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Chapter 1 System Knowledge ........................................................................
1-1
1.1 Requirements on Maintenance Personnel ............................................. 1.2 Databases .............................................................................................. 1.3 Related Users ......................................................................................... 1.3.1 Operating System Users ................................................................ 1.3.2 Database User ............................................................................... 1.4 Processes ............................................................................................... 1.4.1 System Supporting Processes ....................................................... 1.4.2 Service Supporting Processes ....................................................... 1.4.3 Sybase Processes ......................................................................... 1.5 Directory Structure ................................................................................. 1.6 Environment Variables ........................................................................... 1.6.1 Environment Variables of M2000 System ...................................... 1.6.2 Environment Variables of Sybase System ..................................... 1.7 Log Files ................................................................................................. 1.7.1 Log of Master Program .................................................................. 1.7.2 Log of Database System ................................................................ 1.7.3 Installation Log of M2000 System .................................................. 1.8 Scripts .................................................................................................... 1.8.1 Auto Startup Scripts of M2000 ....................................................... 1.8.2 Related Scripts of AdapterMonitor .................................................
1-1 1-1 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-4 1-6 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-11 1-13 1-14 1-14 1-15 1-15 1-15 1-15 1-18
Chapter 2 M2000 Routine Maintenance .........................................................
2-1
2.1 About This Chapter ................................................................................ 2.2 Overview of Routine Maintenance ......................................................... 2.3 Routine Maintenance Items .................................................................... 2.3.1 Daily Maintenance ......................................................................... 2.3.2 Weekly Maintenance ...................................................................... 2.3.3 Monthly Maintenance ..................................................................... 2.4 Routine Maintenance for Hot Backup Systems ...................................... 2.4.1 Checking Operating System .......................................................... 2.4.2 Checking Disk Management Software ........................................... 2.4.3 Checking HA Status ....................................................................... 2.4.4 Checking Host Hardware ...............................................................
2-1 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-4 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-7 2-7 2-8
Chapter 3 Handling M2000 Alarms .................................................................
3-1
3.1 High CPU Occupation Rate .................................................................... 3.1.1 Details of Alarm.............................................................................. 3.1.2 Reference Information ................................................................... 3.1.3 Troubleshooting ............................................................................. 3.2 Insufficient Device Space for Alarm Database .......................................
3-1 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-3
3.2.1 Details of Alarm.............................................................................. 3.2.2 Reference Information ................................................................... 3.2.3 Troubleshooting ............................................................................. 3.3 Incorrect Alarm Explanation or Mapping File ......................................... 3.3.1 Reference Information ................................................................... 3.3.2 Troubleshooting ............................................................................. 3.4 Insufficient Device Space for Performance Database ............................ 3.4.1 Details of Alarm.............................................................................. 3.4.2 Reference Information ................................................................... 3.4.3 Troubleshooting ............................................................................. 3.5 Connection Interrupted Between BAM and Host.................................... 3.5.1 Details of Alarm.............................................................................. 3.5.2 Reference Information ................................................................... 3.5.3 Troubleshooting ............................................................................. 3.6 Connection Interrupted Between BAM and Adapter .............................. 3.6.1 Details of Alarm.............................................................................. 3.6.2 Reference Information ................................................................... 3.6.3 Troubleshooting ............................................................................. 3.7 FTP Connection Interrupted ................................................................... 3.7.1 Details of Alarm.............................................................................. 3.7.2 Reference Information ................................................................... 3.7.3 Troubleshooting ............................................................................. 3.8 Performance Measurement Item Threshold Exceeded .......................... 3.8.1 Reference Information ................................................................... 3.8.2 Troubleshooting ............................................................................. 3.9 Illegal Login ............................................................................................ 3.9.1 Details of Alarm.............................................................................. 3.9.2 Reference Information ................................................................... 3.9.3 Troubleshooting .............................................................................
3-3 3-3 3-3 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-8 3-8 3-8 3-8 3-9 3-9 3-9 3-9 3-9 3-9 3-10 3-10
Chapter 4 Handling Common Failures ..........................................................
4-1
4.1 List of Common Failures ........................................................................ 4.2 Procedure of Handling Common Failures .............................................. 4.2.1 Incorrect User Name and Password .............................................. 4.2.2 Unable to Delete "M2000 Server" Objects ..................................... 4.2.3 Red Cross on NE Icon ................................................................... 4.2.4 Failed to Set Up Connection between M2000 Client and Server... 4.2.5 Unable to Bring up the NE Service Console Menu with a Right-click ............................................................................................... 4.2.6 IP Address Setting ......................................................................... 4.2.7 Failed to Refresh Configuration Data.............................................
4-1 4-2 4-2 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-6 4-6 4-7
4.2.8 Failed to Set Up Connection between M2000 Client and Alarm Server ..................................................................................................... 4.2.9 Failed to Report Alarm Data .......................................................... 4.2.10 Low Query Execution Speed ....................................................... 4.2.11 Message of "Printing. Cannot be closed.".................................... 4.2.12 Failed to Register Performance Task .......................................... 4.2.13 Failed to Report Results of Performance Tasks .......................... 4.2.14 Solution to Log Space Full ........................................................... 4.2.15 Solution to Locked Database ....................................................... 4.2.16 Sybase System Installation Aborted ............................................ 4.2.17 Failed to Display Process Status ................................................. 4.2.18 Failed to Log in to Sybase System .............................................. 4.2.19 Failed to Start Sybase Automatically ........................................... 4.2.20 Failed to Building Database ......................................................... 4.2.21 Failed to Install M2000 Application Software ............................... 4.2.22 Failed to Copy File .......................................................................
4-8 4-12 4-12 4-13 4-13 4-14 4-18 4-18 4-19 4-19 4-19 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-21
Chapter 5 Process Operations .......................................................................
5-1
5.1 Service Processes .................................................................................. 5.1.1 Starting All Service Processes ....................................................... 5.1.2 Stopping All Service Processes ..................................................... 5.1.3 Starting Single Service Process ..................................................... 5.1.4 Stopping Single Service Process ................................................... 5.2 Sybase Processes .................................................................................. 5.2.1 Starting Sybase Processes ............................................................ 5.2.2 Stopping Sybase Processes ..........................................................
5-1 5-1 5-1 5-1 5-1 5-2 5-2 5-2
Chapter 6 Hardware Maintenance ..................................................................
6-1
6.1 Shutting Down Sun Server ..................................................................... 6.1.1 Shutting Down SunFire 4800 ......................................................... 6.1.2 Shutting Down Sun V880/Netra 20 ................................................ 6.2 Powering On Sun Server........................................................................ 6.2.1 Powering On SunFire 4800............................................................ 6.2.2 Powering On Sun V880/Netra 20................................................... 6.3 Powering On or Off T3 Disk Array .......................................................... 6.3.1 Powering On T3 Disk Array ........................................................... 6.3.2 Powering Off T3 Disk Array ........................................................... 6.4 Monitoring T3 Disk Array ........................................................................ 6.4.1 Using pSOSystem Commands to Monitor T3 Disk Array .............. 6.4.2 Using Manager GUI to Monitor T3 Disk Array ...............................
6-1 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-3 6-5 6-5 6-5 6-5 6-6 6-6 6-9
Appendix A Handling Common Network Faults ...........................................
A-1
A.1 Common Network Faults ....................................................................... A.1.1 Failure of WS to Connect with M2000 Server ............................... A.1.2 Failure of WS in Far-end NMC to Connect with M2000 Server ..... A.1.3 Failure to Log in to M2000 Server ................................................. A.1.4 Failure of BAM to Connect with WS .............................................. A.2 Common Faults in the Debugging of Routers ........................................ A.2.1 Introduction to Router .................................................................... A.2.2 Faults of Physical Layer ................................................................ A.2.3 Faults of Link Layer ....................................................................... A.2.4 Faults of Network Layer ................................................................. A.2.5 Faults of Ethernet ..........................................................................
A-1 A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-5 A-6 A-8 A-11 A-12
Appendix B Common Operations of UNIX System ......................................
B-1
B.1 Solaris Operating System ...................................................................... B.1.1 Overview ........................................................................................ B.1.2 Features of UNIX ........................................................................... B.1.3 Terms Related to UNIX ................................................................. B.2 System Structure of UNIX ...................................................................... B.2.1 System Composition of UNIX ........................................................ B.2.2 File System of UNIX ...................................................................... B.2.3 Directory Structure of UNIX ........................................................... B.2.4 UNIX System Files ........................................................................ B.2.5 Program of UNIX ........................................................................... B.3 Solaris System Common Operations ..................................................... B.3.1 The Browse and Control of Directory ............................................ B.3.2 File Maintenance Command .......................................................... B.3.3 Text File Content-Displaying Commands ...................................... B.4 UNIX User Management Commands .................................................... B.4.1 Add User -- useradd ...................................................................... B.4.2 Delete User -- userdel ................................................................... B.4.3 Modify User Login Information -- usermod .................................... B.4.4 Modify User Password -- passwd .................................................. B.4.5 Add User Group -- groupadd ......................................................... B.4.6 Delete User Group -- groupdel ...................................................... B.4.7 Modify User Group Information -- groupmod ................................. B.5 Utility Commands and Programs ........................................................... B.5.1 Search File -- find .......................................................................... B.5.2 Search Special Character String -- grep ........................................ B.5.3 Utility Programs for File Backup and Restoration -- tar ................. B.5.4 Compress and Decompress Files -- compress & uncompress, pack & unpack ........................................................................................
B-1 B-1 B-1 B-3 B-3 B-3 B-5 B-5 B-6 B-6 B-6 B-6 B-10 B-16 B-20 B-21 B-21 B-22 B-22 B-23 B-23 B-23 B-23 B-24 B-26 B-26 B-28
B.5.5 Send File Package to the System -- pkgadd ................................. B.5.6 Remove Package from the System -- pkgrm................................. B.5.7 Calculator -- bc .............................................................................. B.5.8 Basic Features of vi Editor ............................................................. B.6 System Resource Commands ............................................................... B.6.1 Obtaining Help Information about Commands -- man ................... B.6.2 Report Free Disk Space -- df ......................................................... B.6.3 Report the Disk Space Occupied by Each File System -- du ........ B.6.4 Display the Status of the Active Process -- ps ............................... B.6.5 Terminate a Process -- kill ............................................................. B.6.6 List the Information about the Current Login Users -- who ............ B.6.7 Report the Command Location -- whereis ..................................... B.6.8 Display the Path of a Specific Command -- which ......................... B.6.9 Display or Set the Host Name -- hostname ................................... B.6.10 Display the Information of the Operating System -- uname......... B.6.11 View the Host IP Address -- ifconfig ............................................ B.6.12 Recording Screen I/O Activities -- script ...................................... B.6.13 Display Current Date and Time -- date ........................................ B.7 Network Communication Commands .................................................... B.7.1 TCP/IP Protocol ............................................................................. B.7.2 Network Communication Commands ............................................
B-29 B-29 B-30 B-30 B-32 B-32 B-33 B-33 B-34 B-35 B-36 B-37 B-38 B-38 B-39 B-39 B-40 B-41 B-42 B-42 B-42
Appendix C Common Operations of Sybase System ..................................
C-1
C.1 Sybase Database Concepts .................................................................. C.1.1 Database Equipment ..................................................................... C.1.2 System Database .......................................................................... C.1.3 Database Objects .......................................................................... C.1.4 SQL Server User and Their Rights................................................ C.2 Common Operation of Sybase Database System ................................. C.2.1 isql ................................................................................................. C.2.2 bcp ................................................................................................. C.2.3 Showserver ................................................................................... C.2.4 Startserver ..................................................................................... C.2.5 Shutdown ...................................................................................... C.3 T-SQL .................................................................................................... C.3.1 Data Definition Language (DDL) ................................................... C.3.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML) ............................................. C.3.3 Data Control Language (DCL) ....................................................... C.4 Sybase Database Backup and Restoration ........................................... C.4.1 System Software Failure Restoration ............................................ C.4.2 Backup Database and its Transaction Log....................................
C-1 C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-8 C-8 C-10 C-11 C-12 C-12 C-13 C-13 C-14 C-15 C-19 C-19 C-19
C.4.3 Database Restoration .................................................................... C.4.4 How to Monitor Transaction Log Space ........................................
C-20 C-22
Appendix D Maintenance of UNIX Operating System ..................................
D-1
Appendix E File Description of M2000 System .............................................
E-1
E.1 Directory structure .................................................................................. E.2 File Description ...................................................................................... E.2.1 ${HOME}/bin .................................................................................. E.2.2 ${HOME}/data ............................................................................... E.2.3 ${HOME}/lib ................................................................................... E.2.4 ${HOME}/etc .................................................................................. E.2.5 ${HOME}/backup ........................................................................... E.2.6 ${HOME}/log .................................................................................. E.2.7 ${HOME}/script/common ............................................................... E.2.8 ${HOME}/script/commonsvr .......................................................... E.2.9 ${HOME}/script/timersvr ................................................................ E.2.10 ${HOME}/script/alarmsvr ............................................................. E.2.11 ${HOME}/script/configsvr ............................................................ E.2.12 ${HOME}/script/pmsvr .................................................................
E-1 E-2 E-2 E-4 E-6 E-6 E-6 E-6 E-6 E-9 E-9 E-10 E-12 E-13
HUAWEI
iManager M2000 Maintenance Manual V100R005
iManager M2000 Maintenance Manual Manual Version
T2-030373-20040928-C-1.52
Product Version
V100R005
BOM
31033173
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. provides customers with comprehensive technical support and service. Please feel free to contact our local office or company headquarters.
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Address: Administration Building, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Bantian, Longgang District, Shenzhen, P. R. China Postal Code: 518129 Website: http://www.huawei.com Email:
[email protected]
Copyright © 2004 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All Rights Reserved No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Trademarks
, HUAWEI, C&C08, EAST8000, HONET,
, ViewPoint, INtess, ETS, DMC,
TELLIN, InfoLink, Netkey, Quidway, SYNLOCK, Radium, M900/M1800, TELESIGHT, Quidview, Musa, Airbridge, Tellwin, Inmedia, VRP, DOPRA, iTELLIN, HUAWEI OptiX, C&C08 iNET, NETENGINE, OptiX, iSite, U-SYS, iMUSE, OpenEye, Lansway, SmartAX, infoX, TopEng are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All other trademarks mentioned in this manual are the property of their respective holders.
Notice The information in this manual is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this manual to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and recommendations in this manual do not constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
About This Manual Release Notes This manual applies to iManager M2000 V100R005.
Related Manuals The related manuals are listed in the following table. Manual
Content
iManager M2000 Technical Manual
It introduces the system structure, software functions, hardware functions and networking applications of the iManager M2000 Integrated Network Management System.
iManager M2000 Operation Manual
It is used for assisting the users in GUIs of iManager M2000 Integrated Network Management System.
iManager M2000 Installation Manual
It provides information for the system installation, including the installation of the hardware, server software and client software, and network applications.
iManager M2000 Maintenance Manual
It introduces M2000 system knowledge, routine maintenance items, internal alarms, common faults and troubleshooting in the iManager M2000, as well as the solutions of common network faults, the commands of Solaris operating system and Sybase database, and the file system of M2000 server.
iManager M2000 Intelligent Report System User Manual
It provides an overall introduction to the iManager M2000 Intelligent Report System, including the system architecture, client operation, template customization, software installation, maintenance and examples.
Organization The manual consists of six chapters and five appendices. z
Chapter 1 System Knowledge introduces the following aspects: requirements on maintenance personnel, databases, related users, processes, directory structure, environment variables, log files and scripts to help user to maintain iManager M2000 Mobile Network Management System.
z
Chapter 2 M2000 Routine Maintenance provides daily, weekly, and monthly maintenance items.
Chapter 3 Handling M2000 Alarms introduces in detail how to handle internal
z
alarms on M2000 system. Chapter 4 Handling Common Failures introduces the analysis and locating of
z
common failures during M2000 running and installation. Chapter 5 Process Operations introduces the stop and restart operations of
z
M2000 service processes and Sybase processes. Chapter 6 Hardware Maintenance introduces how to shut down and power on
z
Sun servers and T3 disk array. Appendix A Handling Common Network Faults
z
introduces the common
network faults analysis and fault location methods. Appendix B Common Operations of UNIX System
z
lists the common
operations of UNIX system. Appendix C Common Operations of Sybase System
z
lists the common
operations of Sybase database system. Appendix D Maintenance of UNIX Operating System lists the files under its
z
each directory of M2000 server. Appendix E File Description of M2000 System lists the files under its each
z
directory of M2000 server.
Intended Audience The manual is intended for the following readers: z
Installation engineers and technicians
z
Operation and maintenance personnel
Conventions The manual uses the following conventions:
I. General conventions Convention
Description
Arial
Normal paragraphs are in Arial.
Arial Narrow
Warnings, Cautions, Notes and Tips are in Arial Narrow.
Boldface
Headings are in Boldface.
Courier New
Terminal Display is in Courier New.
II. Command conventions Convention
Description
Boldface
The keywords of a command line are in Boldface.
italic
Command arguments are in italic.
[]
Items (keywords or arguments) in square brackets [ ] are optional.
{ x | y | ... }
Alternative items are grouped in braces and separated by vertical bars. One is selected.
[ x | y | ... ]
Optional alternative items are grouped in square brackets and separated by vertical bars. One or none is selected.
{ x | y | ... } *
Alternative items are grouped in braces and separated by vertical bars. A minimum of one or a maximum of all can be selected.
[ x | y | ... ] *
Optional alternative items are grouped in square brackets and separated by vertical bars. Many or none can be selected.
III. GUI conventions Convention
Description
Button names are inside angle brackets. For example, click the button.
[]
Window names, menu items, data table and field names are inside square brackets. For example, pop up the [New User] window.
/
Multi-level menus are separated by forward slashes. For example, [File/Create/Folder].
IV. Keyboard operation Format
Description
Press the key with the key name inside angle brackets. For example, , , , or .
Press the keys concurrently. For example, means the three keys should be pressed concurrently.
Press the keys in turn. For example, means the two keys should be pressed in turn.
V. Mouse operation Action
Description
Click
Press the left button or right button quickly (left button by default).
Double Click
Press the left button twice continuously and quickly.
Drag
Press and hold the left button and drag it to a certain position.
VI. Symbols Eye-catching symbols are also used in the manual to highlight the points worthy of special attention during the operation. They are defined as follows:
Caution, Warning, Danger: Means reader be extremely careful during the operation. Note, Comment, Tip, Knowhow, Thought: Means a complementary description.
Maintenance Manual iManager M2000
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Chapter 1 System Knowledge...................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Requirements on Maintenance Personnel ........................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Databases.......................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.3 Related Users .................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.3.1 Operating System Users ......................................................................................... 1-2 1.3.2 Database User ........................................................................................................ 1-3 1.4 Processes .......................................................................................................................... 1-4 1.4.1 System Supporting Processes ................................................................................ 1-4 1.4.2 Service Supporting Processes ................................................................................ 1-6 1.4.3 Sybase Processes .................................................................................................. 1-9 1.5 Directory Structure ........................................................................................................... 1-10 1.6 Environment Variables..................................................................................................... 1-11 1.6.1 Environment Variables of M2000 System............................................................. 1-11 1.6.2 Environment Variables of Sybase System............................................................ 1-13 1.7 Log Files .......................................................................................................................... 1-14 1.7.1 Log of Master Program ......................................................................................... 1-14 1.7.2 Log of Database System....................................................................................... 1-15 1.7.3 Installation Log of M2000 System ......................................................................... 1-15 1.8 Scripts .............................................................................................................................. 1-15 1.8.1 Auto Startup Scripts of M2000 .............................................................................. 1-15 1.8.2 Related Scripts of AdapterMonitor ........................................................................ 1-18 Chapter 2 M2000 Routine Maintenance....................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 About This Chapter ............................................................................................................ 2-1 2.2 Overview of Routine Maintenance..................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Routine Maintenance Items ............................................................................................... 2-1 2.3.1 Daily Maintenance................................................................................................... 2-1 2.3.2 Weekly Maintenance............................................................................................... 2-4 2.3.3 Monthly Maintenance .............................................................................................. 2-6 2.4 Routine Maintenance for Hot Backup Systems ................................................................. 2-6 2.4.1 Checking Operating System ................................................................................... 2-6 2.4.2 Checking Disk Management Software.................................................................... 2-7 2.4.3 Checking HA Status ................................................................................................ 2-7 2.4.4 Checking Host Hardware ........................................................................................ 2-8 Chapter 3 Handling M2000 Alarms .............................................................................................. 3-1 3.1 High CPU Occupation Rate ............................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Details of Alarm ....................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.2 Reference Information............................................................................................. 3-1 i
Maintenance Manual iManager M2000
Table of Contents
3.1.3 Troubleshooting....................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Insufficient Device Space for Alarm Database .................................................................. 3-3 3.2.1 Details of Alarm ....................................................................................................... 3-3 3.2.2 Reference Information............................................................................................. 3-3 3.2.3 Troubleshooting....................................................................................................... 3-3 3.3 Incorrect Alarm Explanation or Mapping File..................................................................... 3-5 3.3.1 Reference Information............................................................................................. 3-5 3.3.2 Troubleshooting....................................................................................................... 3-5 3.4 Insufficient Device Space for Performance Database ....................................................... 3-5 3.4.1 Details of Alarm ....................................................................................................... 3-6 3.4.2 Reference Information............................................................................................. 3-6 3.4.3 Troubleshooting....................................................................................................... 3-6 3.5 Connection Interrupted Between BAM and Host............................................................... 3-7 3.5.1 Details of Alarm ....................................................................................................... 3-7 3.5.2 Reference Information............................................................................................. 3-7 3.5.3 Troubleshooting....................................................................................................... 3-7 3.6 Connection Interrupted Between BAM and Adapter.......................................................... 3-7 3.6.1 Details of Alarm ....................................................................................................... 3-7 3.6.2 Reference Information............................................................................................. 3-7 3.6.3 Troubleshooting....................................................................................................... 3-8 3.7 FTP Connection Interrupted .............................................................................................. 3-8 3.7.1 Details of Alarm ....................................................................................................... 3-8 3.7.2 Reference Information............................................................................................. 3-8 3.7.3 Troubleshooting....................................................................................................... 3-9 3.8 Performance Measurement Item Threshold Exceeded ..................................................... 3-9 3.8.1 Reference Information............................................................................................. 3-9 3.8.2 Troubleshooting....................................................................................................... 3-9 3.9 Illegal Login........................................................................................................................ 3-9 3.9.1 Details of Alarm ....................................................................................................... 3-9 3.9.2 Reference Information........................................................................................... 3-10 3.9.3 Troubleshooting..................................................................................................... 3-10 Chapter 4 Handling Common Failures ........................................................................................ 4-1 4.1 List of Common Failures.................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 Procedure of Handling Common Failures ......................................................................... 4-2 4.2.1 Incorrect User Name and Password ....................................................................... 4-2 4.2.2 Unable to Delete “M2000 Server” Objects .............................................................. 4-2 4.2.3 Red Cross on NE Icon ............................................................................................ 4-3 4.2.4 Failed to Set Up Connection between M2000 Client and Server ........................... 4-4 4.2.5 Unable to Bring up the NE Service Console Menu with a Right-click..................... 4-6 4.2.6 IP Address Setting .................................................................................................. 4-6 4.2.7 Failed to Refresh Configuration Data...................................................................... 4-7 4.2.8 Failed to Set Up Connection between M2000 Client and Alarm Server ................. 4-8
ii
Maintenance Manual iManager M2000
Table of Contents
4.2.9 Failed to Report Alarm Data.................................................................................. 4-12 4.2.10 Low Query Execution Speed............................................................................... 4-12 4.2.11 Message of "Printing. Cannot be closed."........................................................... 4-13 4.2.12 Failed to Register Performance Task ................................................................. 4-13 4.2.13 Failed to Report Results of Performance Tasks ................................................. 4-14 4.2.14 Solution to Log Space Full .................................................................................. 4-18 4.2.15 Solution to Locked Database .............................................................................. 4-18 4.2.16 Sybase System Installation Aborted ................................................................... 4-19 4.2.17 Failed to Display Process Status ........................................................................ 4-19 4.2.18 Failed to Log in to Sybase System ..................................................................... 4-19 4.2.19 Failed to Start Sybase Automatically .................................................................. 4-20 4.2.20 Failed to Building Database ................................................................................ 4-20 4.2.21 Failed to Install M2000 Application Software ...................................................... 4-20 4.2.22 Failed to Copy File .............................................................................................. 4-21 Chapter 5 Process Operations..................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1 Service Processes ............................................................................................................. 5-1 5.1.1 Starting All Service Processes ................................................................................ 5-1 5.1.2 Stopping All Service Processes .............................................................................. 5-1 5.1.3 Starting Single Service Process.............................................................................. 5-1 5.1.4 Stopping Single Service Process ............................................................................ 5-1 5.2 Sybase Processes ............................................................................................................. 5-2 5.2.1 Starting Sybase Processes ..................................................................................... 5-2 5.2.2 Stopping Sybase Processes ................................................................................... 5-2 Chapter 6 Hardware Maintenance................................................................................................ 6-1 6.1 Shutting Down Sun Server ................................................................................................ 6-1 6.1.1 Shutting Down SunFire 4800 .................................................................................. 6-1 6.1.2 Shutting Down Sun V880/Netra 20 ......................................................................... 6-2 6.2 Powering On Sun Server ................................................................................................... 6-3 6.2.1 Powering On SunFire 4800..................................................................................... 6-3 6.2.2 Powering On Sun V880/Netra 20............................................................................ 6-5 6.3 Powering On or Off T3 Disk Array ..................................................................................... 6-5 6.3.1 Powering On T3 Disk Array..................................................................................... 6-5 6.3.2 Powering Off T3 Disk Array..................................................................................... 6-5 6.4 Monitoring T3 Disk Array ................................................................................................... 6-6 6.4.1 Using pSOSystem Commands to Monitor T3 Disk Array ....................................... 6-6 6.4.2 Using Manager GUI to Monitor T3 Disk Array ........................................................ 6-9 Appendix A Handling Common Network Faults ........................................................................A-1 A.1 Common Network Faults...................................................................................................A-1 A.1.1 Failure of WS to Connect with M2000 Server ........................................................A-1 A.1.2 Failure of WS in Far-end NMC to Connect with M2000 Server..............................A-2 A.1.3 Failure to Log in to M2000 Server ..........................................................................A-3
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Table of Contents
A.1.4 Failure of BAM to Connect with WS .......................................................................A-4 A.2 Common Faults in the Debugging of Routers ...................................................................A-5 A.2.1 Introduction to Router .............................................................................................A-5 A.2.2 Faults of Physical Layer..........................................................................................A-6 A.2.3 Faults of Link Layer ................................................................................................A-8 A.2.4 Faults of Network Layer........................................................................................A-11 A.2.5 Faults of Ethernet .................................................................................................A-12 Appendix B Common Operations of UNIX System....................................................................B-1 B.1 Solaris Operating System..................................................................................................B-1 B.1.1 Overview .................................................................................................................B-1 B.1.2 Features of UNIX ....................................................................................................B-1 B.1.3 Terms Related to UNIX...........................................................................................B-3 B.2 System Structure of UNIX .................................................................................................B-3 B.2.1 System Composition of UNIX .................................................................................B-3 B.2.2 File System of UNIX ...............................................................................................B-5 B.2.3 Directory Structure of UNIX ....................................................................................B-5 B.2.4 UNIX System Files..................................................................................................B-6 B.2.5 Program of UNIX ....................................................................................................B-6 B.3 Solaris System Common Operations ................................................................................B-6 B.3.1 The Browse and Control of Directory .....................................................................B-6 B.3.2 File Maintenance Command.................................................................................B-10 B.3.3 Text File Content-Displaying Commands .............................................................B-16 B.4 UNIX User Management Commands..............................................................................B-20 B.4.1 Add User -- useradd .............................................................................................B-21 B.4.2 Delete User -- userdel...........................................................................................B-21 B.4.3 Modify User Login Information -- usermod ...........................................................B-22 B.4.4 Modify User Password -- passwd .........................................................................B-23 B.4.5 Add User Group -- groupadd ................................................................................B-23 B.4.6 Delete User Group -- groupdel .............................................................................B-23 B.4.7 Modify User Group Information -- groupmod........................................................B-23 B.5 Utility Commands and Programs.....................................................................................B-24 B.5.1 Search File -- find .................................................................................................B-24 B.5.2 Search Special Character String -- grep...............................................................B-26 B.5.3 Utility Programs for File Backup and Restoration -- tar ........................................B-26 B.5.4 Compress and Decompress Files -- compress & uncompress, pack & unpack ..B-28 B.5.5 Send File Package to the System -- pkgadd ........................................................B-29 B.5.6 Remove Package from the System -- pkgrm........................................................B-29 B.5.7 Calculator -- bc......................................................................................................B-30 B.5.8 Basic Features of vi Editor....................................................................................B-30 B.6 System Resource Commands.........................................................................................B-32 B.6.1 Obtaining Help Information about Commands -- man ..........................................B-32 B.6.2 Report Free Disk Space -- df ................................................................................B-33
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B.6.3 Report the Disk Space Occupied by Each File System -- du ...............................B-33 B.6.4 Display the Status of the Active Process -- ps......................................................B-34 B.6.5 Terminate a Process -- kill ....................................................................................B-35 B.6.6 List the Information about the Current Login Users -- who...................................B-36 B.6.7 Report the Command Location -- whereis............................................................B-37 B.6.8 Display the Path of a Specific Command -- which................................................B-38 B.6.9 Display or Set the Host Name -- hostname ..........................................................B-38 B.6.10 Display the Information of the Operating System -- uname ...............................B-39 B.6.11 View the Host IP Address -- ifconfig ...................................................................B-39 B.6.12 Recording Screen I/O Activities -- script.............................................................B-40 B.6.13 Display Current Date and Time -- date...............................................................B-41 B.7 Network Communication Commands..............................................................................B-42 B.7.1 TCP/IP Protocol ....................................................................................................B-42 B.7.2 Network Communication Commands ...................................................................B-42 Appendix C Common Operations of Sybase System................................................................C-1 C.1 Sybase Database Concepts..............................................................................................C-1 C.1.1 Database Equipment ..............................................................................................C-1 C.1.2 System Database ...................................................................................................C-2 C.1.3 Database Objects ...................................................................................................C-3 C.1.4 SQL Server User and Their Rights.........................................................................C-4 C.2 Common Operation of Sybase Database System ............................................................C-8 C.2.1 isql ..........................................................................................................................C-8 C.2.2 bcp ........................................................................................................................C-10 C.2.3 Showserver...........................................................................................................C-11 C.2.4 Startserver ............................................................................................................C-12 C.2.5 Shutdown..............................................................................................................C-12 C.3 T-SQL..............................................................................................................................C-13 C.3.1 Data Definition Language (DDL) ..........................................................................C-13 C.3.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML) ....................................................................C-14 C.3.3 Data Control Language (DCL)..............................................................................C-15 C.4 Sybase Database Backup and Restoration ....................................................................C-19 C.4.1 System Software Failure Restoration ...................................................................C-19 C.4.2 Backup Database and its Transaction Log...........................................................C-20 C.4.3 Database Restoration...........................................................................................C-20 C.4.4 How to Monitor Transaction Log Space ...............................................................C-22 Appendix D Maintenance of UNIX Operating System................................................................D-1 Appendix E File Description of M2000 System ..........................................................................E-1 E.1 Directory structure .............................................................................................................E-1 E.2 File Description..................................................................................................................E-2 E.2.1 ${HOME}/bin ...........................................................................................................E-2 E.2.2 ${HOME}/data.........................................................................................................E-4
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E.2.3 ${HOME}/lib ............................................................................................................E-6 E.2.4 ${HOME}/etc ...........................................................................................................E-6 E.2.5 ${HOME}/backup ....................................................................................................E-6 E.2.6 ${HOME}/log ...........................................................................................................E-6 E.2.7 ${HOME}/script/common ........................................................................................E-6 E.2.8 ${HOME}/script/commonsvr ...................................................................................E-9 E.2.9 ${HOME}/script/timersvr .........................................................................................E-9 E.2.10 ${HOME}/script/alarmsvr ....................................................................................E-10 E.2.11 ${HOME}/script/configsvr....................................................................................E-12 E.2.12 ${HOME}/script/pmsvr ........................................................................................E-13
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Chapter 1 System Knowledge To maintain iManager M2000 Mobile Network Management System (M2000 for short), you need to know the following aspects: z
Requirements on maintenance personnel
z
Databases
z
Related users
z
Processes
z
Directory structure
z
Environment variables
z
Log files
z
Scripts
1.1 Requirements on Maintenance Personnel M2000 system maintenance personnel must be familiar with the following items: z
Operating systems Solaris and Windows
z
Database Sybase
z
Knowledge of computer networks such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, and Client/Server
z
M2000 system and its functions Refer to iManager M2000 System Description and “Chapter 1
System
Knowledge” in this manual. z
Installation of M2000 Server and Client application software Refer to iManager M2000 Installation Manual.
z
Routine operation on M2000 Refer to iManager M2000 Online Help.
z
Routine maintenance, alarm handling and troubleshooting on M2000 Refer to this manual.
