23249323-sql-notes

CONTENTS : ------------------1. SQL BASIC 2. SQL Syntax 3. SQL SELECT Statement 4. SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement 5.SQL WHERE Clause 6. SQL AND & OR Operators 7. SQL ORDER BY Keyword 8. SQL INSERT INTO Statement 9. SQL UPDATE Statement 10. SQ L DELETE Statement 11. SQL TOP Clause 12. SQL LIKE Operator 13.SQL Wildcards 14. SQL IN Operator 15.SQL BETWEEN Operator 16. SQL Alias 17.SQL Joins 18. SQL INNE R JOIN Keyword 19.SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword 20. SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword 21.SQL FULL J OIN Keyword 22. SQL UNION Operator 23. SQL SELECT INTO Statement 24. SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement 25. SQL CREATE TABLE Statement 26. SQL Constraints 27. SQL NO T NULL Constraint 28. SQL UNIQUE Constraint 29. SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint 30. S QL FOREIGN KEY Constraint 31. SQL CHECK Constraint 32. SQL DEFAULT Constraint 33 . SQL CREATE INDEX Statement 34. SQL DROP INDEX, DROP TABLE, and DROP DATABASE 3 5. SQL ALTER TABLE Statement 36. SQL AUTO INCREMENT Field 37. SQL Views

38. SQL Date Functions 39. SQL NULL Values 40. SQL NULL Functions 41.SQL Data Ty pes 42. SQL Functions 43. SQL AVG() Function 44. SQL COUNT() Function 45. SQL FI RST() Function 46. SQL LAST() Function 47. SQL MAX() Function 48. SQL MIN() Func tion 49. SQL SUM() Function 50. SQL GROUP BY Statement 51. SQL HAVING Clause 52. SQL UCASE() Function 53. SQL LCASE() Function 54. SQL MID() Function 55. SQL LE N() Function 56. SQL ROUND() Function 57. SQL NOW() Function 58. SQL FORMAT() Fu nction 59. SQL Quick Reference From W3Schools 60. SQL Hosting

