2.3.2 Energia Que Nos Move
December 8, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download 2.3.2 Energia Que Nos Move...
Description
UILI_KFJ ZYI LBT MBPI] — FQFLI_Ê_FB UDFILDFJT AJ LJQY_IXJ I TYJT QIDLBNBKFJT AI USS] CB_JT : ? 4 1
Ilirkfj qui lbs mbvi 9
:
UILI_KFJ ZYI LBT MBPI] — FQFLI_Ê_FB UDFILDFJT AJ LJQY_IXJ I TYJT QIDLBNBKFJT :
Tumêrfb
?
Jprisiltjëäb..................................... ............................................................................... ..................................................................................... .......................................................................... ............................... ?
4
................................................................................................................. ............................... 0 Istruturj Kirjn abs Bohitbs ai Dblcidfmiltb8 ..................................................................................
1
Ylfajais Durrfdunjris ........................................ ................................................................................. ................................................................................... ............................................................ .................. 3
9
:. Flvistfkjëäb i Ixpnbrjëäb aj Djrrifrj Dfiltí`fdj ................................................................................. ................................................................................................... .................. 3
0
?. Ljturizj aj Ilirkfj ........................................ ................................................................................... .................................................................................... ................................................... ..........::
;
4. Mjtrfzis Ilirkætfdjs ....................................... .................................................................................. .................................................................................... ................................................... ..........:4
3
9. Dblstruëäb ai Kirjabr .................................... ............................................................................... .................................................................................... ................................................... ..........:9
6
_i`irèldfjs _i`irèldfj s ................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................ ......................................................................... ..............................:0
:7
::
Jprisiltjëäb
:? :4
Ymj ajs `brmjs ai si miafr b aisilvbnvfmiltb ai umj dfvfnfzjëäb dfvfnfzjëä b æ jtrjvæs aj qujltfajai ai ilirkfj kirjaj i kjstj pbr inj. Lb iltjltb, lbs prôxfmbs
:1
jlbs, j cumjlfajai aivi il`riltjr um krjlai aisj`fb rinjdfbljab j fssb. J pbpunjëäb vim drisdfab virtfkflbsjmilti ljs øntfmjs aædjajs. Wbr vbntj abs jlbs
:9
:377 ærjmbs jprbxfmjajmilti : ofncäb ai pissbjs lj Qirrj. Jpôs pbudb mjfs ai ?77 jlbs sbmbs mjfs ai ;,0 ofncùis ai pissbjs, i issi lømirb läb pjrj ai
:0 :;
drisdir. Ailtri bs prbonimjs kirjabs pbr issj supirpbpunjëäb istäb b jojstidfmiltb ai dbmfaj i êkuj pjrj tbabs lôs qui vfvimbs listi pnjlitj. Jnæm afssb, timbs j quistäb aj afspblfofnfajai ai ilirkfj. Luldj lj cfstôrfj dblsumfmbs tjltj ilirkfj! Aisai flaøstrfjs jb `uldfbljmiltb ai nïmpjajs. Qjri`js sfmpnis
:3
dbmb `jzir dj`æ i isquiltjr dbmfaj lb mfdrbblajs, tuab ilvbnvi kjstb ai ilirkfj. Wjrj qui si tilcj umj faifj, sô b `uldfbljmiltb aj fltirlit dblsbmi dirdj
:6
ai 0 % aj ilirkfj prbauzfaj lb mulab!
?7 ?:
B aisj`fb aj cumjlfajai lissi timj æ qui 3;% aj ilirkfj prbauzfaj vim ai `bltis läb rilbvêvifs dbmb b pitrônib, djrväb mflirjn i kês ljturjn. Istfmj-si qui b pitrônib `fdjrê isdjssb lb pnjlitj pbr vbntj ai ?79?, b kês ljturjn im ?707 i b djrväb im ?733. Im butrjs pjnjvrjs, timbs jtæ b `fljn aissi ?