1.2 Databases M2000 contains six databases built based on the Sybase database. They are cfgdb, alarmdb, pmdb, comdb, timerdb and logdb. The spaces of these databases are set during the installation of the M2000 server. z
The database cfgdb stores configuration data of the M2000 system.
z
The database alarmdb stores alarm data of NEs and the M2000 system.
z
The database pmdb stores the performance statistic data of NEs.
z
The database comdb stores security data and topology data of the M2000 system. 1-1
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z
The database timerdb stores timing task data of the M2000 service servers.
z
The database logdb stores the log data of the M2000 system.
1.3 Related Users At present, users involved in the M2000 system include: z
Operating system users
z
Database users
Users with different roles are defined for the M2000 server. The following details the role of each user.
1.3.1 Operating System Users I. root The “root” is the super user of UNIX system. The UNIX system must have a root user having the highest authority for system management. You must be cautious when operating the system as “root” to avoid accidental damage to system files, which may paralyze the system. In routine operation, avoid operating as “root” unless necessary and keep the password confidential. The factory setting of the password is “root”. You can modify the password as needed.
II. m2000 The “m2000” is the main user of M2000. The default home directory is /export/home/m2000, under which all M2000 system files are stored. The “m2000” must be present. The user information of "m2000" cannot be deleted or modified, otherwise the system may go wrong. You can query the home directory of “m2000” using the following command: $ ls -ld /export/home/m2000 drwxr-xr-x
17 m2000
staff
1536 Aug 11 08:34 /export/home/m2000
The owner of home directory must be m2000, otherwise the system does not operate normally.
III. m2000ftp The “m2000ftp” is reserved for third-party access. Its default password is "CfgPwdAc". There is no content under this directory by default. The default home directory is /export/home/m2000ftp.
IV. freshver The "freshver" is the user that manages the client update packet. Its default password is “freshver”. Changing this password is not recommended unless necessary. The default home directory is /export/home/freshver. 1-2
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V. inrpt The “inrpt” is the user of intelligent report system. It exists only after the intelligent report system is installed. The default password is “inrpt”. The default home directory is /export/home/inrpt.
VI. adaptermonitor You can log in as “adaptermonitor” to monitor all adapter processes. No default password is available. You can set the password as needed. The default home directory is /export/home/adaptermonitor.
VII. adapter The “adapter” is the owner of adapter processes of multi-version adapters. No default password is available. You can set the password as needed. The default home directory is /export/home/adapter, under which you can find different adapter sub-directories. The names of adapter users vary with the type of NE. The user name depends on the actual situation, for example: bssadapter. The password is set during installation. Corresponding user names are used for the maintenance of adapters of different NEs, but root is not recommended. You can query all the adapter user names installed in the system by executing the following command as the super-user: #cat /etc/passwd|cut -d: -f1|grep -v ^adapter|grep adapter
Note: All users of the M2000 system belong to the staff group, and ksh is used under the shell environment.
1.3.2 Database User I. sybase The “sybase” is the installation user of Sybase database and must be present. Its default home directory is /export/home/sybase. To configure or modify Sybase system parameters, you must log in to the system as “sybase” or “root”. Maintaining the Sybase system also requires you to log in as “sybase”. The default password for this user is “sybase”. You modify the password as needed. The “sybase” user information cannot be deleted or modified, otherwise the system may go wrong.
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You can query the attributes of the sybase home directory as “m2000” using the following command: $ ls -ld /export/home/sybase drwxr-xr-x
29 sybase
staff
3072 Aug 11 08:33 /export/home/Sybase
The owner of the directory must be sybase, otherwise the system does not operate normally.
II. sa The “sa” is the administrator of Sybase database. The default password is “server1234”. Changing this password is not recommended. The login and access to Sybase database must be strictly controlled. You can log in to the Sybase database using the following command: $ isql -Usa -Pserver1234 1>
III. m2000 The user m2000 in the database system is the common user who can log in to Sybase system. This type of user can perform interactive operation and maintenance for the M2000 system service database. The password is encrypted. Avoid modifying attributes of the M2000 service database during operation.
Note: The “m2000” here is the internal user of the database system. It is totally different in role and function from the “m2000” user of UNIX system described above.
1.4 Processes The M2000 server processes can be divided into system supporting processes and service supporting processes by nature. System supporting processes provide lower-layer support for other processes and do not involve in service processing. Service processes complete service functions. Besides, processes of Sybase database will be introduced in the chapter.
1.4.1 System Supporting Processes System supporting processes include the switch process, watchd process, timesvrd process, and timersvrd process.
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I. switch The switch process is responsible for: z
Frame transmission of service massages among the whole system. The switch process is the foundation of information exchange and the foundation of the M2000 operation. If the switch process is faulty, the whole M2000 system breaks down.
z
DeskNo distribution for all M2000 service processes to enable process identification and information exchange.
The switch process is a daemon process, which contains a monitor process and a service sub-process. The monitor process monitors the service sub-process and can restart the service sub-process when the service sub-process stops responding or exits. When querying the status of the switch process as user m2000, you can see the following information (two processes): $ ps -ef|grep switch|grep -v grep m2000
371
369 0
m2000
369
1
0
Aug 11 ? Aug 11 ?
0:54 /export/home/m2000/bin/switch 0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/switch
It shows that the process 369 is the parent process of 371 and also the monitor process of process 371.
Note: The switch process does not involve database operations.
II. timesvrd The timesvrd process is a timer process used by the switch process. It is also a daemon process. When querying the status of the timesevrd process as user m2000, you can see the following information (two processes): $ ps -ef|grep timesvrd|grep -v grep m2000
362
1
m2000
384
362
0
Aug 11 ? 0
Aug 11 ?
0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/timesvrd 0:33 /export/home/m2000/bin/timesvrd
It shows that the process 362 is the parent process of 384 and also the monitor process of process 384.
Note: The timesvrd process does not involve database operations.
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III. watchd The watchd monitors the hardware and software resources of M2000 server, such as database size, CPU and memory utilization, and configuration status of the system database.The watchd process periodically collects the above information and reports it to client so that users can know the basic server configuration without logging in to the UNIX workstation. When querying the status of the watchd process as user m2000, you can see the following information (two processes): $ ps -ef|grep watchd|grep -v grep m2000
510
m2000
1 0
511
Aug 11 ?
510
0
0:00 monsvrd /export/home/m2000/bin/watchd
Aug 11 ?
0:01 /export/home/m2000/bin/watchd
It shows that the watchd is not a daemon process. Its operational status is monitored by the monsvrd process, which monitors operational status of all service processes and starts the service processes that are not running. The process 510 is the parent process of 511 and monitors the operational status of 511.
IV. timersvrd Unlike the timesvrd described above, the timersvrd provides timing services for service servers. The service servers register timing tasks in the timersvrd, and the timersvrd notifies in fixed time the service servers to process the tasks. When querying the status of the timersvrd process as user m2000, you can see the following information (two processes): $ ps -ef|grep timersvrd|grep -v grep m2000
494
1
0
Aug
11
?
0:00
monsvrd
/export/home/m2000/bin/timersvrd m2000
496
494 0
Aug 11 ?
0:01 /export/home/m2000/bin/timersvrd
It shows that the timersvrd is not a daemon process. Its operational status is monitored by the monsvrd process of M2000 system.
Note: The timersvrd involves database operations. Its database is timerdb.
1.4.2 Service Supporting Processes Service supporting processes include commonsvrd, configsvrd, alarmsvrd, alarmsend, sasvrd, and pmsvrd processes.
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I. commonsvrd The commonsvrd is a common service process responsible for M2000 user management, authority management, and sub-net management. Logging in to the M2000 system requires the presence of the commonsvrd process. When querying the commonsvrd process status using the user m2000, you can see the following information (two processes): $ ps -ef|grep commonsvrd|grep -v grep m2000 403 401 m2000 401 1 0
0
Aug 11 ?
Aug 11 ?
0:01 /export/home/m2000/bin/commonsvrd 0:00 monsvrd /export/home/m2000/bin/commonsvrd
Note: The commonsvrd involves database operations. The service data is saved in the database comdb.
II. configsvrd The configsvrd process is the service configuration process responsible for collection of configuration data and processing of services. It is the sole interface through which M2000 servers can obtain the configuration data. The configsvrd receives, analyzes, processes, and stores the collected configuration data of various network elements. When querying the status of the configsvrd process as user m2000, you can see the following information (two processes): $ ps -ef|grep configsvrd|grep -v grep m2000 418
417
m2000 417 1 0
0
Aug 11 ?
Aug 11 ?
0:11 /export/home/m2000/bin/configsvrd 0:00 monsvrd /export/home/m2000/bin/configsvrd
It shows that the configsvrd is not a daemon process. Its operational status is monitored by the monsvrd process of the M2000 system.
Note: The configsvrd involves database operations. The service data is saved in the database cfgdb.
III. alarmsvrd The alarmsvrd is the service alarm process responsible for alarm data collection and alarm service processing. The M2000 system uses the alarmsvrd as the main platform for fault monitoring. The alarmsvrd collects, receives, analyzes, processes, stores, and
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reports the real-time alarm information of various network elements. The alarmsvrd accesses the database alarmdb. When querying the status of the alarmsvrd process status as user M2000, you can see the following information (two processes): $ ps -ef|grep alarmsvrd|grep -v grep m2000
440
438
m2000 438
0
1 0
Aug 11 ?
Aug 11 ?
5:50 /export/home/m2000/bin/alarmsvrd 0:00 monsvrd /export/home/m2000/bin/alarmsvrd
IV. alarmsend The alarmsend is an alarm forwarding interface server responsible for reporting the received alarm information in the fixed ASCII code format .The alarmsend is open to third-party developers for re-development of alarm information. The alarmsend is a daemon process. When querying the alarmsvrd process status using the user m2000, you can see the following information (two processes): $ ps -ef|grep alarmsend|grep -v grep m2000
446
1
0
Aug 11 ?
0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/alarmsend
m2000
447
446 0
Aug 11 ?
0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/alarmsend
If there is only a parent process, for example process 446, the third-party report function is disabled and the sub-process is not started.
V. smsvrd The smsvrd is an alarm SM forwarding server responsible for forwarding the received alarm information by short message (SM) or Email. When querying the alarmsvrd process status using the user m2000 after the hardware and software parameters for alarm information conversion are configured, you can see the following information (two processes): $ ps -ef|grep smsvrd|grep -v grep m2000
462
m2000
463
1 0 462
Aug 11 ? 0
0:00 monsvrd /export/home/m2000/bin/smsvrd
Aug 11 ?
0:11 /export/home/m2000/bin/smsvrd
If the hardware and software parameters used for converting the alarm information into SMs are not configured, the alarm-to-SM conversion function is disabled. In such case, when querying the smsvrd process status as user m2000, you can see only one process: $ ps -ef|grep smsvrd|grep -v grep m2000
462
1 0
Aug 11 ?
0:00 monsvrd /export/home/m2000/bin/smsvrd
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Note: The smsvrd process does not involve database operations.
VI. pmsvrd The pmsvrd is the performance service process responsible for traffic and performance data collection and service processing. It is the main platform of traffic and performance monitor. The pmsvrd collects, receives, analyzes, processes, stores, and reports the traffic information of various network elements. When querying the pmsvrd process status using the user M2000, you can see the following information (two processes): $ ps -ef|grep pmsvrd|grep -v grep m2000
478
m2000
479
1 0 478
Aug 11 ? 0
Aug 11 ?
0:00 monsvrd /export/home/m2000/bin/pmsvrd 0:03 /export/home/m2000/bin/pmsvrd
Note: The pmsvrd involves database operations. The service data is saved in the database pmdb.
1.4.3 Sybase Processes There are two Sybase processes. When querying the Sybase database process status using the user M2000 , you can see the following information: $ ps -ef|grep sybase|grep /export/home/|grep -v grep sybase
277
275 0
Aug 11 ?
0:01 /export/home/sybase/bin/backupserver
-Ssybserver_back -e/export/home/sybase/ins sybase
278
273 0
Aug 11 ?
19:55 /export/home/sybase/bin/dataserver
-ssybserver -d/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s3 -e/export/h
The dataserver is responsible for data processing of Sybase data, including reading data from and writing data to the database periodically. The backupserver process backups and restores data. The above two processes must function properly to ensure the normal operation of the M2000 system.
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1.5 Directory Structure You
must
install
the
M2000
program
under
the
default
home
directory
/export/home/m2000. Table 1-1 describes the specific directory structure and files. Table 1-1 Directory structure of M2000 system Authority description
Description
Path and file name
User/group
${HOME}=/export/home/m2000
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The root directory of M2000 system.
${HOME}/bin
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which executable files and common tools of program are stored.
${HOME/data
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which data files and configuration files that change regularly are stored.
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which database files required for system running are stored. You are prohibited from modifying files in this directory.
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which configuration files of M2000 system are stored. The contents of files under this directory are generally invariable.
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which log files of system running are stored. Each service process has its own log file named in the format of *.log.
drwxr-xr-x
The system script directory including scripts for establishing service database tables and importing service data.
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which scripts for establishing common service database tables are stored.
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which scripts for establishing configuration server database tables are stored.
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which scripts for establishing performance server database tables are stored.
${HOME}/lib
${HOME}/etc
${HOME}/log
${HOME}/script
${HOME}/script/common
${HOME}/script/configsvr
${HOME}/script/pmsvr
m2000/staff
m2000/staff
m2000/staff
m2000/staff
m2000/staff
m2000/staff
m2000/staff
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Path and file name
${HOME}/script/timersvr
${HOME}/script/commonsvr
Authority description
User/group
m2000/staff
m2000/staff
Description
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which scripts for establishing timer server database tables are stored.
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which scripts for establishing common server database tables are stored.
${HOME}/script/alarmsvr
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which scripts for establishing alarm server database tables are stored.
${HOME}/backup
sybase/dba
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which all data backed up regularly is stored.
drwxrwxrwx
The buffer directory of the alarm report interface used for the interface of the third-party network management system.
${HOME}/send
m2000/staff
1.6 Environment Variables This section introduces variables of the M2000 system.
1.6.1 Environment Variables of M2000 System The shell environment for the user m2000 is ksh. Execute the command env as m2000 to get the current settings of environment variables: _=/usr/bin/env MANPATH=/usr/man:/usr/openwin/share/man LANG=C _INIT_UTS_RELEASE=5.8 HZ=100 _INIT_UTS_MACHINE=sun4u SWITCHCONPATH=/var/tmp/s.switchcon OMCSWITCHIP=10.129.27.145 PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/etc:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/openwin/bin:/usr/ccs/b in:/opt/SUNWconn/bin:/bin:/export/home/sybase/bin:/export/home/m2000/b in:. _INIT_UTS_VERSION=Generic_108528-13 OMCSWITCHPORT=6688 _INIT_RUN_NPREV=0
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_INIT_NET_STRATEGY=none LOGNAME=m2000 _INIT_UTS_NODENAME=b2k _INIT_UTS_ISA=sparc MAIL=/var/mail/m2000 _INIT_PREV_LEVEL=S SYBASE=/export/home/sybase DSQUERY=sybserver SHELL=/bin/ksh M2000_BACKUP_PATH=/export/home/m2000/backup HOME=/export/home/m2000 _INIT_UTS_SYSNAME=SunOS LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/ucblib:/usr/dt/lib:/export/home/syb ase/lib:/export/home/m2000/lib TERM=vt100 PWD=/export/home/m2000 SMAXSENDQUEUE=500 TZ=GMT-8 _INIT_RUN_LEVEL=3 _INIT_UTS_PLATFORM=SUNW,Sun-Blade-2000
The interpretation for several major environment variables is as follows. These environment variables can be modified under the .profile environment of the user m2000. Execute .profile directly under the root directory of the user m2000 if you want the modification to be effective immediately. z
LANG=C It indicates that the current language environment is C, that is, the standard English environment. If the system permits, yon can change the English environment into the Chinese one by running export LANG=zh. In this way, some interactive messages of the system are in Chinese. The English environment is recommended.
z
OMCSWITCHIP= It indicates the IP address of the M2000 server. Ensure that the IP address of M2000 server is correct. Execute the command ifconfig –a to query and verify the IP address of the workstation. Do not modify this environment variable. Otherwise, it may cause system faults. PATH= /usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/etc:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/openwin/bin:/usr/ccs/bin:/opt/SUNWconn/ bin:/bin:/export/home/sybase/bin:/export/home/m2000/bin:. It indicates the search path of the system. Make sure that the path /export/home/sybase/bin:/export/home/m2000/bin is included. Otherwise, you
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cannot execute some system commands. This environment variable is automatically modified by the system during installation. You cannot modify it. z
OMCSWITCHPORT=6688 It indicates the monitor port of the M2000 server. This environment variable is set during installation. It is not allowed to modify it manually. Otherwise, the system cannot run or provide network services.
z
SYBASE=/export/home/sybase It indicates the setting for environment variable of home directory of Sybase used for calling some services and tools of Sybase. It is set during installation. It is not allowed to modify this variable. Otherwise the system may not be able to use the database, thus affecting the running of the system.
z
DSQUERY=sybserver It indicates the setting for query of server. The Sybase server of the M2000 system is uniformly called sybserver. The setting cannot be modified. Otherwise, the system may fail to implement operations of database.
z
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/ucblib:/usr/dt/lib:/export/home/sybase/lib:/e xport/home/m2000/lib It indicates the search path of the library. It is set by the system during installation. Manual modification may affect system running.
z
TZ=GMT-8 It indicates the time zone setting. Make sure that the setting of time zone is consistent with that of the local area. Otherwise, the time of the whole system may be affected. Set the time zone in the correct principle and method. For details, see the installation part.
1.6.2 Environment Variables of Sybase System The shell environment for the user sybase is also ksh. Execute the command env as sybase to obtain the current settings of environment variables: _=/usr/bin/env LANG=C HZ=100 PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/etc:/export/home/sybase/bin:/export/home/sybas e/install:. LOGNAME=sybase SYBASE=/export/home/sybase DSQUERY=sybserver DISPLAY=m2000svr:0.0 SHELL=/bin/ksh HOME=/export/home/sybase
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DSLISTEN=sybserver TERM=vt100 PWD=/export/home/sybase TZ=GMT-8
The interpretation for several major environment variables is as follows. These environment variables can be modified under the .profile environment of sybase user. Execute .profile directly under the root directory of the user m2000 if you want the modification to be effective immediately. z
LANG=C
z
PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/ucb:/etc:/export/home/sybase/bin:/export/home/sybase/install
z
DSQUERY=sybserver
z
DSLISTEN=sybserver
z
DISPLAY=m200svr:0.0 It is used to start the installer of graphical interface during sybase installation. That is, xwindow service can be started in the machine “m2000svr”.
z
TZ=GMT-8
The first four variables and the last one are the same as those of the M2000 system.
1.7 Log Files This section introduces log files of the M2000 system.
1.7.1 Log of Master Program The M2000 system adopts service modules to record logs and save them in the file ${HOME}/log of the user m2000. The major log files are as follows: z
Logalarmsvrd.383: Running log of the alarm server. The number denotes the work process number of the alarm server.
z
alarmsvrd.log: The log recorded by the system for the alarm server.
z
pmsvrd.log: Log of the performance server.
z
switch.log: Log of the switch.
z
timersvrd.log: Log of the timer server.
z
alarmsend.log: Log of the alarm network management interface.
z
commonsvrd.log: Log of the common server.
z
install.log: System installation log. It records status information during system installation.
z
switchroute: Routing table information of the system.
z
configsvrd.log: Log of the configuration server.
z
monsvrd.log: Log of system monitoring process.
z
*.bakn: The backup files of the above log files.
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The “n” stands for number, for example, 1, 2, and 3. The size of log files of the system is fixed. If the size exceeds the fixed value, the log files are updated and saved with the same names as those of the original log files. In this way, the overlarge file can be avoided and the readability of logs is improved.
1.7.2 Log of Database System The M2000 system uses sybse as its database. The log recorded by sybase is sybserver.log saved in the file ${HOME}/install of the user sybse where the running status of the database system is recorded.
1.7.3 Installation Log of M2000 System The installation log install.log of the M2000 system is saved in log directory under the home directory of m2000. It records all the screen output from creating the database to the end of installation during M2000 installation. To check whether M2000 is successfully installed, view this log file.
1.8 Scripts This section describes the scripts of the M2000 system.
1.8.1 Auto Startup Scripts of M2000 Their storage position is under the directory /etc/rc2.d.
I. S97sybsvr z
Function This script is used to start the sybase database automatically during system restart to ensure that the sybase database is started before the startup of the M2000 system. This script may also be used to stop or start the Sybase system service manually.
z
Parameters { start | stop }
z
Introduction to the procedure start: Run RUN_sybserver and RUN_sybserver_back to start the data server and backup server of Sybase. stop: Terminate processes of the data server and backup server so that the Sybase process and Sybase service are stopped.
z
When to be called The system uses the start process automatically during system restart to start the Sybase server. If you need to start and stop the Sybase server manually, run this
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Chapter 1 System Knowledge
script manually as root. For example, to start Sybase service, run # /etc/rc2.d/S97sybsvr start. To stop Sybase service, run # /etc/rc2.d/S97sybsvr stop. z
Relation with other scripts None.
z
Precautions Avoid manual modification when running this script as root. In addition, avoid terminating the running of the Sybase system. Otherwise, the running of system may be affected.
II. S98m2000svr z
Function This script is used to start the M2000 system automatically during system restart. This script may also be used to stop or start the running of M2000 system manually.
z
Parameters { start | stop }
z
Introduction to the procedure start: Start processes of switch, timesvrd, commonsvrd, configsvrd, alarmsvrd, alarmsend, pmsvrd, and timersvrd as super-user. stop: Terminate processes of switch, timesvrd, commonsvrd, configsvrd, alarmsvrd, alarmsend, pmsvrd, and timersvrd as the super-user.
z
When to be called The system uses the start process automatically during system restart to start the M2000 system. If you need to start or stop the server of the M2000 system manually, run this script manually as root. For example, to start Sybase service, run /etc/rc2.d/ S98m2000svr start. To stop Sybase service, run /etc/rc2.d/ S98m2000svr stop.
z
Relation with other scripts Ensure that the Sybase system is normally started before starting the M2000 system.
z
Precautions Run this script as root. Avoid modifying this script manually and terminating the running of M2000 system. Otherwise, the normal processing of network management service may be affected. In addition, ensure that M2000 system is stopped before restarting it. Otherwise, repeated start may result in unpredictable errors.
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III. S96ntpsvr z
Function This script is used to start clock synchronization server automatically during system restart and provide stable clock sources. With this script, the clock synchronization server may also be stopped or restarted manually.
z
Parameters { start | stop }
z
Introduction to the procedure start: Run the /usr/local/bin/ntpd process to start clock synchronization server. stop: Terminate the /usr/local/bin/ntpd process to stop the running of clock synchronization server.
z
When to be called The system uses the start process automatically during system restart to start clock synchronization server. If you need to start or stop clock synchronization server manually, run this script manually as root. For example, to start Sybase service, run /etc/rc2.d/ S96ntpsvr start. To stop Sybase service, run /etc/rc2.d/ S96ntpsvr stop.
z
Relation with other scripts None.
z
Precautions
Avoid modifying this script manually and stopping the running of clock synchronization server freely. Otherwise, the clock accuracy of whole mobile network system may be affected, leading to the time error of network bills.
IV. S98m2000svrinrpt z
Function This script is used to start and terminate the report server process.
z
Parameters { start | stop }
z
Introduction to the procedure Start: Start the report server process. Stop: Terminate the report server process.
z
When to be called The system uses the start process automatically during system restart. If you need to start or terminate the report server process manually, run the script as root. For example, to start the report server process, run /etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svrinrpt
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start. To terminate the report server process, run /etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svrinrpt stop. z
Relation with other scripts Ensure that the Sybase system is normally started before starting the report server.
z
Precaution Run the script as root.
1.8.2 Related Scripts of AdapterMonitor I. adaptermonitor z
Function This script is the link of the scripts S98adaptermonitor and K44adaptermonitor.
z
Parameters { start | stop }
z
Introduction to the procedure Start the monsvrd process as root. The monsvrd process starts the adaptermonitor process and monitors it.
z
When to be called It is directly invoked by users.
z
Storage position Under the directory /etc/init.d.
z
Relation with other scripts This script is linked to scripts S98adaptermonitor and K44daptermonitor.
z
Precaution None.
II. S98adaptermonitor z
Function This script is used to start adaptermonitor automatically during system start.
z
Parameters { start | stop }
z
Introduction to the procedure Start monsvrd process as root. The monsvrd process starts the adaptermonitor process and monitors it.
z
When to be called
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This script is used when the OS starts or directly used by users on other occasions. z
Storage position Under the directory /etc/rc2.d.
z
Relation with other scripts It is the symbolic link of the script /etc/init.d/adaptermonitor.
z
Precaution None.
III. K44adaptermonitor z
Function This script is used to stop adaptermonitor in case of system start.
z
Parameters { start | stop }
z
Introduction to the procedure Send the stop signal to processes monsvrd and adaptermonitor.
z
When to be called It is called when the OS starts.
z
Storage position Under the directory /etc/rc1.d.
z
Relation with other scripts It is the symbolic link of the script /etc/init.d/adaptermonitor.
z
Precaution None.
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Chapter 2 M2000 Routine Maintenance
Chapter 2 M2000 Routine Maintenance 2.1 About This Chapter Routine maintenance aims to detect problems on time to prevent deterioration of problems. This chapter provides a list of routine maintenance items. Maintenance engineers can check the operation of equipment based on this list. If any exception is found, record the problem and handle the problem according to alarm processing procedures or the common troubleshooting procedures. If the operation instruction in the following lists is not detailed enough, you can refer to the description in iManager M2000 Operation Manual.
Note: Engineers conducting the M2000 routine maintenance must get familiar with the UNIX system and Huawei M2000 system.
2.2 Overview of Routine Maintenance This chapter provides routine maintenance items and operation instructions of the M2000 system. You can add or delete the routines maintenance items as needed. During the routine maintenance, you can z
Log in to the M2000 client as admin to observe the operational status of the system.
z
Log in to the M2000 server as m2000 for routine maintenance operations.
z
Log in to the M2000 server to execute the system commands.
2.3 Routine Maintenance Items This section provides daily, weekly, and monthly maintenance items.
2.3.1 Daily Maintenance Table 2-1 lists the daily maintenance items of the M2000 system.
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Table 2-1 Daily maintenance checklist SN.