SQL BASIC 1. What is SQL? SQL stands for Structured Query Language SQL lets you access and manipulate databases SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Inst itute) standard What Can SQL do? SQL can execute queries against a database SQL can retrieve data from a database SQL can insert records in a database SQL can u pdate records in a database SQL can delete records from a database SQL can creat e new databases SQL can create new tables in a database SQL can create stored pr ocedures in a database SQL can create views in a database SQL can set permission s on tables, procedures, and views SQL is a Standard - BUT.... Although SQL is a n ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard, there are many differen t versions of the SQL language. However, to be compliant with the ANSI standard, they all support at least the major commands (such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, I NSERT, WHERE) in a similar manner. Note: Most of the SQL database programs also have their own proprietary extensions in addition to the SQL standard! Using SQL in Your Web Site To build a web site that shows some data from a database, you will need the following: An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS Access, SQL Server, MySQL) A server-side scripting language, like PHP or ASP SQL HTML / CSS RDBMS RD BMS stands for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS is the basis for SQL , and for all modern database systems like MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL , and Microsoft Access. The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called t ables. A table is a collections of related data entries and it consists of colum ns and rows. 2. SQL Syntax Database Tables A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data. Below is an example of a table called "Persons": P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger The table above contains three records (one for each pe rson) and five columns (P_Id, LastName, FirstName, Address, and City). SQL State ments Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are done with SQL st atements. The following SQL statement will select all the records in the "Person s" table: SELECT * FROM Persons In this tutorial we will teach you all about the different SQL statements. Keep in Mind That... SQL is not case sensitive Semico lon after SQL Statements? Some database systems require a semicolon at the end o f each SQL statement. Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL stateme nt in database systems that allow more than one SQL statement to be executed in the same call to the server. We are using MS Access and SQL Server 2000 and we d o not have to put a semicolon after each SQL statement, but some database progra ms force you to use it. SQL DML and DDL SQL can be divided into two parts: The D ata Manipulation Language (DML) and the Data Definition Language (DDL). The quer y and update commands form the DML part of SQL: SELECT - extracts data from a da tabase UPDATE - updates data in a database DELETE - deletes data from a database INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database The DDL part of SQL permits data base tables to be created or deleted. It also define indexes (keys), specify lin ks between tables, and impose constraints between tables. The most important DDL statements in SQL are: CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database CREATE TABLE - creates a new table ALTER TABLE - modifies a table DROP TABLE - deletes a table CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key ) DROP INDEX - deletes an index 3. SQL SELECT Statement This chapter will explai n the SELECT and the SELECT * statements. The SQL SELECT Statement The SELECT st atement is used to select data from a database. The result is stored in a result table, called the result-set. SQL SELECT Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name and SELECT * FROM table_name Note: SQL is not case sensitive. SELECT is the same as select. An SQL SELECT Example The "Per sons" table: P_Id LastName FirstName Address City 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sand nes 2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger Now w e want to select the content of the columns named "LastName" and "FirstName" fro m the table above. We use the following SELECT statement: SELECT LastName,FirstN ame FROM Persons The result-set will look like this: LastName FirstName Hansen O la Svendson Tove Pettersen Kari SELECT * Example Now we want to select all the c olumns from the "Persons" table. We use the following SELECT statement: SELECT * FROM Persons Tip: The asterisk (*) is a quick way of selecting all columns! The result-set will look like this: P_Id LastName FirstName Address 1 Hansen Ola Ti moteivn 10 2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger Navigation in a Result-set Most database software systems allow navigation in th e result-set with programming functions, like: Move-To-First-Record, Get-RecordContent, Move-To-Next-Record, etc. Programming functions like these are not a pa rt of this tutorial. To learn about accessing data with function calls, please v isit our ADO tutorial or our PHP tutorial. 4. SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement This chapter will explain the SELECT DISTINCT statement. The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Sta tement

In a table, some of the columns may contain duplicate values. This is not a prob lem, however, sometimes you will want to list only the different (distinct) valu es in a table. The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only distinct (differe nt) values. SQL SELECT DISTINCT Syntax SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s) FROM table _name SELECT DISTINCT Example The "Persons" table: P_Id LastName FirstName Addre ss City 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes 3 Pe ttersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger Now we want to select only the distinct values from the column named "City" from the table above. We use the following SELECT s tatement: SELECT DISTINCT City FROM Persons The result-set will look like this: City Sandnes Stavanger 5.SQL WHERE Clause The WHERE clause is used to filter rec ords. The WHERE Clause The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records th at fulfill a specified criterion. SQL WHERE Syntax SELECT column_name(s) FROM ta ble_name WHERE column_name operator value WHERE Clause Example The "Persons" tab le: P_Id LastName FirstName Address City 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 2 Sve ndson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger Now we want to select only the persons living in the city "Sandnes" from the table above. We u se the following SELECT statement: SELECT * FROM Persons

WHERE City='Sandnes' The result-set will look like this: P_Id LastName FirstName 1 Hansen Ola 2 Svendson Tove Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 City Sandnes Sandnes Quotes Around Text Fields SQL uses single quotes around text values (most databa se systems will also accept double quotes). Although, numeric values should not be enclosed in quotes. For text values: This is correct: SELECT * FROM Persons W HERE FirstName='Tove' This is wrong: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Tove For numeric values: This is correct: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year=1965 This is wrong: SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year='1965' Operators Allowed in the WHERE Clause With the WHERE clause, the following operators can be used: Operator Des cription = Equal Not equal > Greater than < Less than >= Greater than or equa l (SELECT AVG(OrderPrice) FROM Orders ) The result-set will look like this: Customer

