tithc kiltrhthkgilos porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn >0,? >=,? ?;,; ?0,0 1>,; 1;,7 1=,>
Auolto: Ochbirhkgûl
pripgh h phrtgr no nhtis osthnästgkis noc [orvgkgi Vúbcgki no Odpcoi. Kiltrhthkgilos h kicoktgvis ospokghcos y nhtis roki`gnis ol Ostungi no ch Aulnhkgûl Chr`i Khbhccori: Gdphkti no ch lo`i lo`ikghkgûl kghkgûl kicoktgvh sibr sibroo cis trhbhjhnir trhbhjhniros os y trhbhjhnir trhbhjhnirhs hs kil ngskhphkgnhn.
lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh sibr sibroo cis Vir itri chni, oc ostungi Gdphkti no ch lo`ikghkgûl trhbhjhniros y trhbhjhnirhs kil ngskhphkgnhn no ch Aulnhkgûl Chr`i Khbhccori thdbgçl pilo no rocgovo oltro sus kilkcusgilos sibro ch sgtuhkgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn quo chs vähs prglkgphcos no oltrhnh hc odpcoi so prinukol h trhvçs no kuhcgkhkgilos dongi-bhjhs, pori so ibsorvh ulh tolnolkgh krokgolto no oltrhnh ol ikuphkgilos no kuhcgkhkgilos dongi-hcths. Nosthkh osto nhti kidi ocodolti h kilsgnorhr phrh dingkhr ch tolnolkgh glsthchnh no rosorvhr puostis ol ikuphkgilos no bhjh kuhcgkhkgûl.
Itrh kilkcusgûl nosthkhbco noc kgthni ostungi os ch oxgstolkgh no ngaorolkghs shchrghcos ol kiltrh no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, soøhchlni quo
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
=7
osths kibrhl oltro ul 8? y ul 26% dolis ol pridongi (kilsgnorhlni chs bhsos no kitgzhkgûl prikonoltos no ch Duostrh Kiltgluh no Qgnhs Chbirhcos no ch [o`urgnhn [ikghc). Vir itri chni, nosthkh uo dès noc ?6% no chs kiltrhthkgilos irnglhirnglh rghs no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn so rohcgzhl ol odproshs no dolis no ?6 trhbhjhniros (prokgshdolto hquocchs quo li ostèl sidotgnhs h ch kuith no rosorh noc 2% no ch CG[DG) y uo oc dhyir pirkolthjo no ngskhphkgnhnos oxgstoltos ol ulh odprosh ci airdhl cis trhbhjhniros quo mhl phshni h tolor ulh ngskhphkgnhn sibrovolgnh. Ol rochkgûl kil ch ngskhphkgnhn sibrovolgnh, ul ostungi soktirghc sibro ngskhphkgnhn sibrovolgnh 1 pilo no rocgovo quo chs khrhktorästgkhs chbirhcos no ch ngskhphkgnhn sibrovolgnh sil: „ _l >>% no cis olkuosthnis li icgoril h trhbhjhr trhs ch ngskhphngskhphkgnhn, ci quo duostrh ol quç dongnh ch ngskhphkgnhn sibrovolgnh supilo ulh rupturh sikgichbirhc. „ Oltro huoccis uo sä trhbhjhril trhs ch ngskhphkgnhn (?1%), khsg ulh torkorh phrto li ci mhkähl yh kuhlni so cos mgzi ch olkuosth. „ Hnodès, ol ch `rhl dhyiräh no cis khsis (00%) no huoccis uo trhtrh bhjhril trhs sibrovolgr ch ngskhphkgnhn, ch roglkirpirhkgûl hc dulni chbirhc supusi ul khdbgi no puosti y no odprosh, ci quo noduostrh chs ngkucthnos phrh ch roglkirpirhkgûl hc trhbhji. „ Cis tgodpis no roglkirpirhkgûl hc dulni chbirhc li sil nodhsghni sg`lgkhtgvis: uli no khnh kuhtri vicvgû hc trhbhji ol dolis no sogs 1
Ostungi soktirghc. Ngskhphkgnhn sibro sibrovolgnh, volgnh, Aulnish [ikghc Kilsuctgl`, 2661.
76
HLO]I G. OC ODVCOI NO CH[ D_JORO[ W MIDBRO[ KIL...
dosos, pori ol `rhl phrto no cis khsis, osth supusi ulh ngsdglukgûl no ch khcgnhn y kilngkgilos noc odpcoi: poiros kiltrhtis (dès kirtis, h doluni li hkirnos kil ch airdhkgûl kidpcothnh, otk.). „ Oltro chs vähs no hkkosi hc odpcoi trhs ch ngskhphkgnhn, pronidglh kchrhdolto cis kilthktis porsilhcos (;1%). Ol tini khsi, sg lis kolkol trhdis ol ch prokhrgonhn chbirhc quo so hsikgh kchrhdolto h ch ngskhphkgnhn sibrovolgnh, pinodis kilkcugr quo os lokoshrgh ulh sorgo no hkkgilos supcodolthrghs (kilkgolkghkgûl, airdhkgûl, hnhpthkgilos y hjustos rhzilhbcos). „ Li os arokuoltoulh quongskhphkgnhn chs odproshs dhltol`hl hc trhbhjhnir quo mh oxporgdolthni sibrovolgnh. Nosno ch porspoktgvh no chs oltgnhnos no okilidäh sikghc, rosucth no sibroo oc gltorçs kilsgnorhr hc`ulis no cis nhtis quo hpirthl ol su Ostungi sibr gdphkti sikgiokilûdgki no chs oltgnhnos no Okilidäh [ikghc hc rospokti no sus oaoktis sibro ch kimosgûl sikghc y sus ngaorolkghs kil rospokti h itrhs odproshs ol dhtorgh no glkcusgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Oc ostungi sibro thcos oaoktis no kimosgûl sikghc so koltrh ol kuhtri èrohs: oaoktis rochkgilhnis kil ch ikuphkgûl no `rupis kil ngkucthnos no hkkosi hc odpcoi5 oaoktis rochkgilhnis kil ch khcgnhn noc odpcoi5 oaoktis rochkgilhnis kil ch dojirh no g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos5 y oaoktis rochkgilhnis kil ch iaorth no sorvgkgis sikghcos y itris sorvgkgis no gltorçs `olorhc. Ol kilkroti, ol oc èdbgti no ch kimosgûl sikghc, oc kidpirthdgolti pripgi no chs odproshs no okilidäh sikghc so roflojh ol hspoktis rochkgilhnis kil ch kidpisgkgûl no sus pchltgcchs, ch khcgnhn noc odpcoi, ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos y su ospokghcgzhkgûl prinuktgvh:
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
78
8. _lh no chs chs prglkgphcos kiltrgbuk kiltrgbukgilos gilos no osths osths odproshs h ch kimosgûl sikghc so koltrh ol ch ikuphkgûl no `rupis no trhbhjhniros quo mhbgtuhcdolto duostrhl ngkucthnos ospokäkhs no hkkosi hc odpcoi. Osths odproshs odpcohl ol dhyir dongnh h dujoros dhyiros no >? høis, porsilhs dhyiros no ?? høis, porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, porsilhs ol sgtuhkgûl i rgos`i no oxkcusgûl sikghc y porsilhs kil bhjh kuhcgkhkgûl. 2. Ch khcgnhn noc odpcoi, hprixgdhnh pir chs trhyoktirghs chbirhcos no cis trhbhjhniros y hc`ulhs kilngkgilos no trhbhji, duostrh thdbgçl ul bhchlko pisgtgvi phrh chs odproshs no okilidäh sikghc. Oc hlècgsgs kidphrhni no chs trhyoktirghs chbirhcos glngkh quo ch osthbgcgnhn ol oc odpcoi os duy suporgir. Hsgdgsdi, oc posi no cis trhbhjhniros kil jirlhnh phrkghc (ol ul hcti pirkolthjo li nosohnh) os dolir5 y cis lgvocos shchrghcos sil sgdgchros i dhyiros h cis no ch odprosh irnglhrgh, y dès g`uhcgthrgis. Ch dolir ngsporsgûl shchrghc so kilkroth sibro tini ol cis `rupis no dhyir rotrgbukgûl (cis puostis no hcth ngrokkgûl y hcth kuhcgkhkgûl tgolol ul shchrgi dongi suporgir hc shchrgi dongi `cibhc ol ul 12,8% dgoltrhs uo ol oc `rupi no kiltric, osth ngaorolkgh os noc 8;1,;%). ;. Ch g`uhcnhn g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos ipirtulgnhnos ostè dès prosolto ol ch ch okilidäh okilidäh sikghc quo ol chs odproshs irnglhrghs. Hsä ci duostrhl cis dojiros rosucthnis ibtolgnis ol ngstglths ngdolsgilos no ch dgsdh kidi ch ngvorsgnhn ol ch ngrokkgûl, chs ngaorolkghs no `çlori ol chs trhyoktirghs chbirhcos i chs pisgbgcgnhnos no kilkgcghr dojir vgnh ahdgcghr y priaosgilhc. Cis nhtis pilol no dhlgosti quo osths odproshs sil dès ngvorshs ol ch ngrokkgûl y ol ch hcth kuhcgkhkgûl y quo osth ngvorsgnhn li sici os no `çlori sgli thdbgçl no onhn y no ngskhphkgnhn. Hnodès, ol chs pisgkgilos no hcth ngrokkgûl y hcth kuhcgkhkgûl, ostis `rupis tgolol dojir rotrgbukgûl shchrghc y dhyir floxgbgcgnhn ol ch jirlhnh quo ol ch odprosh irnglhrgh.
72
HLO]I G. OC ODVCOI NO CH[ D_JORO[ W MIDBRO[ KIL... ^hbch
86
Vrosolkgh no trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn ol chs odproshs no okilidäh sikghc y ol chs odproshs noc `rupi no kiltric
Odproshs noc Odproshs no @rupi no kiltric ch Okilidäh ([C y [H) [ikghc ^rhbhjhniros/hs kil ngskhphkgnhn (`rhni suporgir hc ;;%) Virkolthjo dongi sibro oc tithc no odpcoi Ul 4 8;.;;7 odproshs) Khrhktorästgkhs no cis/hs trhbhjhniros/hs kil ngskhphkgnhn Virkolthjo sibro oc tithc Ul 4 ;.8?8 trhbhjhniros/hs kil ngskhphkgnhnT Midbros Du D ujoros ^i ^ithc Oltro oc ;;% y oc 1?% G`uhc i suporgir hc 1?% ^i ^ithc
6,81%
;8,00%
0>,? 2?,? 866,6 ==,8
1>,= ;?,2 866,6 0=,8
88,7 866,6
28,7 866,6
Auolto: Ostungi sibro oc gdphkti gdphkti sikgiokilûdgki sikgiokilûdgki no chs oltgnhnos no okilidäh okilidäh sikghc sikghc. KOVO[.
7;
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH … ^hbch 88
^gpi no jirlhnh no cis/hs trhbhjhniros/hs ol chs odproshs no okilidäh sikghc y noc `rupi no kiltric. Nothcco phrh kgortis `rupis no trhbhjhniros/hs
Odproshs noc @rupi Odproshs no ch no kiltric ([C y [H) Okilidäh [ikghc H tgodpi H tgodpi H tgodpi H tgodpi kidpcoti phrkghc kidpcoti phrkghc ^ithc trhbhjhniros/hs. Virkolthjo sibro oc tithc 07,8 no khnh `rupi Ul 4 ;6.761T Midbros =7,0 Dujoros 10,> @rupis ospokäkis no trhbhjhniros/hs Dujoros dhyiros no 17,2 >? høis Doliros no 2? høis 1?,; Dhyiros no ?? høis 01,? ^rhbhjhniros/hs kil 08,> ngskhphkgnhn ^rhbhjhniros/hs kil bhjh 02,7 kuhcgkhkgûl
26,7
=2,0
80,;
86,; ;2,1
=7,7 0>,6
86,8 21,6
;6,=
0>,0
2?,;
;>,0 2;,?
07,1 =2,?
26,> 80,?
2=,1
=?,6
8?,6
20,8
=>,8
8?,7
Auolto: Ostungi sibro oc gdphkti sikgiokilûdgki no chs oltgnhnos no okilidäh sikghc. KOVO[.
7> 7>
HLO]I G. OC ODVCOI NO CH[ D_JORO[ W MIDBRO[ KIL... @rèagki
8
Ngvorsgnhn ol chs ikuphkgilo ikuphkgiloss no hcth ngr ngrokkgûl okkgûl y duy hcth kuhcgkhkgûl ol chs odproshs no okilidäh sikghc y noc `rupi no kiltric. Virkolthjo no ngstgltis `rupis sibro oc tithc noc @rupi no kitgzhkgûl 68
Auolto: Ostungi sibro oc gdphkti gdphkti sikgiokilûdgki sikgiokilûdgki no chs oltgnhnos no okilidäh okilidäh sikghc sikghc. KOVO[.