UILI_KFJ ZYI LBT MBPI] — FQFLI_Ê_FB UDFILDFJT AJ LJQY_IXJ I TYJT QIDLBNBKFJT :
sædunb pjrj aisdborfrmbs dbmb trbdjr j mjfbr pjrti ai lbssj `blti ai ilirkfj. Jtujnmilti ixfstim jntirljtfvjs pjrj afvirsf`fd afvirsf`fdjr jr j lbssj `brmj ai botilëäb ai
?
ilirkfj. Lb Orjsfn, pbr iximpnb, j prfldfpjn mjtrfz ai kirjëäb ai ilirkfj æ j cfarinætrfdj. Istjmbs im sikulab nukjr im tbab t bab b pnjlitj lj kirjëäb ai initrfdfajai
4 1
dbm cfarinætrfdjs. Imobrj sihj umj `blti ai ilirkfj nfmpj, inj sô pbai sir fmpnimiltjaj dbm sudissb im rfbs ai rinivb ispidí`fdb. Wbr butrb njab, im butrbs pjísis dbmb j @rjlëj j mjtrfz ai ilirkfj prfldfpjn æ j Ludnijr. Ixfsti umj dirtj místfdj míst fdj qujlab `jnjmbs aissi tfpb ai kirjëäb ai ilirkfj fssb pbrqui lbs
9
nimorjmbs ajs obmojs sbntjs im Cfrbscfmj i Ljkjsjef, ab aisjstri im Dcirlboyn i jtæ mismb ab jdfailti rjafbnôkfdb im Kbfïlfj, mjs, lj virajai, dbm j
0
tidlbnbkfj qui timbs cbhi, trjtj-si ai umj `blti rinjtfvjmilti sikurj i i`fdfilti. Butrj `blti ai ilirkfj joulajlti im lbssb pnjlitj vim ab Tbn. Wjrj qui si
;
tilcj umj faifj, si `ñssimbs djpjzis d jpjzis ai ritir tbaj ilirkfj prbvilfilti ab Tbn qui dcikj lj Q Qirrj, irrj, im umj cbrj tiríjmbs ilirkfj su`fdfilti pjrj suprfr lbssjs
3
lidissfajais aurjlti : jlb! Wbr fssb, vim drisdilab muftb lb mulab j kirjëäb ai ilirkfj j pjrtfr ai dbnitbris sbnjris. Æ umj `blti nfmpj i rilbvêvin, mjs
6
tim b prbonimj ai sir, lb mbmiltb, pbudb i`fdfilti. Dbnitbris sbnjris `iftbs ai sfnídfb pbaim dblvirtir jprbxfmjajmilti ?9 % aj ilirkfj ab Tbn im
:7
initrfdfajai. Jnæm ajs `bltis ai ilirkfj dftjajs pbaimbs inildjr js ab tfpb iônfdj, mjrimbtrfz, ofbmjssj, ofbkês iltri butrjs `brmjs ai si kirjr ilirkfj.
::
B prisilti ftflirêrfb `brmjtfvb tim j fltilëäb ai afsdutfr, ab pbltb ai vfstj dfi dfiltí`fdb, ltí`fdb, b prbonimj aj ilirkfj ljs rijnfajais nbdjn, rikfbljn, ljdfbljn i
:?
mulafjn. Wjrj fssb, j prbpbstj flfdfjn (môaunb :) æ j ai drfjr fltirissi lb istuab ajs dfèldfjs aj ljturizj pinbs/ pinbs/js js istuajltis i jflaj aisilvbnvir cjofnfajais ai
:4
flvistfkjëäb dfiltí`fdj j rispiftb ai timjs rinjdfbljabs ç issj êrij ai `brmj qui inis pbssjm jprisiltjr flfdfjtfvj i pnjlihjmiltb pjrj im sikufaj dbmulfdjr
:1
bs risuntjabs botfabs. Jnfês, issi môaunb aivi sir umj ispædfi ai ojnfzjabr pjrj tbabs bs ftflirêrfbs ai dfèldfjs aj ljturizj umj viz qui, ini istjrê prisilti
:9
im tbabs inis. Ajlab prbssikufmiltb jb ftflirêrfb, b/j istuajlti frê jprb`ulajr-si lb dbldiftb ai ilirkfj aisai suj pirspidtfvj cfstôrfdj jtæ dbldipëùis
:0
prisiltis lj midïlfdj, lj tirmbnbkfj i lb initrbmjklitfsmb (môaunb ?). Im sikufaj, jprisiltjmbs js vêrfjs mjtrfzis ilirkætfdjs ilirkætfdj s prisiltis lb Orjsfn i lb
:;
mulab (môaunb 4). J fltilëäb lissi môaunb æ j ai ri`nitfr drftfdjmilti j rispiftb ajs sbnuëùis ai kirjëäb ai ilirkfj qui säb utfnfzjajs nivjlab-si im
:3
dblsfairjëäb js djrjdtirístfdjs sbdfjfs, idblñmfdjs, dunturjfs, jmofiltjfs i pbnítfdjs. @fljnmilti, failtf`fdjmbs um prbonimj ai kirjëäb ai ilirkfj nbdjn pjrj
:6
prbpbr umj sbnuëäb dblstruflab, dblstruflab, si `br b djsb, um kirjabr ai ilirkfj ilirkfj `uldfbljn (môaunb 1).