Hansen Nilsen Jensen 44. SQL COUNT() Function The COUNT() function returns the n umber of rows that matches a specified criteria. SQL COUNT(column_name) Syntax T he COUNT(column_name) function returns the number of values (NULL values will no t be counted) of the specified column: SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name SQL COUNT(*) Syntax The COUNT(*) function returns the number of records in a table: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name SQL COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) Syntax The COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) function returns the number of distinct values of the specified column: SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) FROM table_name Note: COUNT(DISTINCT) works with ORACLE and Microsoft SQL Server, but not with M icrosoft Access. SQL COUNT(column_name) Example We have the following "Orders" t able: O_Id OrderDate OrderPrice Customer 1 2008/11/12 1000 Hansen 2 2008/10/23 1 600 Nilsen 3 2008/09/02 700 Hansen 4 2008/09/03 300 Hansen 5 2008/08/30 2000 Jen sen 6 2008/10/04 100 Nilsen Now we want to count the number of orders from "Cust omer Nilsen". We use the following SQL statement: SELECT COUNT(Customer) AS CustomerNilsen FROM Orders WHERE Customer='Nilsen' The result of the SQL statement above will be 2, because the customer Nilsen has made 2 orders in total: CustomerNilsen 2 SQL COUNT(*) Example If we omit the WH ERE clause, like this: SELECT COUNT(*) AS NumberOfOrders FROM Orders

The result-set will look like this: NumberOfOrders 6 which is the total number o f rows in the table. SQL COUNT(DISTINCT column_name) Example Now we want to coun t the number of unique customers in the "Orders" table. We use the following SQL statement: SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Customer) AS NumberOfCustomers FROM Orders The result-set will look like this: NumberOfCustomers 3 which is the number of u nique customers (Hansen, Nilsen, and Jensen) in the "Orders" table. 45. SQL FIRS T() Function The FIRST() function returns the first value of the selected column . SQL FIRST() Syntax SELECT FIRST(column_name) FROM table_name SQL FIRST() Example We have the following "Orders" table: O_Id OrderDate OrderPr ice 1 2008/11/12 1000 2 2008/10/23 1600 3 2008/09/02 700 4 2008/09/03 300 5 2008 /08/30 2000 6 2008/10/04 100 Now we want to find the first value of the "OrderPr ice" column. We use the following SQL statement: The result-set will look like t his: FirstOrderPrice 1000 Customer Hansen Nilsen Hansen Hansen Jensen Nilsen SELECT FIRST(OrderPrice) AS FirstOrderPrice FROM Orders 46. SQL LAST() Function The LAST() function returns the last value of the select ed column. SQL LAST() Syntax SELECT LAST(column_name) FROM table_name

SQL LAST() Example We have the following "Orders" table: O_Id OrderDate OrderPri ce 1 2008/11/12 1000 2 2008/10/23 1600 3 2008/09/02 700 4 2008/09/03 300 5 2008/ 08/30 2000 6 2008/10/04 100 Now we want to find the last value of the "OrderPric e" column. We use the following SQL statement: SELECT LAST(OrderPrice) AS LastOrderPrice FROM Orders Customer Hansen Nilsen Hansen Hansen Jensen Nilsen The result-set will look like this: LastOrderPrice 100 47. SQL MAX() Function The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selec ted column. SQL MAX() Syntax SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name SQL MAX() Example : We have the following "Orders" table: O_Id OrderDate OrderPr ice Customer 1 2008/11/12 1000 Hansen 2 2008/10/23 1600 Nilsen 3 2008/09/02 700 Hansen 4 2008/09/03 300 Hansen 5 2008/08/30 2000 Jensen 6 2008/10/04 100 Nilsen Now we want to find the largest value of the "OrderPrice" column. We use the fol lowing SQL statement: SELECT MAX(OrderPrice) AS LargestOrderPrice FROM Orders The result-set will look like this: LargestOrderPrice 2000