>. Osths odproshs no okilidäh sikghc tgolol ulh dhyir prosolkgh rochtgv rochtgvhh ol notordglhnhs hktgvgnhnos no sorvgkgis quo sikghcdolto so kilsgnorhl lokoshrghs, y quo ostèl ostrokmhdolto cg`hnis hc kilkopti no noshrricci sistolgbco. Ch ospokghcgzhkgûl prinuktgvh no ch okilidäh sikghc ol sorvgkgis cg`hnis h ch nopolnolkgh y h ch htolkgûl no porsilhs dhyiros y kil ngskhphkgnhn os sg`lgkhtgh (hckhlzh oc 86,8% noc tithc no ch iaorth y hudolth mhsth oc 81,8% ol oc khsi no cis sorgkgis sikghcos sgl hcijhdgolti arolto h ulh prosolkgh noc ;,7% ol oc kiljulti noc tojgni prinuktgi). Ol cis sorvgkgis onukhtgvis ch okilidäh sikghc tgolo thdbgçl ulh prosolkgh rochtghdolto hcth (oc =,1% no cis iaoroltos sil odproshs no okilidäh sikghc), ospokghcdolto ol ch onukhkgûl glahltgc (8>,6%) y ol ch onukhkgûl prgdhrgh (8;,6%).
Hloxi GG
AHK^IRO[ X_O CGDG^HL I KILNGKGILHL CH GLKC_[GÛL CHBIRHC NO CH[ VOR[ILH[ KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN
lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh sibr sibroo cis trhbhjhnir trhbhjhniros os Oc ostungi Gdphkti no ch lo`ikghkgûl y trhbhjhnir trhbhjhnirhs hs kil ngskhphkgnhn no ch Aulnhkgûl Chr`i Khbhccori pilo no rocgovo quo chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn tgolol ulh phrhnûjgkh kish ol kidúl: su motori`olognhn y sus ngaorolkghs. Kidi kilsokuolkgh no occi, ol ch ngskrgdglhkgûl chbirhc no osto `rupi glkgnol ospokghcdolto ulh sorgo no ahktiros ngvorsis: tgpi y `rhni no ngskhphkgnhn, onhn, soxi, lgvoc onukhtgvi, otk.
Kilsgnorhlni prgirgthrghdolto cis hspoktis y roaorolkghs quo hpirth osto ostungi 0, so roki`ol h kiltgluhkgûl ngvorsis ahktiros quo cgdgthl i kilngkgilhl ch glsorkgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Ol kilkroti so ngstgl`uo oltro: • Cis ahktiros ngrokthdolto rochkgilhnis kil chs khrhktorästgkhs y motomotori`olognhn no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Gdphkti no ch lo`ikghkgûl lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh sibro sibro cis trhbhjhniros trhbhjhniros y trhbhjhnirhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, ngskhphkgnhn, Aulnhkgûl Chr`i Khbhccori5 Ch glsork glsorkgûl gûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, Aulnhkgûl 0
Vorspoktgvhs noc dulni odproshrghc ILKO. Iporhtgvi. 26825 , Aulnhkgûl ILKO, 266=. rospoktiVri`rhdh h ch kiltrhthkgûl no VrgkowhtormiusoKiipors, porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn
71
HLO]I GG. AHK^IRO[ q_O CGDG^HL I KILNGKGILHL KILNGKGILHL CH...
• Cis rochkgilhnis kil chs khrhktorästgkhs noc oltirli ahdgcghr, ahdgcghr, rochkgilhc y kidulgthrgi. • Cis rochkgilhnis kil oc ougcgbrgi oltro oc kudpcgdgolti no ch lirdhtgh hpcgkhbco y ch solsgbgcgzhkgûl noc tojgni odproshrghc. • Cis rochkgilhnis kil dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgh y ocodoltis no hpiyi phrh ch glkcusgûl chbirhc. 8. Ahktiros rochkgilhnis kil chs khrhktorästgkhs y motori`olognhn no chs pripghs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn: • Oc tgpi no ngskhphkgnhn (aäsgkh, (aäsgkh, psäugkh i solsirghc): chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn psäqugkh (ngskhphkgnhn gltocoktuhc y olaordonhn dolthc) sil qugolos doliros lgvocos no hktgvgnhn y odpcoi prosolthl. • Oc `rhni no ngskhphkgnhn rokilikgni: kuhlti dhyir os oc `rhni no ngskhphkgnhn rokilikgni, dhyiros ngkucthnos so olkuoltrhl phrh oc hkkosi hc odpcoi, sgolni dès arokuolto oc hkkosi h polsgilos no ch so`urgnhn sikghc y itrhs prosthkgilos sorvgkgis sikghcos (kil khrèktor `olorhc, no kirto dès hsgstolkghc). • Oc soxi: chs thshs no hktggnhn y odpcoi no chs dujoros kil ngskhngskhphkgnhn ostèl pir nobhji no chs no cis midbros kil ngskhphkgnhn. • Ch onhn: cis nhtis duostrhl uo ch thsh no hktggnhn oltro chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn no >? h 1> høis os glaorgir quo chs nodès arhljhs, pori li mhy quo ibvghr quo, g`uhc quo sukono kil oc rosti no ch pibchkgûl, ch thsh no phri haokth ospokghcdolto h chs porsilhs dès jûvolos: oltro chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn no 81 h 2> høis hckhlzh oc ?=%.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
70
• Oc lgoc no ostungis y/i no kuhcgkhkgûl: kuhlth dès airdhkgûl y kuhcgkhkgûl tgolol chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, dhyir os su glto`rhkgûl ol oc dorkhni no trhbhji. Ch onukhkgûl y ch airdhkgûl os uli no cis ahktiros kchvo sibro cis quo glkgngr ol oc gtglorhrgi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn h ci chr`i no su vgnh. 2. Ahktiros rochkgilhnis kil chs khrhktorästgkhs noc oltirli ahdgcghr, ahdgcghr, rochkgilhc y kidulgthrgi: • Ch kilkopkgûl subjotgh hlkchnh ol oc èdbgti ahdgcghr y ol oc èdbgti chbirhc sibro quo ch ngskhphkgnhn os ulh cgdgthkgûl hbsicuth ol rochkgûl hc odpcoi. Ol rochkgûl kil osto ahktir, oc khdbgi quo so vgolo gltrinukgolni trhth no noshktgvhr osh vglkuchkgûl pisgbgcgthlni ch kilstrukkgûl no ulh porkopkgûl quo vglkuch ch khphkgnhn quo khnh porsilh pisoo y su olkhjo ol chs ngaoroltos lokosgnhnos no khphkgnhn quo tgolo ch sikgonhn, glnopolngoltodolto no quo osh khphkgnhn ch pisoh ulh porsilh kil i sgl ngskhphkgnhn. Ch solsgbgcgzhkgûl y tidh no kilkgolkgh kidi dokhlgsdi phrh dingkhr osths porkopkgilos os ul ahktir aulnhdolthc phrh hvhlzhr ol ch glkcusgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. • Oc khrèktor sibropritoktir no chs ahdgcghs ol dukmis dukmis khsis supilo ngkucthnos phrh ch hktgvhkgûl chbirhc no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Ol bhsthltos ikhsgilos osth kilkopkgûl ostè rochkgilhnh kil ci oxpuosti ol oc hphrthni hltorgir. • Ch lokosgnhn no hnokuhkgûl noc puosti no trhbhji os ul ahktir uo ol ikhsgilos nosno chs odproshs so hr`udolth phrh ovgthr ch kiltrhthkgûl no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Ch lokosgnhn no pridivor
7=
HLO]I GG. AHK^IRO[ q_O CGDG^HL I KILNGKGILHL KILNGKGILHL CH...
oc hkilngkgilhdgolti no cis puostis no trhbhji no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn mhkgolni oc odpcoi hkkosgbco y ocgdglhlni bhrrorhs hrqugtoktûlgkhs, no hkkosi h ch glairdhkgûl y h ch kidulgkhkgûl y no kidprolsgûl os itri no cis ahktiros kchvo phrh mhkor pisgbcos ch glsorkgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. • Oc tgpi no mèbgtht ol oc uo so rosgno (urbhli i rurhc). Kil khrèktor `olorhc, oc dongi urbhli pordgto dès ipkgilos no odpcoi quo oc rurhc. Ch ngskhphkgnhn ol oc dongi rurhc supilo ulh rohcgnhn no ngkucthn høhngnh h chs ngkucthnos pripghs no osto oltirli (odpcoi, trhlspirto, hkkosgbgcgnhn, otk.). • Ch kucturh, cis olaiuos, ostoroitgpis y projugkgis kil cis uo so porkgbo ch glsorkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Oc ostg`dh sikghc ol oc khsi no chs porsilhs kil olaordonhn dolthc y, ol `olorhc, oc mokmi no quo ch kiltrhthkgûl no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn li vol`h hkidphøhnh ol ch dhyir phrto no cis khsis no ul ngskursi rochkgilhni kil ch g`uhcnhn i ch ngskrgdglhkgûl pisgtgvh. • Oc lgoc `olorhc no ostungis thdbgçl tgolo oaoktis ol ocosto èdbgti: kil khrèktor oc oltirli kidulgthrgi ngkucth hkkosi h ch airdhkgûl pir ahcth no hkkosgbgcgnhn y pir bhjh khcgnhn no ch onukhkgûl rokgbgnh ol ch othph no onukhkgûl ibcg`htirgh. Kidi kilsokuolkgh no cis ibstèkucis noc oltirli chs thshs no hbhlnili oskichr sil duy hcths oltro chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn y chs no airdhkgûl suporgir sil duy bhjhs. ;. Ahktiros rochkgilhnis kil oc oqugcgbrgi oltro oc kudpcgdgolti no ch lirdhtgvh hpcgkhbco y ch solsgbgcgzhkgûl noc tojgni odproshrghc:
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
77
• Oc nçkgt ol ul noshrricci sgstodètgki no dokhlgsdis oaoktgis no so`ugdgolti, kiltric y hpiyi phrh oc kudpcgdgolti no ch kuith no rosorvh. • Ch lokosgnhn no hkidotor ul trhthdgolti ospokäki noc hbsoltgsdi pir olaordonhn ol oc khsi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. • Ch tolnolkgh mhkgh prèktgkhs glkuchnhs kil oc kidpridgsi y ch rospilshbgcgnhn sikghc no chs odproshs ol oc èdbgti no ch glkcusgûl chbirhc no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn, suporhlni oc noskilikgdgolti `olorhcgzhni noc tojgni odproshrghc sibro ch ngskhphkgnhn y no ch motori`olognhn no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Ol rochkgûl kil osto ahktir, oc ostungi no ch Aulnhkgûl Chr`i Khbhccori nosthkh h phrtgr no chs oxporgolkghs kilkroths no odproshs quo mhl kiltrhthni h porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc kiltglui no solsgbgcgzhkgûl chs sg`ugoltos kuostgilos: • Ch glairdhkgûl, oc kilikgdgolti no chs subolkgilos y bilgbilg khkgilos. • Oc pripgi kilikgdgolti no ch oxgstolkgh no ulh lirdh uo ibcgibcg`h h hquocchs quo tgolol dès no ?6 trhbhjhniros y cis los quo porsg`uo. • Ch nokgsgûl no kiltrhthr o glkcugr h porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol cis prikosis no socokkgûl. • Ch hnhpthkgûl no cis prikosis no socokkgûl, so`úl tgpi y `rhni. • Ch glkirpirhkgûl no ngkmis trhbhjhniros hc puosti no trhbhji sgl quo sohl lokoshrgis khdbgis ir`hlgzhtgvis y/i aäsgkis no khchni.
866
HLO]I GG. AHK^IRO[ q_O CGDG^HL I KILNGKGILHL KILNGKGILHL CH...
• Ch dingkhkgûl no ch ir`hlgzhkgûl noc trhbhji, ch hnhpthkgûl no puostis. • Ch krohkgûl no kilngkgilos ahirhbcos ahirhbcos phrh chs rochkgilos gltorgltorporsilhcos ol oc trhbhji. • Ch ro`uchkgûl ospokäkh no kilngkgilos no trhbhji uo htgolnhl h chs lokosgnhnos kilkroths quo `hrhltgkol ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. • Ch `olorhkgûl y oxtolsgûl noc odpcoi kil hpiyi. • Ch phrtgkgphkgûl no chs odproshs ol ch krohkgûl no olkchos chchbirhcos julti kil cis koltris ospokghcos no odpcoi. • Ch phrtgkgphkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn kidi oco`gbcos ol cis ûr`hlis no roprosolthkgûl no cis trhbhjhniros. • Ch phrtgkgphkgûl ol chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos. • Ch glkirpirhkgûl no nodhlnhs ospokäkhs ol chs doshs no lolo`ikghkgûl. Hc rospokti no osto ahktir, rosucth no gltorçs tidhr ol kilsgnorhkgûl sibroo oc gdphkti sikgiokilûd sikgiokilûdgki gki no cis nhtis quo hpirth oc Ostungi sibr chs oltgnhnos no okilidäh sikghc no KOVO[. Osto ostungi rovoch quo cis vhciros quo kidphrtol chs odproshs no okilidäh sikghc so trhnukol ol ul kidpirthdgolti ngaorolkghc ol rochkgûl kil chs khrhktorästgkhs no chs porsilhs quo kil`urhl sus pchltgcchs y chs kilngkgilos no trhbhji no sus odpcohnis5 su ospokghcgzhkgûl prinuktgvh5 y su
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
868
ubgkhkgûl `oi`rèkh. W sil cis rosucthnis no osto kidpirthdgolti ospokäki cis quo nhl kiltolgni h ch gdpirthlto kiltrgbukgûl no osths odproshs h ch kimosgûl sikghc y h ch kimosgûl torrgtirghc. [o trhth no glkirpirhr ulh luovh porspoktgvh sibro oc hkkosi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn hc odpcoi y ol chs khrhktorästgkhs no cis puostis nosodpoøhnis ol osto tgpi no odproshs, nopolngolni noc dinoci no odprosh ol oc quo so glkirpirol i priduovhl y, pir thlti, no ahkgcgthr ol dhyir dongnh ch li ngskrgdglhkgûl chbirhc y ch g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos ol osto èdbgti so`úl ch odprosh ol ch quo so trhbhjo. >. Ahktiros rochkgilhnis kil dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgvh pisgtgvh y ocodoltis no hpiyi phrh ch glkcusgûl chbirhc: • Oc phpoc no chs subolkgilos, bilgkhkgilos o glkoltgis phrh ch kiltrhthkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn kidi dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgvh. Kilstgtuyol ul glstrudolti no prgdor irnol no chs picätgkhs hktgvhs no odpcoi. Osto soräh ul pulti gltoroshlto phrh kidpcodolthr ol oc èdbgti no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, kicoktgvh, kidi pir ojodpci, hrbgtrhlni dokhlgsdis no so`ugdgolti y ovhcuhkgûl noc usi no osis glkoltgvis y kûdi glkgnol ol ch ovicukgûl no ch kiltrhthkgûl h porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn (tolgolni ol kuolth `rhni y tgpi), o glkcusi kiltrgbuyolni kiltrgbuyolni h ulh dhyir kiborturh h phrtgr no ch odor`olkgh no ngskhphkgnhn sibrovolgnh. Vir itri chni, osths subvolkgilos noborähl hckhlzhr ol dhyir dongnh chs lokosgnhnos no hnhpthkgûl y hjustos rhzilhbcos noc puosti
862
HLO]I GG. AHK^IRO[ q_O CGDG^HL I KILNGKGILHL KILNGKGILHL CH...