Item
Operation instruction
Remark
Checking operational status of the client Topology Management
T1
T2
Check the operational status of the client
Log in to the M2000 client as admin.
Display the O&M interface of the network element (NE).
Select the desired NE, right-click the mouse, and then select LMT.
The status bar of the client indicates that the communication between the client and all the servers is normal. All NE icons on the topology are normal and without any cross. The precondition is that the client PC is installed with the LMT program of this NE.
Configuration Management
C1
View the configuration information of equipment in the whole network through the centralized configuration management system.
Start the centralized configuration management system, and expand nodes of the configuration tree on the left to view the configuration data.
C2
Synchronize the configuration data manually.
Select the NE icon on the configuration tree, right click the mouse, and select [Refresh NE].
Fault Management
F1
F2
Check the real-time alarm information.
Check whether the alarm information generated by the host can be viewed on the centralized fault management system.
Query and browse alarms at the fault management system.
Check whether alarm information can be queried and browsed according to preset conditions at the centralized fault management system.
Performance Management
2-2
The NE BAM alarms can be reported accurately and promptly.
Maintenance Manual iManager M2000
SN.
P1
Chapter 2 M2000 Routine Maintenance
Item
Operation instruction
Check the task statuses.
Check whether there is suspended task in the task list at the centralized performance management system.
Remark
All the task results can be reported normally. If error messages are returned, handle the problem as below:
P2
Check reporting performance tasks.
the of
Query the task result and see whether the result can be queried correctly.
1. If the returned message is “This task does not exist”, re-register the task. 2. If the returned message is “The object does not exist” or “The object does not respond”, it indicates that the operation results in the change of object and you need to re-register the task, or delete the original object and then add a new one. 3. If the returned task status is “suspended”, activate this task.
P3
Check the performance task management function.
Activate, suspend, or delete a performance task and check whether the operation is successful.
User operation log management
U1
View the system log.
Select the menu [View/System Log] on the M2000 remote workstation (RWS).
Checking the operational status of server Check the "capacity” column in the output result. S1
Check the harddisk space of the server.
Normally, at least 20% of the harddisk space should be available.
df -k
If the capacity of a file system approaches 80%, you need to remove the useless files on this system or add harddisk to this system.
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SN.
Item
Operation instruction
Remark The server time must be consistent with the local standard time.
S2
Check the time of the M2000 server.
date mmddHHMM[[cc]yy][. SS]
Execute the command date to output the current time. If the result is inconsistent with the local standard time, correct the server time. For example, to change the time to 14:53:43 on Friday March 28, 2003, execute the following command: #date 0328145303.43 Fri Mar 28 14:53:43 GMT 2003 # vmstat 5 5 procs memory cpu
page
disk
faults
r b w swap free re mf pi po fr de sr s0 s6 -- -in sy cs us sy id
S3
Check the CUP usage of the server.
vmstat 5 5
0 0 0 1054080 35400 4 16 3 15 12 0 0 15 0 0 0 398 23171 464 13 7 81 0 0 0 1022608 18336 2 1 1 28 27 0 0 13 0 0 0 384 28526 560 16 7 76 0 0 0 1022608 18248 1 0 0 14 9 0 0 18 0 0 0 415 30853 565 16 9 76
The CPU idle ratio cannot be lower than 40%. The id value (idle ratio) under the CPU item cannot be too low.
2.3.2 Weekly Maintenance Table 2-2 lists the weekly maintenance items of the M2000 system. Table 2-2 Weekly maintenance checklist SN.
Item
Operation instruction
Remark
Execute the following command as m2000: 1
Check the database status.
The database runs normally. No database is off line. There are at least six databases, including cfgdb, pmdb, alarmdb, comdb, timerdb, and logdb.
$isql -Usa -Pserver1234 1> sp_helpdb 2> go
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SN.
Item
Operation instruction
2
Check the space of alarmdb.
1>sp_helpdb alarmdb
3
Check space cfgdb.
1>sp_helpdb cfgdb
4
Check the space of comdb.
1>sp_helpdb comdb
5
Check space pmdb.
1>sp_helpdb pmdb
6
Check the space of timerdb.
the of
the of
Remark
2> go
2> go
2> go
The available space of each database must be 200 MB at least.
2> go 1>sp_helpdb timerdb 2> go The following lists the auto backup policies of the M2000 system: Incremental backup of logs of five databases at 22:00 every day. The databases include comdb, timerdb, logdb, cfgdb, and pmdb.
7
Check backup files of each database.
Check whether the suffix of each backup file under the directory /export/home/m2000/ba kcup2 contains the date which indicates the day before the file backup day.
Full backup of all the data and logs of six databases (including comdb, timerdb, logdb, cfgdb, pmdb, and alarmdb) at 00:00 every Sunday. Deletion of all the backup files of the previous week under the directory /export/home/m2000/backup2 and moving the log files of the current week from the directory /export/home/m2000/backup to /export/home/m2000/backup2 at 23:57 every Saturday. Backup of the data and logs to the tape machine (if installed) at 10:00 every Monday. You can replace the tape after 10:00 every Monday to obtain the backup data of the last week. The system carries out these backup operations automatically.
8
Remove outdated files.
Log in as m2000 and go to the log directory to delete all the files with the suffix “bak”:
It is recommended you delete the outdated log files periodically.
rm *.bak 9
Check the tape machine.
The execution result shows that the status is OK.
mt status
This item is optional.
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2.3.3 Monthly Maintenance Table 2-3 lists the monthly maintenance items of the M2000 system. The major task is to check the physical equipment of the system. Table 2-3 Monthly maintenance checklist SN
Item
Operation instruction
Remark In normal case, all the power indicators are on. For example, the following power indicators (green) are on:
1
2
Check the system power indicators.
Check system indicators.
Observe whether the indicator on each power supply module is on.
Observe all the indicators on the front and rear panels of the host and disk array.
z
Sun Netra20 active and standby power supply indicators (DC-A and DC-B)
z
POWER indicator
z
SYSTEM indicator
z
DISK0-Active
z
DISK1-Active
No maintenance indicator or yellow indicator should be on or flashing. For the Netra20, the POWER and SYSTEM indicators on the front panel should be ON (green). If an error occurs, the ALARM1, ALARM2, and FAULT indicators are on (yellow). If the disk array is configured, the RUN indicator should be ON.
3
Check the hardware of the system.
Check all the external indicators. Confirm that hardware connections are correct and the operation is normal.
LAN Switch: The power indicator is on. The indicator of the network port connected with the network cable is flashing. If the terminal HUB is configured, the POWER, UNIT, and NET indicators are on, ACTIVE indicator flashes slowly, and the rest indicators are off.
2.4 Routine Maintenance for Hot Backup Systems If the M2000 system is a hot-backup one (with two nodes), the routine maintenance is as follows.
2.4.1 Checking Operating System Table 2-4 provides the routine maintenance items for the operating system of the M2000 hot backup system.
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Table 2-4 Operating system checklist Item
Operation instruction
Standard
Hard disk size
Execute df –k
System files does not exceeds 80% of the total disk size.
System log
Check /var/adm/message* and /var/log/syslog*
No alarm of warning, error, fail, or panic is generated, and no process restarts.
System time
Execute date and compare the system time with the current standard time.
Tape machine.
Insert the test tape, log in as root, and execute mt status.
The execution result shows that the status is OK.
Remark
Optional
2.4.2 Checking Disk Management Software Table 2-5 provides the routine maintenance items for the disk management software. Table 2-5 Disk management software checklist Item
Operation instruction
Standard
Status of all disks in Vxvm
Execute vxdisk list
Statuses of all disks in use are "online"
Logical volume status of built-in disks in Vxvm
Execute vxprint -th -g rootdg
The pl and v of all volumes are “ACTIVE”, "ENABLED" and "RW"
Logical volume status of stand-alone disks in Vxvm
Execute vxdg list, and then execute vxprint –th one by one
The pl and v of all volumes are “ACTIVE”, "ENABLED" and "RW"
Remark
2.4.3 Checking HA Status Table 2-6 provides the routine maintenance items for the HA status. Table 2-6 HA status checklist Item Dataservices status
Status of network adapters in cluster
Operation instruction
Standard Statuses of all dataservices are "on". Statuses of all resource groups and resources are "online".
#scstat -g
Status = OK and fo_Time = NEVER for adapters of public network
#pnmstat -L
Interconnect is not down for adapters of private network.
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Remark
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Item
Operation instruction
Standard
Remark
All nodes are in the cluster. Cluster 3.0
All private networks are "path online".
#scstat
All resource groups and resources are "online":
2.4.4 Checking Host Hardware Table 2-7 provides the routine maintenance items for the host hardware. Table 2-7 Host hardware checklist Item
Whole system
Power supply Netra fans
of
Operation instruction
Standard
/usr/platform/sun4u/sbin/ prtdiag –v
Statuses of the CPU fans, power supply, and CPU temperature are normal. No hardware failure is found in the system.
lominfo fan;lominfo psu lominfo events …
2-8
Power supplies of all fans are normal.
Remark
Optional
Maintenance Manual iManager M2000
Chapter 3 Handling M2000 Alarms
Chapter 3 Handling M2000 Alarms This chapter describes how to deal with the following alarms within the M2000 server: z
High CPU Occupation Rate
z
Insufficient Device Space for Alarm Database
z
Incorrect Alarm Explanation or Mapping File
z
Insufficient Device Space for Performance Database
z
Connection Interrupted Between BAM and Host
z
Connection Interrupted Between BAM and Adapter
z
FTP Connection
z
Performance Measurement Item Threshold Exceeded
z
Illegal Login
3.1 High CPU Occupation Rate This section describes how to handle the alarm of high CPU occupation rate.
3.1.1 Details of Alarm The alarm indicates that the M2000 server is busy dispatching processes or switching exchange areas. The CPU occupation rate ranges from 1% to 99%. The recommended rate is between 70% and 95%, and the default rate is 80%. When the CPU occupation rate exceeds the set threshold, the system reports “CPU Occupation Rate Too Large”.
3.1.2 Reference Information The reference information related to the alarm is as follows: Alarm level Critical
Alarm type Fault alarm
Event type Internal alarm
Alarm No. 2141
3.1.3 Troubleshooting I. Alarm Cause The possible causes of the alarm are: z
The threshold of the CPU occupation rate is set low.
z
The processes are called frequently.
z
There are frequent disk operations.
3-1
Alarm parameter idle, user, kernel
Maintenance Manual iManager M2000 z
Chapter 3 Handling M2000 Alarms
The memory size is small or the memory distribution is improper.
The direct causes may be: z
The NEs report a large number of alarms.
z
Configuration data of a large number of NEs are refreshed simultaneously.
z
The number of registered performance task is large, and the registry cycle is short.
II. Solution The solutions to the alarm are: z
If the high occupation rate lasts for a short time, no operation is needed.
z
Modify the alarm threshold of CPU occupation rate to a higher rate at the client.
z
Contact Huawei technical support engineers if the alarm lasts for a long time.
z
Check the memory occupation of the M2000 processes to find which process occupies the CPU for a long time.
Use the following command to check the CPU occupation: $prstat PID USERNAME
SIZE
RSS STATE
PRI NICE
TIME
CPU PROCESS/NLWP
27178 adapter 17M
13M sleep
58
0
0:00.00 0.1% adapterd/12
274
sybase
258M
63M sleep
59
0
0:48.36 0.1% dataserver/2
8899
m2000
27M
11M sleep
58
0
0:00.00 0.1% alarmsvrd/6
27187 sybase
1528K 1264K cpu0
58
0
0:00.00 0.0% prstat/1
8922
m2000
1040K 744K sleep
48
0
0:00.09 0.0% monsvrd/1
8882
m2000
8836
m2000
2336K 1616K sleep
8842
m2000
5816K 4808K sleep 58
0
0:00.08 0.0% configsvrd/1
58
0
0:00.17 0.0% switch/1
1776K 928K sleep
58
0
0:00.11 0.0% timesvrd/1
150
root
2424K 1640K sleep
58
0
0:00.00 0.0% inetd/1
156
root
1880K 1200K sleep
10
0
0:00.00 0.0% lockd/1
246
root
3040K 1672K sleep
174
root
3360K 1776K sleep
58
0
0:00.00 0.0% syslogd/10
158
daemon
2496K 1648K sleep
20
0
0:00.00 0.0% statd/4
200
root
3064K 976K sleep
51
0
0:00.00 0.0% lpsched/1
120 root
50
2432K 1552K sleep
0
58
0:00.00 0.0% htt_server/5
0
0:00.00 0.0% rpcbind/1
Use the following command to check the memory dispatch: $ vmstat 1 5 procs r b w
memory swap
free
page
faults
cpu
re mf pi po fr de sr s0 s6 in sy cs us sy id
0 0 0 137128 10808 1 0 0 0 550416 4112
disk
0 1 20 14
0
0
3
0 0 0 158 3299 105 1 3 96
7 1
0 96 80
0
0 10 0 0 0 208 13322 217
0 0 0 550416
4112 4 0
0 40 40
0
0 5
0 0 0 550416
4112 0 0
0 8 8
0
0
1
0
0
0
146
416
96
0 0 0 550416
4112 0
0 0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
138
574
101
3-2
0
0
0 173 10252 175
5 12 83 0 12 88 1
0 99
0 0 100
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Chapter 3 Handling M2000 Alarms
us
id
sy
Percentage of time occupied by user processes
Percentage of idle time
Percentage of time occupied by system processes
3.2 Insufficient Device Space for Alarm Database If the remaining data device space and log device space are less than the thresholds, the system gives alarms: z
Alarm Database: data device space insufficient.
z
Alarm Database: log device space insufficient.
The space can be set from 50 MB to 9999 MB. The recommended space is between 100 MB and 500 MB, and the default space is 200 MB.
3.2.1 Details of Alarm The alarm indicates that the free space of the alarm database exceeds the threshold. z
If the data device space of the alarm database is insufficient, alarm data may be lost.
z
If the log device space of the alarm database is insufficient, alarm data may be unavailable.
3.2.2 Reference Information The reference information related to the alarm is as follows: Alarm level
Alarm type
Critical
Fault alarm
Event type
Alarm No.
Alarm parameter Number of parameters: 2
Internal alarm
2143/2144
Data equipment space alarm, total space(M) = 200, Free(M) = 199
3.2.3 Troubleshooting I. Alarm Cause The possible causes are: z
The remaining space of the database is lower than the threshold.
z
The log device space is lower than the threshold.
II. Alarm Location To locate the alarm, check whether: z
The alarm threshold is improper.
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z
There are a large number of alarms.
z
The log device space of the alarm database is small.
III. Solution The solutions to the alarm are: 1)
Set proper alarm threshold at the client.
Select the menu [Function/Alarm Server Setting/Alarm Threshold Setting] at the alarm console. In the “Alarm Threshold Setting” window to set alarm threshold. 2)
Delete history alarms manually.
Before deletion, be sure all history alarms can be deleted, because they cannot be restored once deleted. Execute the script /export/home/m2000/script/alarmsvr/delete_history.sh as root user to delete the alarms by alarm level, alarm type, and alarm time. Recover this alarm after the fault is cleared. 3)
Delete alarm log manually.
Execute the script /export/home/m2000/script/alarmsvr/dump_alarmdb.sh. Recover this alarm after the fault is cleared. 4)
Add database space.
z
Check the database space. Use the following command to check the database attribute in the Sybase system: $ isql -Uusername -Ppasswd 1>sp_helpdb databasename 2>go For example, to check the database space of alarmdb, execute the following command: 1>sp_helpdb alarmdb 2>go
z
Add the database space. If the database space is less than 30 MB, use the following command to add the database space in the Sybase system: $ isql - Uusername -Ppasswd 1>sp_helpdevice 2>go 1>alter database databasename on devicename=size 2>go
3-4
/*Its unit is M bytes*/
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For example: 1>alter database alarmdb on data_dev=100 2>go z
Backup history data to other device, and then delete the unnecessary data. $ isql -Uusername -Ppasswd 1>dump database databasename to filename 2>go 1>truncate table tablename 2>go For example: 1>dump database alarmdb to "/export/home/sybase/alarmdb.dat1012" 2>go 1>truncate table history 2>go
3.3 Incorrect Alarm Explanation or Mapping File This section describes the incorrect alarm explanation or mapping file.
3.3.1 Reference Information The reference information related to the alarm is as follows: Alarm level Critical
Alarm type
Event type
Event alarm
Internal alarm
Alarm No. 2501
3.3.2 Troubleshooting I. Alarm Cause The alarm cause is that the configuration file of the adapter is incorrect.
II. Solution Check whether the files under the directory etc of the adapter exist.
3.4 Insufficient Device Space for Performance Database If the remaining data device space or log device space of the performance database is less than the thresholds, the system alarms: z
Performance Database: data device space insufficient 3-5
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Performance Database: log device space insufficient
z
3.4.1 Details of Alarm The alarm indicates that the space of the alarm database exceeds the threshold. If the remaining data device space of the performance database is insufficient, the performance statistic results may be lost and the performance server may be suspended. If the log device space of the performance database is insufficient, performance service may be unavailable.
3.4.2 Reference Information The reference information related to the alarm is as follows: Alarm level
Alarm type
Event type
Alarm No.
Alarm parameter Number of parameters: 2
Critical
Fault alarm
Internal alarm
2704/2705
Data equipment space alarm, total space(M) = 200, Free(M) = 199
3.4.3 Troubleshooting I. Alarm Cause The remaining data device space of the performance database is less than 200 MB.
II. Alarm Location To locate the alarm, check whether: z
The alarm threshold is improper.
z
There are a large number of statistic results in the database.
z
The log device space of the performance database is small.
III. Solutions Perform the following operations to clear the alarm: 1)
Delete manually the log that is no longer needed. Please refer to “4.2.14 Solution to Log Space Full”.
2)
Add data device space to the performance database. Please refer to “3.2.3 III. 4) Add database space.”.
3)
Manually recover this alarm after the fault is cleared.
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3.5 Connection Interrupted Between BAM and Host This section describes the alarm of connection interruption between the BAM and the host.
3.5.1 Details of Alarm When the connection between BAM and host is interrupted. “BAM and Host disconnect” is reported.
3.5.2 Reference Information The reference information related to the alarm is as follows: Alarm level Critical
Alarm type Fault alarm
Event type Internal alarm
Alarm No. 2505
3.5.3 Troubleshooting I. Alarm Cause The alarm cause is that the connection between the BAM and the host is disconnected.
II. Solution Check whether the connection between the BAM and the host is normal.
3.6 Connection Interrupted Between BAM and Adapter This section describes the alarm of interruption between the BAM and the adapter.
3.6.1 Details of Alarm When the communication between the adapter and the BAM/GPRS is disconnected. “BAM and Adapter disconnect” is reported.
3.6.2 Reference Information The reference information related to the alarm is as follows: Alarm level Critical
Alarm type Fault alarm
Event type Internal alarm
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3.6.3 Troubleshooting To handle this alarm, do as follows: z
Check whether the connection between the adapter and the BAM/host (GPRS) is normal.
z
Check whether the user name and password of the adapter are correct for the BAM. There is "User login success" in the log of the adapter.
z
Select the NE icon in the RWS, and press to modify the user name and password for the BAM. For security consideration, the user name and password in the displayed window are blank, no matter whether the user name and password are set or not.
Caution: When you modify the binary BAM user name and password at the LocalWS, all inputs are converted to upper case. Therefore, you must input the upper case user name and password to log in to the BAM from the RWS.
3.7 FTP Connection Interrupted This section describes the alarm of FTP connection interruption.
3.7.1 Details of Alarm When logging in to the cBSC/RAC BAM by FTP fails, “FTP logging incorrect” is reported.
3.7.2 Reference Information The reference information of versions later than B03D502 is as follows: Alarm level Critical
Alarm type Fault alarm
Event type Internal alarm
Alarm No. 2706
The reference information of versions earlier than B03D502 is as follows: Alarm level Critical
Alarm type Event alarm
Event type Internal alarm
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Alarm No. 2703
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3.7.3 Troubleshooting Perform the following operations to clear the alarm: z
Check whether the connection between the cBSC/RAC and the M2000 is normal.
z
Check whether the FTP user name and password are correct by logging to BAM in FTP mode. The default user name and password are “ftp” and “ftp1234” respectively.
z
Confirm whether FTP service is started at the BAM.
3.8 Performance Measurement Item Threshold Exceeded This section describes the alarms of performance measurement item threshold exceeded.
3.8.1 Reference Information The reference information related to the alarm is as follows: Alarm level Customized
Alarm type Event alarm
Event type Internal alarm
Alarm No. 65538
3.8.2 Troubleshooting I. Alarm Cause The alarm cause is that the performance indexes exceed the defined alarm threshold.
II. Solution Check and trace network operations according to the specific indexes that exceed the threshold.
3.9 Illegal Login This section describes the alarm of illegal login.
3.9.1 Details of Alarm The alarm is reported when: z
Logging in at illegal time.
z
Logging in at illegal location.
z
Wrong user name and password are entered for three times.
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3.9.2 Reference Information The reference information related to the alarm is as follow: Alarm level
Alarm type
Event type
Critical
Event alarm
Internal alarm
Alarm No. 2800
Alarm parameter Two alarm parameters: illegal user name and illegal IP
The alarm information may be: z
Locked user (%s) attempts to log in from (%s)!
z
User (%s) attempts to log in from (%s) at illegal time!
z
User (%s) attempts to log in from illegal location (%s)!
z
Password of user (%s) is incorrect! User to be locked…, ip (%s)
3.9.3 Troubleshooting I. Alarm Cause The possible causes for the alarm are: z
The locked user attempts to log in.
z
The user attempts to log in at illegal time.
z
The user attempts to log in at illegal location.
z
The user enters the incorrect password.
II. Solution Check whether there is illegal intrusion according to the alarm information, or contact the system administrator.
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Chapter 4 Handling Common Failures
Chapter 4 Handling Common Failures The chapter introduces how to analyze and locate common failures of the M2000 system during M2000 running and installation. The common failure are grouped into the following categories: z
Common failures in the common platform
z
Common failures in the configuration management
z
Common failures in the fault management
z
Common failures in the performance management
z
Common installation and maintenance failures
4.1 List of Common Failures Common failures are listed in Table 4-1. Regarding the detailed analysis and locating procedures, please see related sections. Table 4-1 Items of common failure Service Module
Item Incorrect User Name and Password Unable to Delete “M2000 Server” Objects Red Cross on NE Icon
Common platform
Failed to Set Up Connection between M2000 Client and Server Unable to Bring up the NE Service Console Menu with a Right-click IP Address Setting
Configuration Management
Failed to Refresh Configuration Data Failed to Set Up Connection between M2000 Client and Alarm Server
Fault Management
Failed to Report Alarm Data Low Query Execution Speed Message of "Printing. Cannot be closed." Failed to Register Performance Task
Performance Management
Failed to Report Results of Performance Tasks Solution to Log Space Full Solution to Locked Database
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Service Module
Item Sybase System Installation Aborted Failed to Display Process Status Failed to Log in to Sybase System
Installation and Maintenance
Failed to Start Sybase Automatically Failed to Building Database Failed to Install M2000 Application Software Failed to Copy File
4.2 Procedure of Handling Common Failures The following describes how to handle the common failures.
Note: The remote workstation described in this chapter is the remote client of the iManager M2000. To start the RWS, you may click Windows menu [Start/Program/iManager M2000/Integrated Network Management System], or run the remotews.exe file under the "bin" directory in the M2000 installation path.
4.2.1 Incorrect User Name and Password I. Description System prompts incorrect user name or password when user tries to log on.
II. Analysis In the M2000 system, user name and password are case sensitive.
III. Solution Input the user name and password again, be sure to use correct case.
4.2.2 Unable to Delete “M2000 Server” Objects I. Description User is unable to delete an “M2000 Server” object in the integrated network management system.
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II. Analysis When M2000 installation is finished, by default there will be an OMC object named “M2000 Server”, which represents M2000 itself. However in the M2000 system, only one “M2000 Server” object is allowed, as a result, the integrated network management system only provides user with the authority to modify other than delete this “M2000 Server” object or add a new one.
4.2.3 Red Cross on NE Icon I. Description The red cross on the NE icon indicates that the connection between the Client and the BAM of the NE is broken. The possible reasons are: z
The adapter runs abnormally.
z
The communication between the server and the BAM is abnormal.
z
The adapter cannot log in to the BAM successfully.
II. Solution To handle the problem, proceed as follows: 1)
Check whether the Adapter runs normally:
z
Press on the RWS to display the [Running Status Monitoring] window.
z
In the top-right sub-window, check whether the NE’s BAM IP is consistent with that in the routing information of its corresponding Adapter.
z
Check whether the type description is “Adapter”.
YÖ 2) NÖ Check the running status of the Adapter process at the server. Check that the Adapter is configured correctly and then restart the related Adapter process. Proceed as follows: z
Check the running status of the Adapter process at the server. For example, if the adapter is connected to the BAM (IP: 10.105.33.238), there should be the process of "…/adapterd 10.105.33.238" when executing ps-ef|grep adapterd.
z
Check the adapter.cfg at the server. Execute more etc/adapter.cfg. The following information is displayed (example): #private [howmany] AdapterNumbers = 1 [adapter] SwitchIP = 10.11.43.57
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2)
Check whether the communication between the server which Adapter is running on and the BAM of the NE is normal.
YÖ 3) NÖ Configure the network correctly to ensure the normal communication between Adapter and the BAM.
3)
Check whether the user name and the password for Adapter to log in to the BAM are correct. (The Adapter log contains “User Login success”)
YÖ 4) NÖ Select the NE icon on the RWS and press to modify the user name and the password to log in to the BAM.
Note: z
For safety reasons, user name and password are not displayed in the popup window no matter whether they have been set or not.
z
When the user name (log in to the binary BAM) and its password are modified through LocalWS, the LocalWS will convert them to upper case form. Therefore, while entering the user name and password on the M2000 RWS by selecting the NE icon and then pressing , make sure that user name and related password are in upper case.
4)
Check whether there is red cross on the NE.
YÖ Contact Huawei technical support engineers. NÖ 5) 5)
End.
4.2.4 Failed to Set Up Connection between M2000 Client and Server I. Description The M2000 client fails to connect to the server. The RWS client displays “connection failure with all servers”. But, the processes of the servers still exist. 4-4
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II. Solution To handle the problem, proceed as follows: 1)
Log in to the M2000 server and check whether processes of the servers exist, using the following command.
$ps –ef|grep m2000 m2000
353
1
m2000
376
m2000
369
m2000
398
397
0 18:11:48 ?
0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/configsvrd
m2000
422
421
0 18:11:50 ?
0:05 /export/home/m2000/bin/alarmsvrd
m2000
435
1
0 18:11:53 ?
0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/alarmsend
m2000
436
435
0 18:11:53 ?
0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/alarmsend
m2000
478
476
0 18:11:56 ?
m2000
342
1
0 18:11:42 ?
0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/timesvrd
m2000
501
499
0 18:11:59 ?
0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/timersvrd
375 342
0 18:11:44 ? 0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/switch 0 18:11:45 ?
0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/commonsvrd
0 18:11:45 ?
0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/timesvrd
0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/pmsvrd
YÖ 3) NÖ 2).
2)
Check whether the process of the Sybase is normal.
The commands are: #ps -ef | egrep "dataserver|backupserver" | egrep -v "sh|grep"|wc –l If the output value is 2, it means that the process is normal. Otherwise, reboot the process of the Sybase server manually. #/etc/rc2.d/S97sybsvr stop #/etc/rc2.d/S97sybsvr start Then reboot the process of the M2000 server. #/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr stop #/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr start After three to five minutes, check whether the processes of the M2000 server are normal according to step 1. If the problem still exists, check the log files under /export/home/m2000/log to see whether there is any error information. If there are, correct the errors according to the detailed certain information. Check whether the problem is solved. YÖ End. NÖ Contact Huawei technical support engineers.
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3)
Chapter 4 Handling Common Failures
Press on the RWS of the M2000 to see the routing information on the right corner. Check whether processes of the servers exist (as shown in the figure below).
YÖ Contact Huawei technical support engineers. NÖ 4).
4)
Log in to the M2000 server as the root user, and reboot the process of the M2000 server.
#/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr stop #/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr start After three to five minutes, check whether the problem is solved. YÖ End. Upgrade the M2000 common version to the B03D501 or later versions. NÖ Contact Huawei technical support engineers.
4.2.5 Unable to Bring up the NE Service Console Menu with a Right-click I. Description The user can not bring up the NE service console menu with a right click.
II. Solution 1)
The user does not have authority to operate the object.
2)
The NE service console application is not correctly installed.
3)
The current object does not carry correct version information.
4.2.6 IP Address Setting I. Description How to set IP address in a newly added or modified object.
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II. Solution 1)
Adapter IP
The Adapter’s IP for the current object. If the status of an object is "Communication interrupted", check if the Adapter IP of the current object is correct. 2)
NE IP
If the current object has NE service, input the BAM IP address in the NE IP. If there is a problem starting NE service, please make sure the BAM IP has been correctly input. 3)
BAU Server IP
If IE connection fails to establish when user clicks the billing service menu option of the MSC object, please make sure the information here is correct. 4)
HLR Server IP
When the HLR user data management service program is installed in a maintenance terminal, the integrated network management system will display the installed IP information in the drop-down list in HLR server’s IP property settings. User may make the selection in the list according to his own needs. The integrated network management system will then decide whether to display the HLR User Data Management menu according to the user’s choice. Therefore, when the HLR User Data Management menu is not displayed correctly, please check the settings here.
4.2.7 Failed to Refresh Configuration Data I. Analysis The possible causes are: z
The BAM user has no authority to query the configuration database.
z
The workstation of the adapter is not authorized to query the configuration database.
z
The refreshing operation is not performed.