48. SQL MIN() Function The MIN() Function The MIN() function returns the smalles t value of the selected column. SQL MIN() Syntax SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name SQL MIN() Example We have the following "Orders" table: O_Id OrderDate OrderPric e Customer 1 2008/11/12 1000 Hansen 2 2008/10/23 1600 Nilsen 3 2008/09/02 700 Ha nsen 4 2008/09/03 300 Hansen 5 2008/08/30 2000 Jensen 6 2008/10/04 100 Nilsen No w we want to find the smallest value of the "OrderPrice" column. We use the foll owing SQL statement: SELECT MIN(OrderPrice) AS SmallestOrderPrice FROM Orders The result-set will look like this: SmallestOrderPrice 100 49. SQL SUM() Function The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric col umn. SQL SUM() Syntax SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name SQL SUM() Example We have the following "Orders" table: O_Id OrderDate OrderPric e 1 2008/11/12 1000 2 2008/10/23 1600 3 2008/09/02 700 4 2008/09/03 300 5 2008/0 8/30 2000 6 2008/10/04 100 Now we want to find the sum of all "OrderPrice" field s". We use the following SQL statement: SELECT SUM(OrderPrice) AS OrderTotal FROM Orders Customer Hansen Nilsen Hansen Hansen Jensen Nilsen The result-set will look like this:

OrderTotal 5700 50. SQL GROUP BY Statement Aggregate functions often need an added GROUP BY stat ement. The GROUP BY statement is used in conjunction with the aggregate function s to group the result-set by one or more columns. SQL GROUP BY Syntax SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column _name operator value GROUP BY column_name SQL GROUP BY Example We have the following "Orders" table: O_Id OrderDate OrderP rice Customer 1 2008/11/12 1000 Hansen 2 2008/10/23 1600 Nilsen 3 2008/09/02 700 Hansen 4 2008/09/03 300 Hansen 5 2008/08/30 2000 Jensen 6 2008/10/04 100 Nilsen Now we want to find the total sum (total order) of each customer. We will have to use the GROUP BY statement to group the customers. We use the following SQL s tatement: SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders GROUP BY Customer The result-set will look like this: Customer SUM(OrderPrice) Hansen 2000 Nilsen 1700 Jensen 2000 Nice! Isn't it? :) Let's see what happens if we omit the GROUP BY statement: SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders The result-set will look like this: Customer SUM(OrderPrice) Hansen 5700 Nilsen 5700

Hansen 5700 Hansen 5700 Jensen 5700 Nilsen 5700 The result-set above is not what we wanted. Explanation of why the above SELECT statement cannot be used: The SE LECT statement above has two columns specified (Customer and SUM(OrderPrice). Th e "SUM(OrderPrice)" returns a single value (that is the total sum of the "OrderP rice" column), while "Customer" returns 6 values (one value for each row in the "Orders" table). This will therefore not give us the correct result. However, yo u have seen that the GROUP BY statement solves this problem. GROUP BY More Than One Column We can also use the GROUP BY statement on more than one column, like this: SELECT Customer,OrderDate,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders GROUP BY Customer,OrderDat e 51. SQL HAVING Clause The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keywo rd could not be used with aggregate functions. SQL HAVING Syntax SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column _name operator value GROUP BY column_name HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value SQL HAVING Example We have the following "Orders" table: O_Id OrderDate OrderPri ce Customer 1 2008/11/12 1000 Hansen 2 2008/10/23 1600 Nilsen 3 2008/09/02 700 H ansen 4 2008/09/03 300 Hansen 5 2008/08/30 2000 Jensen 6 2008/10/04 100 Nilsen N ow we want to find if any of the customers have a total order of less than 2000. We use the following SQL statement: SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders GROUP BY Customer

HAVING SUM(OrderPrice)1500 The result-set will look like this: Customer SUM(OrderPrice) Hansen 2000 Jensen 2000 52. SQL UCASE() Function The UCASE() Function The UCASE() function converts the value of a field to uppercase. SQL UCASE() Syntax SELECT UCASE(column_name) FROM table_name SQL UCASE() Example We have the following "Persons" table: P_Id LastName FirstNa me Address City 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sand nes 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger Now we want to select the content of th e "LastName" and "FirstName" columns above, and convert the "LastName" column to uppercase. We use the following SELECT statement: SELECT UCASE(LastName) as LastName,FirstName FROM Persons The result-set will look like this: LastName FirstName HANSEN Ola SVENDSON Tove PETTERSEN Kari 53. SQL LCASE() Function