no trhbhji, hsä kidi chs dongnhs no hkkosgbgcgnhn phrh ch oaoktgvgnhn noc norokmi h ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh. • Ch aulkgûl no ch gltordonghkgûl chbirhc so kilsgnorh kcho ol ch glsorkgûl chbirhc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Kudpco ulh aulkgûl prglkgphc phrh quo oc sg`ugolto mgti hc no ch glairdhkgûl y solsgbgcgzhkgûl, quo os ch phrtgkgphkgûl no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol cis prikosis no socokkgûl, so prinuzkh kil çxgti. _l çxgti quo so trhnuko ol ulh oxporgolkgh pisgtgvh phrh ch odprosh y phrh oc trhbhjhnir i trhbhjhnirh quo hspgrh hc puosti. Ch oxgstolkgh no ul sorvgkgi gltordonghkgûl okhz oskil ul ngskhahktir kchvo ol ch kiltglugnhn no chnokiltrhthkgûl no porsilhs phkgnhn pir phrto no chs odproshs. [o`úl oc ostungi no ch Aulnhkgûl Chr`i Khbhccori, chs dhyiros nobgcgnhnos no osth aulkgûl tgolol quo vor kil: • Oc oskhsi noshrricci no prikongdgoltis no socokkgûl hnokuhnis ol cis sorvgkgis púbcgkis no odpcoi: ahcth no kidpribhkgûl no ch ngskhphkgnhn (kortgkhni), noshjustos ol cis porcos priaosgilhcos pripirkgilhnis rospokti h chs lokosgnhnos noc puosti i chs khrhktorästgkhs no chs odproshs, otk. Osth dolir khcgnhn li quonh kidpolshnh pir ch dhyir khltgnhn no khlngnhtis quo puono pripirkgilhr h ch odprosh, yh quo pricil`h cis prikosis no socokkgûl y h ch pistro, puono tolor oaoktis lo`htgvis ol ch nokgsgûl no kiltrhthr h ulh porsilh kil ngskhphkgnhn. • Ch húl oskhsh prosolkgh y/i usi no oltgnhnos no gltordonghkgûl ospokghcgzhnhs ol porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc kiljulti noc torrgtirgi.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
86;
• Ch gdpirthlkgh no uo ch gltordonghkgûl soh hkidphøhnh no sorvgkgis hngkgilhcos: glairdhkgûl y hsosirhdgolti h ch odprosh, ch glairdhkgûl y ch airdhkgûl no cis khlngnhtis, ch pisgbgcgnhn no hctorlhtgvhs ol khsi no noshjustos, hsosirhdgolti sibro prikongdgoltis y prikosis no hnhpthkgûl no puostis no trhbhji. • Ch lokosgnhn no uo chs kidpotolkghs rouorgnhs phrh oc puosti i cis puostis no trhbhji y su kiltrhsto kil chs kidpotolkghs no ch porsilh kil ngskhphkgnhn sohl oc koltri noc prikosi no socokkgûl y li ch ngskhphkgnhn. _l hjusto quo puono tidhr kidi roaorolkgh dès no ul puosti no trhbhji y ahvirokor no osto dini ch picgvhcolkgh no ostis trhbhjhniros (khsi noc Koltri Ospokghc no Odpcoi). • Ch ngkucthn phrh ch digcgnhn `oi`rèkh no khlngnhtis y khlng khlng-nhths quo so ubgkhl ol cikhcgnhnos ngstglths h hquocchs ol quo so olkuoltrh oc koltri no trhbhji. Osth cgdgthkgûl os ospokghcdolto gdpirthlto ol cis koltris no trhbhji quo hckhlzhl ul thdhøi gdpirthlto ol rochkgûl kil oc thdhøi no ch pibchkgûl. • Oc phpoc no cis priyoktis y dongnhs no hkkgûl pisgtgh y itris hpiyis phrh ocovhr oc lgvoc no kuhcgkhkgûl no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn nosno ch onukhkgûl glkcusgvh ibcg`htirgh, ch airdhkgûl li ibcg`htirgh y ch airdhkgûl priaosgilhc.
Hloxi GGG
DHRKI J_RÄNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH
Oc norokmi h ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh vgolo rokilikgni ol oc hrtäkuci ;0.8 no ch Kilstgtukgûl Osphøich (KO), nilno so osthbcoko quo «ch coy `hrhltgzhrè oc norokmi h ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh chbirhc oltro cis roprosolthltos no cis trhbhjhniros y odproshrgis, hsä kidi ch auorzh vglkuchlto no cis kilvolgisµ.
Ol oc èdbgti noc odpcoi púbcgki oc hrtäkuci 8? no ch Coy 0/2660, no 82 no hbrgc, noc Osthtuti Bèsgki noc Odpcoi Vúbcgki (OBOV) osthbcoko quo «cis odpcohnis púbcgkis tgolol cis sg`ugoltos norokmis glngvgnuhcos quo so ojorkol no airdh kicoktgvh: …/… b) H ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh y h ch phrtgkgphkgûl ol ch notordglhkgûl no chs kilngkgilos no trhbhji…µ.
Noltri no cis phktis kicoktgvis so puonol ngaorolkghr cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis (osthtuthrgis y oxtrhosthtuthrgis y cis hkuornis kicoktgvis). [g bgol osto Dhluhc so noshrricci ol rochkgûl kil cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis osthtuthrgis, ol oc prosolto hphrthni so kgth hsgdgsdi ulh brovo roaorolkgh no cis oxtrhosthtuthrgis, hkuornis y phktis.
861
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
¹Xuç tgpis no phktis kicoktgvis oxgstol9 Oxgstol ngstgltis tgpis no phktis kicoktgvis, =tinis occis bhji ch kiborturh jurängkhh kilstgtukg jurängk kilstgtukgilhc ilhc noc hrtäkuc hrtäkucii ;0.8 no ch KO y, ol su khsi, oc hrtäkuci 8? noc OBOV: H) Ol prgdor cu`hr, cis kilvolgis kilvolgis kicoktgvis, quo sil phktis no kiltolgni hdpcgi. Noltri no occis, khbo ngstgl`ugr nis tgpis: h)
Cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis osthtuthrgis, osti os, cis ro`uchnis pir oc ^ätuci GGG noc O.^.
b)
Cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis oxtrhosthtuthrgis, osti os, cis li ro`uchnis pir oc ^ätuci GGG noc O.^.
B) Ol so`ulni so`ulni cu`hr, cu`hr, cis hkuornis kicoktgvis, quo sil phktis no kiltolgni dès ronukgni. K) Ol torkor cu`hr, oc OBOV ngstgl`uo oltro phktis y hkuornis: h)
Cis Vhktis so kocobrhl sibro dhtorghs quo so kirrospilnol ostrgkthdolto kil oc èdbgti kidpotolkghc noc ûr`hli hndglgstrhtgvi quo ci suskrgbh.
b)
Cis Hkuornis vorshl sibro dhtorghs kidpotolkgh no cis ûr`hlis no `ibgorli no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs.
= Auolto: @uäh no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh 2682. Kidgsgûl Kilsuctgvh Lhkgilhc no Kilvolgis Kicoktgvis. Dglgstorgi no Odpcoi y [o`urgnhn [ikghc.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
860
Lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh osthtuthrgh Dhrki Dhrk i lirdhtgvi
Oc dhrki lirdhtgvi no hpcgkhkgûl h ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh osthtuthrgh so roki`o ol oc Rohc Nokroti Co`gschtgvi 8/877?, no 2> no dhrzi, pir oc quo so hpruobh oc toxti roaulngni no ch Coy noc Osthtuti no cis ^rhbhjhniros. Ol phrtgkuchr, su ^ätuci GGG (No ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh y no cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis): Hrtäkucis =2 h 72. ¹Xuç os ul kilvolgi kicoktgvi9
Cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis, kidi rosucthni no ch lo`ikghkgûl noshrricchnh pir cis roprosolthltos no cis trhbhjhniros y no cis odproshrgis, kilstgtuyol ch oxprosgûl noc hkuorni cgbrodolto hnipthni pir occis ol vgrtun no su hutilidäh kicoktgvh (hrtäkuci =2.8). Donghlto cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis, y ol su èdbgti kirrospilngolto, cis trhbhjhniros y odproshrgis ro`uchl chs kilngkgilos no trhbhji y no prinuktgvgnhn5 g`uhcdolto pinrèl ro`uchr ch phz chbirhc h trhvçs no chs ibcg`hkgilos quo so phktol (hrtäkuci =2.2). ¹Kuèc os su okhkgh9
Cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis ibcg`hl h tinis cis odproshrgis y trhbhjhniros glkcugnis noltri no su èdbgti no hpcgkhkgûl y nurhlto tini oc tgodpi no su vg`olkgh (hrtäkuci =2.;). [gl porjugkgi no ci hltorgir, kuhlni kilkurrhl khushs okilûdgkhs, tçklgkhs, ir`hlgzhtgvhs i no prinukkgûl, pir hkuorni oltro ch odprosh y cis
86=
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
roprosolthltos no cis trhbhjhniros co`gtgdhnis phrh lo`ikghr ul kilvolgi kicoktgvi, so pinrè prikonor, provgi noshrricci no ul porgini no kilsucths, h glhpcgkhr ol ch odprosh chs kilngkgilos no trhbhji provgsths ol oc kilvolgi kicoktgvi hpcgkhbco, soh osto no soktir i no odprosh, quo haoktol h chs sg`ugoltos dhtorghs y no hkuorni kil ci provgsti ol osth Coy (hrtäkuci =2.>). • Jirlhnh no trhbhji. • Mirhrgi y ch ngstrgbukgûl noc tgodpi no trhbhji. • Rç`gdol no trhbhji h turlis. • [gstodh no rodulorhkgûl y kuhltäh shchrghc. • [gstodh no trhbhji y rolngdgolti. • Aulkgilos, kuhlni oxkonhl no cis cädgtos progstis phrh ch digcgnhn aulkgilhc. • Dojirhs iculthrghs no ch hkkgûl pritoktirh no ch [o`urgnhn [ikghc.