?7
4
UILI_KFJ ZYI LBT MBPI] — FQFLI_Ê_FB UDFILDFJT AJ LJQY_IXJ I TYJT QIDLBNBKFJT :
Mbofnfzj Dbldiftbs ajs êrijs
?
Ofbnbkfj, @ísfdj, Zuímfdj i Dfèldfjs Cumjljs.
4
Dursbs qui tèm rinjëäb dbm js dbmpitèldfjs prbpbstjs pinb Ftflirêrfb
1
Ojdcjrinjab ljs ilkilcjrfjs8 Dfvfn, Midïlfdj, Jutbmjëäb, Inætrfdj i Jnfmiltbs.
9
Nfdildfjturj i Ojdcjrinjab8 @ísfdj, Zuímfdj, Ofbnbkfj.
0
Aimjfs dursbs rinjdfbljabs ç pisqufsj dfiltí`fdj.
;
Dbmpitèldfjs Ispidí`fdjs ab Ftflirêrfb
3 6 :7
•
•
:: :?
•
:4 :1
•
:9 :0 :;
•
:3 :6
•
Aimblstrjr cjofnfajais ai flvistfkjëäb dfiltí`fdj (rinjdfbljajs ç bosirvjëäb i pisqufsj) sbori timjs ajs Dfèldfjs aj Ljturizj aisilvbnvilab flfdfjtfvj i pnjlihjmiltb lj jlênfsi ai `ilñmilbs pjrj dbmulfdjr bs afvirsbs risuntjabs botfabs. Failtf`fdjr i aisdrivir umj vjrfiajai ai djrrifrjs rinjdfbljajs çs Dfèldfjs aj Ljturizj jpbltjlab dfiltfstjs orjsfnifrbs qui rijnfzjrjm dbltrfoufëùis fmpbrtjltis lj Êrij pjrj aisilvbnvir jëùis ab prbhitb ai vfaj. Failtf`fdjr itjpjs im prbdissbs ai botilëäb, trjls`brmjëäb, utfnfzjëäb bu ridfdnjkim ai ridursbs ljturjfs, ilirkætfdbs bu mjtærfjs-prfmjs, dblsfairjlab prbdissbs ofbnôkfdbs, químfdbs bu `ísfdbs linis ilvbnvfabs. Wrbvbdjr j ousdj ai lbvbs dblcidfmiltbs lj tiltjtfvj ai dbmpriilair b dbldiftb ilirkfj lb qui si ri`iri çs sujs vêrfjs mjlf`istjëùis, dbmb pbr iximpnb, ilirkfj midïlfdj, ilirkfj tærmfdj, ilirkfj inætrfdj, ilirkfj numflbsj, ilirkfj ludnijr, oim dbmb bs mjfs vjrfjabs tfpbs ai dblvirsäb ai umj `brmj im butrj. Aisilvbnvir sfstimj ai kirjëäb ai ilirkfj ojsijab lbs dblcidfmiltbs jaqufrfabs ljs Dfèldfjs aj Ljturizj ai mbab j suprfr jnkumj aimjlaj nbdjn. Jvjnfjr fmpjdtbs im jmofiltis ljturjfs aidbrriltis ai jtfvfajais sbdfjfs bu idblñmfdjs, dblsfairjlab fltirissis dbltrjaftôrfbs.
?7
1
UILI_KFJ ZYI LBT MBPI] — FQFLI_Ê_FB UDFILDFJT AJ LJQY_IXJ I TYJT QIDLBNBKFJT :
_injëäb ajs cjofnfajais ab Ftflirêrfb dbm js dbmpitèldfjs ajs êrijs aj OLDD ?0
4 (IMF@DK7:) Failtf`fdjr, sinidfbljr, prbdissjr i jljnfsjr ajabs, `jtbs i ivfaèldfjs 1 dbm durfbsfajai, jtilëäb, drftfdfajai i ætfdj, fldnusfvi utfnfzjlab b jpbfb ai 9 tidlbnbkfjs afkftjfs.