II. Solution To handle the problem, proceed as follows: 1)
Check whether the NE status and the connection between the clients and the server are normal.
2)
Check whether the NE version and the adapter version are consistent.
3)
Check whether the user and workstation are authorized to query the configuration database. The workstation must be authorized to system administrator.
4)
Manually refresh the NE at the centralized configuration client and observe the information at the status bar to locate the failure. 4-7
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4.2.8 Failed to Set Up Connection between M2000 Client and Alarm Server I. Description The M2000 client fails to connect to the alarm server. It is displayed on the RWS that the connection to the alarm server is interrupted or abnormal.
II. Analysis When the client fails to connect the alarm server, check whether the alarm server process is normal and whether the number of alarm records exceeds the limit in the alarm database.
Note: When the number of history alarms exceeds the preset value, the M2000 alarm server deletes redundant history alarms. That is, the M2000 alarm server deletes at most 5000 alarms per type per level once every half an hour. When the system generates large amount of alarms owing to upgrade or other reasons, the alarms reported in half an hour may be more than alarms the system deletes automatically. If this situation lasts, the history alarms will be over redundant, thus affecting the normal operation of the alarm server process.
III. Solution To handle the problem, proceed as follows: 1)
Verify whether the version of the M2000 common service is B03D501 or earlier.
YÖ 2) NÖ Contact Huawei technical support engineers.
2)
Check whether history alarms are over redundant in the M2000 alarm database.
Proceed as follows: Log in to the M2000 server as m2000. Execute the following commands to query the history alarm table. $ isql -Usa -Pserver1234 1> use alarmdb 2> go 1> select count(*) from m2000.history 2> go -----------
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/*Check the number of history alarms*/
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If the number of records is over 500,000, it is recommended to clear all the history alarms. If the number of records is small, directly go to step 5. Confirm whether all the history alarms can be deleted because the deletion is irretrievable. Confirm whether to delete all the history alarms. YÖ 3) NÖ 4)
3)
Clear all the records of history alarms in the M2000 alarm database.
Proceed as follows: Log in to the M2000 server. Stop the M2000 server process. $su #/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr stop Execute the following commands to clear the history alarm table. #su – m2000 $isql -Usa -Pserver1234 1> use alarmdb 2> go 1> truncate table m2000.history 2> go 1>exit Restart the M2000 server process. $su #/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr start Check whether the problem is solved five minutes later. YÖ End. NÖ 5)
4)
If the deleting of all the history alarms is not permitted, you can delete the history alarms generated before a specific time, which needs a longer time. To delete
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history alarms generated before a specific time, please execute the following commands: Log in to the M2000 server. Stop the M2000 server process. $su #/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr stop Execute the following command to delete history alarms generated before a specific time. #su – m2000 $isql -Usa -Pserver1234 1> use alarmdb 2> go 1> set rowcount 5000 2> go /*Execute the following commands repeatedly until the system does not display “(5000 rows affected)”. */
1> delete from m2000.history where occurtime go /*The above commands mean all the history alarms generated before 00:00:00 on March 1, 2004 will be deleted. You may change the time as needed. */ Restart the M2000 server process. $su #/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr start Check whether the problem is solved five minutes later. YÖ End. NÖ 5)
5)
Check whether event alarms are over redundant in the M2000 alarm database.
Proceed as follows: Log in to the M2000 server as m2000. Execute the following commands to query the event alarm table. $ isql -Usa -Pserver1234 1> use alarmdb 2> go 4-10
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1> select count(*) from m2000.event
/*Check the number of event alarms*/
2> go 512345 (1 row affected)
If the number of records is more than 500,000, it is recommended to clear all the event alarms. If the number is small, directly go to step 8. Confirm whether all the event alarms can be deleted before deleting them. (This operation is irretrievable. ) YÖ 6) NÖ 7)
6)
Clear all the event alarms in the M2000 alarm database.
Change the table name m2000.history to m2000.event and proceed as the step 3 describes. Check whether the problem is solved five minutes later. YÖ End. NÖ 8)
7)
If the deleting of all the event alarms is not permitted, you can delete the event alarms generated before a specific time. However, it will take comparatively longer time.
Change the table name m2000.history to m2000.event and proceed as the step 4 describes.
8)
Proceed with the following operations
Log in to the M2000 server as m2000. Execute the following commands to query the number of alarm records. $ isql -Usa -Pserver1234 1> use alarmdb 2> go 1> select count(*) from m2000.history
/*Check the number of history alarms*/
2> go 1> select count(*) from m2000.fault 2> go
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1>select count(*) from m2000.event
/*Check the number of event alarms*/
2>go 1>exit Contact Huawei technical support engineers and feed back the returned result of the above commands and the log files under the directory /export/home/m2000/log.
4.2.9 Failed to Report Alarm Data I. Analysis The possible causes are: z
The server does not report alarms.
z
The alarm server is abnormal.
z
The database is abnormal.
II. Solution To handle this problem, check whether: z
The NE version is consistent with the adapter version.
z
There is certain alarm on LMT of host.
z
Alarms are shielded.
z
Alarms are repeated alarms.
z
Alarms are newly added.
z
The server works normally if all NEs cannot report alarms.
z
The NE adapter works normally if all alarms of a certain NE cannot be reported.
4.2.10 Low Query Execution Speed I. Description While querying or browsing command is being executed, the system is in engaged for a fairly long time. If user switches to other programs and then switches back, the alarm console seems not responding at all.
II. Analysis 1)
There are too many records in the database, and it will take long time for the query to complete.
2)
Or if the network transmission speed is slow at the moment, the query will also take a long time to finish. In such cases, the program may still be running and will start responding in a while.
III. Solution Check if the network connection is Ok.
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4.2.11 Message of "Printing. Cannot be closed." I. Description When user tries to shut down the centralized fault management system, a message pops up saying "Printing. Cannot be closed." or "Alarm system is real-printing, please finish real-printing before close the real-time browse form." -- the system will not shut down.
II. Analysis Probably the program is printing query or browsing alarm records, or the real-time printing switch is on -- in such cases, the program can not be shut down.
III. Solution If deciding to exit the alarm console, switch the real-time printing off or wait until current query or browsing printing process completes.
4.2.12 Failed to Register Performance Task I. Analysis The possible causes are: z
The task object does not exist.
z
The number of the registered objects exceeds the processing capability of the host.
z
The number of the registered tasks exceeds the limit of the host.
II. Solution To handle the problem, proceed as follows: 1)
Check whether the NE status and the connection between the clients and the server are normal.
2)
Check whether the NE version and the adapter version are consistent.
3)
Check whether the configuration data is refreshed. You can add scheduled refreshing task at the centralized configuration console to ensure timely refreshing.
4)
Check whether the number of objects exceeds the processing capability of the host. For example, the GMSC can process only seven objects once.
5)
Check whether all cds files under “bin/PM_NWS_SysTable” of M2000 clients are deleted after upgrading and restarting the M2000 server. Deleting the files can ensure the clients to obtain the latest performance data from the server.
6)
Check whether tasks can be successfully registered at NE LMT.
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4.2.13 Failed to Report Results of Performance Tasks I. Analysis The possible causes are: z
The version is mismatched.
z
There is no traffic data reported from the BAM.
z
The M2000 server is not assigned the relevant authority.
z
The performance server works abnormally.
z
The database is abnormal.
II. Solution To handle the problem, proceed as follows: 1)
Check whether the software version matches.
2)
Check whether no task result of this NE is reported, or all task results stop being reported at a certain moment.
YÖ 3) NÖ 10)
3)
Check whether the server where the Adapter is running on is assigned with relevant authority on the BAM. Execute the commands LST WS and LST OP on the BAM. The authority information is obtained.
YÖ 5) NÖ 4)
4)
Assign the server with relevant authority on the BAM and reconnect the Adapter and the BAM by performing the following operations:
Add the administrator authority to the IP address of the server where the Adapter resides on the BAM through the MML command: ADD WS:WS="m2000svr", IP="xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx". (xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx indicates the IP address of the server where the Adapter is running on) SET WSCG: WS="m2000server", CG=G_SYS-1. Restart the corresponding adapter on the M2000 server On completion of the above operations, observe for 2-3 hours to see whether the performance task result is reported. YÖ End NÖ 5) 5)
Check whether the NE type is cBSC.
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YÖ 6) NÖ 7) 6)
Check whether the 6002 port is connected well on the cBSC BAM by executing the command netstat -n. It is possible that the maintenance port 6000 between the cBSS BAM and Adapter is connected well, while the port 6002 is disconnected. Because of disconnection, no traffic data and the real-time alarm are reported through the 6001 port.
To recover the connection of the port 6002, you need to restart the Adapter. Perform the operation below on the M2000 server where the Adapter is located: $ps -ef|grep cbssadapter adapter
21718
2237
0
14:39:49
?
0:01
/export/home/adapter/cbssadapter/V100R005B03D101/bin/adapterd 10.129.200.108
$kill 21718 After the above operation, check on the cBSS BAM whether the Adapter is connected to the BAM through port 6002. Observe for 2-3 hours to see whether the performance task result has been reported. YÖ End NÖ 10) 7)
Check whether the NE type is MSC61.
YÖ 8) NÖ 10) 8)
On the BAM, query whether the authority group (G_2) for traffic measurement has been added to “PRE QRST” by using the command LST CCG: CG=G_2.
YÖ 10) NÖ 9) 9)
Log on to the MSC61 BAM as the super user and then execute the command: ADD CCG: CG=G_2, CN="PRE QRST";. If the operation succeeds, observe for 2-3 hours to see whether the performance task result is reported.
YÖ End NÖ 10) 10) Query whether the running status of the task is activated on the performance Client. If other statuses or failure causes are returned, handle it as below: z
“No Task”: Re-register the task. 4-15
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“No Objects” or “Objects Have No Response”: It indicates that the objects have changed due to the configuration. It is necessary to re-register the task or delete the original objects through [Modify Objects] and then add new objects.
z
If the returned task status is “Suspended”, then activate the task.
On completion of the above operation, observe for 2-3 hours to see whether the performance task result has been reported. YÖ End. NÖ 11) 11) Check on the BAM whether the relevant task result has been reported normally. YÖ 12) NÖ Try to find out the reason or contact technical support department of Huawei. 12) Check the running status of the performance server (pmsvrd) by using the command “ps”: $ps -ef|grep pmsvrd m2000 10102 26847 1 11:46:32 ? 0:02 /export/home/m2000/bin/pmsvrd m2000 26847 1 0 Sep 11 ? 0:00 monsvrd /export/home/m2000/bin/pmsvrd
If the start time of pmsvrd process is far from that of the monsvrd process, and the start time of pmsvrd is quite close to the current time of the server, it indicates that pmsvrd may be restarted frequently. Check whether the process of the performance server is normal. YÖ 14) NÖ 13) 13) For M2000 versions earlier than M2000 (COMMON) V100R005B03D501, if the bootscript ($/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr start) is executed repeatedly, the M2000 server may be restarted frequently. This problem can be solved through the following steps: $/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr stop $/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr start On completion of the above operation, observe for 2-3 hours to see whether the performance task result is reported. YÖ End NÖ 14) 14) Check whether the performance database is normal.
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Log on to the M2000 server as the m2000 user and then perform the following operations to check the database. $su - m2000 $isql -Usa -Pserver1234 1>sp_who 2>go fid spid status loginame origname hostname blk dbname cmd 0 16 sleeping sa
sa
yshai
0 pmdb LOG SUSPEND
If "pmdb LOG SUSPEND” is returned, it indicates no space is available for the log. Continue the following operation and refer to “4.2.14 Solution to Log Space Full”. 1>sp_helpdb pmdb 2>go name db_size
owner dbid created status
pmdb 4096.0 MB sa
10 Aug 25, 2003 ddl in tran, allow nulls by default
(1 row affected) device_fragments size usage free kbytes data_dev 2048.0 MB data only 2093056 log_dev 2048.0 MB log only 123392 device segment data_dev default data_dev system log_dev logsegment (return status = 0)
On completion of the above operation, if there is little space available for log in the PMDB (less than 200M), it can be confirmed that the log space is full. Refer to “4.2.14 Solution to Log Space Full”. If there is little space available for data in the PMDB (less than 200), it can be confirmed that the PMDB is full. Then delete some data. If no problem is found in the above operation, continue the following operation: 1>sp_lock 2>go The class column will display the cursor name for locks associated with a cursor for the current user and the cursor id for other users. fid spid locktype table_id page row dbname class context 0 15 Sh_page 1260531524 8462 0 pmdb Non Cursor Lock 0 16 Ex_table 1292531638 0 0 pmdb Non Cursor Lock Fam dur (2 rows affected) (return status = 0)
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After the above operation, if the page or the table is locked in the PMDB, refer to “4.2.15 Solution to Locked Database” described below. On completion of the above operation, observe for 2-3 hours to see whether the performance task result is reported. YÖ End. NÖ Contact technical support engineers of Huawei.
4.2.14 Solution to Log Space Full Clear the log in the database through the following command: $isql -Usa -Pserver1234 1>dump transaction pmdb with no_log 2>go
4.2.15 Solution to Locked Database There are two solutions: z
If the lock is caused by the insufficient log space, refer to “4.2.14 Solution to Log Space Full” described in the above.
z
If the lock is caused by the access conflict between NWS, SVR or the timing clearance program, handle it as below:
1)
Disable the conflict process through the command KILL. $isql -Usa -Pserver1234 1>kill 15 /*15 is the process ID (SPID), refer to the above example*/ 2>go 1>kill 16
/*16 is the process ID (SPID), refer to the above example*/
2>go 2)
Restart the performance server. $su - m2000 $cd bin $ps -ef|grep pmsvrd m2000
10200
1
0
11:56:35
?
0:00
monsvrd
/export/home/m2000/bin/pmsvrd
m2000 10201 10200 1 11:56:35 ? 0:00 /export/home/m2000/bin/pmsvrd
$kill -9 10201 10200 $monsvrd /export/home/m2000/bin/pmsvrd
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4.2.16 Sybase System Installation Aborted I. Description The installation is aborted when configuring the Sybase using command "srvbuild".
II. Analysis 1)
The user did not log on as a root user;
2)
The IP address in file "/etc/hosts" does not match that of the current host.
III. Solution 1)
Log on as a root user;
# su - root # xhost +hostname # su - sybase $ cd /export/home/sybase/bin $ srvbuild 2)
Modify the host IP address in file "/etc/hosts" as that of the current host.
4.2.17 Failed to Display Process Status I. Description The process status is not displayed when the command "ps – ef" is executed.
II. Analysis When installing sybase with raw device mode, the user uninstalled the "/proc" by mistake.
III. Solution Use the command "mount" to load the "/proc". $mount /proc
4.2.18 Failed to Log in to Sybase System I. Description Fails to enter Sybase environment using the command "isql -Usa", or fails to start Sybase process.
II. Analysis DSQUERY variants have not been set in environment variant settings.
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III. Solution 1)
Edit file ".profile" and add in "DSQUERY=sybserver". There is no space before or after the equal mark.
2)
Start Sybase process.
Please refer to “5.2.1 Starting Sybase Processes”.
4.2.19 Failed to Start Sybase Automatically I. Description When the system starts, the Sybase database does not start automatically.
II. Analysis The auto-start file "/etc/rc2.d/S97sybsvr" has not been created.
III. Solution 1)
Log on as a root user and create auto-start file "/etc/rc2.d/S97sybsvr":
su - sybase -c "/install/startserver \ -f /install/RUN_sybserver \ -f /install/RUN_sybserver_back" sleep 15 2)
Modify auto-start file properties:
chmod 700 /etc/rc2.d/S97sybsvr
4.2.20 Failed to Building Database I. Description The database installation fails.
II. Analysis The device name created during the Sybase database installation process does not match that in the installation script.
III. Solution 1)
Delete the error device by executing the command sp_dropdevice.
2)
Create equipment name as: "data_dev" and "log_dev".
4.2.21 Failed to Install M2000 Application Software I. Description The installation is aborted when executing the command "pkgadd". 4-20
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II. Analysis The user did not install software as a root user or had not deleted the M2000 software installed previously.
III. Solution Switch to root user or uninstall the M2000 software package. To uninstall M2000 application software, proceed as follows: 1)
Uninstall M2000 server software.
#pkgrm HWM2000 During uninstalling, answer all questions with “yes”. 2)
Delete the directory.
#rm -r HWM2000
4.2.22 Failed to Copy File I. Description The installation process halts while copying files, a dialogue box of file copy error pops up. If user presses OK, the installtion process will terminate.
II. Analysis The files being copied are trying to overwrite the files being used by the system or the dynamic link library loaded by the system -- this will lead to file copy failure.
III. Solution 1)
Close all the other programs currently running, run the setup program again and see if the error sustains.
YÖ 2) NÖ 3) 2)
Reboot the computer (so as not to load the dynamic link library), and run the setup program again and see if the error sustains.
YÖ Contact the technical support personnel for help. NÖ 3) 3)
End
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Chapter 5 Process Operations
Chapter 5 Process Operations All the processes described in “1.4 Processes” start upon startup of the M2000 server. In special cases, you can stop or restart a process using the commands provided by the operating system.
5.1 Service Processes Service process operation involves how to start and stop the overall service processes or a single process.
5.1.1 Starting All Service Processes You can log in as root and start M2000 server processes using the following command: #/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr start Or: #/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr restart
5.1.2 Stopping All Service Processes You can log in as root and stop M2000 server processes using the following command: #/etc/rc2.d/S98m2000svr stop
5.1.3 Starting Single Service Process For a daemon process such as switch, you can log in as m2000 and start it using the following command: $/export/home/m2000/bin/switch For a process that needs to be monitored by monsvrd, you can start it using the following command: $cd; cd bin; monsvrd /export/home/m2000/bin/timersvrd
5.1.4 Stopping Single Service Process You can log in as m2000 and stop a process using the command kill directly. But as an exception, to stop the timervrd, 1)
Query its process number using the command:
$ ps -ef|grep timersvrd|grep -v grep m2000
494
1
0
/export/home/m2000/bin/timersvrd
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m2000
2)
496
494 0
Aug 11 ?
0:01 /export/home/m2000/bin/timersvrd
Execute the following command to stop processes 496 and 494:
$kill -9 496 494
Note: To prevent process disorder, avoid starting or stopping a single process. Instead, always start or stop the all the M2000 server processes following methods described in 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 .
5.2 Sybase Processes The Sybase process operation involves how to start and stop Sybase processes.
5.2.1 Starting Sybase Processes You can log in as root and start the Sybase process using the command: #/etc/rc2.d/S97sybsvr start Or: #/etc/rc2.d/S97sybsvr restart Alternatively, you can log in as sybase and execute the flowing command: $ cd;cd install; ./startserver -f RUN_sybserver -f RUN_sybserver_back
5.2.2 Stopping Sybase Processes You can log in as m2000 or sybase and stop the Sybase process using the following command: $isql -Usa -Pserver1234 1> shutdown SYB_BACKUP 2> go Backup Server: 3.48.1.1: The Backup Server will go down immediately. Terminating sessions.
1> shutdown 2> go Server SHUTDOWN by request. The SQL Server is terminating this process. CT-LIBRARY error: ct_results(): network packet layer: internal net library error: Net-Library operation terminated due to disconnect
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CT-LIBRARY error: ct_cancel(): network packet layer: internal net library error: Net-Library operation terminated due to disconnect
It is not recommended you stop the Sybase processes using one of the following commands: z
#/etc/rc2.d/S97sybsvr stop
z
kill
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Chapter 6 Hardware Maintenance
Chapter 6 Hardware Maintenance This chapter describes the maintenance tasks that the System Administrator performs.
6.1 Shutting Down Sun Server Following are instructions to shut down the whole system in various hardware environments, including power-off of all power supplies and boards.
6.1.1 Shutting Down SunFire 4800 To shut down the SunFire 4800, do as follows: 1)
Log in to the server as root.
2)
Shut down the server using the following command:
# scshutdown -i0 -g0 –y
/*For one-node system, execute shutdown -i0 -g0 –y */
The two SunFire 4800 servers are in the OK status. 3)
Log in to the administration workstation as root.
4)
Telnet to the system controller board of the Sun Fire server using the following command:
# telnet sc_alias The following is displayed: Escape character is '^]'. System Controller '': Type 0 for Platform Shell. Type 1 for domain A console. Type 2 for domain B console. Type 3 for domain C console. Type 4 for domain D console
5)
Enter 1 to select domain A for platform by doing the following:
The following is displayed: {2} ok
6)
Press to go back to the platform shell by doing the following:
The following is displayed: telnet>
View the prompt using the following command: send break The following is displayed:
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Domain Shell for Domain A - :A> System Administration Guide for CNM 1.1, PNM 3.0 and RNM 1.2
7)
Disconnect the connection using the following command:
disc The following is displayed: Connection closed. :SC>
8)
Query the current statuses of the “virtual” key switches using the following command:
showkeyswitch The following is displayed: Domain A main switch is: on Domain B main switch is: off Domain C main switch is: off Domain D main switch is: off
9)
Turn off the main switch for domain A using the following command:
setkeyswitch -d a off 10) Power off all components using the following command: poweroff all At this point, the system is powered off; only the system controller board and media tray are running. 11) Turn off the physical power supply key switches located on the back of the machine to power off the controller itself. 12) Power off the T3 disk array. To continue the shutdown procedure, see “6.3 Powering On or Off T3 ”.
6.1.2 Shutting Down Sun V880/Netra 20 To shut down other Sun Servers, do as follows: 1)
Log in to the server as root.
2)
Shut down the server using the following command:
# shutdown -i0 -g0 -y The following is displayed: {0} ok
3)
For the V880 server, press and hold the button on the front panel of the server for approximately five seconds.
For other servers, turn off the physical power supply key switches on the back of the machines. Power off the T3 disk array. 6-2
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To continue the shutdown procedure, see “6.3 Powering On or Off T3 ”.
6.2 Powering On Sun Server Following are instructions to power on the whole system in various hardware environments.
6.2.1 Powering On SunFire 4800 To power on the SunFire 4800, do as follows: 1)
Make sure that all disk arrays are powered on.
For more information, see “6.3 Powering On or Off T3 ”. 2)
Make sure that the D240 is powered on.
3)
Power on the server.
The LED on the controller board is on. 4)
Log in to the administrator workstation as root.
5)
Telnet to the System Controller board of the SunFire 4800 using the following command:
# telnet sc_alias The following is displayed: Escape character is ‘^]’. System Controller ‘’: Type 0 for Platform Shell. Type 1 for domain A console. Type 2 for domain B console. Type 3 for domain C console. Type 4 for domain D console Enter 0 to select the Platform Shell.
6)
Power on all the modules using the following command:
poweron all 7)
Switch to domain A using the following command:
console –d a The following is displayed: Connected to Domain A Domain Shell for Domain A :A>
8)
Set the key switch to "on" using the following command:
setkeyswitch on This step takes several minutes.
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The following is displayed: Powering boards on ... Testing CPU Boards ... ……… Sun Fire x800 {0} ok
9)
Boot the server using the following command:
boot The following is displayed: ……… Trapdistributor starting... The system is ready. console login:
10) Press to exit the login prompt. The following is displayed: telnet>
11) Send break using the following command: send brk The following is displayed: :A>
You are now in the shell of Domain A. 12) Go back to the System Controller shell using the following command: disc At this point, press twice. The following is displayed: connection closed :SC>
You are now in the System Controller shell. 13) Exit (return) to the original session using the following command: disc The following is displayed: Connection closed by foreign host.
Note: For dual-node system, perform step 3 to 13 for the secondary server.
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6.2.2 Powering On Sun V880/Netra 20 To power on Sun V880/Netra 20, do as follows: 1)
Make sure that all disk arrays are powered on.
For more information, see “6.3 Powering On or Off T3 ”. 2)
For Sun V880, press the button on the front panel of the server.
For Sun Netra 20, turn on the physical power supply switches on the lower back of the machine. The system reboots itself automatically. The following is displayed: {0} ok
3)
Boot the system using the following command:
boot
6.3 Powering On or Off T3 Disk Array The following describes how to power on or off T3 disk array.
6.3.1 Powering On T3 Disk Array Always power on the disk array before booting the host server. To power on the disk array, press the power button on each unit. LEDs of all units turn green.
6.3.2 Powering Off T3 Disk Array You need to power off the disk array only when: z
You re-configure the hardware.
z
You change the location of the system.
z
You replace the parts.
z
An emergency such as a threat of flooding occurs.
Caution This following procedure will power off the disk array and other arrays connected to it.
To power off the T3 disk array, proceed as follows: 1)
Make sure the related disk arrays are shut down. Alternatively, you can un-mount the volumes on the data host before powering off the array.
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Ensure that there are no I/O operations on the data path between the host and the array.
3)
Log in to the administration workstation as root.
4)
Proceed as follows for each array:
Telnet to the array as user root: # telnet T3_array_alias 5)
Shut down the array:
:/: shutdown The following is displayed: Shutdown the system, are you sure? [N]:
6)
Enter “y”.
7)
Press the power button once on each power and cooling unit to turn the switch off.
6.4 Monitoring T3 Disk Array You can monitor the T3 disk array in the following two ways: z
Using pSOSystem commands
z
Using the Component Manager GUI
6.4.1 Using pSOSystem Commands to Monitor T3 Disk Array To monitor the T3 disk array, do as follows: 1)
Telnet to the disk array you want to maintain using the following command:
# telnet T3_name Example: # telnet t3e1 2)
Log on as root using the following command:
root The following is displayed: Password:
3)
Provide the password of “T3 name”:
4)
Check the information as needed:
z
To list the FRU information, use the following command: :/:fru list The following is displayed (specific output may differ): ID TYPE VENDOR MODEL REVISION SERIAL ------ ----------------- ----------- ----------u1ctr controller card SLR-MI 375-0084-02- 0210 029554
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u2ctr controller card SLR-MI 375-0084-02- 0210 029134 u1d1 disk drive SEAGATE ST336704FSUN A726 3CD1J91N u1d2 disk drive SEAGATE ST336704FSUN A726 3CD1JBMV ….. Check the status of the fru: z
To check the status of the FRU, use the following command: :/:fru stat The following is displayed (specific output may differ): CTLR STATUS STATE ROLE PARTNER TEMP ------ ------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------u1ctr ready enabled master u2ctr 29.5 u2ctr ready enabled alt master u1ctr 30.5
DISK STATUS STATE ROLE PORT1 PORT2 TEMP VOLUME ------ -------- ---------- --------- --------- ------- --------u1d1 ready enabled data disk ready ready 30 v0 u1d2 ready enabled data disk ready ready 26 v0
LOOP STATUS STATE MODE CABLE1 CABLE2 TEMP ------ ----------- ---------- --------- ----------- -----------u2l1 ready enabled master installed - 23.5 …. POWER STATUS STATE SOURCE OUTPUT BATTERY TEMP FAN1 FAN2 ------ ------- --------- ------ ------ ------- -------- --------u1pcu1 ready enabled line normal fault normal normal normal z
To list the volumes, use the following command: :/:vol list The following is displayed (specific output may differ):
z
volume
capacity
raid
data
standby
v0
269.782 GB
5
u1d1-9
none
To check the status of the volumes, use the following command: :/:vol stat The following is displayed (specific output may differ): v0 u1d1 u1d2 mounted 0 0 v1 u2d1 u2d2 mounted 0 0
z
To display the mode of the volumes, use the following command: :/:vol mode The following is displayed (specific output may differ): 6-7
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volume mounted cache mirror v0 yes writebehind on v1 yes writebehind on z
To list the system information, use the following command: :/:sys list The following is displayed (specific output may differ): blocksize : 64k cache : auto mirror : auto mp_support : rw rd_ahead : on recon_rate : med sys memsize : 128 MBytes cache memsize : 1024 Mbytes
z
To display the system status, use the following command: :/:sys stat The following is displayed (specific output may differ): Unit State Role Partner ----- ------ ------ ------1 ONLINE Master 2 2 ONLINE AlterM 1
z
To display the general information about the array, use the following command: :/:set The following is displayed (specific output may differ): bootmode auto bootdelay 3 sn 029554 ip 192.168.8.5 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 0.0.0.0 tftphost 0.0.0.0 hostname t3-1
z
To display the ports on the system, use the following command: :/:port list The following is displayed (specific output may differ): port targetid addr_type status host wwn u1p1 1 hard online sun 50020f2300002ccf
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6.4.2 Using Manager GUI to Monitor T3 Disk Array For information on how to use the graphical user interface (GUI), see Component Manager documentation provided by Sun Microsystems, Inc.
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Appendix A Handling Common Network Faults
Appendix A Handling Common Network Faults This appendix introduces network faults analysis and fault location methods. Faults discussed in this appendix are classified into: z
Network faults, including faults detected in the M2000 Server, back administration module (BAM), and work station (WS).
z
Debugging faults of routers, including faults detected in the physical layer, link layer, network layer, and Ethernet.
A.1 Common Network Faults This section describes the common network faults.
A.1.1 Failure of WS to Connect with M2000 Server I. Fault Description The WS fails to connect with the M2000 Server, and M2000 Server cannot be pinged on the WS.
II. Fault Analysis To locate the faults, check the M2000 Server, the terminal, and network cables. z
Checking the M2000 Server To check the M2000 Server, --Log in as root and execute the command "ifconfig -a" to check the setting of the IP address. --Execute the command "ping 129.9.10.10" (suppose 129.9.10.10 is the IP address of the Server). If the server can be pinged, it indicates the network adapter and the IP address of the M2000 are set correctly. Otherwise, check and reset the IP address of the M2000 Server.
z
Checking the terminal To check the terminal, --Select [Start/Run].
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--Execute the command ping 129.9.200.51 (suppose 129.9.200.51 is the IP address of the terminal). If the terminal can be pinged, it indicates the network adapter and the IP address of the terminal are set correctly. Otherwise, check the relevant settings of the network adapter and the IP address. z
Checking whether the LAN Switch between the terminal and the M2000 Server works normally. Perform the following, --Check indicators to see whether the connection among other workstations through the LAN Switch is normal. --Replace the network cable between the workstation and the M2000 Server to remove the fault caused by the network cable.