¹Kuèc os oc èdbgti no hpcgkhkgûl9
Cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis tolnrèl oc èdbgti no hpcgkhkgûl quo chs phrtos hkuornol (hrtäkuci =;8). ¹Xugçl gltorvgolo ol ch lo`ikghkgûl no ul kilvolgi (ulgnhnos no lo`ikghkgûl)9
Chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos y hsikghkgilos odproshrghcos dès roprosolthtgvhs, no khrèktor osththc i no Kidulgnhn Hutûlidh, pinrèl osthbcokor,
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
867
donghlto hkuornis gltorpriaosgilhcos, kcèusuchs sibro ch ostrukturh no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, jhlni, ol su khsi, chs ro`chs quo mhl no rosicvor cis kilflgktis no kilkurrolkgh oltro kilvolgis no ngstglti èdbgti. Osths kcèusuchs pinrèl g`uhcdolto phkthrso ol kilvolgis i hkuornis kicoktgvis soktirghcos, no èdbgti osththc i hutilûdgki, pir hquoccis sglngkhtis y hsikghkgilos odproshrghcos quo kuoltol kil ch co`gtgdhkgûl lokoshrgh, no kilairdgnhn kil ci osthbcokgni ol ch prosolto Coy (hrtäkuci =;.2). Ngkmhs ir`hlgzhkgilos no trhbhjhniros y odproshrgis pinrèl g`uhcdolto ochbirhr hkuornis sibro dhtorghs kilkroths. Ostis hkuornis, hsä kidi cis hkuornis gltorpriaosgilhcos, tolnrèl oc trhthdgolti no osth Coy phrh cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis (hrtäkuci =;.;). ¹Kuèc os oc kiltolgni no ul kilvolgi kicoktgvi9
Noltri noc rospoti h chs coyos, cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis pinrèl ro`uchr dhtorghs no älnico okilûdgkh, chbirhc, sglngkhc y, ol `olorhc, kuhlths itrhs haoktol h chs kilngkgilos no odpcoi y hc èdbgti no rochkgilos no cis trhbh jhniros y sus ir`h ir`hlgzhkgilo lgzhkgiloss roprosol roprosolthtg thtgvhs vhs kil oc odproshr odproshrgi gi y chs hsikghkgilos odproshrghcos, glkcugnis prikongdgoltis phrh rosicvor chs ngskrophlkghs sur`gnhs ol cis poräinis no kilsucth5 cis chunis hrbgtrhcos quo h ostis oaoktis puonhl ngkthrso tolnrèl ch dgsdh okhkgh y trhdgthkgûl quo cis hkuornis ol oc poräini no kilsucths, sgolni suskoptgbcos no gdpu`lhkgûl ol cis dgsdis tçrdglis quo cis chunis ngkthnis phrh ch sicukgûl no chs kiltrivorsghs norgvhnhs no ch hpcgkhkgûl no cis kilvolgis. [gl porjugkgi no ch cgborthn no chs phrtos phrh notordglhr oc kiltolgni no kilvolgis ch lo`ikghkgûl cis dgsdis oxgstgrè, ol tiniciskhsi, oc noborkicoktgvis, no lo`ikghroldongnhs ngrg`gnhsnoh pridivor ch g`uhcnhn no
886
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
trhti y no ipirtulgnhnos oltro dujoros y midbros ol oc èdbgti chbirhc i, ol su khsi, pchlos no g`uhcnhn kil oc hckhlko y kiltolgni provgsti ol ch Coy Ir`èlgkh phrh ch g`uhcnhn oaoktgvh oltro dujoros y midbros (hrtäkuci =?.8). Hnodès, h trhvçs no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh so pinrèl hrtgkuchr prikongdgoltis no glairdhkgûl y so`ugdgolti no cis nospgnis ibjotgvis, ol oc èdbgti kirrospilngolto. Hsgdgsdi, sgl porjugkgi no ch cgborthn no kiltrhthkgûl quo so rokiliko h chs phrtos, h trhvçs no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh so hrtgkuchrè oc nobor no lo`ikghr pchlos no g`uhcnhn ol chs odproshs no dès no 2?6 trhbh jhniros (hrtäkuci =?.2). Ol kuhcqugor khsi, cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis mhbrèl no oxproshr kidi kiltolgni dälgdi ci sg`ugolto (hrtäkuci =?.;): • Notordglhkgûl no chs phrtos uo cis kilkgorthl. • Èdbgti porsilhc, aulkgilhc, torrgtirghc y todpirhc. • Vrikongdgoltis phrh sicolthr no dhlorh oaoktgh chs ngskrophlkghs quo puonhl sur`gr phrh ch li hpcgkhkgûl no chs kilngkgilos no trhbhji, hnhpthlni, ol su khsi, cis prikongdgoltis quo so osthbcozkhl h osto rospokti ol cis hkuornis gltorpriaosgilhcos no èdbgti osththc i hutilûdgki kilairdo h ci ngspuosti ol thc hrtäkuci. • Airdh y kilngkgilos no nolulkgh noc kilolgi, kilolgi, hsä kidi pchzi dälgdi phrh ngkmh nolulkgh hltos no lhcgzhr su vg`olkgh. • Nosg`lhkgûl no ulh kidgsgûl phrgthrgh no ch roprosolthkgûl no chs phrtos lo`ikghnirhs phrhitrhs oltolnor no htrgbugnhs, hquocchs kuostgilos osthbcokgnhs ol no ch Coy y no kuhlths co sohl hsä kidi osthbcokgdgolti
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
888
cis prikongdgoltis y pchzis no hktuhkgûl no osth kidgsgûl, glkcugni oc sidotgdgolti no chs ngskrophlkghs prinukgnhs ol su soli h cis sgstodhs li jungkghcos no sicukgûl no kilflgktis osthbcokgnis donghlto cis hkuornis gltorpriaosgilhcos no èdbgti osththc i hutilûdgki. ¹Xugçlos ostèl co`gtgdhnis phrh ch lo`ikghkgûl no ul kilvolgi9
Ol roprosolthkgûl no cis trhbhjhniros osthrèl co`gtgdhnis phrh lo`ikghr ol cis kilvolgis no odprosh y no èdbgti glaorgir, oc kidgtç no odprosh, cis noco`hnis no porsilhc, ol su khsi, i chs sokkgilos sglngkhcos sg chs mubgoro quo, ol su ol kiljulti, sudol ch dhyiräh no cis kidgtç. kuhlni Ch gltorvolkgûl ch lo`ikghkgûl kirrospilnorè h chsdgodbris sokkgilosnoc sglngkhcos osths hsä ci hkuornol, sgodpro quo sudol ch dhyiräh no cis dgodbris noc kidgtç no odprosh i oltro cis noco`hnis no porsilhc. Kuhlni so trhto no kilvolgis phrh ul `rupi no odproshs, hsä kidi ol cis kilvolgis quo haoktol h ulh pcurhcgnhn no odproshs vglkuchnhs pir rhzilos ir`hlgzhtgvhs i prinuktgvhs y lidglhtgvhdolto gnoltgkhnhs ol su èdbgti no hpcgkhkgûl, ch co`gtgdhkgûl phrh lo`ikghr ol roprosolthkgûl no cis trhbhjhniros sorè ch quo so osthbcoko phrh ch lo`ikghkgûl no cis kilvolgis soktirghcos. Ol cis kilvolgis ngrg`gnis h ul `rupi no trhbhjhniros kil porc priaosgilhc ospokäki, osthrèl co`gtgdhnis phrh lo`ikghr chs sokkgilos sglngkhcos quo mhyhl sgni nosg`lhnhs dhyirgthrghdolto pir sus roprosolthnis h trhvçs no vithkgûl porsilhc, cgbro, ngrokth y sokroth (hrtäkuci =0.8). Ol cis kilvolgis soktirghcos osthrèl co`gtgdhnis phrh lo`ikghr ol roprosolthkgûl no cis trhbhjhniros (hrtäkuci =0.2):
882
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
• Cis sglngkhtis uo tol`hl ch kilsgnorhkgûl no dès roprosolthtgis h lgvoc osththc, hsä kidi, ol sus rospoktgvis èdbgtis, chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos hcghnhs, aonorhnhs i kilaonorhnhs h cis dgsdis. • Cis sglngkhtis uo tol`hl ch kilsgnorhkgûl no dès roprosolthtgis h lgvoc no Kidulgnhn Hutûlidh rospokti no cis kilvolgis quo li trhskgolnhl no ngkmi èdbgti torrgtirghc, hsä kidi, ol sus rospoktgvis èdbgtis, chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos hcghnhs, aonorhnhs i kilaonorhnhs h cis dgsdis. • Cis sglngkhtis uo kuoltol kil ul dälgdi noc 86% no cis dgodbris no cis kidgtçs no odprosh i noco`hnis no porsilhc ol oc èdbgti `oi`rèki y aulkgilhc hc quo so roorh oc kilvolgi. Ol roprosolthkgûl no cis odproshrgis osthrèl co`gtgdhnis phrh lo`ikghr (hrtäkuci =0.;): • Ol cis kilolgis kilolgis no odprosh i èdbgti glaorgir, glaorgir, oc pripgi odproshrgi. • Ol cis kilolgis no `rupi no odproshs y ol cis uo haoktol h ulh pcurhcgnhn no odproshs vglkuchnhs pir rhzilos ir`hlgzhtgvhs i prinuktgvhs y lidglhtgvhdolto gnoltgkhnhs ol su èdbgti no hpcgkhkgûl, ch roprosolthkgûl no ngkmhs odproshs. • Ol cis kilolgis kilolgis kicoktgis soktirghcos, chs hsikghkgilos odproshrghcos quo ol oc èdbgti `oi`rèki y aulkgilhc noc kilvolgi kuoltol kil oc 86% no cis odproshrgis y sgodpro uo çsths nol ikuphkgûl h g`uhc pirkolthjo no cis trhbhjhniros haokthnis, hsä kidi hquocchs hsikghkgilos odproshrghcos uo ol ngkmi èdbgti nol ikuphkgûl hc 8?% no cis trhbhjhniros haokthnis.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
88;
Ol hquoccis soktiros ol cis quo li oxgsthl hsikghkgilos odproshrghcos quo kuoltol kil ch sukgolto roprosolthtgvgnhn, so`úl ci provgsti ol oc pèrrhai hltorgir, osthrèl co`gtgdhnhs phrh lo`ikghr cis kirrospilngoltos kilvolgis kicoktgvis no soktir chs hsikghkgilos odproshrghcos no èdbgti osththc quo kuoltol kil oc 86% i dès no chs odproshs i trhbhjhniros ol oc èdbgti osththc, hsä kidi chs hsikghkgilos odproshrghcos no Kidulgnhn Hutûlidh quo kuoltol ol çsth kil ul dälgdi noc 8?% no chs odproshs i trhbhjhniros. Hsgdgsdi osthrèl co`gtgdhnis ol cis kilvolgis no èdbgti osththc cis sglngkhtis no Kidulgnhn Hutûlidh quo tol`hl ch kilsgnorhkgûl no dès roprosolthtgvis y chs hsikghkgilos odproshrghcos no ch Kidulgnhn Hutûlidh quo roúlhl cis roqugsgtis soøhchnis ol ch Coy (hrtäkuci =0.>). ^ini sglngkhti, aonorhkgûl i kilaonorhkgûl sglngkhc, y tinh hsikghkgûl odproshrghc quo roúlh oc roqugsgti no co`gtgdhkgûl, tolnrè norokmi h airdhr phrto no ch kidgsgûl lo`ikghnirh (hrtäkuci =0.?). ¹Xuç os ch kidgsgûl lo`ikghnirh9
Os oc `rupi no porsilhs ol khnh khsi co`gtgdhni phrh ch lo`ikghkgûl no ul kilvolgi kicoktgvi. Oc rophrti no dgodbris kil viz y viti ol oc soli no ch kidgsgûl lo`ikghnirh so oaoktuhrè kil rospoti hc norokmi no tinis cis co`gtgdhnis y ol pripirkgûl h su roprosolthtgvgnhn. Ch kidgsgûl lo`ikghnirh quonhrè vècgnhdolto kilstgtugnh kuhlni cis sglngkhtis, aonorhkgilos i kilaonorhkgilos y chs hsikghkgilos odproshrghcos co`gtgdhnhs ol khnh roprosoltol dälgdi, h ch dhyiräh hbsicuth no khsi cis dgodbris no kidi cis kidgtçs no rospoktgvhdolto, odprosh y noco`hnis
88>
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
no porsilhc, ol su khsi, y h odproshrgis quo ikupol h ch dhyiräh no cis trhbhjhniros haokthnis pir oc kilvolgi. Ol hquoccis soktiros ol cis quo li oxgsthl ûr`hlis no roprosolthkgûl no cis trhbhjhniros, so oltolnorè vècgnhdolto kilstgtugnh ch kidgsgûl lo`ikghnirh kuhlni ch dgsdh ostç glto`rhnh pir chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos quo istoltol ch kilngkgûl no dès roprosolthtgvhs ol oc èdbgti osththc i no Kidulgnhn Hutûlidh. Ol hquoccis soktiros ol cis quo li oxgsthl hsikghkgilos odproshrghcos quo kuoltol kil ch sukgolto roprosolthtgvgnhn, so oltolnorè vècgnhdolto kilstgtugnh ch kidgsgûl lo`ikghnirh kuhlni ch dgsdh ostç glto`rhnh pir chs ir`hlgzhkgilos odproshrghcos osththcos i hutilûdgkhs (hrtäkuci ==). ¹Kûdi so glgkgh ch lo`ikghkgûl9
Ch roprosolthkgûl no cis trhbhjhniros, i no cis odproshrgis, quo priduovh ch lo`ikghkgûl, ci kidulgkhrè h ch itrh phrto, oxproshlni nothcchnhdolto ol ch kidulgkhkgûl, quo noborè mhkorso pir oskrgti, ch co`gtgdhkgûl quo istolth no kilairdgnhn kil cis hrtäkucis hltorgiros, cis èdbgtis noc kilvolgi y chs dhtorghs ibjoti no lo`ikghkgûl. Ol oc supuosti no quo ch pridikgûl soh oc rosucthni no ch nolulkgh no ul kilvolgi kicoktgvi vg`olto, ch kidulgkhkgûl noborè oaoktuhrso sgductèlohdolto kil oc hkti no ch nolulkgh. No osth kidulgkhkgûl so olvghrè kipgh, h oaoktis no ro`gstri, h ch hutirgnhn chbirhc kirrospilngolto ol aulkgûl noc èdbgti torrgtirghc noc kilvolgi (hrtäkuci =7.8). Ch phrto rokoptirh no ch kidulgkhkgûl sici pinrè lo`hrso h ch glgkghkgûl no chs lo`ikghkgilos pir khush co`hc i kilvolkgilhcdolto osthbcokgnh, i kuhlni li so trhto rovgshry ul kilvolgi yh volkgni5 ol kuhcqugor khsi so noborè kiltosthr pirnooskrgti ditgvhnhdolto.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
88?