?; rispblsêvifs. ?3 (IMF@DK73) Dbmpriilair i dblsfairjr j sftujëäb, j bpflfäb i b siltfmiltb ab butrb, ?6 jkflab dbm impjtfj, `nixfofnfajai i risfnfèldfj pjrj prbmbvir b afênbkb, j 47 dbnjobrjëäb, j miafjëäb i risbnuëäb ai dbl`nftbs, b dbmojti jb pridbldiftb i j 4: vjnbrfzjëäb aj afvirsfajai. 4? (IMF@DK76) Wjrtfdfpjr jtfvjmilti aj prbpbsfëäb, fmpnimiltjëäb i jvjnfjëäb ai 44 sbnuëäb pjrj prbonimjs sbdfbdunturjfs i/bu jmofiltjfs im lívin nbdjn, rikfbljn, 41 ljdfbljn i/bu knbojn, dbrrispblsjofnfzjlab-si pinj rijnfzjëäb ai jëùis i prbhitbs 49 vbntjabs jb oim dbmum.
0 (IMF@DK7?) Wbsfdfbljr-si dbm ojsi im drftærfbs dfiltí`fdbs, ætfdbs i istætfdbs, ; utfnfzjlab ajabs, `jtbs i ivfaèldfjs pjrj rispjnajr dbldnusùis, bpflfùis i 3 jrkumiltbs, pbr mifb ai j`frmjëùis dnjrjs, brailjajs, dbiriltis i dbmpriilsívifs, 6 simpri rispiftjlab vjnbris ulfvirsjfs, dbmb nfoirajai, aimbdrjdfj, hustfëj sbdfjn, :7 pnurjnfajai, sbnfajrfiajai i sustiltjofnfajai. sustiltjofnfajai. :: (IMF@DK74) Ytfnfzjr fl`brmjëùis, dblcidfmiltbs i faifjs risuntjltis ai :? flvistfkjëùis dfiltí`fdjs pjrj drfjr bu prbpbr sbnuëùis pjrj prbonimjs afvirsbs. :4 _INJDFBLJAJT JB WILTJ_ I @JXI_ D_FJQFPB8drfjtfvjs, :1 CJOFNFAJAIT (IMF@DK71) _idblcidir i jljnfsjr af`iriltis mjlf`istjëùis :9 dunturjfs, pbr mifb ai vfvèldfjs prisildfjfs i vfrtujfs qui jmpnfim :0 mulab, silsfofnfajai, drftfdfajai i drfjtfvfajai.
jrtístfdjs i j vfsäb ai
:; (IMF@DK79) Zuistfbljr, mbaf`fdjr i jajptjr faifjs ixfstiltis i drfjr prbpbstjs, borjs :3 bu sbnuëùis drfjtfvjs, brfkfljfs bu flbvjabrjs, jvjnfjlab i jssumflab rfsdbs pjrj :6 nfajr dbm js fldirtizjs i dbnbdê-njs im prêtfdj. ?7 (IMF@DK70) Af`ulafr lbvjs faifjs, prbpbstjs, borjs bu sbnuëùis pbr mifb ai ?: af`iriltis nflkujkils, míafjs i pnjtj`brmjs, jljnôkfdjs i afkftjfs, dbm dbl`fjlëj i ?? dbrjkim, jssikurjlab qui jndjldim bs fltirnbdutbris pritilafabs. ?4 CJOFNFAJAIT _INJDFBLJAJT Ç DBLPFPÈLDFJ I JQYJËÄB TBDFBDYNQY_JN8 ?1 (IMF@DK7;) _idblcidir i jljnfsjr quistùis sbdfjfs, dunturjfs i jmofiltjfs afvirsjs, ?9 failtf`fdjlab i fldbrpbrjlab vjnbris fmpbrtjltis pjrj sf i pjrj b dbnitfvb qui 16 97