A.1.2 Failure of WS in Far-end NMC to Connect with M2000 Server I. Fault Description The WS of the far-end network management center (NMC) fails to connect with the M2000 Server. The Ethernet 0 interface of the M2000 LAN router can be pinged at the far end, but the IP address of the M2000 server cannot be pinged.
II. Fault Analysis The E0 interface of the M2000 LAN router can be pinged at the far end, which indicates that the far-end network and the near-end router are operating normally. The IP address of the M2000 Server cannot be pinged, which indicates that the gateway at the M2000 Server is not properly set. Add the gateway at the M2000 Server. Suppose the IP address of the E0 interface of the router is 129.9.10.11, and perform the following: 1)
Execute the following commands as root on the M2000 Server: # route add default # route add 129.9.0.0 129.9.10.11
2)
Add the above commands to the file /etc/rc2.d/S97sybsvr when the connection is normal.
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Note: The purpose of adding the above commands is to add the gateway to the file /etc/rc2.d/S97sybsvr so that the gateway can be set automatically when the server restarts. Otherwise, you need to enter the above commands manually.
A.1.3 Failure to Log in to M2000 Server I. Fault Description The following command is executed on the WS of the far-end NMC. $isql –Usa –Pserver1234 -Ssybwf
Note: z
U: Username. A user can specify a registration name.
z
P: Password. A user can specify the current password for the SQL Server.
z
S: Server. The name of the SQL Server connected to the WS is specified by a user.
It is failed to log in to the M2000 Server. The system prompts that the connection to the Client database fails. If the Sybase database is shut down and restarted, the connection is normal.
II. Fault Analysis To locate the fault, proceed as follows: 1)
Ping the IP address of the M2000 Server at the far end. If the server can be pinged, it shows that the connection between the far end and the M2000 Server is normal.
2)
Run $isql -Usa -Pserver1234 on the M2000 Server. If the connection can be established normally, it shows that the Sybase database runs normally.
3)
Shut down the Sybase database and restart it. The Sybase Client at the far end is connected with the M2000 Server database through a virtual IP address. The self-start file is stored in the file /etc/rc2.d/S99dtlogin when the virtual IP address is set. When the server is started, the system invokes the file /etc.rc2.S97sybsvr to start the Sybase, and then the file
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/etc/rc2.d/S99dtlogin to set the virtual IP address. Consequently, the system cannot identify the Client IP address used when the Sybase is started.
III. Troubleshooting Set the relevant virtual IP in the file /etc/rc2.d/S99dtlogin before starting the Sybase. For instance, the file S97sybsvr can be set as follows (the first three lines are the settings of relevant virtual IP): ifconfig hme0:1 inet 134.38.19.77 netmask 255.255.255.0 up route add default 129.9.200.31 route add 134.32.0.0 134.38.19.65 su - sybase -c "/install/startserver \ -f /install/RUN_sybserver \ -f /install/RUN_sybserver_back" sleep 20
A.1.4 Failure of BAM to Connect with WS I. Fault Description The WS fails to connect with the BAM. It fails to ping the IP address of BAM on the WS.
II. Fault Analysis Generally, you must check the network adapter setting, network cable, and LAN Switch. 1)
Check the relevant settings of the network adapter and the IP address. Click [Start/RUN] on the BAM to execute the command "ping 129.9.200.7" (suppose 129.9.200.7 is the IP address of the BAM). If the IP address can be pinged, it shows the settings of the BAM network adapter and the IP address are correct.
2)
Check whether the LAN Switch that connects to the BAM is working normally. Check indicators to see whether the connection among other workstations through the LAN Switch is normal. Replace the network cable between the BAM and the LAN Switch to remove the fault caused by network cable.
3)
Check relevant settings of the network adapter.
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a)
Appendix A Handling Common Network Faults
Check
whether
the
network
adapter
is
normal
in
[Control
Panel/System/Network Adapter]. b) Select the network adapter attributes to check whether the network adapter resources conflict with each other and whether the interruption of network adapters conflicts with I/O address. If there is a conflict, use the driver disk of the network adapter to run the installation program of the network adapter for diagnosis and modification. For instance, for the 3COM network adapter, a) Run 3c90xcfg.exe on the installation disk in the DOS mode and enter the VIEW menu to check the original settings. b) Select the INSTALL menu to change the relevant settings or check the network adapter. c) Save the changes and exit d) Make the relevant settings in [Control Panel/Network] of Windows and install the relevant TCP/IP.
A.2 Common Faults in the Debugging of Routers This section describes faults during debugging of routers.
A.2.1 Introduction to Router A router is a piece of special computer equipment used for network interconnection. It operates on the third layer (network layer) of the open system interconnect (OSI) reference model. It is responsible for finding the correct path for the received messages and forwarding them. A router must have the following features: z
Having two or more interfaces to connect with different networks.
z
Being able to implement the protocols, at least, from the network layer, to the data link layer, and then to the network layer, to locate faults step by step.
z
Supporting at least two sub-network protocols for interconnection of different sub-networks.
z
Having the functions of storage, forwarding, and routing to realize rate matching and routing.
z
Having a group of route protocols, including intra-domain and inter-domain routing protocols.
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A.2.2 Faults of Physical Layer I. Fault Description The following faults occur at the physical layer: z
The state of the physical port is always DOWN. Execute the command display port to confirm it.
z
The state of the physical port is UP. A large amount of packets are lost when the peer port is pinged. Execute the command display port to confirm it.
II. Fault Analysis When a port is DOWN, there may be two kinds of states: z
The port is shutdown. The system prompts that port (such as serial number) is administratively down, and line protocol is down.
z
The port is not activated or the state of the physical layer is not changed to up. The system prompts that port (such as serial number) is down, and line protocol is down. Loss of packets is caused by the fault of line clocks. This fault generally occurs on the private line of a WAN port.
III. Troubleshooting Table A-1 lists causes and troubleshooting procedures of faults. Table A-1 Cause and troubleshooting procedure Cause
Troubleshooting For the first case, you can active the port by executing the command undo shutdown. For the second case, check whether the states of the DTR, DSR, RTS, CTS, and DCD signals at the lower layer are all up by executing the command display port. If not, it indicates that the physical link between the DTE and DCE is faulty. Check the connection of cables.
Port is shut down.
Packet serious.
loss
is
Invert the transmit-clock on the port connected by the private line at both ends by executing the command invert transmit-clock.
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Note: Meanings of the above five signals are as follows: z
DTR: Signal of data terminal equipment (DTE) is ready (input signal).
z
DSR: Signal of data connection equipment (DCE) is ready (output signal).
z
RTS: Request transmission signal (input signal).
z
CTS: Clear transmission signal (output signal).
z
DCD: Data carrier detection signal (output signal).
By default, the Quidway router detects the above five signals. When the asynchronous port transmits data, the router automatically detects the CTS signal. If there is a CTS signal, the data is transmitted normally. If there is no CTS signal, the data transmission is stopped. You can deactivate this function by setting the relevant parameters of the serial port executing the following command: [Quidway-Serial0]#flowcontrol normal If the flow control mode of the asynchronous serial port is set to normal, the router does not detect the CTS signal and the data is transmitted directly at the port. In this case, if transmission error occurs, the system automatically transmits the data again. DTR, DSR, and DCD signals have the level detection function of the serial port, that is, the system detects whether the serial port is connected to external cables and detects the DCD signal. The system considers that the serial port is in UP status only when this signal is valid. Otherwise, it is in DOWN status. You can deactivate this function by executing the following command: [Quidway-Serial0]#undo detect dsr-dtr
Caution: z
For the WAN port, the router is equipped with a variety of interface cables such as V.24 and V.35, and the DTE and DCE. Check whether the WAN port of the router works in the synchronous or asynchronous mode. If it is in asynchronous mode, check the setting of the baud rate. If it is in synchronous DCE mode, the clock is generated by the router. Then check the clock rate and the clock mode.
z
For the Ethernet port, check whether the connection of the Ethernet is proper. If the HUB or the LAN Switch is used to connect the Ethernet, check whether the Ethernet ports of the tester and the router displayed by the indicators on the HUB or the LAN Switch are normal. Two operational modes including full-duplex and half-duplex are defined in 10Base-T Standard. When a shared HUB is used, the operational mode must be in the half-duplex mode. When a switched Switch is used, the operation can be in the full-duplex mode if the full-duplex mode is set on the switch.
z
The DTE and DCE mentioned here differ from those of the physical interface. The DTE here refers to user equipment such as router, and the DCE refers to equipment such as switch. Routers can also be used as DCE.
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IV. Solution to Common Problems Table A-2 lists solutions to some common problems. Table A-2 Solutions to common problems Description
After two 2501 are connected, a large amount of packets are lost when the two opposite ends ping each other.
When checking the status of serial ports of a router, you find the physical port is DOWN and statuses of the following signals are as follows: DCD=UP DSR=UP CTS=UP
DTR=DOWN RTS=DOWN
Distinguish the cable on the configuration port from the cable on the standby port of the Quidway router.
Analysis This may be because the clock of lines is non-synchronous, thus causing routers on both ends of a line not to transmit and receive signals synchronously. After the transmit-clock is inverted on the interface, the clock becomes normal. If the fault still exists after the inversion, and the configuration is correct, you need to check connection of cables.
Solution
Invert the transmit-clock on the serial ports connected to the private line at both ends by executing the command Invert transmit-clock.
Both DTR and RTS signals are sent from DTE (data terminal). It may be the poor connection of DTE equipment that causes this problem. Check whether the DTE equipment is correctly connected and whether cables and lines are faulty.
The DB9 (25) connector of the cable on the configuration port is DCE connector, and that of the cable on the standby port is DTE connector. During the configuration of the router, the router is regarded as DCE, and it is regarded as DTE when connected to the MODEM through the AUX port.
A.2.3 Faults of Link Layer I. Fault Description The following faults occur at the link layer: z
The physical port is UP and the protocol is DOWN.
z
The physical port is UP and the protocol is UP, but the opposite port cannot be pinged.
z
The physical port is UP and the protocol is UP, but many packets are lost when the data traffic is large. The problem usually occurs at the Ethernet interface.
Execute the command display port to confirm the faults.
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II. Fault Analysis The possible causes are as follows: z
The port is active, but the link negotiation fails. The system prompts that the port (such as serial number) is up, but line protocol is down.
z
The address mapping of the link layer or the operational mode is incorrect.
z
The format of frames at the link layer is incorrect.
III. Fault Location Procedure To locate the fault, check whether z
The protocol is correct (such as PPP, X.25, and FR).
z
The operational mode is correct (DCE and DTE).
z
The frame format of the link layer is correct (X.25, FR, and Ethernet).
z
The address mapping of the link layer is correct (when X.25 and FR protocols are encapsulated).
z
The IP address is correct (X.25 and FR).
Note: z
PPP is a widely used WAN protocol. It supports synchronous/asynchronous transmission media simultaneously and also supports the dialing mode. During daily life and work, the network connection modes such as dial-up access and DDN uses encapsulated PPP protocol.
z
X.25 protocol is the interface protocol between the DTE and DCE. It describes how to establish virtual circuits, transmit packets, set up links, transmit data, and disconnect links and virtual circuits between DTE and DCE. In the meantime, it performs error control, flow control, and condition measurement and provides users with some optional service functions and configuration functions.
z
The frame relay (FR) is a simple and effective packet switching protocol.
IV. Troubleshooting After fault location, you need to solve the problem according to different link protocols. If the PPP protocol is used, proceed as follows: 1)
Check the setting of the link layer protocol. The routers on both sides of the WAN can communicate with each other only when they are set with the same protocol.
2)
Turn on PPP debug switch.
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When the PPP protocol is adopted and Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) or Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) is adopted for password authentication, you need to confirm whether the passwords on both sides are correctly set. If they are incorrect, turn on the PPP debug switch. #debug ppp packet #mon After the Link Control Protocol (LCP) negotiation succeeds and the LCP enters the UP state, PAP or CHAP negotiation is performed. Then the LCP enters the DOWN state. After debugging, the state of the LCP is changed to the UP state.
V. Solution to Common Problems Table A-3 lists solutions to some common problems. Table A-3 Solutions to some common problems Description
Analysis
Solution
The PPP protocol of Huawei Quidway 2501 router and that of CISCO router cannot be interconnected with each other.
The default protocol of CISCO router is high-speed digital link channel (HDLC), while the default protocol of Huawei router is PPP. When executing the command display int sN (N is serial port number which can be 0 or 1) on 2501, you find the state of the serial port is UP and that of the link protocol is DOWN.
Change the encapsulated protocol of the CISCO router to PPP (recommended solution) or change the encapsulated protocol at the Quidway side to HDLC using the command link-protocol ppp or link-protocol hdlc.
The two sides connected encapsulate the X.25 (or the LAPB directly), but the protocol is in Off state all the time. Turn on the debug switch DEBUGGING X.25 PACKET frame, it cycles continuously.
This is because both sides are encapsulated in the same operational mode (DTE or DCE). Change the operational mode at one end.
The X.25 can set up virtual circuits, but frequent reset or clearance occurs during data transmission.
This is because the incorrect setting of flow control parameters. If it is the direct back to back connection, check the local transmit window, receive window, and the flow control parameters that are interconnected to the common packet network and must be consulted with the network management department.
During the configuration of X.25 address mapping, the system prompts that address mapping is repeated.
In X.25 address mapping, an IP address can only correspond to an X.121 address. When an IP address is configured with two different X.121 addresses, conflict occurs.
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Description
The two routers are interconnected through DDN, and encapsulated with PPP protocol at both ends. Execute the command display to check the state of the port. The physical layer and the protocol layer are all in the UP state, but after the configuration the peer end cannot be pinged.
Analysis The PPP protocol belongs to the ISO protocol on the second layer. Thus you must locate the fault from the first layer. Execute the command display int sn (n is the serial port used) to check whether the bottom layer signals of DTR, DSR, RTS, CTS, and DCD are all in the UP state. If they are not, it shows that the physical line between DTE and DCE is not connected properly. When the system prompts that the serial port is in the UP state and there is no frame error, it shows the physical layer is normal. In this case, use the command display int sn to check if LCP and IPCP are in the OPEN state. If yes, it shows the PPP verification succeeds.
Solution
Observe the debugging information with the BEBUGGING PPP PACKET switch and find out that both of the routers are in REQUEST states during the router LCP negotiation at both sides. This shows that a fault may occur in the intermediate link. In this case, check the state of the intermediate transmission cable.
A.2.4 Faults of Network Layer Router is network interconnection equipment. Therefore, you must understand the networking requirements and division of sub-networks when configuring IP address for the interfaces. The Ethernet interface IP address of the router must be in the same network segment of the LAN connected with the Ethernet interface. Solve problems according to different route protocols. The static route protocol is often used. Check whether the corresponding static route is configured correctly with the command display ip route static. Check whether the static route is effective with the command display ip route.
Note: Static route is the only path to the target network configured manually by the system administrator. It cannot dynamically reflect the change of the network. When the network structure is changed, the system administrator must modify the configuration. Proper use of static routes can improve the network performance and save bandwidth for important applications. You can obtain the routing information for guiding IP forwarding through this path.
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A.2.5 Faults of Ethernet I. Fault Description The following Ethernet faults may occur: z
Check the interface by executing the command display interface. The Ethernet interface is always in DOWN state
z
Check the interface using the command display interface. The Ethernet interface is in UP state, but the IP address of the host at opposite end cannot be pinged through.
II. Fault Analysis The possible causes include: z
The IP address of the Ethernet interface is not configured.
z
The IP address or Ethernet protocol configuration is incorrect.
III. Troubleshooting To locate and clear the fault, proceed as follows: 1)
View the port information. Check whether the IP address is configured when the system prompts that the port is in DOWN state.
2)
Check whether the IP addresses of the computer and that of the Ethernet interface of the router are in the same sub-network when the host on the Ethernet cannot be pinged through. Their IP addresses must be the same, and only the IP address of the host is different. If they are not in the same sub-network, IP addresses must be allocated again. If they are in the same network segment, you must check whether the protocols match.
Note: At present, Ethernet (IP network) can adopt two types of protocols: Ethernet-II or Ethernet-SNAP. These two types of protocols have different encapsulation formats and the maximum transmission unit (MTU). The maximum transmission unit of former type is 1500 bytes and the later is 1492 bytes. Routers of Quidway series can receive data of the two formats simultaneously, but the data format transferred can be selected from any type of the Ethernet-SNAP. You must verify whether the data transmission format of the router is the same as that of other computers in the Ethernet.
Configuration in the Ethernet interface is as follows:
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send-frame-type Ethernet-II Or send-frame-type Ethernet-SNAP
IV. Solutions to Common Problems Problem: When a dial-up user of Quidway2509 dials up the router from the asynchronous interface, the asynchronous interface of the Quidway2509 and Ethernet interface at the terminal can be pinged, but the server in the Ethernet connected with 2509 cannot be pinged. Analysis: The server in the Ethernet is not configured with the gateway. When messages are forwarded from the router to the server, the server judges according to the message that the source address is not the local network address. The reply message must be sent to the gateway according to the protocol specifications. However, the server cannot respond to it because the gateway address is not configured. Therefore, the timeout error occurs on the remote terminal because it cannot receive messages. After the gateway is added, the server can transfer the reply message successfully and it can be pinged. Solution: In the network configuration of the server, direct the gateway in TCP/IP attributes of the network adapter to the Ethernet interface of the Quideay2509.
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Appendix B Common Operations of UNIX System The appendix introduces features, terms and structure of the UNIX system and its commands.
B.1 Solaris Operating System B.1.1 Overview Developed by Sun Microsystems Inc., the Solaris operating system is a UNIX derivative supported by enormous hardware. It bears most of the common features of the UNIX system. UNIX is a time-sharing, multi-user and multi-tasking operating system with network communication function and high transplantability. Since it was launched in 1969, UNIX has been the most popular and influential operating system all over the world, widely used in microcomputer, minicomputer, workstation, mainframe computer and supercomputer. Thanks to the employment of UNIX, great achievements have been made in fields such as scientific calculation, engineering, network communication and scientific research & education, etc.
B.1.2 Features of UNIX The most significant features of UNIX are:
I. Multi-tasking UNIX is a Multi-tasking operating system which can cope with several tasks simultaneously, unlike MS DOS, a single-task operating system which is unable to handle more than one task at the same time. The multi-tasking feature of UNIX in early stage was realized by the time-sharing mechanism, while the UNIX nowadays has been enhanced with the real-time multi-tasking capability in addition to the time-sharing mechanism, which is mainly used in time-critical occasions such as real-time control and data collection, etc.
II. Multi-user As a multi-user operating system, UNIX can have two or more concurrent users. In a Unix system, each user can run his own program as well as a public program, just like doing that with a personal equipment; while MS DOS, as a single-user operating system, can only be used by one user at a time.
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III. Concurrent processing capability UNIX supports a multi-processor system, allowing parallel running of multiple processors.
IV. Pipe In a UNIX system, the output of one program can serve as the input of the next program. Those programs connected in this way looks just like a pipe. By this way, some very complicated tasks can be completed via the execution of a combination of various simple tasks, therefore the operability is greatly improved.
V. Powerful Shell The UNIX program that interprets user commands is called Shell. UNIX provides three types of Shell. Each shell itself is an interpretive high-level language, by which the user can create countless commands via programming.
VI. System Protection Mechanism Featuring powerful system protection mechanism, UNIX can effectively prevent illegal access into the system and its data.
VII. High Stability Among all the operating systems currently in use, UNIX is the most stable. Featuring outstanding failure-handling capability, UNIX can ensure the long-time stable operation of the system.
VIII. Graphic User Interface Command line is the main feature of the traditional UNIX user interface, which greatly limited its popularity among non-computer professionals since it is rather difficult to remember those commands. This is what Unix has been mostly critisized for. Nowadays Common Desktop Enviornment (CDE) has been introduced in most of the UNIX systems, with which the operability of the system has been greatly enhanced.
IX. Strong Networking Support UNIX offers powerful networking function, the TCP/IP protocol is the default network protocol in UNIX. It is right owing to the perfect combination of UNIX and TCP/IP that UNIX, TCP/IP and Internet have been so popularized. So far, UNIX has been the first choice for all types of servers in Internet.
X. Good Transplantability UNIX is easy to be transplanted since most of its source codes were written in C programing language. Moreover, the loose control of the UNIX Association over the source codes in early stage also boosts the development and popularization of UNIX.
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B.1.3 Terms Related to UNIX I. User UNIX is a multi-user operating system that can have two or more concurrent users. Each user has his own user name, login password and relevant operation authority. Before using UNIX, the user must log in, i.e. input user name and password. The system prompt for ordinary users is "$".
II. Group Several users can constitute a user group, in which the information can be shared.
III. Root user UNIX super user, having privileges over other users. The system prompt for root user is "#".
IV. Process "Process" refers to a program currently running. UNIX can handle multiple processes at the same time. Each process has a unique ID, which is called process ID (PID).
V. Foreground process It is a process in which the user interacts directly with the machine. The foreground process accepts keyboard input and display the result on the monitor screen. By default, the UNIX program activated by the user is running in the Foreground.
VI. Background Process It is a process in which the machine does not interact with the user. Generally, the user is not aware of the running of the background process. Many of the UNIX system processes are performed in the background.
VII. Device Also called device file, it stands for a certain piece of hardware, such as a disk, a diskette or a serial port. In UNIX, the access operation of the hardware is completed via device file. The device files are saved in directory "/dev", For example, "/dev/hd0" refers to the first floppy disk drive.
B.2 System Structure of UNIX B.2.1 System Composition of UNIX UNIX is a layered operating system, composed of Kernel, Shell and Application Program. The architecture of UNIX system is shown in Figure B-1.
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Application Program Shell Kern
sh
Hardware
Kernel
csh ksh
Shell Application Program
Figure B-1 UNIX architecture
I. Hardware The hardware that supports UNIX. It is the physical foundation of the whole operating system.
II. Kernel As the core of the whole operating system, the Kernel controls the running of UNIX equipment and the computer resources, protects the user programs from being affected by the complicated hardware events. With the Kernel, the user program and system ourter-layer program will only in charge of the interactive operation with the Kernel, instead of taking care of the detailed information of the hardware.
III. Shell As a special program in UNIX, Shell is the interface between the Kernel and the user. It is also an interpretive high-level language, serving as the command interpreter. A Shell is made up of some simple programs, running on top of the core program and dealing with all user inputs. Shells commonly in use nowadays are divided into three types: Bourne Shell, Korn Shell and C-Shell. Please refer to Table B-1 for details. Table B-1 Introduction to UNIX Shells Type
Feature
Abbr.
Bourne Shell
The oldest and the most popular type that offered by all UNIX systems. It is the basis of the three Shell programs.
B Shell
sh
$
Korn Shell
It is an expansion of B Shell and compatible with B Shell.
K Shell
ksh
$
B-4
Command
Prompt
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Type
C Shell
Feature
Abbr.
It is the most powerful one in the three Shell programs, which is closer to C programing language. However, the commands are difficult to remember. Therefore, it is more popular in colleges and universities.
C Shell
Command
csh
Prompt
%
Normally, Bourne Shell is the default shell of the system. To switch to another shell, simply input corresponding Shell command on command prompt. For example, to change from current Shell to K Shell, input the command "ksh".
IV. Application program The programs in the outermost layer are the application programs developed by the user according to their actual needs. UNIX offers a great deal of tools and applications, such as vi editor, file searching and backup program, etc.
B.2.2 File System of UNIX UNIX saves and handles files within its file system. Each system can set up and hold a large number of file systems. Generally speaking, a file system is similar to a drive in DOS. For example: a typical UNIX system may contain a root file system (/), a user file system (/user) and a master file system (/home). Those file systems can be saved in one or several hard disks. The file system can also be created in diskette and tape. UNIX treats the external devices (such as printer, diskette, etc) and directory as files. The UNIX file system developes on a tree structure. On top of the structure, it is the root of the tree – called the root directory, always indicated by "/". Tracking down from the root directory (/), we will find the subdirectories or lower level directories and files, until we reach the leaves of the tree -- the files in various subdirectories.
B.2.3 Directory Structure of UNIX In UNIX file system, all files and file directories are contained in their parent directories. The parenet directory of the root directory is itself. In fact, a directory is just a list of information about all the related files and subdirectories. Some files and directories will be generated for the user when the system installation is finished. The structures of the file directories are shown below: z
profile
User environment parameter definition files.
z
bin
Directory of executable files.
z
etc
Directory of configuration files, which stay unchanged during system
operation and don’t need to be restored after system upgrade. z
data
Directory of data files, which will change during system operation and
shall be restored after system upgrade. z
log
Directory of log files. B-5
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Appendix B Common Operations of UNIX System
Directory of database installation script files.
B.2.4 UNIX System Files The information of a UNIX file includes the owner of the file, the authority he has for the file, the date it is created, modified and last accessed, etc. Please refer to the following for details: z
Mode
The protection mode and type of the file.
z
Link count
The number of links.
z
User ID
The ID of the user owning the files.
z
Group ID
The ID of the group to which the file owner belongs.
z
Size
The size of the file (in byte).
z
Access time
The time when the file was last accessed.
z
File name
The name of the file.
The above information will be displayed when the command "ls" (list files) is executed. In a UNIX system, there is no special requirements on the file structure. The file can be ASCII file, binary file, or the combination of the two, and exist in the form of text file, script file or complied object code of a program.
B.2.5 Program of UNIX Program, or command, can be used by the user to perform interactive operation with the Kernel, so as to customize certain working environment and accomplish specific functions. In a UNIX system, the prgram can be an executable shell file, such as a shell script file, an internal shell command and a source code or complied object code file, etc. Shell is a command line interpreter, with which the user interacts with the Kernel and complies ASCII script file to be executed in shell. The system programs (system commands) are ususally binary and complied from the source code in C programing language. They are normally saved in the directories of "/bin", "/usr/bin", "/usr/local/bin and /usr/ucb", etc. (varying with different UNIX systems), providing typical UNIX functions, such as sh, csh, date, who and more, etc.
B.3 Solaris System Common Operations B.3.1 The Browse and Control of Directory The file system of UNIX is like a tree spreading from the root to the leaves. The root directory is indicated by "/", and the system and users directories are organized under the root directory. When logging in, the user normally enters his Home directory directly. The user can create subdirectories under his Home directory. Table B-2 shows the directory browse and control commands commonly in use:
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Table B-2 Commands for directory browse and control Command/Syntax
Function
pwd
Display current working directory
cd [Directory]
Switch directory
mkdir Directory
Create a directory
rmdir Directory
Delete a directory
ls [Option] [Directory or File]
List directory content or file information
I. Display current working directory -- pwd [Description] The command "pwd" is used to locate the current direcory at any time. [Command format] pwd [Example] Display current working directory: $pwd /export/home/sybase
Caution: Unlike DOS, UNIX does not always display the directory name, therefore it is necessary to execute the command "pwd" from time to time to display the current working directory.
II. Switch directory -- cd [Description] The command cd is used to switch to another directory from the current directory. It can handle both absolute path and relative path. [Command format] cd [Directory] [Example] Return to Home directory: $ cd
Enter system root directory: B-7
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$ cd /
Go up one directory: $ cd ..
Go up two directories: $ cd /
Enter directory /export/home/sybase by absolute path: $ cd /export/home/sybase
Note: After a user logs into the system and switches to other working directory, how can he return to the Home directory promptly? The command "cd" without any parameter, as shown in below, can server the purpose. $ cd
III. Create a directory -- mkdir [Description] The command "mkdir" is used to create a subdirectory. When determining the path of the newly created directory, both absolute path and relative path can be used. [Command format] mkdir directory [Example] Create a subdirectory "data" in direcory "/home1/omc": $ mkdir/home1/omc/data
If the current directory is "/home1/omc", the above command can be simplified as : $ mkdir data
IV. Delete directory [Description] When the command "rmdir" is used to delete a directory, the directory shall be empty. Otherwise, the files in that directory shall be deleted first. What’s more, to delete the current working directory, the user must first "jump" up to the upper level directory. [Command format] rmdir directory [Example]
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Delete the subdirectory "data" in directory "/home1/omc": $ rmdir/home1/omc/data
If the current directory is "/home1/omc", the above command can be simplified as: $ rmdir data
V. List directory content -- ls [Description] The command "ls" is used to list the files and subdirectories in the selected direcory. Executing the command "ls" without any parameter will list the content of current directory. Executing the command with parameters will list information about the size, type, authority of the file and the date when it was created and modified. [Command format] ls [Option] [Directoy or File] [Description of options] There are many options for the command "ls" and combination of options can be used -- but remember to put a prefix "-" before the options. Here are some common options: -a
List all the files, including the hidden files (files starting with a dot, such as
".login"). -F
Specify the type of the file by suffix signs. The meanig of the suffixes are:
/ directory file =
pipe file
@
sign-linking file
* executable file -l
List the detailed information about a file, including the file type, authority, number
of links, owner, file group, file size, filename and the date of last modifications, etc. If the file is a sign-linking file, there will be a sign "->" at the end of the filename, pointing to the linked file. [Example] Display the long-form content of the files in the current directory: $ ls -l |more total 11094632 drwxr-xr-x
2 sybase
staff
1024 Sep 5
-rw-r--r--
1 sybase
staff
2048000000 Mar 6 09:50 data_dev.dat
drwxr-xr-x
2 sybase
staff
512 Sep 5
--More—
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Note: z
When the command "ls –l" is executed, the files displayed may take up several screens. Two ways are available to display the files one screen at a time:
z
ls -la | more
z
ls -la>ccc Save the result to file "ccc", then execute the command "$ more ccc", the result will be displayed one screen at a time.
z
When the command "ls -l" is executed, seven columns of information will be displayed.
z
There are 10 characters in the 1st column:
z
The first character indicates the file type (e.g. "-" stands for a common file and "d" for directory, etc).
z
The following nine characters are three triplets indicating the access authority of the file owner. The first triplet pertains to the owner, the middle triplet pertains to members of the user group and the rightmost pertains to everyone else in the system ("r", "w" and "x" indicate that the user has the authority to read, write and execute the file, while "-" indicates that the user has no related authority for it).
z
The 2nd column indicates the number of hard links of the file.
z
The 3rd and the 4th column display such information as the owner of the file, and the user group to which the file belongs.
z
The 5th column shows the size of the file in byte.
z
The 6th column shows the time and date when the file is last modified.
z
The 7th column shows the filename.