Hdbhs phrtos osthrèl ibcg`hnhs h lo`ikghr bhji oc prglkgpgi no ch buolh ao. Ol oc pchzi dèxgdi no ul dos h phrtgr no ch rokopkgûl no ch kidulgkhkgûl, so prikonorè h kilstgtugr ch kidgsgûl lo`ikghnirh5 ch phrto rokoptirh no ch kidulgkhkgûl noborè rospilnor h ch pripuosth no lo`ikghkgûl y hdbhs phrtos osthbcokorèl ul khcolnhrgi i pchl no lo`ikghkgûl. Cis hkuornis no ch kidgsgûl roquorgrèl, ol kuhcqugor khsi, oc viti ahvirhbco no ch dhyiräh no khnh ulh no chs nis roprosolthkgilos. Ol kuhcqugor didolti no chs nocgborhkgilos, chs phrtos pinrèl hkirnhr ch gltorvolkgûl no ul donghnir nosg`lhni pir occhs (hrtäkuci =7.2). ¹H qugçl kidpoto oc so`ugdgolti no ch hpcgkhkgûl o gltorprothkgûl noc kilvolgi9
[gl porjugkgi no chs kidpotolkghs co`hcdolto htrgbugnhs h ch jurgsngkkgûl kidpotolto, oc kilikgdgolti y rosicukgûl no chs kuostgilos norgvhnhs no ch hpcgkhkgûl o gltorprothkgûl no cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis kirrospilnorè h ch kidgsgûl phrgthrgh no cis dgsdis (hrtäkuci 78.8). Hnodès, ol cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis so pinrèl osthbcokor prikongdgoltis, kidi ch donghkgûl y oc hrbgtrhjo, phrh ch sicukgûl no chs kiltrivorsghs kicoktgvhs norgvhnhs no ch hpcgkhkgûl o gltorprothkgûl no cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis. Ol cis supuostis no kilflgkti kicoktgvi rochtgvi h ch gltorprothkgûl i hpcgkhkgûl noc kilvolgi noborè gltorvolgr ch kidgsgûl phrgthrgh noc dgsdi kil khrèktor provgi hc pchltohdgolti airdhc noc kilflgkti ol oc èdbgti no cis prikongdgoltis li jungkghcosChs h quo so rooro no oc hphrthni hltorgir i hlto oc ûr`hli jungkghc kidpotolto. rosicukgilos ch kidgsgûl phrgthrgh sibro
881
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
gltorprothkgûl i hpcgkhkgûl noc kilvolgi tolnrèl ch dgsdh okhkgh jurängkh y trhdgthkgûl quo cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis ro`uchnis ol ch prosolto Coy (hrtäkucis 78.; y 78.>). Osti prikongdgoltis no sicukgûl no kilflgktis sorèl, hsgdgsdi, no hpcgkhkgûl ol chs kiltrivorsghs no khrèktor glngvgnuhc, kuhlni chs phrtos oxproshdolto so sidothl h occis (hrtäkuci 78.?).
Lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh oxtrhosthtuthrgh Dhrki Dhrk i lirdhtgvi
Ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh oxtrhosthtuthrgh so rg`o pir oc hrtäkuci ;0.8 no ch Kilstgtukgûl y pir ch viculthn no chs phrtos lo`ikghnirhs noltri noc rospoti h chs lirdhs co`hcos y ro`chdolthrghs gdporhtgvhs y h chs lirdhs noc Kûng`i Kgvgc sibro cis kiltrhtis ol kuhlti h cis roqugsgtis no khphkgnhn, kilsoltgdgolti, ibjoti y khush (hrtäkucis 82?0 y sg`s. noc Kûng`i Kgvgc). Ci quo sg`lgkh quo lgl`uli no cis prglkgpgis quo rg`ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh osthtuthrgh, thlti no ochbirhkgûl jurgsprunolkghc kidi no gdpchlthkgûl co`hc h ci chr`i noc ^ätuci GGG noc O^ co sil no hpcgkhkgûl. ¹Ol quç supuostis so puono prinukgr9
• Vir lokosgnhn (i pir gdpisgbgcgnhn gdpisgbgcgnhn irg`glhrgh), irg`glhrgh), ol oc khsi no gloxgstolgloxgstolkgh no roprosolthltos co`gtgdhnis phrh lo`ikghr ul kilvolgi kicoktgvi osthtuthrgi: gloxgstolkgh no kidgtç no odprosh, noco`hnis no porsilhc i sokkgilos sglngkhcos ol ulh lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh odproshrghc i gloxgstolkgh no sglngkhtis y/i no hsikghkgilos odproshrghcos co`gtgdhnhs ol ulh lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh suprhodproshrghc i gdpisgbgcgnhn no cco`hr hc hkuornilo`ikghnirh dhyirgthrgivècgnhdolto no khnh ulhkilstgtugnh. no chs nis roprosolthkgilos ol ulh kidgsgûl
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
880
• viculthrghdolto (i pir gdpisgbgcgnhn sibroolgnh), ol oc khsi no oxgsoxgstolkgh no roprosolthltos co`gtgdhnis phrh lo`ikghr ul kilvolgi kicoktgvi osthtuthrgi, kuhlni chs phrtos ipthl pir lo`ikghr oxtrhosthtuthrghdolto, sgodpro quo, ol su khsi, so mhyhl rospothni cis noboros no lo`ikghr y no lo`ikghr no buolh ao ol väh osthtuthrgh.
Cis hkuornis kicoktgvis Oxgsto ulh `rhl vhrgonhn no hkuornis kicoktgvis ol luostri irnolhdgolti, kil ulh lhcgnhn, kil ulh lirdhtgvh hpcgkhbco y kil ul rç`gdol jurängki ngaoroltos, sg bgol tinis occis tgolol su bhso lirdhtgvh ol oc norokmi no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh rokilikgni ol oc hrtäkuci ;0.8 no ch Kilstgtukgûl: h)
Cis hkuornis kicoktgvis gltorpriaosgilhcos osththcos i hutilûdgkis dhrki i sibro dhtorghs kilkroths, ro`uchnis ol oc hrtäkuci =; noc O.^.
b)
Cis hkuornis kicoktgvis no èdbgti odproshrghc i suprhodproshrghc so`úl cis khsis: 8. Cis hkuornis kicoktgvis quo pilol l h ulh muoc`h. 2. Cis hkuornis kicoktgvis quo pilol l h ul kilflgkti kicoktgvi. kicoktgvi.
k)
Cis hkuornis kicoktgvis kicoktgvis no odprosh. Oxgstol ngvorsis ngvorsis tgpis no hkuornis no odprosh: 8. Cis hkuornis kicoktgvis kicoktgvis no odprosh sustgtutgvis no kilvolgis kicoktgvis osthtuthrgis (hrtäkucis 22.8, 2>.8, 27.8, ;>.2, ;>.; y 10.8 noc O.^.).
88=
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
2. Cis hkuornis kicoktgvis no odprosh no noskuoc`uo shchrghc (hrtäkucis =2.; y =?.; noc O.^.). ;. Cis hkuornis kicoktgvis no odprosh no dingkhkgûl susthlkghc no kilngkgilos no trhbhji osthbcokgnhs ol ul kilvolgi kicoktgvi osthtuthrgi i ol hkuornis kicoktgvis oqugphrhnis (hrtäkuci >8.2 noc O.^.). >. Cis hkuornis kicoktgvis no odprosh no dingkhkgûl susthlkghc no kilngkgilos kiltrhktuhcos no khrèktor kicoktgvi (hrtäkuci >8 noc O.^.). ?. Cis hkuornis kicoktgvis no odprosh no ausgûl i hbsirkgûl.
Lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ol chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs Dhrki Dhr ki lirdhtgvi
Oc dhrki lirdhtgvi no hpcgkhkgûl h ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ol chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs so roki`o ol ch Coy 0/2660, no 82 no hbrgc, noc Osthtuti Bèsgki noc Odpcohni Vúbcgki. Ol phrtgkuchr, su ^ätuci GGG. Khpätuci GQ (Norokmi h ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, roprosolthkgûl y phrtgkgphkgûl glstgtukgilhc. Norokmi no roulgûl): hrtäkucis ;8 h >1. Vrglkgpgis `olorhcos no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ol chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs
Vir lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, h cis oaoktis noc OBOV, so oltgolno oc norokmi hch lo`ikghr ch notordglhkgûl no kilngkgilos Hndglgstrhkgûl Vúbcgkh (hrtäkuci ;8.2). no trhbhji no cis odpcohnis no
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
887
Ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh no kilngkgilos no trhbhji no cis aulkgilhrgis púbcgkis quo osthrè sujoth h cis prglkgpgis no co`hcgnhn, kiborturh prosupuosthrgh, ibcg`htirgonhn, buolh ao lo`ikghc, pubcgkgnhn y trhlsphrolkgh, so oaoktuhrè donghlto oc ojorkgkgi no ch khphkgnhn roprosolthtgvh rokilikgnh h chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos ol cis hrtäkucis 1.;.k)5 0.8 y 0.2 no ch Coy Ir`èlgkh 88/87=?, no 2 no h`isti, no Cgborthn [glngkhc y ci provgsti ol oc OBOV (hrtäkuci ;;.8). Hdbhs phrtos osthrèl ibcg`hnhs h lo`ikghr bhji oc prglkgpgi no ch buolh ao y pripirkgilhrso dutuhdolto ch glairdhkgûl quo prokgsol rochtgvh h ch lo`ikghkgûl (hrtäkuci ;>.0). ¹Xuç os ul Vhkti i Hkuorni9
Cis Vhktis i Hkuornis sil kilkorthnis ol oc soli no chs Doshs no Lo`ikghkgûl oltro cis roprosolthltos no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs y ch roprosolthkgûl no chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos co`gtgdhnhs h thcos oaoktis, phrh ch notordglhkgûl no kilngkgilos no trhbhji no cis aulkgilhrgis no ngkmhs Hndglgstrhkgilos (hrtäkuci ;=.8). h)
Cis Vhktis so kocobrhl sibro dhtorghs quo so kirrospilnol ostrgkthdolto kil oc èdbgti kidpotolkghc noc ûr`hli hndglgstrhtgvi quo ci suskrgbh y so hpcgkhrhl ngrokthdolto hc porsilhc noc èdbgti kirrospilngolto.
b)
Cis Hkuornis vorshl vorshl sibro dhtorghs kidpotolkgh no cis ûr`hlis no `ibgorli no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs. Vhrh su vhcgnoz y okhkgh sorè lokoshrgh su hpribhkgûl oxprosh y airdhc pir ostis ûr`hlis. Kuhlni thcos Hkuornis sgni rhtgkhnis haoktol no h todhs quo puonol sor nokgngnis no mhyhl airdh nolgtgvh pir cisyûr`hlis `ibgorli,
826
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
oc kiltolgni no cis dgsdis sorè ngrokthdolto hpcgkhbco hc porsilhc glkcugni ol su èdbgti no hpcgkhkgûl, sgl porjugkgi no quo h oaoktis airdhcos so roqugorh ch dingkhkgûl i nori`hkgûl, ol su khsi, no ch lirdhtgvh ro`chdolthrgh kirrospilngolto. ¹Kuèc os su okhkgh9
Cis Vhktis y Hkuornis quo, no kilairdgnhn kil ci osthbcokgni ol oc hrtäkuci ;0, kiltol`hl dhtorghs y kilngkgilos `olorhcos no trhbhji kidulos hc porsilhc aulkgilhrgi y chbirhc, tolnrèl ch kilsgnorhkgûl y oaoktis provgstis ol osto hrtäkuci phrh cis aulkgilhrgis y ol oc hrtäkuci =; noc Osthtuti no cis ^rhbhjhniros phrh oc porsilhc chbirhc (hrtäkuci ;=.=). [o `hrhltgzh oc kudpcgdgolti no cis Vhktis y Hkuornis, shcvi kuhlni oxkopkgilhcdolto y pir khush `rhvo no gltorçs púbcgki norgvhnh no ulh hctorhkgûl susthlkghc no chs kgrkulsthlkghs okilûdgkhs, cis ûr`hlis no `ibgorli no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs suspolnhl i dingquol oc kudpcgdgolti no Vhktis y Hkuornis yh rdhnis, ol ch dongnh ostrgkthdolto lokoshrgh phrh shcvh`uhrnhr oc gltorçs púbcgki. Ol osto supuosti, chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs noborèl glairdhr h chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos no chs khushs no ch suspolsgûl i dingkhkgûl (hrtäkuci ;=.86). [o `hrhltgzh oc kudpcgdgolti no cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis y hkuornis quo haoktol hc porsilhc chbirhc, shcvi kuhlni oxkopkgilhcdolto y pir khush `rhvo no gltorçs púbcgki norgvhnh no ulh hctorhkgûl susthlkghc no chs kgrkulsthlkghs okilûdgkhs, cis ûr`hlis no `ibgorli no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs suspolnhl ioldingquol kudpcgdgolti no Kilvolgis Kicoktgvis iochkuornis yh rdhnis ch dongnh oc ostrgkthdolto lokoshrgh phrh shcvh`uhrnhr gltorçs púbcgki.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
828
Ol osto supuosti, chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs noborèl glairdhr h chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos no chs khushs no ch suspolsgûl i dingkhkgûl (hrtäkuci ;2). H cis oaoktis no ci provgsti ol oc hrtäkuci ;2 y ;=.86 noc Osthtuti Bèsgki noc Odpcohni Vúbcgki so oltolnorè, oltro itrhs, quo kilkurro khush `rhvo no gltorçs púbcgki norgvhnh no ch hctorhkgûl susthlkghc no chs kgrkulsthlkghs okilûdgkhs kuhlni chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs nobhl hnipthr dongnhs i pchlos no hjusto, no rooqugcgbrgi no chs kuolths púbcgkhs i no khrèktor okilûdgki lhlkgori phrh hso`urhr ch osthbgcgnhn prosupuosthrgh i ch kirrokkgûl noc nçkgt púbcgki (Ngspisgkgûl Hngkgilhc so`ulnh, Rohc Nokroti-coy 26/2682, no 8; no jucgi, no dongnhs phrh `hrhltgzhr ch osthbgcgnhn prosupuosthrgh y no aidolti no ch kidpotgtgvgnhn). ¹Kuèc os èdbgti no hpcgkhkgûl9
Cis Vhktis y Hkuornis noborèl notordglhr chs phrtos quo cis kilkgorthl, oc èdbgti porsilhc, aulkgilhc, torrgtirghc y todpirhc, hsä kidi ch airdh, pchzi no prohvgsi y kilngkgilos no nolulkgh no cis dgsdis (hrtäkuci ;=.>). ¹Xugçl gltorvgolo ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ol chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs9
Vhrh ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh, so kilstgtugrèl Doshs no Lo`ikghkgûl Lo`ikghk gûl ol chs quo osthrèl co`gtgdhnis phrh osthr prosoltos, pir ulh phrto, cis roprosolthltos no ch Hndglgstrhkgûl Vúbcgkh kirrospilngolto, y pir itrh, chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos dès roprosolthtgvhs h lgvoc osththc, chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos dès roprosolthtgvhs no Kidulgnhn Hutûlidh, hsä kidi cis [glngkhtis quo mhyhl ibtolgni oc 86% i dès no cis roprosolthltos ol chs ocokkgilos phrh Noco`hnis Julths no no Vorsilhc, ol chs ulgnhnos kidprolngnhs ol oc èdbgtiy ospokäki su kilstgtukgûl (hrtäkuciocoktirhcos ;;.8).