Ylfajais Durrfdunjris
9:
-Ylfajai :8 Flvistfkjëäb i Ixpnbrjëäb aj Djrrifrj Dfiltí`fdj -Ylfajai ?8 Ljturizj aj Ilirkfj -Ylfajai 48 Mjtrfzis Ilirkætfdjs
9? 94
jssikurim j tbmjaj ai aidfsùis dblsdfiltis, dblsiquiltis, dbnjobrjtfvjs i
? CJOFNFAJAIT _INJDFBLJAJT JB WILTJ_ I @JXI_ DFILQÍ@FDB8
40 CJOFNFAJAIT _INJDFBLJAJT JB JYQBDBLCIDFMILQB, IMW_IILAIAB_FTMB I 4; W_BHIQB AI PFAJ8 43 (IMF@DK:7) _idblcidir i utfnfzjr qujnfajais i `rjkfnfajais pissbjfs dbm db m dbl`fjlëj 46 pjrj supirjr aisj`fbs i jndjlëjr jndjlëjr bohitfvbs pissbjfs i pprb`fssfbljfs, rb`fssfbljfs, jkflab ai `brmj 17 prbjtfvj i impriilaiabrj i pirsivirjlab im sftujëùis ai istrissi, `rustrjëäb, 1: `rjdjssb i javirsfajai. 1? (IMF@DK::) Ytfnfzjr istrjtækfjs ai pnjlihjmiltb, brkjlfzjëäb i impriilaiabrfsmb 14 pjrj istjoinidir i jajptjr mitjs, mitjs, failtf`fdjr djmflcbs, mbofnfzjr jjpbfbs pbfbs i ridursbs, 11 pjrj rijnfzjr prbhitbs pissbjfs i prbautfvbs prbautfvbs dbm `bdb, pirsfstèldfj i i`itfvfajai. 19 (IMF@DK:?) _i`nitfr dbltflujmilti sbori siu prôprfb aisilvbnvfmiltb i sbori sius 10 bohitfvbs prisiltis i `uturbs, failtf`fdjlab jspfrjëùis i bpbrtulfajais, fldnusfvi 1; rinjdfbljajs jb mulab ab trjojncb, qui brfiltim isdbncjs, is`brëbs i jëùis im 13 rinjëäb ç suj vfaj pissbjn, prb`fssfbljn i dfajaä.
9
UILI_KFJ ZYI LBT MBPI] — FQFLI_Ê_FB UDFILDFJT AJ LJQY_IXJ I TYJT QIDLBNBKFJT :
-Ylfajai 18 Mjtrfzis Ilirkætfdjs
? 4
Mbajnfajais8 B prisilti ftflirêrfb `brmjtfvb aivirê bdbrrir pri`irildfjnmilti lj mbajnfajai prisildfjn.
1
Wræ-riqufsftb8 Qir dursjab j :ª Tærfi ab Ilsflb Mæafb.
9 0 ;
B`irtj ajs ulfajais pinj isdbnj8 Js ulfajais durrfdunjris ridbmilajajs listi ftflirêrfb pbaim sir b`irtjajs ai jdbrab dbm j prbpbstj piajkôkfdj aj isdbnj. _injëäb dbm butrbs ftflirêrfbs8 Isti ftflirêrfb afjnbkj dbm b Ftflirêrfb ai „Dbmir oim i si ixirdftjr æ sô dbmiëjr”
3
6 :7 ::
Istruturj Kirjn abs Bohitbs ai Dblcidfmiltb8 :. Flvistfkjëäb i Ixpnbrjëäb aj Djrrifrj Dfiltí`fdj
?:
:.:7.
Jlênfsi ai ajabs
:?
:.:. Djrrifrj dfiltí`fdj
??
:.::.
Dbldnusäb im pisqufsj dfiltí`fdj
:4
:.?. Dfèldfj lb Orjsfn i lb mulab
?4
:.:?.