B.3.2 File Maintenance Command The commands shown in Table B-3 can be used to create, copy, delete or modify a file., etc. Table B-3 File maintenance commands Command/Usage
Function
cp [Option] file1 file2
Copy a file
mv file1 file2
Move or rename a file
rm [Option] file
Delete a file
chmod [Option] file
Modify the authority of a file
chown [Option] owner file
Modify the owner of a file
chgrp [Option] group file
Modify the group of a file
I. Copy a file -- cp [Description]
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The command "cp" is used to copy the content of a file into another file. [Command format] cp [option] file1 file2 [Description of options] -r
Recursively copying a directory (the directory copied includes the directory
and any files and subdirectories it contains, as well as files in those subdirectories). [Parameter description] File1:
Source file
File2:
Object file
[Example] Copy the file "old_filename" in current directory to a new file named "new_filename". $ cp old_filename new_filename
II. Move file or rename file -- mv [Description] The command "mv" is used to move or rename a file. The difference between them is that when the source file and the object file are in the same directory, this command is used to rename the file; when the source file and the object file are not in the same directory, it is used to move the file. [Command format] mv file1 file2 [Parameter description] File1
Source file
File2
Object file
[Example] Modify the name of the file "old_filename" in the current directory to be "new_filename" $ mv old_filename new_filename
Move the file "old_filename" in the root directory to directory "/home1/omc": $ mv /old_filename /home1/omc
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Caution: The difference between the command "mv" and the command "cp" is: After command mv is executed, there is still only one file--the object file. In the case of "cp", a new copy of the file was created, so after the command is executed, there are two files—the source file and a new copy of the file.
III. Delete a file -- rm [Description] The command "rm" is used to delete a specific file. [Command format] rm [Option] file [Description of options] -i
Interactive operation (wait for confirmation before the command is
executed). -r
Recursively deleting a directory (the directory deleted includes the directory
and any files and subdirectories it contains, as well as files in those subdirectories). [Parameter description] File
Specifying the file to be deleted
[Example] Delete the file "old_filename" in the current directory: $ rm –i old_filename rm: remove old_filename (yes/no)? Y
Caution: z
In UNIX, once a file is deleted, it cannot be restored. Therefore, it is strongly suggested to use option "-i" to avoid misdeletion.
z
Two ways are available for deleting directory: execute the command "rmdir" or execute the command "rm –r". The difference between the two is:
rmdir can only delete empty directories. rm -r
can delete any directory.
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IV. Modify the protection mode of the file -- chmod [Description] The command "chmod" is used to modify the protection mode of a directory, i.e. the authority of the user to the directory. [Command format] chmod [Option] file This command can be used in two ways depending on the different expressions of the option. a) Sign mode b) Digit mode In the sign mode, the command format is "chmod [object]operational character [authority] file" In the digit mode, the command format is: "chmod lmn file" [Description of options] a) Sign mode Object: can be one of the following options u
user (owner of the file)
g
group members
o
other users in the system
a
all the users
Operational character: can be one of the following options. +
Add authority
-
Cancel authority
=
Set authority
b) Digit mode The option "lmn" has three numbers, representing the authority of the file owner, authority of the group members and ahtority of other users in the system. The value of each number is the sum of the numbers indicating "r" (to read), "w" (to write), "x" (to execute) and "-" (no authrotiy), among which: r = 4, w = 2, x = 1, - = 0 Example: -rwxr-xr-- 1 rms sbsrms 46098432 May 12 16:02 sdh* The authority of file "sdh" is expressed by "rwxr-xr--", which is composed of three triplets; the first pertains to the owner of the file, the middle triplet pertains to the members of the user’s group, and the rightmost pertains to the other users in the system. Then the value indicating the authority is 754 (7=4+2+1, 5=4+0+1, 4=4+0+0). B-13
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[Parameter description] File
The name of the file in which the authority is to be modified
[Example] a) Sign mode Set the authority of file1 as below: set the file1 to be readable, writable and executable to its owner; set it to be readable and executable to other users in the group; set it to be readable and executable to other users in the system. Here are the commands: $ chmod u=rwx,go=rx file1 Set the authority of file2 to be readable and writable to all the users: Here are the commands: $ chmod a=rw file2
b) Digit mode Set the authority of file1 as below: set the file1 to be readable, wirtable and executable to the owner; set it to be readable and executable to other users in the group; set it to be readable and executable to other users in the system. Here are the commands: $ chmod 755 file1
Set the authority of file2 to be readable and writable to all the users.
Here are the
commands: $ chmod 666 file2
Note: z
In the sign mode, to set the authority of the group members and that of the other users in the system, the directory in which the file is saved shall be set as executable to those users. The simplest way is to execute the following commands on the directory where the authority is to be modified:
$ chmod u=rw,+x . or $ chmod u=rwx,go=x . The symbol "." here stands for the current directory. z
In the digit mode, "r=4, w=2, x=1, -=0" are based on binary system. To the three digits representing the authority to read, write and execute in the same group, assign it a value of "1" when there is relevant authority corresponding to that digit, and assign it "0" when there is not relevant authority. Take the file "sdh" above as an example, the authority "rwxr-xr--" will be "111101100" when represented by binary value, in which each triplet represents the authority of the three types of users respectively. The weighted sum of the binary values in each triplet are the decimal value "7", "5" and "4".
V. Modify the owner of the file -- chown [Description]
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The command "chown" is used to modify the owner of a file. However, to most of the UNIX systems, this command can only be used by super users, i.e. the ordinary user cannot modify the ownership of his files. [Command format ] chown [Option] owner file [Description of options] -f
Execute the command forcibly, and do not report any error.
-R
Recursive directory
[Parameter description] Owner
The new owner after modification.
File
The file whose owner is to be modified.
[Example] Modify the owner of the "file" to be "new_owner": # chown new_owner file
Change the owner of all the files in directory "/export/home/sybase" and its subdirectories to "M2000": # chown –R M2000 /export/home/sybase
VI. Modify the user group of the file -- chgrp [Description] The command "chgrp" is used to move all his files from the user group to which he belongs, to another user group. Obviously, the user shall belong to at least two user groups at the same time. [Commond format] chgrp [Option] group file [Description of options] -f
Execute the command forcibly, and do not report any error.
-R
Recursive directory
[Parameter description] Group
The new user group after the modification.
File
The file of which the user group is to be modified.
[Example] Modify the user group of "file" to be "new_ group": $ chgrp new_group file
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Caution: The new user group to which a file is moved to shall have already been created. The command
z
"groups" can be used to list the groups to which the user belongs. Please refer to "Section 1.2 UNIX User Management Commands" for details about how to create a user group. After the owner or group of a directory is changed, the directory will not belong to that user or user
z
group any more. However, the attributes of the subdirectories and files in that directory remain unchanged. The command "chown" can be used to modify the owner and the user group of a file at the same time:
z
# chown omc:staff file1 This command above is used to modify the owner of the file1 to be "omc" and the group to be "staff".
B.3.3 Text File Content-Displaying Commands The following are the system commands used to display and browse the content of text files, as shown in Table B-4. Table B-4 Display and browse commands for text files Command/Usage
Function
echo character string [option]
Send character string to the screen
cat [option] file
Display the content of the file
more [option] file
Display a file, one screen at a time.
head [value] file
Display the beginning of the file
tail [value] file
Display the end of the file
clear
Clear screen
I. Send character string to screen -- echo II. [Description] The command "echo" is used to send character string to the standard output device (generally the monitor screen). [Command format] echo character string [option] [Description of options] \c \0n
Do not output RETURN "n" is a 8-digit ASCII character code
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\t
Output TAB
\n
Output RETURN
\v
Output vertical TAB
[Example] $ echo $HOME /export/home/sybase
The "/export/home/sybase" displayed on the screen is the meaning of character string "$HOME". To avoid outputting RETURN, the following command can be used: $ echo Hello Class "\c" Hello Class $
Or: $ echo "Hello Class \c" Hello Class $
Note: The options of \c, \0n, \t, \n and \v generally appear in the character string enclosed in quotation marks. The quotation marks can be used to quote either an option alone, or multiple options.
III. Display the content of file -- cat [Description] The command "cat" is used to display the content of text file. [Command format] cat [option] file [Description of options] -n
Number each line of the text when displaying.
-v
Display nonprinting characters (except "TAB" and "RETURN").
[Example] Display the content of "M2000_Table.txt": $ cat M2000_Table.txt Name
Owner Object_type
------------------------------ -----------------------------tbl128Addr
m2000
user table
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tblSvrIP
m2000 user table
Note: The command "cat" can display several files at one time, like this: $ cat file1 file2 file3
IV. Display a file, one screen at a time -- more [Description] The command "more" is used to display a file, one screen at a time. It can also be used to browse the previous pages and search text strings. [Command format] more [option] file [Description of options] -c
Clear the screen before the content is output.
-w
Do not quit at the end of the input, wait for prompt.
-lines
The number of lines displayed on each screen.
+/mode
Search by the given mode.
[Example] Display the content of "M2000_Table.txt", one screen at a time: $ more M2000_table.txt Name
Owner Object_type
------------------------------ -----------------------------tbl128Addr
m2000
user table tblAucFunction
m2000
user table --More--(15%)
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Note: To display a file one screen at a time, the following keys can be used to execute relevant operation:
z
Space key
Display the next screenful.
Return key Display next line. q
Quit.
h
Display help information.
b
Go back to the previous screenful.
/word
Search the character string "word" backward.
Due to the concatenated execution of multiple commands of UNIX, |more can be added to the end of
z
other commands to display relevant result by several screens. For example, with the command "$ ls -la |more", the result of "ls –la" can be displayed by several screens.
Display the beginning and the end of a text file -- head & tail head [Description] The command "head" is used to display the first few lines of a text file. By default, 10 lines will be displayed. [Command format] head [value] file [Description of options] Value
The number of lines to be displayed.
[Example] Display the first three lines of M2000_Table.txt: $ head -3 M2000_Table.txt Name
Owner Object_type
------------------------------ ------------------------------
tail [Description] The command "tail" is used to display the last few lines of a text. By default, 10 lines will be displayed. [Command format] tail [value] file [Description of options] Digit
The number of lines to be displayed.
[Example]
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Display the last three lines of M2000_Table.txt: $ tail -3 M2000_Table.txt user table tblVlrFunction
m2000
user table
Note: A special function of the command tail is to view the latest change of the log file promptly, since all the latest changes of the log file are added to the end of it. The command format is: $ tail -f commdrv.log The option "-f " refers to the function of monitoring the file.
V. Clear the screen -- clear [Description] The command "clear" is used to clear the content of the screen. [Command format] clear [Example] Clear the screen: $ clear
B.4 UNIX User Management Commands Table B-5 shows the user management commands commonly in use. Please note that only the root user and authorized user can add, modify or delete user and user group. Table B-5 UNIX user management commands Command/Usage
Function
useradd [option] user name
Add a user
userdel user name
Delete a user
usermod [option] user name
Modify the user login information
passwd user name
Modify user password
groupadd user group name
Add a user group
groupdel user group name
Delete a user group
groupmod [option]user group name
Modify user group information
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B.4.1 Add User -- useradd [Description] The command "useradd" is used to add a user. [Command format] useradd [option] user name [Description of options] -c comment
Comment
-d directory
The home directory
-m
Create a home directory automatically if it does not exist.
-g group
User group
-s shell
The shell that the user uses.
[Parameter description] User name
The name of the user to be added.
[Example] Create a user named "omc1" with home directory of /home1/omc (create automatically) and comment of "Test User". The user will belong to user group "staff" and B shell be adopted. #useradd -c "Test User" –d /home1/omc –m -g staff -s/usr/bin/sh omc1
Caution: After a user is added, the password for him shall be set. Please refer to "Section 1.4.4 Modify User Password -- passwd" for details. After the password is set, the user can log in as a new user.
B.4.2 Delete User -- userdel [Description] The command userdel is used to delete a user. In some UNIX systems, it is not allowed to delete a user completely. The command userdel can be used to revoke the rights granted to the user. [Command format] userdel user name
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Caution: The command userdel cannot be used when the user has logged in, otherwise, the following error message will be displayed: UX: userdel: ERROR: omc1 is in use. Cannot remove it.
B.4.3 Modify User Login Information -- usermod [Description] The command usermod is used to modify the user login information. [Command format] usermod [option] user name [Description of options] -c comment
The comment after modification
-d directory
The home directory after modification
-g group
The user group after modification
-m
Create a home directiory automatically if it does not exist.
-l
new_logname The user name after modification
-s shell
The shell that the user uses.
[Parameter description] user name
The name of the user whose login informaiton is to be modified.
[Example] Modify the login information of "omc1" as below: Modify the user name to be "test", user group to be "new_group", home directory to be "/home1" and comment to be "Tester". # usermod -c "Tester" -d /home1 -g new_group -l test omc1
Caution: The command "usermod" cannot be used when the user has logged in, otherwise, the following error information will be displayed: UX: usermod: ERROR: omc1 is in use. Cannot change it.
B.4.4 Modify User Password -- passwd [Description]
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Command passwd is used to set the password for newly added users or modify user password. [Command format] passwd user name
B.4.5 Add User Group -- groupadd [Description] The command groupadd is used to add user group to UNIX system. [Command format] groupadd user group name [Parameter description]
B.4.6 Delete User Group -- groupdel [Description] The command groupdel is used to delete user group. [Command format] groupdel user group name
B.4.7 Modify User Group Information -- groupmod [Description] The command groupmod is used to modify the user group information. [Command format] groupmod [option] user group name [Description of options] -n name
The name of the user group after modification.
[Parameter description] User group name
The name of the user group to be modified.
[Example] Modify the name of the user group "staff1" to be "staff2": # groupmod -n staff2 staff1
B.5 Utility Commands and Programs Table B-6 shows the utility commands offered by UNIX.
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Table B-6 Utility commands and programs Command/Usage
Function
find directory condition
Search file.
grep character string file
Search special character string.
tar [function optios[modify option]] [file]
Utility program for file backup and restoration.
compress/uncompress file
Compress/decompress file.
pack/unpack file pkgadd [option] file package name
Send file package to system.
pkgrm [option] file package name
Remove file package from system
bc
Calculator
B.5.1 Search File -- find [Description] The command find is used to search the file in specific directory and its subdirectories that meets preset conditions. With this command, the file can be found even if the correct path of it is forgotten. [Command format] find directory condition [Parameter description] Directory
The directory where the file search starts. Multiple directory names can
be input with space between them. Condition
File search conditions, including the file name, the owner, the time of
the last modification, etc. Table B-7Shows the description of the conditions. Table B-7 Description of conditions Conditions
Description
-name name
The name of the file or directory to be searched. Wildcard can be used, e.g. -name ‘*.c.’
-print
Print the path that meets the conditions.
-size
Search the file occupying n blocks. Search the file according to the type of the file. The file type x includes:
-type x -user user
d --- directory
f --- file b --- block
c ---character
p --- pipe
Search all the files of "user". The "user" can be user name or UID.
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Conditions
Description
-group group
Search all the files of user group "group". The "group" can be user group name or GID.
-links n
Search all the files whose number of links is n.
-atim n
Search the files accessed n days ago.
-mtime n
Search the files modified n days ago.
-exec command {}\;
Take the file found as the object to be executed by the command. Put the parameter to be used in the exection of the command in {}.
Table B-8 shows the logical operators of conditions. Table B-8 The logical operators of conditions Logical operators
Meaning
!
non
!
All the files with extended name other than ".c".
-o
or
-size +10 -o -links 3
All the files more than 10 blocks or with number of links more than 3.
and
-size +10 -links 3
All the files more than 10 blocks and with number of links more than 3.
Example
Description
In the above table, "+10" stands for more than 10 (blocks) and "-10" for less than 10 (blocks). [Example] Search files with filename starting with "c" in directory "/tmp", and print the paths: $ find /tmp -name "c*" -print /tmp/ctisql_0WBJgt /tmp/ctisql_M6Bhn_
Search files named "test" in current directory, and print the paths: $ find . -name test -print ./HWReport/reloc/resin1.2.0/conf/test
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Note: z
It may take several minutes to finish searching the files meeting the conditions with command find. Therefore, it is suggested to execute this command in the background, i.e. the user may output the result to a file, so that he can view the result later. The user can end the command line with a "&", informing the system to execute the command in background. For example:
$ find / -name "abc*" -print > abc.file & After the task is completed, the following command can be used to view the result of the search. $ cat abc.file z
Different users may have different rights for the same file, therefore ordinary users may only find part of the files in the system. To list all the files that meet the criteria, the following operations are suggested: 1) to operate as a super user; 2) to search from the root directory.
B.5.2 Search Special Character String -- grep [Description] The command grep is used to search special character string in a text, and print all the lines containing that character string. [Command format] grep character string file [Parameter description] Character string
The character string to be searched.
File
The file to be searched in.
[Example] Search the character string "operation" in "ifconfig.txt": $ grep operation ifconfig.txt
Caution: In the above example, the text string "The following options are supported" contains spaces, remember to enclose it with quotation marks in the command line.
B.5.3 Utility Programs for File Backup and Restoration -- tar [Description]
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The command tar is used to combine several files into one archive and save it to tape or disk. When one of the files is wanted, it can be obtained from the archive. [Command format] tar [Function options[modification options]] [file] [Description of options] 1)
Function options
to set the actions of the command tar (such as read,
write, etc) r
Add the specified file to archive.
X
Read the file in the archive. If the file name is a directory, its subdirectories
will be read. c
Create a archive.
g
Create the file from the beginning of the archive, instead of place it after the
last file. 2)
Modification options
to modify the actions of the command tar.
v Activate display mode. The name of all the files processed will be displayed. (used often) w
Activate confirmation mode. User’S confirmation is required before each file
is processed,. f
Indicate that the archive is a file. If this parameter is skipped, the preset tape
and disk will be used as the objects. (used often) [Parameter description] file
The file to be backed up or restored.
[Example] 1)
Execute the command tar to back up files. Back up all the files and subdirectories in directory "data" in the current directory to default device, and display the file information during the backup. $ tar cv data
In current directory, back up all the files and subdirectories in directory "data" to a file "databak.tar", and display the file information during the backup. $ tar cvf databak.tar data
2)
Execute the command "tar" to restore files Restore the files in the default device in step 1) to the hard disk, and display the file information during the restoration. $ tar xv
Restore the "databak.tar" backed up in step 1) to the current directory "/data", and display the file information during the restoration.
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$ tar xvf databak.tar
Caution: z
There is no "-" sign before the function and modification parameters of the command tar.
z
The command tar can be used to pack several files into a package, shown as below:
z
$ tar cvf filebak.tar file1 file2 file3
z
The above command is used to pack the file1, file2 and file3 into a package named "filebak.tar".
z
Please note that the names of the diskette and tape devices used in file backup and restoration with the command tar may vary with different UNIX systems. Check carefully before use.
B.5.4 Compress and Decompress Files -- compress & uncompress, pack & unpack 1)
Command compress/uncompress [Description] The command compress is used to compress the file to reduce the memory space. The name of the compressed file ends with ".Z". The command for file decompressing is uncompress. [Command format] compress file uncompress compressed file ended with ".Z".
2)
Command pack/unpack [Description] The command pack can also be used to compress file. The name of the compressed file ends with ".z". The space achieved after compression depends on the file type. The related command for extracting the file is unpack. [Command format] pack file unpack compressed file ended with ".z".
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Caution: z
The command pack cannot be used to compress the file, which is too small in size. To compress such kind of files, use the option -f (forced compression), shown as below:
$ pack -f filename z
The difference between the command tar and the file-compressing commands:
The command tar is used to pack or combine files, like putting a large number of small articles into a container and labeling it in order to preserve or transport. However, the total weight of the items does not change. The command "tar" packs many directories or files into a package. Use The command compress or pack to compress the combined files "*.tar" if necessary.
B.5.5 Send File Package to the System -- pkgadd [Description] The command pkgadd is used to send the file package to the system to run it. [Command format] pkgadd [option] file package name [Description of options] -d device Install or copy package from the device. The device can be an absolute path, the identifier of a tape and a diskette (e.g. "/var/tmp" or "/floppy/floppy_name"), or device name, such as "/floppy/floppy0". [Example] #pkgadd -d. HWM2000
"." indicates the current directory.
B.5.6 Remove Package from the System -- pkgrm [Description] The command pkgrm is used to remove the package from the system. [Command format] pkgrm [option] file package name [Example] # pkgrm HWM2000
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Note: The command pkgadd and pkgrm are frequently used during the installation and upgrade of iManager M2000. In the upgrading of M2000 system, HWM2000 shall be unloaded first (pkgrm HWM2000) after the process stops. After the upgrading files are unloaded, they shall be packed and sent to the system (pkgadd -d. HWM2000).
B.5.7 Calculator -- bc [Description] The command "bc" can be used to perform simple calculation. [Command format] bc [Example] $ bc 4*5 20
Note: To get the result, input the command bc, press RETURN; Input the formula 4*5, and then press RETURN; the result will be displayed. Press to quit bc program.
B.5.8 Basic Features of vi Editor As a text editing tool, vi editor is used to creat and modify text files. There are two working modes for vi editor: z
Text input mode
to input the text
z
Command mode
to input control command
To enter vi editor, type the following command: vi file name
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To enter text input mode: a
Insert text immediately after the cursor (append)
A
Insert text at the end of the line where the cursor is.
i
Insert text immediately before the cursor (insert)
I
Insert text before the first nonblank character in the line where the cursor is.
o
Start a new line below the current one and insert text. (open)
O
Start a new line above the current one and insert text.
To move the cursor in command mode: h
Move the cursor one character left.
j
Move the cursor one character down.
k
Move the cursor one character up.
l
Move the cursor one character right.
Line No. G
Move the cursor to certain line (e.g. 1G meams to move the cursor to the first line.)
G
Move the cursor to the end of the text.
To quit the text insert mode:
Press ESC key to quit text insert mode and enter command mode.
To delete characters in command mode: x
Delete the current character.
dd
Delete entire line.
To quit vi editor: The commands used to quit from vi shall be executed in command mode. Therefore, press before executing the following commands, no matter what the current mode is. :wq
Save the file and quit.
:q
Quit without saving the file.
:q!
Quit and discard all the changes.
:w
Save the file but do not quit.
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B.6 System Resource Commands Table B-9 shows the system resource report and management commands offered by UNIX. Table B-9 System resource report and management commands Command/Usage
Function
man [option]command
Obtain help information about specific commands.
df [option] [file system]
Report the free disk space.
du [option] [directory or file]
Report disk space occupied by each file system.
ps [option]
Display the status of an active process.
kill [option] [process No.]
Terminate a process.
who [option]
List the information of the users currently logged in .
whereis [option] command
Report the location of the command.
which command
Display the path of a specific command.
hostname [host name]
Display or set the host name.
uname [option]
Display the information about the operating system.
ifconfig [option]
View the IP address of the host.
script [option] [file]
Record screen I/O activity.
date [option] [+format]
Display current date and time.
B.6.1 Obtaining Help Information about Commands -- man [Description] The command man is used to view the online help documents of a specific command. [Command format] man [option] command [Parameter description] command
the command of which the help information is to be viewed.
Note: Not all of the parameters of the command "man" are names of commands. For example, the command "man ascii" will display all the ASCII characters and their expressions. The command "man shell_built-ins" will display the built-in command list and the shell used.
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B.6.2 Report Free Disk Space -- df [Description] The command df is used to report free space of the disk. The system administrator shall execute this command frequently to check the occupancy of the disk space, so as to prevent disk failure caused by data overflow. [Command format] df [option] [file system] [Description of options] -l
The local file system
-k
Report the disk space in Kbyte
[Example] Check free disk space: df -k Filesystem
kbytes
used
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0
2053605
997684
/proc
0
0
0
0
fd
avail capacity 994313
51%
/
0
0%
/proc
0
0%
/dev/dsk/c0t1d0s7
35009161 2562019
32097051 8%
swap
3431792
3425128
6664
Mounted on
1%
/dev/fd /export/home /tmp
Note: z
What displayed in the above example are the file system name, the size (unit: Kbyte), used space, free space, the capacity ratio of the filled file system and the capacity percentage of filling file system and its mounting point. When user executes the command df without any parameters, the free disk space in each mounted device will be reported.
z
When the free disk space reduces to the bottom line, the system administrator shall take prompt measures to find out the trouble-making file system. The command du introduced below can be used to list the disk occupancy of each file system.
B.6.3 Report the Disk Space Occupied by Each File System -- du [Description] The command du is used to display the disk space occupied by specific directory or file. [Command format] du [option] [directory or file] [Description of options] B-33
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-a
Display the disk space occupied by each file.
-s
Display the total disk space used.
-k
Report the result in Kbyte.
[Example] Display the disk space occupied by the files in directory "/export/home/sybase". $du –k/export/home/Sybase |more
Display the disk space occupied by all the file systems in the current directory, and send the results to the command "sort" for sorting. $ du -s * |sort -rn |more 425108
bin
174968
devlib
41094
lib
18588
pad
—More--
List the first three of the file systems displayed above according to the size of the file: $ du -s * |sort -rn |head -10 425108
bin
174968
devlib
41094
lib
B.6.4 Display the Status of the Active Process -- ps [Description] The command ps is used to report the status of the processes running in the system currently. [Command format] ps [option] [Description of options] -e
Display the status of all the processes running in the system.
-l
Display in long-form list.
-u user
Display the process status of a specific user.
-f
Display all the status information of the processes currently running.
[Example] Display the status information of all the running processes controlled by the user login device (terminal). $ ps PID TTY
TIME CMD
13726 pts/5
0:00 ksh
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Display the complete information of the user’s active processes: $ ps -f UID
PID
PPID
C
sybase 13726 13724
STIME TTY
TIME CMD
0 08:44:35 pts/5
0:00 –ksh
View M2000 process ps -ef | grep m2000 m2000 18355 18354
0 10:00:46 ?
0:00/export/home/02000/bin/timersvrd
m2000 18354 1 0 10:00:46 ?
0:00 monsvrd /export/home/m2000/bin/timersvrd
m2000 18318 1 0 10:00:42 ?
0:00 monsvrd /export/home/m2000/bin/commonsvrd
m2000 18320 18318 0 10:00:42 ?
0:00/export/home/m2000/bin/commonsvrd
Note: z
Executing the command "ps" without any parameters will display the information about all the running processes controlled by the user login device (terminal).
z
More information can be displayed by specifying parameter "–f", including the user name (UID), the process ID (PID), Parent process ID (PPID), a technical number indicating the running time of the process (C), process start time (STIME), the name of the terminal activating the process (TTY), and the process name (CMD), etc. If "?" is displayed in TTY, it indicates that process has nothing to do with terminal.
z
To display all the processes related to certain characters, e.g. the process related to M2000 in the above example, the command grep can be used together with this command.
B.6.5 Terminate a Process -- kill [Description] The command kill is used to send termination signal to one or more processes, i.e. to terminate one or several processes. [Command format] kill [option] [process No.] [Description of options] -l
List the name of all the signals
-s signal
Send a signal named "signal" to process.
[Parameter description] Process No.
The ID of the process to be terminated, or process ID.
[Example] List all the signal names:
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$ kill -l EXIT HUP INT QUIT ILL TRAP ABRT EMT FPE KILL BUS SEGV SYS PIPE ALRM TERM USR1 USR2 CLD PWR WINCH URG POLL STOP TSTP CONT TTIN TTOU VTALRM PROF XCPU XFSZ WAITING LWP FREEZE THAW CANCEL LOST RTMIN RTMIN+1 RTMIN+2 RTMIN+3 RTMAX-3 RTMAX-2 RTMAX-1 RTMAX
Terminate the process with PID of 256: $ kill –s KILL 256
Caution: z
The signals above can be expressed by code. For example:
-1 hang up (HUP); -2 interrupt (INT); -3 quit (QUIT); -9 terminate (KILL); -15 Software interrupt (TERM) The signal KILL can be replaced with "-9". This signal is the most frequently used one in the command kill, therefore, it is of the highest priority. The default signal is 15 when no option is specified for the command kill. Therefore, the following command can be used to terminate the above "Process with PID 256": kill -9 256 z
The command ps can be used to check the execution of the command kill by listing the PIDs of the terminated processes.
z
Using the command "kill" to terminate processes implies great danger of system data loss. DO NOT use this command to terminate the system processes unless out of absolute necessity (for example: the process has been deadlocked.)
B.6.6 List the Information about the Current Login Users -- who [Description] The command who is used to display all the login information about the users in the current system. [Command format] who [option] [Description of options] -b
Display the date and time when the system last booted.
-m
Display the relevant information of the user issuing the command (same as
the command who when executing with parameter am i) [Parameter description] am i
Display the information about the user who logs in to the device sending out
commands.
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[Example] Display the login information about all the users in the current system: $ who root
pts/3
Feb
4 10:08
(10.129.16.60)
sybase
pts/5
Feb
4 08:45
(10.129.28.44)
Display the information of the user who logs in to the device where the command is sent out: $ who am i sybase
pts/5
Feb
4 08:45
(10.129.28.44)
pts/5
Feb
4 08:45
(10.129.28.44)
or: $ who -m sybase
B.6.7 Report the Command Location -- whereis [Description] The command "whereis" is used to report the location of the command’s source file, the binary file and the help manual. [Command format] whereis [option] command [Description of options] -b
Report the location of the binary file only.