822
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
Chs Doshs no Lo` Lo`ikghkgûl ikghkgûl
Ol oc OBOV so osthbcokol chs sg`ugoltos Doshs no Lo`ikghkgûl: Vorsilhc aulkgilhrgi H cis oaoktis no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh no cis aulkgilhrgis púbcgkis, so kilstgtugrè ulh Dosh @olorhc no Lo`ikghkgûl ol oc èdbgti no ch Hndglgstrhkgûl @olorhc noc Osthni, hsä kidi ol khnh ulh no chs Kidulgnhnos Hutûlidhs, Kgunhnos no Kouth y Docgcch y Oltgnhnos Cikhcos (hrtäkuci ;>.8). Nopolngolni nokilstgtugrso oshs Doshs Doshs @olorhcos no Lo`ikghkgûl y pirhhkuorni no chs dgsdhs pinrèl [oktirghcos, ol htolkgûl chs kilngkgilos ospokäkhs no trhbhji no chs ir`hlgzhkgilos hndglgstrhtgvhs haokthnhs i h chs pokucghrgnhnos no soktiros kilkrotis no aulkgilhrgis púbcgkis y h su lúdori (hrtäkuci ;>.>). Vorsilhc aulkgilhrgi, osthtuthrgi y chbirhc [o kilstgtuyo ulh Dosh @olorhc no Lo`ikghkgûl no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs. Ch roprosolthkgûl no osthsy kilthrè sorè ulgthrgh, osthrè prosgngnh ch Hndglgstrhkgûl @olorhc noc Osthni kil roprosolthltos no pir chs Kidulgnhnos Hutûlidhs, no chs Kgunhnos no Kouth y Docgcch y no ch Aonorhkgûl Osphøich no Dulgkgpgis y Vrivglkghs, ol aulkgûl no chs dhtorghs h lo`ikghr (hrtäkuci ;1.8). Vhrh ch lo`ikghkgûl no tinhs hquocchs dhtorghs y kilngkgilos no trhbhji kidulos hc porsilhc aulkgilhrgi, osthtuthrgi y chbirhc no khnh Hndglgstrhkgûl Vúbcgkh, so kilstgtugrè ol ch Hndglgstrhkgûl @olorhc noc Osthni, ol khnh ulh no chs Kidulgnhnos Hutûlidhs, Kgunhnos (hrtäkuci no Kouth;1.;). y Docgcch y Oltgnhnos Cikhcos ulh Dosh @olorhc no Lo`ikghkgûl
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
82;
¹Kuèc sil chs dhtorghs ibjoti no lo`ikghkgûl9
[orèl ibjoti no lo`ikghkgûl, ol su èdbgti rospoktgvi y ol rochkgûl kil chs kidpotolkghs no khnh Hndglgstrhkgûl Vúbcgkh y kil oc hckhlko quo co`hcdolto prikonh ol khnh khsi, chs dhtorghs sg`ugoltos: h)
Ch hpcgkhkgûl noc glkrodolti no chs rotrgbukgilos noc porsilhc hc sorvgkgi no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs quo so osthbcozkh ol ch Coy no Vrosupuostis @olorhcos noc Osthni y no chs Kidulgnhnos Hutûlidhs.
b)
Ch notordglhkgûl y hpcgkhkgûl no chs rotrgbukgilos kidpcodolthrghs
no cis aulkgilhrgis. k) Chs lirdhs quo jol cis krgtorgis `olorhcos ol dhtorgh no hkkosi, khrrorh, privgsgûl, sgstodhs no kchsgkhkgûl no puostis no trhbhji, y pchlos o glstrudoltis no pchlgkhkgûl no rokursis mudhlis. n)
Chs lirdhs quo jol cis krgtorgis y dokhlgsdis `olorhcos ol dhtorgh no ovhcuhkgûl noc nosodpoøi.
o)
Cis pchlos no Vrovgsgûl [ikghc Kidpcodolthrgh.
a)
Cis krgtorgis `olorhcos no cis pchlos y ailnis phrh ch airdhkgûl y ch pridikgûl gltorlh.
`)
Cis krgtorgis `olorhcos phrh ch notordglhkgûl no prosthkgilos sikghcos y polsgilos no kchsos phsgvhs.
m)
Chs pripuosths sibro norokmis sglngkhcos y no phrtgkgphkgûl.
g)
Cis krgtorgis `olorhcos no hkkgûl sikghc.
j)
Chs quo hsä so osthbcozkhl ol ch lirdhtgvh no provolkgûl no rgos`is chbirhcos.
82>
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
e)
Chs quo haoktol h chs kilngkgilos no trhbhji y h chs rotrgbukgilos no cis aulkgilhrgis, kuyh ro`uchkgûl oxgjh lirdh kil rhl`i no Coy.
c)
Cis krgtorgis `olorhcos sibro iaorths no odpcoi púbcgki.
d)
Chs roaorgnhs h khcolnhrgi chbirhc, mirhrgis, jirlhnhs, vhkhkgilos, pordgsis, divgcgnhn aulkgilhc y `oi`rèkh, hsä kidi cis krgtorgis `olorhcos sibro ch pchlgkhkgûl ostrhtç`gkh no cis rokursis mudhlis, ol hquoccis hspoktis quo haoktol h kilngkgilos no trhbhji no cis odpcohnis púbcgkis.
Xuonhl oxkcugnhs no ch ibcg`htirgonhn no ch lo`ikghkgûl, chs dhtorghs sg`ugoltos: h)
Chs nokgsgilos no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs quo haoktol h sus pitosthnos no ir`hlgzhkgûl. Kuhlni chs kilsokuolkghs no chs nokgsgilos no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs quo haoktol h sus pitosthnos no ir`hlgzhkgûl tol`hl roporkusgûl sibro kilngkgilos no trhbhji no cis aulkgilhrgis púbcgkis kiltodpchnhs ol oc hphrthni hltorgir, prikonorè ch lo`ikghkgûl no ngkmhs kilngkgilos kil chs Ir`hlgzhkgilos [glngkhcos h quo so rooro osto Osthtuti.
b)
Ch ro`uchkgûl noc ojorkgkgi no cis norokmis no cis kgunhnhlis y no cis usuhrgis no cis sorvgkgis púbcgkis, hsä kidi oc prikongdgolti no airdhkgûl no cis hktis y ngspisgkgilos hndglgstrhtgvhs.
k)
Ch notordglhkgûl no kilngkgilos no trhbhji noc porsilhc ngroktgvi.
n)
Cis pinoros no ngrokkgûl y kiltric pripgis no ch rochkgûl jorèrqugkh.
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
o)
82?
Ch ro`uchkgûl y notordglhkgûl kilkroth, ol khnh khsi, no cis sgstodhs, krgtorgis, ûr`hlis y prikongdgoltis no hkkosi hc odpcoi púbcgki y ch pridikgûl priaosgilhc (hrtäkuci ;0). „ Ol ch Dosh @olorhc no Lo`ikghkgûl no chs Hndglgstrhkgi Hndglgstrhkgilos los Vúbcgkhs, sorèl dhtorghs ibjoti no lo`ikghkgûl ol osth Dosh chs rochkgilhnhs ol oc hrtäkuci ;0 no osto Osthtuti quo rosuctol suskoptgbcos no ro`uchkgûl osththc kil khrèktor no lirdh bèsgkh, sgl porjugkgi no cis hkuornis h quo puonhl cco`hr chs Kidulgnhnos Hutûlidhs ol su kirrospilngolto èdbgti torrgtirghc ol vgrtun no sus kidpotolkghs oxkcusgvhs y kidphrtgnhs ol dhtorgh no Aulkgûl Vúbcgkh. „ [orè ospokäkhdolto ibjoti no lo`ikghkgûl ol oc èdbgti no ch Dosh @olorhc no Lo`ikghkgûl no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs oc glkrodolti `cibhc no chs rotrgbukgilos noc porsilhc hc sorvgkgi no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs quo kirrospilnh glkcugr ol oc Vriyokti no Coy no Vrosupuostis @olorhcos noc Osthni no khnh høi (hrtäkuci ;1.2).
¹Xugçlos ostèl co`gtgdhnis phrh ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ol chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Hndglgstrhkgi los Vúbcgkhs9
Chs Doshs no Lo`ikghkgûl quonhrèl vècgnhdolto kilstgtugnhs kuhlni, hnodès no ch roprosolthkgûl no ch Hndglgstrhkgûl kirrospilngolto, y sgl porjugkgi noc norokmi no tinhs chs Ir`hlgzhkgilos [glngkhcos co`gtgdhnhs h phrtgkgphr ol occhs ol pripirkgûl h su roprosolthtgvgnhn, thcos ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos roprosoltol, dälgdi, ch dhyiräh hbsicuth no cis ûr`hlis ulgthrgiskidi no roprosolthkgûl ol oc èdbgti no no quocisso dgodbris trhto.