The LCASE() function converts the value of a field to lowercase. SQL LCASE() Syn tax SELECT LCASE(column_name) FROM table_name SQL LCASE() Example We have the following "Persons" table: P_Id LastName FirstNa me Address City 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sand nes 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger Now we want to select the content of th e "LastName" and "FirstName" columns above, and convert the "LastName" column to lowercase. We use the following SELECT statement: SELECT LCASE(LastName) as LastName,FirstName FROM Persons The result-set will look like this: LastName FirstName hansen Ola svendson Tove pettersen Kari 54. SQL MID() Function The MID() function is used to extract characters from a t ext field. SQL MID() Syntax SELECT MID(column_name,start[,length]) FROM table_name Parameter column_name start length Description Required. The field to extract characters from. Required. Specifies the starting position (starts at 1). Optional. The number of characters to retur n. If omitted, the MID() function returns the rest of the text. SQL MID() Example : we have the following "Persons" table: P_Id LastName FirstNa me Address City 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sand nes 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger Now we want to extract the first four c haracters of the "City" column above.

We use the following SELECT statement: SELECT MID(City,1,4) as SmallCity FROM Pe rsons The result-set will look like this: SmallCity Sand Sand Stav 55. SQL LEN() Function The LEN() function returns the length of the value in a text field. SQL LEN() Sy ntax SELECT LEN(column_name) FROM table_name SQL LEN() Example We have the follo wing "Persons" table: P_Id LastName FirstName Address City 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes 2 Svendso n Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes 3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger Now we want to sel ect the length of the values in the "Address" column above. We use the following SELECT statement: SELECT LEN(Address) as LengthOfAddress FROM Persons The resul t-set will look like this: LengthOfAddress 12 9 9 56. SQL ROUND() Function The ROUND() function is used to round a numeric field t o the number of decimals specified. SQL ROUND() Syntax SELECT ROUND(column_name,decimals) FROM table_name Parameter column_name decimals Description Required. The field to round. Required. Specifies the number of deci mals to be returned. SQL ROUND() Example

We have the following "Products" table: Prod_Id ProductName Unit UnitPrice 1 Jar lsberg 1000 g 10.45 2 Mascarpone 1000 g 32.56 3 Gorgonzola 1000 g 15.67 Now we w ant to display the product name and the price rounded to the nearest integer. We use the following SELECT statement: SELECT ProductName, ROUND(UnitPrice,0) as U nitPrice FROM Products The result-set will look like this: ProductName UnitPrice Jarlsberg 10 Mascarpone 33 Gorgonzola 16 57. SQL NOW() Function The NOW() function returns the current system date and ti me. SQL NOW() Syntax SELECT NOW() FROM table_name SQL NOW() Example : We have th e following "Products" table: Prod_Id ProductName Unit 1 Jarlsberg 1000 g 2 Masc arpone 1000 g 3 Gorgonzola 1000 g Now we want to display the products and prices per today's date. We use the following SELECT statement: The result-set will lo ok like this: ProductName UnitPrice Jarlsberg 10.45 Mascarpone 32.56 Gorgonzola 15.67 UnitPrice 10.45 32.56 15.67 SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice, Now() as PerDate FROM Products PerDate 10/7/2008 11:25:02 AM 10/7/2008 11:25:02 AM 10/7/2008 11:25:02 AM 58. SQL FORMAT() Function The FORMAT() function is used to format how a field is to be displayed.