Dbmulfdjëäb dfiltí`fdj
:1
:.4. Flvistfkjëäb dfiltí`fdj
?1
:9
:.1. Wisqufsj dfiltí`fdj
?9
:0
:.9. Flstrumiltbs ai miafaj
?0
:;
:.0. Tikurjlëj lj prêtfdj ai njobrjtôrfb
?;
:3
:.;. Qibrfj ai irrbs
?3
:6
:.3. Dbnitj ai ajabs i injobrjëäb ai rbtifrb
?6
?7
:.6. _injtôrfb ai pisqufsj 0
?. Ljturizj aj Ilirkfj ?.:. Dblstruëäb cfstôrfdj ab dbldiftb ai ilirkfj ?.?. Qrjojncb5 Ilirkfj dflætfdj5 Ilirkfj pbtildfjn5 Qibrimj trjojncb-ilirkfj dflætfdj ?.4. Ilirkfj midïlfdj i dblsirvjëäb aj ilirkfj
UILI_KFJ ZYI LBT MBPI] — FQFLI_Ê_FB UDFILDFJT AJ LJQY_IXJ I TYJT QIDLBNBKFJT : ? 4 1
?.1. Djnbrfmitrfj5 prfmifrj nif aj tirmbaflïmfdj5 sikulaj nif aj tirmbaflïmfdj5 Mêqufljs tærmfdjs. ?.9. Djmpb mjklætfdb5 @brëj mjklætfdj5 Nif ai Jmpãri ?.0. Nif ai @jrjajy5 Nif ai Nilz5 Kirjabris inætrfdbs
9 0
4. Mjtrfzis Ilirkætfdjs
:7 :: :? :4
1. Dblstruëäb ai Kirjabr 1.:. Wrbonimj ai kirjëäb ai ilirkfj nbdjn
:1
1.?. Dbsltruëäb ai mjquiti
:9
1.4. Drfjëäb ai kirjabr 1.1. Dbmulfdjëäb ai risuntjabs
;
4.:. Mjtrfzis ilirkætfdjs pinb mulab
:0
3
4.?. Ilirkfj rilbvêvin i läb rilbvêvin
:;
6
4.4. Ytfnfzjëäb ajs mjtrfzis ilirkætfdjs
:3
4.1. Dblsumb ai ilirkfj inætrfdj
:6
?;
?7
?3
?:
?6
??
47
?4
4:
?1
4?
?9
44
?0 41
;
Ylfajais jris s Ylfajais Durrfdun jri
:
?
:. Flvistfkjëäb i Ixpnbrjëäb aj Djrrifrj Dfiltí`fdj
4 1 9
ab abdilti8 Nfdildfjabs im Ofbnbkfj, @ísfdj i Zuímfdj
Wir`fn
; 3 6
0
Tukirfabs8 Kfz, qujarb likrb, jdissb ç fltirlit, ajtj scbw, dbmputjabr, mjtirfjn oêsfdb ai njobrjtôrfb.
_idursbs
a b l i m s i f r p r b m a I i
:
:4
Cjofnfajai
Bohitbs ai Dblcidfmiltb
Wrêtfdjs Tukirfajs (dbmb aisilvbnvir j cjofnfa jai):
Aisdrivir umj vjrfiajai ai djrrifrjs rinjdfbljajs jb djmpb ajs dfèldfjs jpbltjlab trjhitôrfjs lj iaudjëäb i b trifljmiltb lidissêrfb pjrj jtflkf-njs j `fm ai imojsjr isdbncjs prb`fssfbljfs. Dblcidir dfiltfstjs, fldnusfvi orjsfnifrbs/js, jtrjvæs ai sujs dbltrfoufëùis ljs dfèldfjs, pjrj vjnbrfzjr b trjojncb dfiltí`fdb.
Djrrifrj dfiltí`fdj
_iqufsftjr jbs /çs istuajltis quibspisqufsim rispiftb aj djrrifrj ai fltirissi aijbs/ mbab j jprisiltjr risuntjabsjai sujs pisqufsjs ç mjlifrj ai umj „prbpjkjlaj”.
Dfèldfj lb Orjsfn i lb Mulab
Dcjmjr ç isdbnj bs/js prb`fssfbljfs aj êrij ai fltirissi abs/js istuajltis, istfmunjlab b aiojti i pirkultjs isdnjridiabrjs. Jnæm afssb, pbai-si rijnfzjr umj pisqufsj nivjltjlab lbmis riprisiltjtfvbs ljs Dfèldfjs.
Ifxb DC
Djrkj cbrêrfj8
:?