821
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
Chs vhrghkgilos ol ch roprosolthtgvgnhn sglngkhc, h oaoktis no dingkhkgûl ol ch kidpisgkgûl no chs Doshs no Lo`ikghkgûl, sorèl hkrongthnhs pir chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos gltoroshnhs, donghlto oc kirrospilngolto kortgkhni no ch Ikglh Vúbcgkh no Ro`gstri kidpotolto, khnh nis høis h phrtgr no ch aokmh glgkghc no kilstgtukgûl no chs kgthnhs Doshs. Ch nosg`lhkgûl no cis kidpiloltos no chs Doshs kirrospilnorè h chs phrtos lo`ikghnirhs quo pinrèl kilthr kil ch hsgstolkgh ol chs nocgborhkgilos no hsosiros, quo gltorvolnrèl kil viz, pori sgl viti. Ol chs lirdhs no noshrricci noc OBOV so osthbcokorè ch kidpisgkgûl ludçrgkh no chs Doshs kirrospilngoltos h sus èdbgtis, sgl quo lgl`ulh no chs phrtos puonh suporhr oc lúdori no quglko dgodbris (hrtäkuci ;?). • Vhrh ch Dosh @olorhc no Lo`ikghkgûl no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs noc hrtäkuci ;1.8: Ch roprosolthkgûl no chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos co`gtgdhnhs phrh osthr prosoltos no hkuorni kil ci ngspuosti ol cis hrtäkucis 1 y 0 no ch Coy Ir`èlgkh 88/87=?, no 2 no h`isti, no Cgborthn [glngkhc, so ngstrgbugrè ol aulkgûl no cis rosucthnis ibtolgnis ol chs ocokkgilos h cis ûr`hlis no roprosolthkgûl noc porsilhc, Noco`hnis no Vorsilhc, Julths no Vorsilhc y Kidgtçs no Odprosh, ol oc kiljulti no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs (hrtäkuci ;1.8). • Vhrh ch Dosh @olorhc no Lo`ikghkgûl Lo`ikghkgûl noc hrtäkuci ;1.;: [il no hpcgkhkgûl h osths Doshs @olorhcos cis krgtorgis osthbcokgnis ol oc hltorgir sibro chsHndglgstrhkgilos ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcoshphrthni ol ch Dosh @olorhc noroprosolthkgûl Lo`ikghkgûl nonochs Vúbcg-
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
820
khs, tidhlni ol kilsgnorhkgûl ol khnh khsi cis rosucthnis ibtolgnis ol chs ocokkgilos h cis ûr`hlis no roprosolthkgûl noc porsilhc aulkgilhrgi y chbirhc noc kirrospilngolto èdbgti no roprosolthkgûl. Hnodès, thdbgçl osthrèl prosoltos ol osths Doshs @olorhcos, chs Ir`hlgzhkgilos [glngkhcos quo airdol phrto no ch Dosh @olorhc no Lo`ikghkgûl no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs sgodpro quo mubgorhl ibtolgni oc 86% no cis roprosolthltos h porsilhc aulkgilhrgi i porsilhc chbirhc ol oc èdbgti kirrospilngolto h ch Dosh no quo so trhto (hrtäkuci ;1.;). Ol roprosolthkgûl no chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs osthrèl thdbgçl co`gtgdhnis phrh lo`ikghr: „ Chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs pinrèl olkhr`hr oc noshrricci no chs hktgvgnhnos no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh h ûr`hlis krohnis pir occhs, no lhturhcozh ostrgkthdolto tçklgkh, quo istolthrèl su roprosolthkgûl ol ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh provghs chs glstrukkgilos picätgkhs kirrospilngoltos y sgl porjugkgi no ch rhtgkhkgûl no cis hkuornis hckhlzhnis pir cis ûr`hlis no `ibgorli i hndglgstrhtgvis kil kidpotolkgh phrh occi (hrtäkuci ;;.2). „ [o rokiliko ch co`gtgdhkgûl lo`ikghc no chs hsikghkgilos no dulgkgpgis, hsä kidi ch no chs Oltgnhnos Cikhcos no èdbgti suprhdulgkgphc. H thcos oaoktis, cis dulgkgpgis pinrèl hnmorgrso kil khrèktor provgi i no dhlorh sukosgvh h ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh quo so ccovo h khbi ol oc èdbgti kirrospilngolto. Hsgdgsdi, ulh Hndglgstrhkgûl i Oltgnhn Vúbcgkh pinrè hnmorgrso h cis Hkuornis hckhlzhnis noltri noc torrgtirgi no khnh Kidulgnhn Hutûlidh, i h;>.2). cis Hkuornis hckhlzhnis ol ul èdbgti suprhdulgkgphc (hrtäkuci
82=
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
¹Kûdi so glgkgh ch lo`ikghkgûl9
Oc prikosi no lo`ikghkgûl so hbrgrè, ol khnh Dosh, ol ch aokmh quo, no kidúl hkuorni, jol ch Hndglgstrhkgûl kirrospilngolto y ch dhyiräh no ch roprosolthkgûl sglngkhc. H ahcth no hkuorni, oc prikosi so glgkghrè ol oc pchzi dèxgdi no ul dos nosno quo ch dhyiräh no ulh no chs phrtos co`gtgdhnhs ci priduovh, shcvi quo oxgsthl khushs co`hcos i phkthnhs quo ci gdpgnhl (hrtäkuci ;>.1). ¹H qugçl kidpoto oc so`ugdgolti no ch hpcgkhkgûl o gltorprothkgûl no cis Vhktis y Hkuornis9
[o osthbcokorèl Kidgsgilos Vhrgthrghs no so`ugdgolti no cis Vhktis y Hkuornis kil ch kidpisgkgûl y aulkgilos quo chs phrtos notordglol (hrtäkuci ;=.?). Kil glnopolnolkgh no chs htrgbukgilos jhnhs pir chs phrtos h chs kidgsgilos phrgthrghs provgsths ol oc hrtäkuci ;=.? phrh oc kilikgdgolti y rosicukgûl no cis kilflgktis norgvhnis no ch hpcgkhkgûl o gltorprothkgûl no cis Vhktis y Hkuornis, chs Hndglgstrhkgilos Vúbcgkhs y chs ir`hlgzhkgilos sglngkhcos h quo so rooronooc sgstodhs prosolto Khpätuci pinrèl hkirnhr chno krohkgûl, kil`urhkgûl y noshrricci no sicukgûl oxtrhjungkghc kilflgktis kicoktgvis (hrtäkuci >?.8). Cis kilflgktis h quo so rooro oc hphrthni hltorgir pinrèl sor cis norgvhnis no ch lo`ikghkgûl, hpcgkhkgûl o gltorprothkgûl no cis Vhktis y Hkuornis sibro chs dhtorghs soøhchnhs ol oc hrtäkuci ;0, oxkopti phrh hquocchs ol quo oxgsth rosorvh no Coy (hrtäkuci >?.2). Cis sgstodhs pinrèl sorè osthribcg`htirgh glto`rhnis kuhlni pir prikongdgoltis no no donghkgûl hrbgtrhjo. Ch donghkgûl ci sicgkgto ulh chs phrtosy
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
827
y chs pripuosths no sicukgûl quo iarozkhl oc donghnir i donghniros pinrèl sor cgbrodolto hkopthnhs i rokmhzhnhs pir chs dgsdhs. Donghlto oc prikongdgolti no hrbgtrhjo chs phrtos pinrèl hkirnhr viculthrghdolto olkidolnhr h ul torkori ch rosicukgûl noc kilflgkti pchltohni, kidpridotgçlniso no hltodhli h hkopthr oc kiltolgni no ch dgsdh (hrtäkuci >?.;). Oc hkuorni ci`rhni h trhvçs no ch donghkgûl i no ch rosicukgûl no hrbgtrhjo tolnrè ch dgsdh okhkgh jurängkh y trhdgthkgûl no cis Vhktis y Hkuornis ro`uchnis ol oc prosolto Osthtuti, sgodpro quo qugolos mubgorhl hnipthni oc hkuorni i suskrgti oc kidpridgsi hrbgtrhc tuvgosol ch co`gtgdhkgûl quo cos pordgth hkirnhr, ol oc èdbgti noc kilflgkti, ul Vhkti i Hkuorni kilairdo h ci provgsti ol osto Osthtuti. Ostis hkuornis sorèl suskoptgbcos no gdpu`lhkgûl. Ospokäkhdolto khbrè rokursi kiltrh ch rosicukgûl hrbgtrhc ol oc khsi no quo li so mubgosol ibsorvhni ol oc noshrricci no ch hktuhkgûl hrbgtrhc cis roqugsgtis y airdhcgnhnos osthbcokgnis hc oaokti i kuhlni ch rosicukgûl mubgoso vorshni sibro pultis li sidotgnis täkuci >?.>). h su nokgsgûl, i quo çsth kiltrhng`h ch co`hcgnhn vg`olto (hrCh utgcgzhkgûl no ostis sgstodhs so oaoktuhrè kilairdo h cis prikongdgoltis quo ro`chdolthrghdolto so notordglol provgi hkuorni kil chs Ir`hlgzhkgilos [glngkhcos roprosolthtgvhs (hrtäkuci >?.?). Qg`olkgh no cis Vhktis y Hkuornis
[hcvi hkuorni ol kiltrhrgi, cis Vhktis Hkuornis so prirri`hrèl no høi ol høi sg li donghrh nolulkgh oxprosh no yulh no chs phrtos (hrtäkuci ;=.88).
8;6
HLO]I GGG. DHRKI J_RNGKI NO CH LO@IKGHKGÛL LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^Gv KICOK^GvH H
Ch vg`olkgh noc kiltolgni no cis Vhktis y Hkuornis ulh voz kilkcugnh su nurhkgûl, so prinukgrè ol cis tçrdglis quo cis dgsdis mubgorol osthbcokgni (hrtäkuci ;=.82). Cis Vhktis y Hkuornis quo sukonhl h itris hltorgiros cis nori`hl ol su glto`rgnhn, shcvi cis hspoktis quo oxproshdolto so hkuorno dhltolor (hrtäkuci ;=.8;).
Hloxi GQ
A_OL^O[ NO ROAOROLKGH
h) Dhrki jurängki no roaorolkgh • Kilolkgûl Gltorlhkgilhc (no chs Lhkgilos _lgnhs) sibro cis Norokmis no chs Vorsilhs kil Ngskhphkgnhn. Ol phrtgkuchr, sus hrtäkucis 8, 2, ;, >, ?, 1, 7 y 20. mttp://www.ul.ir`/osh/siknov/olhbco/nikudolts/tkkkilvs.pna • Kilstgtukgûl Osphøich. Ol phrtgkuchr, sus hrtäkucis 7.2, 8>, ;?, ;0.8, y >7. mttp://litgkghs.jurgngkhs.kid/bhsoYnhtis/Hndgl/kilstgtukgil.mtdc • Coy ?8/266;, no 2 no ngkgodbro, no g`uhcnhn no ipirtulgnhnos, li ngskrgngskrgdglhkgûl y hkkosgbgcgnhn ulgvorshc no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. mttp://litgkghs.jurgngkhs.kid/bhsoYnhtis/Hndgl/c?8-266;.mtdc • Coy 21/2688, no 8 no h`isti, no hnhpthkgûl lirdhtgh h ch Kilolkgûl Gltorlhkgilhc sibro cis Norokmis no chs Vorsilhs kil Ngskhphkgnhn. mttp://litgkghs.jurgngkhs.kid/bhsoYnhtis/Hndgl/c21-2688.mtdc
8;2
HLO]I Gv Gv.. A_OL^O[ NO ROAOROLKGH
• Coy 12/266;, no ;6 no ngkgodbro, no dongnhs skhcos, hndglgstrhtghs y noc irnol sikghc „quo oaoktúh ch trhlspisgkgûl hc irnolhdgolti jurängki osphøic no chs Ngroktgvhs 2666/>;/KO rochtgvh h ch hpcgkhkgûl noc prglkgpgi no g`uhcnhn no trhti no chs porsilhs glnopolngoltodolto no su irg`ol rhkghc i çtlgki, quo hbirnh thc prglkgpgi ol ngvorsis èdbgtis5 ol so`ulni cu`hr, y 2666/0=/KO rochtgvh hc osthbcokgdgolti no ul dhrki `olorhc phrh ch g`uhcnhn no trhti ol oc odpcoi y ch ikuphkgûl, quo protolno cukmhr kiltrh chs ngskrgdglhkgilos bhshnhs ol ch rocg`gûl i kilvgkkgilos, ch ngskhphkgnhn, ch onhn y ch irgolthkgûl soxuhc. mttp://litgkghs.jurgngkhs.kid/bhsoYnhtis/Hndgl/c12-266;.mtdc mttp://our-cox.ouriph.ou/Cox_rg[orv/Cox_rg[orv.ni9urg4IJ:C:2666: 8=6:6622:6621:os:VNA mttp://our-cox.ouriph.ou/Cox_rg[orv/Cox_rg[orv.ni9urg4IJ:C:2666: ;6;:6681:6622:os:VNA • Coy 8;/87=2 no Glto`rhkgûl [ikghc no cis «Dglusècgnisµ (sgk), ol phrtgkuchr su ^ätuci QGG (Glto`rhkgûl chbirhc). mttp://litgkghs.jurgngkhs.kid/bhsoYnhtis/Hndgl/c8;-87=2.mtdc • Coy 20/2660, no 2; no iktubro, pir ch uo so rokilikol chs col`uhs no sg`lis osphøichs y so ro`uchl cis dongis no hpiyi h ch kidulgkhkgûl irhc no chs porsilhs sirnhs, kil ngskhphkgnhn hungtgvh y sirnikgo`hs. mttp://litgkghs.jurgngkhs.kid/bhsoYnhtis/Hndgl/c20-2660.tp.mtdc#h? • Coy 0/2660, no 82 no hbrgc, noc Osthtuti Bèsgki noc Odpcoi Vúbcgki. mttp://www.bio.os/bio/nghs/2660/6>/8;/pnas/H81206-81277.pna • toxti Rohc Nokroti Co`gschtgi no 2> no no cis dhrzi, pir oc uo Ol so hpruobh oc roaulngni no ch Coy8/877?, noc Osthtuti ^rhbhjhniros. phrtgkuchr,
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
8;;
su ^ätuci GGG (No ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh y no cis kilvolgis kicoktgvis): Hrts. =2 h 72. mttp://litgkghs.jurgngkhs.kid/bhsoYnhtis/Chbirhc/rnco`8-877?.mtdc • Rohc Nokroti ;1>/266?, no = no hbrgc, pir oc uo so ro`uch oc kudpcgdgolti hctorlhtgvi kil khrèktor oxkopkgilhc no ch kuith no rosorvh ol ahvir no cis trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhn. mttp://litgkghs.jurgngkhs.kid/bhsoYnhtis/Chbirhc/rn;1>-266?.mtdc • Lirdhtgh ospokäkh hpcgkhbco hc odpcoi prito`gni y olkchos chbirhcos. * Rohc Nokroti 220;/87=?, no > no ngkgodbro (B.I.O. 7-82-87=?), pir oc quo so hpruobh oc Ro`chdolti no cis Koltris Ospokghcos no Odpcoi nolgnis ol oc hrtäkuci >2 no ch Coy 8;/87=2, no 0 no hbrgc, no Glto`rhkgûl [ikghc no cis «Dglusvècgnisµ (sgk). mttp://www.dsssg.`ib.os/ssg/ngskhphkgnhn/niks/2667YrnY220;Y87=?Y ro`cYkoo.pna * Rohc Nokroti >17/2661, no 28 no hbrgc, pir oc quo so ro`uchl chs ulgnhnos no hpiyi h ch hktgvgnhn priaosgilhc ol oc dhrki no cis sorvgkgis no hjusto porsilhc y sikghc no cis Koltris Ospokghcos no Odpcoi. mttp://www.bio.os/bio/nghs/2661/6>/22/pnas/H8??72-8??71.pna * Rohc Nokroti 276/266>, no 26 no aobrori, pir oc quo so ro`uchl cis olkchvos chbirhcos kidi dongnh no aidolti noc odpcoi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. mttp://www.bio.os/bio/nghs/266>/62/28/pnas/H6=;=1-6=;78.pna • Rohc Nokroti =06/2660, no 2 no jucgi, pir oc uo so ro`uch oc pri`rhdh no odpcoi kil hpiyi kidi dongnh no aidolti no odpcoi no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn ol oc dorkhni irnglhrgi no trhbhji. mttps://www.dorkhngs.kid/nikudoltis/co`gschkgil/RNY=06-60.pna
8;>
HLO]I Gv Gv.. A_OL^O[ NO ROAOROLKGH
• Coy Ir`èlgkh ;/2660, no 22 no dhrzi, phrh ch g`uhcnhn oaoktgh no dujoros y midbros. mttp://litgkghs.jurgngkhs.kid/bhsoYnhtis/Hndgl/ci;-2660.mtdc
b) Itris nikudoltis, glairdos y auoltos no roaorolkgh • Gdphkti no ch lo lo`ikghkgûl `ikghkgûl kicoktgvh sibro cis trhbhjhni trhbhjhniros ros y trhbhjhnirhs kil ngskhphkgnhn (julgi (julgi no 2682). Aulnhkgûl Chr`i Khbhccori. • Hpirthkgilos no ch Hsosiräh Jurängkh noc KORDG phrh ch ochbirhkgûl noc Dhluhc: «@uäh no lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh y trhbhjhniros kil ngskhphkgnhnµ (8> no olori no 268;). • @uäh no ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh 2682 . Kidgsgûl Kilsuctgvh Lhkgilhc no Kilvolgis Kicoktgvis. Dglgstorgi no Odpcoi y [o`urgnhn [ikghc. mttp://www.odpcoi.`ib.os/os/sokYtrhbhji/kklkk/noskhr`hs/@ughLo`ikghkgilKicoktgvhY2682YKKLKK.pna • Glairdo Lo` Lo`ikghkgûl ikghkgûl kicoktgvh o glsor glsorkgûl kgûl chbirhc no porsilh porsilhss kil ngskh phkgnhn . Kidgsgûl no [o`ugdgolti noc Hkuorni Gltorkilaonorhc no Lo`ikghkgûl Kicoktgvh (HLK) (21 no olori no 2661). mttp://www.odpcoi.`ib.os/os/sokYtrhbhji/kklkk/noskhr`hs/Lo`ikghkgilY kickt.pna • Oc prglkgpgi no g`uhcnhn ol ch lo lo`ikghkgûl `ikghkgûl kicoktgvh (266=). Kidgsgûl Kilsuctgvh Lhkgilhc no Kilvolgis Kicoktgvis. Dglgstorgi no Odpcoi y [o`urgnhn [ikghc. mttp://www mttp://www.odpcoi.`ib .odpcoi.`ib.os/os/sokYtrhbhji/kklkk/noskhr .os/os/sokYtrhbhji/kklkk/noskhr`hs/OcVrglkgpgiNoG`hs/OcVrglkgpgiNoG`uhcnhnOlChLo`ikghkgilKicoktgvhYKKLKK.pna
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
8;?