SQL FORMAT() Syntax SELECT FORMAT(column_name,format) FROM table_name Parameter column_name format Description Required. The field to be formatted. Required. Specifies the format. SQL FORMAT() Example : We have the following "Products" table: Prod_Id ProductNa me Unit UnitPrice 1 Jarlsberg 1000 g 10.45 2 Mascarpone 1000 g 32.56 3 Gorgonzol a 1000 g 15.67 Now we want to display the products and prices per today's date ( with today's date displayed in the following format "YYYY-MM-DD"). We use the fo llowing SELECT statement: SELECT ProductName, UnitPrice, FORMAT(Now(),'YYYY-MM-DD') as PerDate FROM Produc ts The result-set will look like this: ProductName Jarlsberg Mascarpone Gorgonzola UnitPrice 10.45 32.56 15.67 PerDate 2008-10-07 2008-10-07 2008-10-07 59. SQL Quick Reference From W3Schools Syntax SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition ANDOR condition ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype or ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name SELECT column_name AS column_ alias FROM table_name SQL Statement AND / OR ALTER TABLE AS (alias)

Or SELECT column_name FROM table_name AS table_alias BETWEEN SELECT column_name( s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2 CREATE DATABASE C REATE DATABASE database_name CREATE TABLE CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name1 data_type, column_name2 data_type, column_name2 data_type, ... ) CREATE INDEX C REATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name) or CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_ name ON table_name (column_name) CREATE VIEW CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT col umn_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition DELETE DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value or DELETE FROM table_name (Note: Deletes the entire table !!) DELETE * FROM table_name (Note: Deletes the entire table!!) DROP DATABASE DR OP DATABASE database_name DROP INDEX DROP INDEX table_name.index_name (SQL Serve r) DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name (MS Access) DROP INDEX index_name (DB2/Or acle) ALTER TABLE table_name DROP INDEX index_name (MySQL) DROP TABLE DROP TABLE table_name GROUP BY SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM ta ble_name WHERE column_name operator value GROUP BY column_name HAVING SELECT col umn_name, aggregate_function(column_name)

IN INSERT INTO INNER JOIN LEFT JOIN RIGHT JOIN FULL JOIN LIKE ORDER BY SELECT SELECT * SELECT DISTINCT FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value GROUP BY column_name HAVING agg regate_function(column_name) operator value SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_nam e WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,..) INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3,....) or INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...) VALUES (value1, value2, value3,....) SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 INNE R JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name SELECT col umn_name(s) FROM table_name1 LEFT JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=ta ble_name2.column_name SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 RIGHT JOIN table_na me2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name SELECT column_name(s) FRO M table_name1 FULL JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.colum n_name SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE pattern SELE CT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name [ASCDESC] SELECT column_ name(s) FROM table_name SELECT * FROM table_name SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s) FROM table_name

SELECT INTO SELECT * INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase] FROM old_table_name or SELECT column_name(s) INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase] FROM old_table_name SE LECT TOP SELECT TOP numberpercent column_name(s) FROM table_name TRUNCATE TABLE TRUNCATE TABLE table_name UNION SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 UNION SE LECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2 UNION ALL SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_ name1 UNION ALL SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2 UPDATE UPDATE table_name SET column1=value, column2=value,... WHERE some_column=some_value WHERE SELECT c olumn_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value Source : http://w ww.w3schools.com/sql/sql_quickref.asp 60. SQL Hosting SQL Hosting If you want yo ur web site to be able to store and display data from a database, your web serve r should have access to a database system that uses the SQL language. If your we b server will be hosted by an Internet Service Provider (ISP), you will have to look for SQL hosting plans. The most common SQL hosting databases are MySQL, MS SQL Server, and MS Access. You can have SQL databases on both Windows and Linux/ UNIX operating systems. Below is an overview of which database system that runs on which OS. MS SQL Server Runs only on Windows OS. MySQL Runs on both Windows a nd Linux/UNIX operating systems. MS Access (recommended only for small websites) Runs only on Windows OS. To learn more about web hosting, please visit our Host ing tutorial.