-m
Report the location of the help manual only.
-s
Report the location of the source file only.
[Parameter description] command The command of which the location is to be reported. [Example] Report the exact locations of the files of different versions for the command "ls": $ whereis ls ls: /usr/bin/ls /usr/ucb/ls /usr/man/man1/ls.1 /usr/man/man1b/ls.1b
Report the exact location of the binary file for the command "ls": $ whereis -b ls ls: /usr/bin/ls /usr/ucb/ls
Report the exact location of the help manual for the command ls: $ whereis -m ls ls: /usr/man/man1/ls.1 /usr/man/man1b/ls.1b
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B.6.8 Display the Path of a Specific Command -- which [Description] The command which is used to display the location where the specific command is executed. The result may be an absolute path or alias of the command found in user environment variant PATH. [Command format] which command [Example] Display the position where the commands pwd, who and which are executed: $ which pwd who which /usr/bin/pwd /usr/bin/who /usr/bin/which
Note: If the command to be located does not exist in the file, the following error messages will be displayed when the command which is executed: $ which qqqq no qqqq in /usr/bin /usr/ucb /etc /export/home/sybase/bin /export/home/sybase/install .
B.6.9 Display or Set the Host Name -- hostname [Description] The command hostname is used to display or set the host name. [Command format] hostname [host name] [Example] Display the host name of the machine: $ hostname
Note: If the command hostname is executed without parameter, the host name of the equipment will be displayed. If with parameters, the host name is to be set. However, only the super user can execute this operation.
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B.6.10 Display the Information of the Operating System -- uname [Description] The command uname is used to display the operating system information. If this command is executed without parameters, only the name of the operating system will be displayed. If with parameters, more details of the system will be displayed. [Command format] uname [option] [Description of options] -a
Display all the information.
-i
Display hardware information.
-m
Display the name of the equipment hardware (It is suggested that option
"-p" shall be used instead of this one). -n
Display the network name of the equipment
-p
Display the ISA of the host or the type of the processor.
-r
Display the serial number of the operating system of the host.
-s
Display the name of the operating system of the host (it is the default
option). -v
Display the version of the operating system of the host.
-S
system_name
Set the host name of the machine
[Example] Display the the name, the version and serial No. of the operating system of the host: $ uname-svr
B.6.11 View the Host IP Address -- ifconfig [Description] The command ifconfig is used to view the IP address of the host. [Command format] ifconfig [option] [Description of options] -a
Display all the address information.
[Example] Display all the IP address information of the host: $ ifconfig –a
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lo0: flags=849 mtu 8232inet 127.0.0.1 netmask ff000000 hme0:
flags=863mtu
1500
inet
129.9.169.143 netmask ffff0000 broadcast 129.9.255.255 hme0:1:flags=863 mtu 1500 inet 129.6.253.136 netmask ffff0000 broadcast 129.6.255.255
Note: In the above example, the IP address of the host displayed is 129.9.169.143, and the logical IP address is 129.6.253.136. In a UNIX system, a network adapter can bind several logical IP addresses, by which the communication between different network sections can be realized.
B.6.12 Recording Screen I/O Activities -- script [Description] The command script is used to record all the screen input and output in a script file, from the time it is executed till the command exit is input. This command is very helpful in programming and debugging. [Command format] script [option] [file] [Description of options] -a
Append the screen I/O content to a file (if this parameter is not set, the
screen I/O will overwrite the content of the file). [Parameter description] file
The file used to save the screen I/O content (if no file name is specified,
the screen I/O content will be saved in the file "typescript".) [Example] Save the screen I/O content in the default destination file "typescript": $ script Script started, file is typescript $ ps PID TTY 775 pts/8
TIME CMD 0:00 ksh
$ pwd /export/home/sybase $ exit Script done, file is typescript
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Display the content of file "typescript": $ cat typescript Script started on Mon Feb 04 19:11:49 2002 ………Omit the display content $ exit script done on Mon Feb 04 19:12:24 2002
Caution: When the command exit is used to terminate the recording of the I/O of screen, please note that the script file shall be closed. Otherwise, the script file will build up and hinder the normal operation of the system.
B.6.13 Display Current Date and Time -- date [Description] The command date is used to display current system date and time. Super users can also use the command to set the system date and time. [Command format] date [option][+format] [Description of options] -u
to use Greenwich mean time.
+format
to specify the command output format
Table shows the output format. Table B-10 Output format description Format
Description
%h
The abbreviation of the month, from Jan to Dec.
%j
The day in a year, from 001 to 366.
%n
Go to next line
%t
tab
%y
The last two digits of the year, from 00 to 99.
%D
Output format of the date: month/date/year.
%H
Hour, from 00 to 23.
%M
Minute, from 00 to 59.
%S
Second, from 00 to 59.
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Format
Description
%T
Output format of time: hour:minute:second.
[Example] Display the current data and time of the system: $ date Mon Feb
4 20:26:16 GMT 2002
Display the current system date and time in Greenwich Mean Time: $ date -u Mon Feb
4 12:27:26 GMT 2002
B.7 Network Communication Commands B.7.1 TCP/IP Protocol The reason why UNIX is so widely used nowadays is its powerful networking function. TCP/IP protocol is the default network protocol for UNIX. By now, UNIX has been the first choice for all kinds of servers on the Internet. The TCP/IP protocol is composed of a series of protocols, which are called the TCP/IP protocol family. TCP/IP is the basic protocol of this family. The protocols commonly used include: z
TCP/IP -- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is the basic protocol of the protocol family.
z
UDP -- User Datagram Protocol, provides the connectionless transport layer protocol. However, the reliability of the transmission cannot be ensured.
z
Telnet, a user layer protocol, offers standards for remote login.
z
FTP -- File Transfer Protocol, is also a user layer protocol, offering standards for file copying between different systems.
B.7.2 Network Communication Commands Table shows the commands commonly used in network communicaiton. Table B-11 Network communication commands Command/Usage
Function
ping IP address
Test the physical connection of the network.
telnet IP address | domain
Log in to a remote computer via network.
ftp IP address | domain
Transfer files via network.
finger [user name][ @ host domain name | IP address]
View the user information using UNIX system on the network.
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Command/Usage
Function
netstat [option]
Display network status.
route [option]
Modify and maintain routing table
I. Test the physical connection of the network -- ping [Description] When the communicaiton between the user computer and the hosts in the network is interrupted, the command ping can be used to check the physical connection of the network. [Command format] ping IP address [Parameter description] IP address
the IP address of the hosts to which the user computer is connected.
[Example] $ ping 129.9.0.1 129.9.0.1 is alive
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used in command ping to check the network connection. It sends an ICMP echo request message to a specific host, and requests an ICMP echo response message. If the response message is not received within a specified time, a message "Host unreachable" will be displayed on the screen. The "Host unreachable" error may be caused by the following factors: the specified host is invalid; the physical connection of the network is not secure; or the two communicating parties do not support the same communicaiton protocol. To determine the causes, the user can execute the command ping to connect with other hosts in the same network section. If ping successfully, it indicates that the connection of both the network and the host itself are correct. In such case, the physical connection and operating status of the other party shall be checked. Otherwise check whether the physical network connection of the user’s computer itself is secure or whether the TCP/IP protocol is set correctly (for Windows’95 users).
II. Log into a Remote Computer via Network -- telnet [Description] Telnet is the software used to log into the remote UNIX hosts via network. Telnet regards the local computer as a simulated terminal of the remote UNIX host, and enables the user to log into the remote server from the local computer. After the user successfully logs into the remote UNIX host via telnet, he will become a remote simulated terminal user and can use his computer as if it were a real UNIX terminal. In such case, the resource and rights the user can access and the overall operating mode B-43
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will completely depend on the remote host settings and the access rights his login account has. [Command format] telnet IP address / domain [Parameter description] IP address
The IP address of the remote UNIX host
Domain
The domain name of the remote UNIX host
[Example] Execute telnet in the local computer and log into a remote WS named Sun. Suppose the IP address of Sun is 129.9.169.143. Click the [start] menu of the user computer and select [run], a dialog box will pop up. Input "telnet 129.9.169.143" and click [ok], a Telnet window will pop up to prompt to input UNIX user name and password, as shown below: Sun OS 5.6 log sybase Password: Password not echo Last login: Wed Mar
6 10:52:34 from 129.9.28.44
Sun Microsystems Inc.
SunOS 5.6
Generic August 1997
You have new mail. $
The following steps will be the same as those on a terminal window of the Sun WS.
Caution: Before starting telnet, make sure the TCP/IP protocol between the local computer and the remote UNIX host is linked correctly.
III. Transfer files via network -- ftp [Description] Similar to telnet, which is used to log into a remote UNIX host and share its resource, ftp is mainly used to transfer files between the local computer and the remote host. With ftp, one or more files in the remote UNIX system can be copied to the local computer, and vice versa. [Command format] ftp IP address / domain
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[Parameter description] IP address
The IP address of the remote UNIX host.
Domain name The domain name of the remote UNIX host. [Example] Execute ftp in local computer. Suppose the IP address of the remote UNIX host is 129.9.169.143: Click the [start] menu in the user’s computer, and select [run], a dialog box will appear. Input "ftp 129.9.169.143", and click , a ftp window will appear waiting for input of UNIX user name and password, as shown below: Connected to 129.9.169.143. 220 m2000-01 FTP server (Sunos 5.6) ready. User (129.9.169.143: (none) : ) sybase 331 Password required for Sybase. Password: 230 User Sybase logged in. ftp>
Input the ftp command after the prompt "ftp>". Table shows the ftp commands commonly used. Table B-12 Common ftp Commands ftp command
Description
! Command
Execute local command and return to ftp immediately.
? | help [command]
Command help.
ascii
Transfer files in ASCII format (default).
binary
Transfer files in binary format.
cd [directory]
Modify remote directory.
close
Shut down remote connection.
dir [r-directory] [l-file]
Display remote directory. r-directory: remote directory. l-file: local file. If there is a local file, write the result to the locla file.
get file1 [file2]
Copy the remote file 1 to the local file 2.
lcd [directory]
Modify the local directory.
ls [r-directory] [l-file]
Same as dir, but with different display format.
mget several files
Copy several remote files to local computer.
mput several files
Copy several local files to remote computer.
open IPaddress | domain name
Re-establish new connection.
put file1 [file2]
Copy the local file 1 to remote file 2.
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ftp command
Description
pwd
List the directories of the current remote host.
Quit | bye
Exit ftp
status
Display the current ftp status
Copy all the files in "C:\mydoc" of the local computer to "/usr/local/tmp" of the remote host: ftp> binary ftp> lcd c:\mydoc ftp> cd /usr/local/tmp ftp> mput *.*
Copy file ".login" in directory "/usr/home/rms" of the remote host to directory "C:\temp\from" of the local computer: ftp> ascii ftp> lcd c:\temp\from ftp> cd /user/home/rms ftp> get .login
Copy all the files in "/usr/home/rms" of the remote computer to "C:\temp\from" of the local computer in binary format: ftp> binary ftp> lcd c:\temp\from ftp> cd /user/home/rms ftp> mget *
exit ftp: ftp> quit
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Caution: Telnet/ftp is the application layer protocol of the TCP/IP protocol family, which works in the client/server mode. The telnet/ftp program running in the local machine is actually the telnet/ftp client program. It connects to the server program in the remote host via TCP/IP protocol and works in cooperation with it. Any system that has the telnet/ftp server-side software installed can serve as a remote host as mentioned above. The default network protocol of UNIX is TCP/IP, but it also supports telnet/ftp. As a UNIX host has both the telnet/ftp server-side software and client-side software installed, it can serve either as a telnet/ftp client or a telnet/ftp server.
IV. Viewing information about online users -- finger [Description] The command "finger" is used to view information about the online UNIX system users. [Command format] finger [user name][@host domain|IP address] [Parameter description] user name
User that has currently logged onto the local system.
host domain
UNIX host domain
IP address
IP address of the UNIX host
[Example] Table shows a few examples of finger commands. Examples of finger commands Examples
Description
$ finger
View information about all local users.
$ finger root
View information about root user.
$ finger @omcsyb2
View information about all users in host "omcsyb2".
$ finger @omcsyb2.huawei.com.cn
View information about "omcsyb2.huawei.com.cn".
$ finger abc@omcsyb2
View information about user "abc" in host "omcsyb2".
$ finger
[email protected]
View information about user "abc" in host "129.6.114.202".
V. Display network status -- netstat [Description]
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The command "netstat" is used to display current network status. It is a powerful command though a little complex in format. Here we’ll just introduce some common applications of it. [Command format] netstat [options] [Description of options] 1)
View all sockets and routing tables (netstat [-anv]) -a
Display all socket information
-n
Display information in number, or in logical name if this parameter is not
specified. -v
Display information about sockets and routing tables of the additional
information. 2)
View IP address of the network adapter (netstat [-i][-I interface][interval]) -i
Display information about the network interface
-I interface Specify an interface, for exmaple: hme0:1 interval 3)
4)
5)
Time intervals
View routing table status (netstat -r [-anv]) -r
Display information about the routing table
-anv
Same as 1)
View broadcast information (netstat -M[-ns]) -M
Display broadcast routing tables
-s
Summarize status of each protocol
View DHCP status (netstat -D[-I interface]) -D
DHCP information
[Example] Execute the command "netstat –rn" to view information about the routing table root@ts-007 # netstat -rn Routing Table: Destination
Gateway
Flags
Ref
Use
Interface
10.105.28.0
10.105.28.202
U
4
2
hme0
10.0.0.0
10.105.31.254
UG
0
0
224.0.0.0
10.105.28.202
U
4
0
hme0
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
UH
0
896
lo0
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Caution: A router can have five different Flags: U, G, H, D and M. U means the routing is currently available. G means the routing goes through a gateway (router). If this flag is not set, it indicates the destination is connected directly. Flag G is of great importance, as it distinguishes direct and indirect routing (Flag G need not be set for direct routing). The difference is: the packet sent to the direct routing carries both the destination IP address and the link-layer address. However, in the packet which is sent to an indirect routing, the IP address points to the destination while the link layer address points to the gateway. (i.e. the next router) H indicates the routing leads to a host, i.e. the destination address is a complete host address. If this flag is not set, it indicates the routing leads to a network, and the destination address is a network address: either a network number or network. However, flag H indicates that the destination address is a complete host address. If this flag is not set, that indicates the destination address is a network address (the part in the address for the host is 0). When searching routing table for an IP address, the host address must match exactly the destination address, while the network address has only to match the network number and subnetwork number of the destination address. D means the routing is created by the redirected packet. M means the routing is modified by the redirected packet. Reference count (Refcnt) column shows the number of active processes currently using the routing. Connection-oriented protocol such as TCP requires fixed routing when establishing connection. If the host establishes a Telnet connection between svr4 and slip, the reference count will be 1. When another Telnet connection is established, the reference count will add up to 2, and go on like this. Next column ("use") shows the number of packets sent via this routing. If we are the only user of this routing, after we execute the command "ping" and send 5 packets, the number displayed in this column will be 5. The last column ("interface") shows the name of the local interface. The second row of the output is a loop-back interface, with its name always being lo0. Flag G is not set here because the routing is not a gateway. Flag H indicates that the destination address (127.0.0.1) is a host address other than a network address. As flag G is not set, the routing here is a direct routing and the gateway column shows the out-going IP address. Default routing: Each host has one or more default routings. That means if the particular routing is not found in the table, the packet will be sent to the router. That also means current host can access other systems via Sun router (and its "slip" link) on the internet with this routing table setting. Establishing default routing is a very helpful function. The flag UG indicates it is a gateway, which is what we expect.
VI. Modify and Maintain Routing Table -- route [Description] The routing table relays IP address between different network sections, the relay station is the gateway. The command "route" is used to modify and maintain the routing table. B-49
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[Command format] route [-fnvq] command [ [modifiers] args] route [-fnvq] add | change | delete |get [host | net] destination [gateway [args] ] route [-n] monitor route [-n] flush [Description of options] -f
Refresh routing tables for all gateways.
-n
Display information in characters instead of symbols.
-v
Display additional information
-q
Suspend all outputs
-command It includes the following commands: "add/chang/flush" (clearing gateways in the routing table) and "/get/monitor" -description
Destination network section. (10.0.0.0 stands for section10, and
10.11.0.0 stands for section 10.11) -gateway
Gateway IP address
net
Network section IP address, for example: 10.11.12.0
stands for
section 10.11.12. Host
Host IP
[Example] Obtaining routing information about network section 10. root@ts-007 # route -n get 10.0.0.0 route to: 10.0.0.0 description: mask:
10.0.0.0
255.0.0.0
gateway: 10.105.31.254 interface: hme0 flags: recvpipe
sendpipe
0
ssthresh
0
0
rtt, msec 0
rttvar
0
0
hopcount 1500
mtu 0
Clear gateways in the routing table: root@ts-007 # route -n flush 10
10.105.31.254
done
root@ts-007 # netstat -rn Routing Table: Destination
Gateway
Flags
Ref
Use
Interface
------------------- -------------- ----- ----- ------ --------10.105.28.0 224.0.0.0
10.105.28.202
U
10.105.28.202
B-50
4 U
6 4
hme0 0
hme0
expire
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Appendix B Common Operations of UNIX System 127.0.0.1
UH
0
1500
lo0
root@ts-007 # telnet 10.129.3.4 Trying 10.129.3.4... telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Network is unreachable
Note: when the gateways in the routing table are cleared, network sections beyond 10.105.28.202/34 can no longer be accessed. Add a routing (important): root@ts-007 # route add 129.9.0.0 10.105.28.202 add net 129.9.0.0: gateway 10.105.28.202
//Message
returned
when
adding routing is successful. root@ts-007 # netstat -rn Routing Table: Destination
Gateway
Flags
Ref Use
Interface
-------------------- ------------- ----- ----- ------ --------10.105.28.0
10.105.28.202
U
4
2
hme0
129.9.0.0
10.105.28.202
UG
0
0
//Newly-added routing
10.0.0.0
10.105.31.254
UG
0
0
224.0.0.0
10.105.28.202
U
4
0
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
UH
0
313
hme0 lo0
Modifying routing table (important): root@ts-007 # route change 129.9.0.0 1.2.3.4 change net 129.9.0.0: gateway 1.2.3.4 root@ts-007 # netstat -rn Routing Table: Destination
Gateway
Flags
Ref
Use
Interface
-------------------- -------------------- ----- ----- ------10.105.28.0
10.105.28.202
U
4
2
hme0
129.9.0.0
1.2.3.4
UG
0
0
//The gateway has
been modified. 10.0.0.0
10.105.31.254
UG
0
0
224.0.0.0
10.105.28.202
U
4
0
hme0
127.0.0.1
127.0.0.1
UH
0
445
lo0
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Appendix C Common Operations of Sybase System The appendix introduces the concepts and operations of Sybase system.
C.1 Sybase Database Concepts Sybase SQL Server is a multi-database system, consisting of system database and user database, both of which are built on the database devices.
C.1.1 Database Equipment Sybase databases are built on database devices, which are created during SQL Server installation or initiated with device initiation commands. They can be physical disks, disk partitions or operating system files. For user databases, new database devices can be initiated with command "disk init", which maps physical devices or operating system files as Sybase logical database devices. The initiated Sybase logical database devices can be used to store data and transaction logs and specified as the default database device. If the user does not specify a database device while building a database, the database will be built on the default device. The following is the format of command "disk init": disk init name=database device name physname=physical device name vdevno=virtual device number size=number Here, name indicates the database device name, which will be used in command "create database" and "alter database". physname indicates the original disk partition or operating system filename. vdevno is the ID number of database device, which should be unique in SQL Server. size refers to a block of 2 Kbytes. For a newly-built database, the smallest size is that of the model database, which is 1024 blocks of 2 Kbytes (2M). Example: 1)
Add a new database device with 600M space: 1> disk init name="data_dev1",physname="dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6" 2> vdevno=2,size=300000
/* 600*1024/2 =307200(2K)*/
3> go
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Add a new database log device with 300M space: 1> disk init name="log_dev1",physname="dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s7" 2> vdevno=3,size=150000 /* 300*1024/2 =153600(2k)*/ 3> go
C.1.2 System Database The following databases are automatically built during Sybase database installation: z
Master database (master)
z
Model database (model)
z
System process database (sybsystemprocs)
z
Temporary database (tempdb)
The system database is a tool that Sybase uses for system management and maintenance. It is maintained by Sybase itself, users other than the system administrator should not modify such databases.
I. Master database Master database stores all the system tables and stored procedures which record information about SQL Server, so as to implement an overall control of all the operations of user database and SQL Server. It mainly serves as a data dictionary of Sybase system. Master database mainly records the following information: z
Login account (SQL Server user name).
z
Information about each database in SQL Server.
z
The storage space occupied by each database.
z
Information about the disks and (magnetic) tapes installed in the system.
z
On-going processes.
z
Revisable environmental variants.
z
Information about the active locks.
z
Information about character set and language.
II. Model database Model database provides a user database prototype. While building the database, SQL Server copies the model database to the new database, and then expand it according to user's actual needs. Modifing the model database will affect the new database, as a result, most users are not authorized to modify or even access the model database, since all its contents have been copied to the new database.
III. "sybsystemprocs" database All Sybase stored procedures are stored in the "sybsystemprocs" database. When user runs a stored procedure (starting with "sp_"), SQL Server will first search the specified stored procedures in current database. If no result is returned, it will continue searching C-2
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the system database, and finally the master database -- if still no result is found there.
IV. "tempdb" database "tempdb" database provides a storage area for temparory tables and work. It is a shared workspace for all SQL Server databases. As all the data stored here are temporary, they will be lost when the user exits the database or when there is a system failure.
C.1.3 Database Objects I. Tables In a relation database, table is the most important object -- it is the "relation" in the therory of relation database. All the data are stored in tables, other objects just serve to help user better manage those data. Tables are all 2-D tables, in which a column is called a "field", and a row is called a "record", or a datum. The table includes system table and user table. The name of a system table starts with "sys" and stores information about the SOL Server. In a master database, most of the tables are system tables, which are built together with the master database. Furthermore, each user database comes with a subset of system tables, i.e. system tables exist both in master database and user database. For example: System tables that can only be found in master database are: sysconfigures, sysdatabases, sysdevices, syslogins, etc. System tables that exist both in master database and user database are: sysalternates, syscolumns, sysindexs, syslogs, sysobjects, sysusers, etc.
II. Stored procedures Stored procedure is the SQL sub-sample procedure written in T-SQL language and stored in SQL Server at user's service. Different from common SQL statements and batch processing statements, the stored procedure is a set of compiled SQL statements and flow control statements. When running a stored procedure for the first time, the query processor of SQL Server will analyse it and generate an ultimate scheme of execution. There are two types of stored procedures: those automatically created during SQL Server installation (system procedures) and those created by the user. System procedure is used for system management and provides user with a way of database management. The name of a system procedure starts with "sp_" and it is stored in master database and under the control of system administrator. There are also many other system procedures which can be run in all databases.
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Table C-1 shows some common system procedures: Table C-1 Common system procedures of Sybase database System Procedure
Description
sp_addgroup
create a user group in current database.
sp_addlogin
Create a SQL Server user.
sp_adduser
Add a new user in current database.
sp_changegroup
Change database user group
sp_configure
Configure system parameters
sp_dboption
Query or change database system settings
sp_dropdevice
Detele a device
sp_dropgroup
Detele a group
sp_droplogin
Detele an account
sp_help
Query database objects and all database information, i.e. to list table information
sp_helpdb
Query database information
sp_helpdevice
Query device information
sp_helpgroup
Query user group information
sp_helpindex
Query information on a specified table
sp_helpuser
Query User information
sp_lock
Query current lock application information
sp_monitor
Query SQL Server statistic information
sp_password
Change login account and password
sp_spaceused
Query number of rows, columns and pages of a table as well as how much space it takes up.
sp_syntax
Query command syntax.
sp_who
Query information about current user and procedure
C.1.4 SQL Server User and Their Rights Sybase database users are divided into 2 groups: SQL Server user and database user. When SQL Server installation completes, system will create an SQL Server user -system administrator, with null password. System administrator has overall control of the whole system, other SQL Server users are to be created by him. A database user has to be an SQL Server user. Only when an SQL Server user creats a database or is added as a certain database user, can he have access to that database.
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The database users can be divided into 3 groups: z
System administrator, who has overall control of the whole system.
z
Database owner (DBO), who has full access to and manages the databases he creates.
z
Common user, who has only limited access to certain databases.
Database users can be divided into groups. A database will be assigned a "public" user group once it is created.
I. Create SQL Server user name (or login account). [Description] To log on to SQL Server, the user must have an SQL Server user name (login account) in the server. The login account is created by system administrator with command "sp_addlogin". [Command format] sp_addlogin login name, password [, database name][, language][, full name] [Parameter description] login name
SQL Server user name (login account)
password
Required, and must be at least 6 characters long.
database name Optional parameter, which specifies the database automatically assigned for use when user logs on to the system. (If it is not speicified, master database will be used as default. To specify this parameter, the user must be registered as the default database user, otherwise he will not be able to use the database after logging in.) [Example] Set up an SQL Server user account, the user name is "Hello", password: "password" (at least 6 characters long), and the full name is "Hello Server": 1> sp_addlogin Hello,password,null,null,"Hello Server" 2> go Password correctly set. Account unlocked New login created. (return status = 0)
The following command is used to view the information about the new user "Hello". 1> select * from syslogins 2> go
II. Create a database user name [Brief introduction]
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Likewise, to access the SQL Server database, the user must have an user name registered in the database, which must not be the same as the login name. Different user names can be assigned for different database. A number of users can share one SQL Server login account, and a number of SQL Server login accounts may have the same database user name. [Command format] sp_adduser user name [, alias[, user group name]] [Parameter description] user name:
the login name when user logs on to the SQL Server.
Alias: the user name in the database. If it is not specified, the SQL Server login name will be used in stead. User group name:
the group to which the user belongs. If the group name is not
specified, the user will be automatically added to the "public" user group; if it is specified, the user will be added in both the specific user group and the "public" user group. [Example] Adding SQL Server user "Hello" as user of database "aaa", his alias being "Helloaaa", belonging to user group "china". Process: 1)
Open database "aaa"; 1> use aaa 2> go
2)
Query user group information, check if user group "china" exist -- suppose it does not exist. 1> sp_helpgroup 2> go Group_name
Group_id
------------------------------ -------public
0
(1 row affected) (return status = 0)
3)
Query user information in the system table "sysusers", check if the database user "Helloaaa" exists -- suppose it does not exist. 1> select * from sysusers 2> go
4)
Add user group "china" 1> sp_addgroup china 2> go New group added. (return status = 0)
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Add user "Hello" as the user of database "aaa" and his alias is "Helloaaa", belonging to user group "china". 1> sp_adduser Hello,Helloaaa,china 2> go New user added. (return status = 0) View information about the database user. 1> sp_helpuser 2> go Users_name
ID_in_db Group_name
Login_name
----------------- -------- ----------------- ----------------Helloaaa
3 china
Hello
dbo
1 public
sa
(return status = 0)
Note: To delete the above newly-added database user (with alias "Helloaaa" belonging to user group "china") and the SQL Server user (with login account "Hello"), follow the steps below: Open database; 1> use aaa 2> go 2. Delete database user with alias "Helloaaa"; 1> sp_dropuser Helloaaa 2> go User has been dropped from current database. [return status=0 View database user information; 1> sp_helpuser 2> go Users_name
ID_in_db Group_name
Login_name
----------------- -------- ----------------- ----------------dbo
1 public
sa
[Startup] Delete user group "china"; 1> sp_dropgroup china 2> go Group has been dropped. (return status = 0) 5. Query user group information; sp_helpgroup 2> go
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Group_name
Group_id
------------------------------ -------public
0
(1 row affected) (return status = 0) Open master database; 1> use master 2> go 7. Delete login account "Hello"; 1> sp_droplogin Hello 2> go Account locked. Login dropped. (return status = 0) 8. Check the user registration information from “syslogins” and we can see that the login name "Hello" has been deleted. 1> select * from syslogins 2> go
C.2 Common Operation of Sybase Database System Sybase Database system provides the following commands for user to access, manage and maintain SQL Server: z
isql
The standard Sybase interface, also used a lot in batch processing
commands. z
bcp
For data import and export between SQL Server tables and system
files. z
showserver:
Used to check if SQL Server is running, (if not, use command
"startserver" to start it; command "shutdown" can be used to shut the SQL server down if it is running). z
startserver
Start SQL Server
z
shutdown Shut down SQL Server
C.2.1 isql isql is a frontground tool of Sybase system, and also the most fundamental utility based on characters used for accessing SQL Server. It establishes connection to the server and send T-SQL commands to it. All SQL query language and system stored procedures are executed in isql, and the results will be displayed on the screen.
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I. Start up isql [Description] isql can be started in Unix system command mode. [Command format] isql [Options] [Option description] -U username
One of login accounts allowing user to access SQL Server.
-P password
The password allowing user to access the current SQL Server.
-S Server
The name of specified SQL Server which is allowed to link with user.
-i inputfile
Specify the input file name.
-o outputfile
Specify the output file name.
-w column_width
Set up screen volumn width for output.