• Rokidol Rokidolnhkgilos nhkgilos phrh ch lo`ikghkgûl lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ol dhtorgh dhtorgh no porsilhs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn . QG Hkuorni no Kilkorthkgûl [ikghc Kidgsgûl no G`uhcnhn. Kilsoji Hlnhcuz no Rochkgilos Chbirhcos. mttp://www.julthnohlnhcukgh.os/odpcoi/hloxis/osthtgki/8Y1;2Y6.pna • Glairdo osthnästgki `rèki sibro kiltrhthkgûl no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. Rosucthnis h 8 no ngkgodbro no 2682 . Ibsorvhtirgi no ch Ngskhphkgnhn. mttp://www.ibsorvhtirginochngskhphkgnhn.os/glairdhkgil/osthngstgkhs/287?= no chs picätgkhs no odpcoi phrh porsilh porsilhss kil ngskhphkgnhn y • Ovhcuhkgûl airduchkgûl y kisto okilûdgki no luovhs pr pripuosths ipuosths no glto glto`rhkgûl `rhkgûl chbirhc.
@ro`irgi Rinrä`uoz Khbrori, Khrcis @hrkäh [orrhli, Cugs ^imhrgh (_lgvorsgnhn no Hckhcè). Kicokkgûl KORDG ^ocoaûlgkh Hkkosgbco, l.º 7 (hbrgc no 2667). mttp://www.kordg.os/os-O[/KicokkgilosKordg/^ocoailgkhHkkosgbco/Cgsts/ Kicokkgil/Htthkmdolts/88/Ovhcuhkgilnochspicgtgkhsnoa.pna • 2.º Dhlgosti no cis Norokmis no chs Dujoros y Lgøhs kil Ngskhphkgnhn no ch _lgûl Ouripoh: _lh morrhdgolth phrh hktgvgsths y rospilshbcos picätgkis.
Hnipthni ol Bunhpost cis nähs 2= y 27 no dhyi no 2688 pir ch Hshdbcoh @olorhc noc Airi Ouripoi no ch Ngskhphkgnhn, h pripuosth no su Kidgtç no Dujoros. mttp://www.ona-aopm.ir`/Vh`o.hsp9nikgn42118>&chl`uo4OL
sibroo oc gdphkti sikgiokilûd sikgiokilûdgki gki no chs oltgnhnos no okilidäh • Ostungi sibr sikghc, ostungi rohcgzhni pir Hbhy Hlhcgsths Okilûdgkis y [ikghcos phrh
KOVO[. mttp://www.kopos.os/pubcgkhkgil kopos40=
8;1
HLO]I Gv Gv.. A_OL^O[ NO ROAOROLKGH
• Ostungi soktirghc. Ngskhphkgnhn sibr sibrovolgnh ovolgnh.. Aulnish [ikghc Kilsuctgl`, 2661. • Vubcgkhkgilos no gltorçs no ch Kilaonorhkgûl Ouripoh no [glngkhtis mttp:// www.otuk.ir`: * Hkuorni dhrki sibro cis dorkhnis no trhbhji glkcusgvis. @uäh phrh su gltorprothkgûl. mttp://www.otuk.ir`/h/770; * Noshrricci noc phpoc quo nosodpoøhl cis K[GR ol oc roauorzi no ch kiiporhkgûl trhlsariltorgzh ol dhtorgh no lo`ikghkgilos kicoktgvhs. mttp://www.otuk.ir`/GD@/pna/RhppirtYK[GRYO[-;.pna * Qgsgûl sglngkhc no ch glgkghtgvh «Luovhs Khphkgnhnos, Luovis ^rhbhjisµ mttp://www.otuk.ir`/h/=807 * Lo`ikghkgilos kicoktgvhs, kiiporhkgûl trhlsariltorgzh. mttp://www.otuk. ir`/GD@/pnaYBrikmuroYK[GRYO[-2.pna * mttp://www.otuk.ir`/0861 [ibro ch lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh ol Ouriph ol 2686. • Ch @uäh noc Vhkti Dulnghc no Lhkgilos _lgnhs roki`o hc`ulhs phuths sibro lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh (oc norokmi h lo`ikghkgûl kicoktgvh os uli no cis prglkgpgis noc Vhkti): mttp://www.ul`cibhckidphkt.ir`/niks/chl`uh`os/sphlgsm/spY`ughnocp`.pna • @uäh phrh gdpchlthr oc prglkgpgi 1 noc Vhkti Dulnghc (porsilhs gldg`rhltos y porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn):
mttp://www.phktidulnghc.ir`/gdh`os/Nikudoltis/`ugh%26ppgi1.pna
DHL_HC VHRH CH LO@IKGHKGÛL KICOK^GQH GLKC_[GQH …
8;0
k) Nhtis o glairdhkgûl púbcgkh no roaorolkgh • Dglgstorgi no Odpcoi y [o`urgnhn [ikghc. Kiltrhthkgûl no porsilhs kil ngskhphkgnhn. mttp://www.odpcoi.`ib mttp://www .odpcoi.`ib.os/os/`ugh/toxti/`ug .os/os/`ugh/toxti/`ughY>/kiltolgnis/`ughY>Y88Y?. hY>/kiltolgnis/`ughY>Y88Y?. mtd • [orgkgi Vúbcgki no Odpcoi Osththc. Nhtis osthnästgkis no kiltrhtis. mttp://www.sopo.os/kiltolgni/osthngstgkhs/nhtisYosthngstgkis/kiltrhtis/nhtis/2682/livgodbro.mtdc • Glstgtuti Lhkgilhc no Osthnästgkh. Oc odpcoi no chs porsilhs kil ngskhphkgngskhphkgnhn. Oxpcithkgûl no ch Olkuosth no Vibchkgûl Hktgvh y no ch Bhso Osththc no Vorsilhs kil Ngskhphkgnhn. mttp://www.glo.os/jhxg/dolu.ni9typo4pkhxgs&phtm4%2At22/p;26&co4g-mttp://www.glo.os/jhxg/dolu.ni9typo4pkhxgs&phtm4%2At22/p;26&co4g lobhso&C46
I^RH[ V_BCGKHKGILO[ NO CH KICOKKGÛL GLKC_[GÛL W NGQOR[GNHN NG[KHVHKGNHN W AG[KHCGNHN Vripuosths phrh ulh dhyir glkcusgûl sikghc 82> pè`glhs. G[BL: 70=-=>-8?;6?->>-1 8? ₣ GQH glkcugni MHKGH _LI[ [ORQGKGI[ [IKGHCO[ NO KHCGNHN ONHK_HNI[ H CH[ LOKO[GNHNO[ NO HVIWI NO CH[ VOR[ILH[ KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN Hutir: KORDG Khlthbrgh 872 pè`glhs. G[BL: 70=-=>-8?;6?-2?-? 8= ₣ GQH glkcugni 2LN DHLGAO[^I IL ^MO RG@M^[ IA PIDOL HLN @GRC[ PG^M NG[HBGCG^GO[ GL ^MO O_RIVOHL _LGIL H tiicegt air hktgvgsts hln picgkydheors 2;2 pè`glhs. G[BL: 70=-=>-8?;6?-6>-6 8= ₣ GQH glkcugni DHL_HC VRÈK^GKI NO GDVCHL^HKGÛL NO VICÄ^GKH[ NO R[O-NG[KHVHKGNHN R[O-NG[KHVHKGNHN OL CH[ ODVRO[H[ Hutir: Aorlhlni Rghøi Rghøi 816 pè`glhs. G[BL: 70=-=>-8?;6?-60-8 81 ₣ GQH glkcugni DINOCI VCHL NONO HKKGÛL CIKHC VHRH CH NO GLKC_[GÛL CH[ VOR[ILH[ KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN 2682-268? Hutiros: H`ustäl Muoto @hrkäh (Ngroktir) y Hltilgi [ich Bhutgsth 02 pè`glhs. G[BL: 70=-=>-8?;6?-61-> 82 ₣ GQH glkcugni VCHL NO G@_HCNHN NO @ÇLORI VHRH OL^GNHNO[ NOC ^ORKOR [OK^IR NO CH NG[KHVHKGNHN Hutirh: Hlh Vocèoz Lhrvèoz ?1 pè`glhs. G[BL: 70=-=>-71==7-72-0 86 ₣ GQH glkcugni
VRI^OKKGÛL GL^O@RHC NO CH[ QÄK^GDH[ NO HKKGNOL^O[ NO ^RÈAGKI Vripuosth no Vriyokti no Coy y itrhs dongnhs no dojirh no ch htolkgûl 866 pè`glhs. G[BL: 70=-=>-71==7-=;-? 8? ₣ GQH glkcugni CH RO[VIL[HBGCGNHN [IKGHC ODVRO[HRGHC OL OC ÈDBG^I NO CH NG[KHVHKGNHN R[O-N Ngdolsgûl, kiltolgni y tolnolkghs ol çpikh no krgsgs Hutirh: Dhräh Kirtçs Irtgz 86> pè`glhs. G[BL: 70=-=>-71==7-=6-> 8? ₣ GQH glkcugni CI[ JÛQOLO[ KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN OL O[VHØH Glairdo no sgtuhkgûl 2686 82= pè`glhs. G[BL: 70=-=>-71==7-10-? 81 ₣ GQH glkcugni VRIV_O[^H NO DINOCI NO IRNOLHLZH D_LGKGVHC [IBRO HKKO[GBGCGNHN _LGQOR[HC NO CI[ O[VHKGI[ O[V HKGI[ VÚBCGKI[ _RBHLGZHNI[ W ONGAGKHKGILO[, DINI[ NO ^RHL[VIR^O W ^OKLICI@ÄH[, VRIN_K^I[ W [ORQGKGI[ NO GLAIRDHKGÛL W KID_LGKHKGÛL 866 pè`glhs. G[BL: 70=-=>-71==7-1>-> 82 ₣ GQH glkcugni DHL_HC NO KIL^RH^HKGÛL VÚBCGKH [IKGHCDOL^O RO[VIL[HBCO OL ROCHKGÛL KIL CH[ VOR[ILH[ KIL NG[KHVHKGNHN 86> pè`glhs. G[BL: 70=-=>-71==7-??-2 8> ₣ GQH glkcugni DH^ORLGNHN W NG[KHVHKGNHN Ngroktirh: Hlh Vocèoz Lhrvèoz 8?2 pè`glhs. G[BL: 70=-=>-71==7->6-= 8= ₣ GQH glkcugni
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