[Example] Start isql as user "sa" and the password for current SQL Server access is "1234": $ isql -U sa -P 1234
or: $ isql -U sa Password: (password does not display)
Note: z
In the above example, the user name and password behind –U and –P can use some other characters than spaces. For example:
isql -Usa -Pserver1234 z
If starting normally, isql will display a command prompt "1> " like an operating system. Here "1" is the command line number -- when multiple lines of commands are typed in, prompt "2> ", "3> " etc. will appear to indicate the number of command lines until they are submitted to the Sybase system for execution. End a command with "go" when typing is finished, the Sybase system will begin executing and display the result, or output the result to a specific file. If there is a mistake in the command line, use command "reset" to clear the query buffer and return to prompt "1> ".
z
If isql starts properly, the Sybase Server should also have started successfully. Of course, the reasons why isql does not start up properly are complex: it could be either the Sybase Server is not running, or the user has typed in incorrect login name or password.
II. Exit isql [Description]
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To quit isql, type "quit" or "exit" on isql command prompt. [Command format] quit (or exit) [Example] Quit isql enviornment: 1> quit $
or: 1> exit $
C.2.2 bcp [Description] Batch copying command "bcp" is used to copy database tables to the operating system files or vise versa. This is a quick and convenient way of data transfer between database tables and operating system files. [Command format] bcp [[database.]owner.] database tables {copy to in|out} data files [optional] [Parameter description] -f formatfile
It means the user has saved a format file (extension: ".fmt") when
processing the same table last time which includes the full path. -U username
Allow user to specify a registration name when linking to the server (the
default value is the user name identified by the user environment.) -P password
Allow user to set the current SQL Server password. (If it is not specified
here, the system will prompt the user to input a password when logging on.) -S Server
Allow user to specify the SQL Server name he is trying to link. (If the
server name is not specified, the $DSQUERY value will be used; if $DSQUERY value is not available, "Sybase" will be used.) -c
File types (for example: c-char, t-text, i-int etc.)
[Parameter description] Database:
The database in which the table is.
Owner:
The owner of the data table to be copied.
Database table:
Data table to be copied.
Copying direction in/out: Copying direction ("in" means from system files to data tables; "out" means from data tables to system files).
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Data files:
Appendix C Common Operations of Sybase System
Source data files or target data files (depending on the copying direction),
including the full path and file description. [Example] Backup table "history" in database "warn" as "history.dat" (file type: char): $ bcp warn.. history out history.dat -U sa -P 1234 -c
Starting copy...
Caution: If the copying direction of the above command is changed from "out" to "in", it will restore the data table.
C.2.3 Showserver [Description] Command "showserver" can be used to show the SQL Server currently running, but remember the user here must be a Sybase user. [Command format] showserver [Example] Show SQL Server currently running in this machine: $ showserver UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD sybase 204 203 1
Feb 19
944: 19 /home1/sybase/bin/dataserver -ssybserver
-d/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s4 -e/home1/sybase/i sybase
208
206
0
Feb
19
0:
00
/home1/sybase/bin/backupserver
-Ssybserver_back -e/home1/sybase/install/sybserv
The above information indicates that the active/standy server have both started.
Caution: If command "showserver" is executed while SQL Server is running, system will print all the above information; otherwise, only the title will be printed.
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C.2.4 Startserver [Description] Command "startserver" is used to start SQL Server. [Command format] startserver [Options] [Option description] -f run_serverfile
Specifying a run-server file. (This file is referenced each time SQL
Server
Its
restarts.
name
in
the
machine
is
"RUN_sybserver"
or
"RUN_sybserver_back".) -m
Starting SQL Server in the single-user mode, which is used to restore master
database.
C.2.5 Shutdown [Description] The system administrator can use command "shutdown" to shut down SQL Server or Backup Server. This command is used in the "isql" enviornment. [Command format] 1)
Shut down SQL Server shutdown [Options]
2)
Shut down Backup Server shutdown Backup Server [Options] [Option description] with {wait|nowait} Controlling whether the system shuts down immediately or not (Parameter "with nowait" will skip the checkpoint operation and shut down the system straight away, as a result it will take much more time and efforts for the system auto-restoration to complete when it reboots next time. Parameter "with wait" does the opposite.) [Parameter description] Backup Server
Name of Backup Server
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Note: z
Always shut down the backup server prior to the active server.
z
If no server name is specified after "shutdown" in the command line, the SQL Server currently running will be shut down. On "shutdown", SQL Server will do the following:
Prohibit all user login, except the system administrator Perform “checkpoint” operation: saving all the modified pages from memory to disk. Wait until all SQL Server statements or procedures finish. Shutting down SQL Server in this way will minimize the auto-recovery workload when SQL Server reboots. z
By default, Backup Server will shut down with parameter "with wait", so that the system will finish all the on-going data transfer and loading before terminating the Backup Server procedure. On receipt of the "shutdown" command, Backup Server will stop processing any new data transfer or loading session.
C.3 T-SQL T-SQL (Tansact-SQL) is a kind of enhanced SQL (Structured Query Language), which is compliant with IBM's SQL and most of other SQLs. It has been expanded on the SQL basis. Lots of new functions have been included while users' dependency on the programming lauguage has been minimized. Standard SQL was originally considered as a query and execution language other than a programming language. As an expanded SQL, T-SQL has included new features such as program flow control structure, local variants while allowing DBA to create stored procedure and trigger, etc. Standard SQL consists of Data Definition Language (DDL),
Data Manipulation
Language (DML) and Data Control Language (DCL). In this section, we'll mainly discuss DDL and DML.
C.3.1 Data Definition Language (DDL) Data Definition Language is mainly used to create, modify and delete database objects.
I. Creating objects -- create Here we'll only discuss creation of tables and indexes. 1)
Creating tables create table table_name(column_1 datatype,…,column_n datatype) For example: to create a table named "teachers", which includes three fields: teacher_name (char type, 18 characters long), phone (char type, 12 characters long) and salary (float type).
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1> create table teachers (teacher_name CHAR(18),phone CHAR(12), salary FLOAT) 2> go
2)
Creating indexes create index index_name on table_name(column_1,…,column_n) For example: to create an index file "names" on filed "teacher_name" in table "teachers". 1> create index names on teachers (teacher_name) 2> go
II. Deleting objects -- drop Here we'll only explain the deletion of tables and indexes. 1)
Deleting tables drop table table_name For example: to delete the above new table "teachers": 1> drop table teachers 2> go
2)
Deleting indexes drop index table_name.index_name For example: to delete the above new index file "names": 1> drop index teachers.names 2> go
III. Clearing tables -- truncate Command "truncate" will only empty the table while keep its structure.Be careful to tell it apart from command "drop". truncate table table_name
C.3.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML) Data Manipulation Language performs operations such as query, insertion, modification and deletion of data. Details about each of them are given below.
I. Data query -- select Command "select" can be used to query table records. It is run in isql environment. For example: to query records in tabel "history" of database "warn": 1> use warn 2> go 1> select * from history 2> go
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II. Data addition -- insert Command "insert" can be used to add new data (records) to the existing table. It is also run in isql environment. For example: to add a new record in table "teachers": 1>
insert
into
teachers(teacher_name,phone,salary)
values
('wangjie','3340546',3000) 2> go
III. Data update -- update Command "update" is used to update records in the existing table. It is also run in isql environment. For example: to update zhanglin's telephone number to 3356789 in table "teachers": 1> update teachers set phone='3356789' where teacher_name='zhanglin' 2> go
IV. Data deletion -- delete Command "delete" is used to delete specific table records. This command is also run in isql environment. For example: to delete records of wangjie in table "teachers": 1> delete teachers where teacher_name='wangjie' 2> go
Caution: The "where" conditional clause plays an important role in the above commands. For example: to query names of schoolgirls below 20 in age in table "students", the following commands are suggested: 1> select name from students where age go
C.3.3 Data Control Language (DCL) Data Control Language is mainly used to monitor, manage and control user access to the database as well as to grant and revoke user rights in database system. In the database system, user rights that may be granted and revoked include: 1)
System administrator System adminstrator can grant other users the right to "create database" and make them the Database Owner (DBO).
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Appendix C Common Operations of Sybase System
User Database Owner The rights that a Database Owner can grant other users to manipulate his own database are shown in Table C-2. Table C-2 The rights that a Database Owner can grant other users: Rights to grant
3)
Description
create table
creating a table
create default
creating a default gateway
create rule
creating rules
create procedure
creating stored procedures
create view
creating views
dump databse
dumping database
dump transaction
dumping transaction logs
Database object owner The rights that a Database object owner can grant other users are shown in Table C-3. Table C-3 The rights a Database objects owner can grant other users: Rights to grant
Description
select
Querying records
insert
Adding records
update
Updating records
delete
Deleting records
I. Grant There are two types of user right granting: one is to grant user rights to operate the database objects, which include "select", "insert", "update", "delete", "execute" and "reference"; the other is to grant user rights to use commands such as: "create database", "create procedure", "create rule", "create view", "dump database" and "dump transactiom", etc.They will be described seperately in the following sections. z
The following is the command format of granting user right for database objects operation: grant {all | permission_list} on {table_name [(column_list)]|
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Host Name stored_procedure_list} to {pubic | name_list} [with grant option] In the above commands, parameter "all" means to grant all the rights to a specific user or user group; parameter "permission_list" can be a combination of any or all the permitted operations of the database objects (seperated by a comma). The "on" clause is used to specify database objects to be operated, which can be either a chart, a view or a stored procedure.The user rights granted to opearte different database objects are shown in Table C-4. Table C-4 The user rights granted to opearte different database objects Database system
Operation rights that may be granted
table
select, update, insert, delete, reference
view
select, update, insert, delete
column
select, update
stored procedure
execute
When parameter "public" is specified in the "to" clause, relevant rights will be granted to all the users in group "public"; while parameter "name_list" can specify either a user name or a user group name. Parameter "with grant option" allows the authorized user to grant his rights to other users. z
The following is the format of granting user rights for using specific commands: grant {all | command_list} to {public | name_list} In the above commands, parameter "command_list" can be a combination of any or all the operations permitted by the database owner (seperated by a comma).
z
create database
z
create procedure
z
create rule
z
create view
z
dump database
z
dump transactiom
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Caution: Since only the system administrator can grant the right of running command "create database" to other users, only he can specify parameter "all".
For example: to grant user "bob" and "john" the right to access the tabel "teachers": 1> grant select on teachers to bob, john 2> go
Right revoking Right revoking is a counterpart to right granting, which can also be divided into revoking right of database object operation and revoking right of using commands: z
The following is the command format of revoking user rights for database object operation: revoke [ grant option for ] {all | permission_list} on {table_name [(column_list)]| view_name [(column_list)]| stored_procedure_list} from {pubic | name_list} [cascade] In the above commands, parameter "grant option for" is used to revoke the rights that an authorized user may grant to other users, if such rights have been granted, select parameter "cascade" to revoke all such rights granted once and for all.
z
The following is the command format of revokign user rights for using specific commands: revoke {all | command_list} from {public | name_list} For example: to revoke all the rights to operate data table "teachers" which are granted to the "public" user group: 1> revoke all 2> on teachers 3> from public 4 > go
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C.4 Sybase Database Backup and Restoration Sybase database provides two types of database restoration functions: one is system automatic restoration and the other is manual restoration. z
System automatic restoration is a protective measure in case of system failure, the system automatic restoration runs each time SQL Server reboots. System automatic restoration ensures that all the data are saved to the database devices before system failure, and those unfinished tasks will be deleted.
z
The manual restoration is accomplished through loading database from other places with command "dump" and "load". In Sybase database, backup is usually called "dump", and restore called "load" – by the names of these two commands.
Caution: While carrying out database backup and restoration, the backup server must be running.
C.4.1 System Software Failure Restoration System automatic restoration is a kind of protective measure accomplished by rebooting SQL Server in case of a system software failure. The system will first try to restore the master database, then the model database, then the temporary database and finally the user database. The restoration mechnism will check the transaction logs in each database. If the transaction log has included the data newer than those in the database, the restoration mechnism will use those data and perform a roll-forward restoration, those unfinished transaction records will be deleted.
Note: What is a transaction log Every single change to the database is recorded in a system table, which is called a "transaction log". The transaction log records actions such as: update, insert and delete. All changes are logged before physical changes are made. The transaction log ensures the data can be restored to the status before system failure occurs.
C.4.2 Backup Database and its Transaction Log Data backup is the most simple way of restoring important data lost as a result of database or table corruption, device failure or user mistakes. To keep the data as new C-19
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and updated as possible, data backup actions should be conducted as often as possible. Data backup should be conducted when the system is relatively not so busy, this will ensure the integrity and accuracy of the data. The following is the command format for data backup: dump database database_name to filename | device For example: to backup database "aaa" straight to system file "aaabak": 1> dump database aaa to aaabak 2> go
The following is the command format for transaction log backup (incremental backup): dump transaction database_name to filename | device [with truncate_only | with no_log | with no_truncate] Parameter "with truncate_only" and "with no_log" have the same function – deleting transaction logs; parameter "with no_truncate"
will keep and backup the whole
transaction log (i.e. all that happened since last "dump transaction"). For example: to backup the transaction log of database "aaa" to system file "aaalog": 1> dump transaction aaa to aaalog with no_truncate 2> go
Caution: z
It is pointless to backup transaction logs before backing up database. Generally, it is not necessary to backup database so often as transaction log, for it takes less space and time to backup transaction log than to backup database.
z
Transaction log restoration should only be done after the backup of database is completed. When the database is restored, user can start to restore one or more transaction logs. The transaction logs should be restored in correct order in which they are dumped. SQL Server will check the time stamp of each restored database and each transaction log for correct order.
C.4.3 Database Restoration To restore the destroyed database, follow the steps below: 1)
Use command "dump transaction" with parameter "no_truncate" to dump the user database transaction log.
2)
Use command "drop database" to delete the detroyed database.
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Appendix C Common Operations of Sybase System
Build a new database with the same structure as that of the destroyed database. (as for OMC Server database, OMC Server comes with a database rebuilding program, use it to rebuild the database instead of using command "build".)
4)
Use "load database" to reload the database.
5)
Use "load transaction" to reload the transaction log. The following is the command format to reload the database: load database database_name from file_name | device The following is the command format to reload the transaction log: load transaction database_name from file_name | device For example: to restore database "aaa" with the database files and transaction log files: Follow the steps below:
6)
Restore database: 1> load database aaa from aaabak 2> go
7)
Run command "online" to set the database in the normal working status after it is restored: 1> online database aaa 2> go
8)
Restore transaction log: 1> load transaction aaa from aaalog 2> go
9)
Delete transaction log: 1> dump transaction aaa with truncate_only 2> go
Caution: z
If command "dump transaction with no_truncate" is used alone too often, the transaction log will build up as it is kept. To fix this, run "dump transaction with truncate_only" to delete the transaction log every time you run command "dump database" and "dump transaction with no_truncate".
z
Command "load" will not work if the database is currently being used by other users.
z
It will take more time to restore a database than to backup it.
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C.4.4 How to Monitor Transaction Log Space I. Use system stored procedure "sp_helpdb" For example: to monitor the transaction log space of database "warn": 1> sp_helpdb warn 2> go
II. Use system stored procedure "sp_spaceused" The command format: sp_spaceused tablename For example: to query how much space table "history" takes up in database "warn": 1> use warn 2> go 1> sp_spaceused history 2> go
III. Use command "dbcc" Refer to the following command format: dbcc checktable (tablename) For example: to query information about table "history": 1> dbcc checktable(history) 2> go
Checking history The total number of data pages in this table is 4707. Table has 35437 data rows. DBCC execution completed. If DBCC printed error messages, contact a user with System Administrator (SA) role.
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Appendix D Maintenance of UNIX Operating System
Appendix D Maintenance of UNIX Operating System In this appendix, we are going to focus on the routine maintenance and failure processing procedure of UNIX operating system.
I. What to Do if the Password of the Sun Server is Lost What to do if the root password of the Sun Server is lost? Start the workstation with a Solaris startup disk and then mount the hard disk. Modify file "shadow" in directory "etc" and delete the password field in the "root" item, this will set the password to null. Reboot the computer and log in with null password as root user, and then reset the root password. Follow the process below: 1)
Insert the Solaris startup disk in the CD-ROM;
2)
Type
3)
On prompt "OK", type "boot cdrom –s" /*This will boot the computer from CD-ROM*/
4)
Type "cd /tmp/root"
5)
Type "mkdir /tmp/root/xxx"
6)
Type "mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /tmp/root/xxx" /*where c0t0d0s0 is the root disk*/
7)
Execute "csh"
8)
Type "setenv TERM vt220"
9)
Type "cp /tmp/root/xxx/etc/shadow /tmp/root/xxx/shadow/shadow.bak"
10) Type "vi /tmp/root/xxx/shadow", and delete the password field in the "root" entry. 11) Reboot and login as root user, reset the password.
II. How to Set the Shared Memory Add "set shmsys:shminfo_shmmax=XXX" in the last line of the file "system" under the directory of “/etc/”. Here XXX stands for the size of the shared memory. (Unit: byte, the size of shared memory should be all or half of the size of total memory. For example: if the total memory is 512M, the shared memory setting shall be 512*1024*1000=524288000 bytes.)
III. Why can’t Log in to the Sun Solaris System Why can’t log in to the Sun Solaris system as root user in the remote X-win pro mode? When user logs on as root user to the terminal, script "/etc/default/login" runs automatically. This will prevent logging on as root user to the terminal. To correct it, find the following line in the script and change it as remark: D-1
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#CONSOLE=/dev/console
IV. Unable to Log in to the System While Using FTP Unable to Log in to the System as root user while using FTP: Check "/etc/ftpusers", if "root" is found there, remark or delete it
V. How to Check Whether the Network Configuration is Successful How to check whether the network configuration is successful in Solaris: Check it with command "ifconfig -a": If the binding of network adaptor with IP is successful – the IP address is assigned a valid value other than 0.0.0.0, the network adaptor is generally configured correctly, go on and check if the network media (cables, RJ45 connector, etc.) is in good condition.
VI. Why can’t Add Logical Addresses In Solaris 8, why can’t add logical addresses with command "ifconfig hme0:1 xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx up"? Solaris 8 has made a few changes to the command "ifconfig". Be sure to execute the following line before executing "ifconfig": ifconfig hme0:1 plumb
VII. How to Bind Two IP Addresses How to bind two IP addresses in one network adaptor automatically on system startup? Create a new file "/etc/hostname.hme0:1", add the second IP address in it, or write a startup file and put it in directory "/etc/rc2.d/S99setip", add the second IP address in it and save it as an executable.
VIII. How to Configure Network Installation Network installation was not included during the system installation, and now it needs to be completed, but there is only lo0, no hme0: 1)
Touch an empty file "hostname.hme0" in directory "/etc";
2)
Reboot with command "reboot –r";
3)
In directory "/etc", modify file "hosts".
IX. How to View System Software Information in Solaris You can execute the command "/usr/bin/pkginfo", or the command "/usr/bin/prodreg". A graphic interface will display the registered products in a tree chart.
X. How to Get the Current Operational Statistics How to get the current operational statistics, such as CPU usage, IO volume and free hard disk space, etc.?
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There are many such commands, for example: "vmstat" and "sar"; "iostat", "df", "du" are used to check the hard disk status.
XI. How to Change the Shell of “root” User Execute command "chmod 666 /etc/passwd" (be sure to assign the right for disk writing to ordinary users. ) Execute command "vi /etc/passwd" root:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh the last field is the shell of root user, make sure the program is there before making changes to it.
XII. How About the Replacement of the Patch If a patch with ID: 105181-15 is needed, can ID: 105181-19 can be used as a substitute? Yes, the last two digits stand for the version number of the same patch.
XIII. Why There is Often a Prompt Saying "Pty is not available" Change the maximum users number: In directory "/etc/system", set it with parameter "maxusers", the biggest is 2048. If no setting is found here, the default user number will be the same as the system memorey (calculated by M, and the maximum is 1024).
XIV. What Command can be Used to Obtain the Patch List In a Sun workstation, what command can be used to obtain the patch list? Command "patchadd –p"
XV. What Commands are Used to Check the Status of the Workstation In a Sun workstation, what commands are used to check the status of disk, tape recorder, network adapter and swap area? z
Tape recorder:
mt -f /dev/rmt/n status
z
Disk: fsck
z
Network adapter:
ndd -get /dev/hme link_status
z
Swap area
swap -s
XVI. How to Set Dynamic IP To set dynamic IP, proceed as follows: 1) 2)
Edit file "/etc/hosts", delete the existing fixed IP: Edit or create a file "/etc/dhcp.Interface" (for example: dhcp.hme0) and empty it. If the file does not exist, create it.
3)
Locate file "/etc/defaultrouter", also delete it.
4)
After computer rebooting, IP address and gateway will be automatically assigned.
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XVII. How to Set Auto-run Scripts In directory "/etc/rcX.d", create a new file "SxxName", change it into an executable. In the name "SxxName", Sxx is the startup script which needs to be executed when entering this running level, while Kxx is the script which needs to be executed when switching running level and exiting current running level. The xx is the startup sequency number, the smaller it is, the higher priority it has to run. For example: S10 runs prior to S50, and K20 runs prior to K30.
XVIII. How to Check a Patch #showrev -p Check if the operating system has got relevant patches.
XIX. How to Check Whether the System has Power Management Use command "vi" to check file "/etc/power.conf", see if there is a string "noshutdown" in there.
XX. Is it Possible to Launch a Remote Telnet Login as “root” User Use command "vi" to check file "/etc/default/login", see if there is an # before "console". User can login remotely if “#“does not exist. CONSOLE=/dev/console
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Appendix E File Description of M2000 System
Appendix E File Description of M2000 System The appendix describes the files of M2000 system according to its directory structure.
E.1 Directory structure Table E-1 describes the specific directory structure and files. Table E-1 Directory structure and file description of M2000 system Path and file name
User/group
Authority description
${HOME}=/export/home/m2000
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The root directory of M2000 system.
${HOME}/bin
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which executable files and common tools of program are stored.
${HOME/data
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which data files and configuration files that change regularly are stored.
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which database files required for system running are stored. You are prohibited from modifying files in this directory.
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which configuration files of M2000 system are stored. The contents of files under this directory are generally invariable.
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which log files of system running are stored. Each service process has its own log file named in the format of *.log.
${HOME}/lib
${HOME}/etc
${HOME}/log
m2000/staff
m2000/staff
m2000/staff
Description
${HOME}/script
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The system script directory including scripts for establishing service database tables and importing service data.
${HOME}/script/common
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which scripts for establishing common service database tables are stored.
${HOME}/script/configsvr
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which scripts for establishing configuration server database tables are stored.
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Appendix E File Description of M2000 System
User/group
Authority description
${HOME}/script/pmsvr
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which scripts for establishing performance server database tables are stored.
${HOME}/script/timersvr
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which scripts for establishing timer server database tables are stored.
${HOME}/script/commonsvr
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which scripts for establishing common server database tables are stored.
${HOME}/script/alarmsvr
m2000/staff
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which scripts for establishing alarm server database tables are stored.
${HOME}/backup
sybase/dba
drwxr-xr-x
The directory under which all data backed up regularly are stored.
drwxrwxrwx
The buffer directory of the alarm report interface used for the interface of the third-party network management system.
Path and file name
${HOME}/send
m2000/staff
Description
E.2 File Description The following describes the files and scripts under each directory in detail.
E.2.1 ${HOME}/bin The files under this directory include: z
monsvrd: Executable file of monitor process server
z
alarmsvrd: Executable file of alarm server
z
alarmsend: Executable file of alarm report server
z
configsvr: Executable file of configuration server
z
commonsvrd: Executable file of common server
z
pmsvrd: Executable file of performance server
z
switch: Executable file of software bus module
z
timesvrd: Executable file of timer
z
timersvrd: Executable file of timer server The running of all above executable files forms the service process environment of the M2000 system.
There are some tools for each service under this directory except the above files: z
Crypt
z
cleartable
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Appendix E File Description of M2000 System
Used to clear the history data of the pmdb database (performance database) regularly by the crontab (system scheduled task) of the performance server. It must be invoked under the instruction of R&D. z
initmaxobjid Used to create network element (NE) ID upon the initial installation of the configuration server. It is invoked by the installation script. You are prohibited from using it separately.
z
pm_table Used by the performance server to invoke the sql script to perform operations on the pmdb or batch copy (BCP) table data to the pmdb as the user m2000. The sql script is invoked in the format of pm_table *.sql, and table data is batch copied in the format of pm_table *.txt. It must be used under the instruction of R&D.
z
Sqlgen Used to create the database table upon the installation of configuration server. It is invoked by installation script. You are prohibited from using it separately.
z
addlogin Used to create login sybase of the user m2000. It can be created automatically during installation or created manually after installation.
z
bcpout
z
combcp Used to import the static authority script into the common server. It must be used under the instruction of R&D.
z
execsql Used to execute the sql script as the user m2000. The parameter is the name of the sql script. It can be used separately.
z
inputpasswd Used by the alarm server to upgrade the alarm database. This command gives operation prompt if no parameter is used.
z
pminfoupdate Used to update “data/pmmarker.dat” upon the upgrade of the performance server. It can be used directly without parameters. You must use it in compliance with the operation guide during upgrade. Generally You are prohibited from using this tool separately.
z
build Used to encapsulate the database table by the configuration server as the user m2000. It is used for table establishment or data import/export. You are prohibited from using this tool separately.
z
initconninfo E-3
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Appendix E File Description of M2000 System
Used to view the initialization connection information of the common server and update the $HOME/data/connectinfo.dat. It is not allowed to execute it without special requirement. z
switchcon Used to view current network flow. It can be used directly without parameters.
z
viewconninfo Used by the common server to check information of history routing tables. It is used directly without parameters.
z
version Used to obtain the complete information of the current version.
E.2.2 ${HOME}/data Note: All the files and scripts under the directory are not allowed to modify manually.
The files under this directory include: z
alarmexception.ini This file, in the binary format, is used to record the information of exceptional exit of the alarm server.
z
alarmomccsn.dat This file, in the binary format, is used to record serial numbers of current internal alarms.
z
alarmnetcsn.dat This file, in the binary format, is used to record serial numbers of current network alarms.
z
alarmsave.ini This editable text file is used to record conditions for saving current history alarms.
z
alarmrelative.ini This editable text file is used to record conditions related to current alarms.
z
send.ini This text file is used to record conditions for alarm report at the third-party interface. The conditions for controlling alarm report are modified manually. The contents of the file are as follows: [alarmsend]
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Appendix E File Description of M2000 System //The control function is active. 1: alarm is reported; 0:
alarm is not reported. savedays=2
//Days of alarm buffer.
listenport=5200
//Port No. for system monitoring. It can be changed to
other idle ports.
It is not allowed to modify this file without special requirements. z
alarmshield.ini This file is used to save conditions for alarm prompts, that is, to record alarm filtering conditions for sending indicator information to the client. This file only exists after the conditions are set. It is not generated during initial installation.
z
alarmconfirm.ini This file is used to save conditions for automatic alarm acknowledgement, that is, to record the alarms that currently can be acknowledged automatically. This file only exists after the conditions are set. It is not generated during initial installation.
z
netalarmshield.ini This file is used to save conditions for alarm shielding in the whole network. It only exists after the conditions are set. This file is not generated during initial installation.
z
connectinfo.dat This file is used to save the information of history routing tables. When allocating object IDs, the switch queries whether the client has registered in the history routing tables. If yes, it allocates the original object ID to the client. Otherwise, it allocates a new object ID.
z
dbinfo.dat This file is used to save the information of the current database.
z
maxobjid.dat The file is used to save the current maximum ObjectID. It must be reserved during upgrade.
z
pmalarmbuff.dat It is the buffer queue file of performance alarm, which is used to save performance alarms to be sent. This file is in the binary format.
z
pmmarker.dat It is the marker file of performance index list, which is used to save the incremental marks for the update of the performance index list.
z
pminside.dat It is the internal performance parameter file, which is currently used to save incremental numbers of performance tasks.
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Appendix E File Description of M2000 System
E.2.3 ${HOME}/lib All files under this directory are running files of the M2000 system. They cannot and need not be modified manually.
E.2.4 ${HOME}/etc The files under this directory are configuration parameter files of the M2000 system. You can modify it only under the instruction of R&D because the modification has impact on the running of the system. Table E-2 lists files under the directory ${HOME}/etc. Table E-2 Files under the directory ${HOME}/etc SN
File name
Type
Contents
1
language.txt
Text file
Error bits and explanation information in English
2
language_cn.txt
Text file
Error bits and explanation information in Chinese
3
language_en.txt
Text file
Error bits and explanation information in English
4
pmconfig
Text file
Parameter setting of the configuration server
Remark
No modification is allowed.
E.2.5 ${HOME}/backup It is the database backup directory used for the recovery of exceptions. The system adopts automatic backup mechanism without manual intervention.
E.2.6 ${HOME}/log It stores the log files that records running information of each service process. This directory must be packaged and sent back to R&D for further analysis if the system runs abnormally. Manual intervention is not required.
E.2.7 ${HOME}/script/common It is the directory under which scripts for creating and deleting database are stored. The names and usage of several scripts are as follows: z
clear.sh This script is used to delete the service database of the M2000 system as well as all users of the M2000 system in sybase database. It is then used to add users to the sybase database and modify some configuration parameters of sybase
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Appendix E File Description of M2000 System
database. This script is automatically invoked by the installation script. It is not allowed to use this script in other cases. You can invoke this script to delete the M2000 system database using the command clear.sh server1234. z
dropdb.sql This script is used to delete the service database of the M2000 system instead of modifying user information and configuration parameters of the sybase database. This differs from the previous script. You can invoke this script using the following command: isql –Usa –Pserver1234 < dropdb.sql You must take the result into full consideration before executing this command.
z
init.sql This script is used to delete m2000 users from the sybase database and re-set some options of the sybase database. This script can only be executed successfully after the service database of M2000 system is deleted completely. The installation script invokes this script during installation. It is not allowed to use this script in other cases.
z
crtalarmdb.sql This script is used to delete and re-create the script of the alarm database and set options for the alarm database. To delete the current alarm database and create a new one, invoke this script by running isql –Usa –Pserver1234