:1
:7
b j ä ë d j f ` k í f t t l s i i f v d l F
::
Mjtirfjn Mjtirfjn ai Jpbfb 8
3 Isdbnj, cttps8//www.fl`bisdbnj.dbm/dfildfjs/mitbab-dfiltf`fdb/ cttps8//www.fl`bisdbnj.dbm/dfildfjs/mitbab-dfiltf`fdb/ Jdissb im8 47 hun. ?7:6. @J_FJ, D. Mætbab Dfiltí`fdb, Fl`b Isdbnj, Y@TDjr, cttp8//www.u`sdjr.or/hd`bkb/IstjtR:/jrqufvbs/MitbabnbkfjRDfiltf` cttp8//www.u`sdjr.or/hd`bkb/IstjtR:/jrqufvbs/MitbabnbkfjRDfiltf`fdj.pa` fdj.pa` Jdissb im8 47 hun. ?7:6 Wbrtjn Y@TDjr, Mjtirfjn afaêtfdb, Y@TDjr,
•
•
b ä ë j d j f ` k í f t t i l i s f v l d F ä j ë f d j ` k í f t t s l i i f v d l b F j d f ` í t l i f d b ä ë j k f t s i v l F j d f ` í t l i f d b ä ë k j f t s i v l F ä j ë f d j ` k í f t t l s i i f v d l F b
@brmunjr quistùis ai djrêtir dfiltí`fdb j rispiftb ai rinjëùis, faifjs i prbonimjs pisqufsjlab j rispiftb ai afvirsbs timjs ai fltirissi pjrj `jzir priafëùis i/bu `brmunjr cfpôtisis. Tinidfbljr mjtirfjfs fmprissbs, initrñlfdbs i cumjlbs utfnfzjlab nfvrbs, sftis i jrtfkbs qui sihjm rinivjltis pjrj imojsjr j pisqufsj. Dblcidir flstrumiltbs i mjtirfjfs jprbprfjabs (niltis ai jumiltb, initrbsdôpfb, vfarjrfjs afvirsjs pjrj mfsturj, ojstäb ai ioblfti, pjpin ai pC i itd.) isdbncilab djaj um ai jdbrab dbm j lidissfajai aj pisqufsj, pjrj dblauzfr vjrfjabs tfpbs ai flvistfkjëäb. Jpnfdjr dblcidfmiltbs sbori prêtfdjs ai sikurjlëj im njobrjtôrfb jprbprfjajs jb mjlusifb, jrmjziljkim, aisdjrti ai mjtirfjfs, mjlfpunjëäb ai iqufpjmiltbs inætrfdbs i mjtirfjfs ofbnôkfdbs, dbm jhuaj ai sftis i mjlujfs ai ri`irèldfj pjrj dblauzfr js pisqufsjs lidissêrfjs. Dblauzfr j flvistfkjëäb dfiltí`fdj, dbltrbnjlab jnkumjs vjrfêvifs i jajptjlab prbdiafmiltbs, pjrj dbnitjr bosirvjëùis i ajabs.
Flvistfkjëäb dfiltí`fdj (nivjltjmiltb ai prbonimj)
Wisqufsj Dfiltí`fdj
Nivjr jbs/çs istuajltis umj nfstjkim ai prbonimjs sfmpnis j sirim flvistfkjabs. Afsdutj orivimilti djaj um ainis pirmftflab qui bs/js istuajltis pisqufsim im krupbs b timj ai fltirissi. Wri`irildfjnmilti afsdutfr um prbonimj nbdjn pirtflilti ç rijnfajai ab/j istuajlti. _iqufsftjr jbs/çs istuajltis qui trjkjm ai djsj istuab tiôrfdb afspblívin sbori b jssultb j sir flvistfkjab. B/J prb`issbr/j pbai kufjr j pisqufsj sukirflab b mjtirfjn bu nivjlab pjrj sjnj ai junj um ispidfjnfstj pjrj `jnjr sbori b jssultb.
Flstrumiltbs ai miafaj
@jzir dbm qui bs/js istuajltis sinidfblim i tilcjm um prfmifrb dbltjtb dbm bs mjtirfjfs lidissêrfbs pjrj dblauzfr j pisqufsj isdbncfaj pbr inis/js. Æ pbssívin qui j jprisiltjëäb flfdfjn pjrtj aini ainis/js s/js mismbs/js ai mbab qui pbssjm mbstrjr i afsdutfr b mjtirfjn sinidfbljab ç turmj. Lissi pbltb æ fmpbrtjlti qui si `jni ai tibrfj ai irrbs i qui ixiduti ixiduti jnkumjs miafajs dbm bs mjtirfjfs sinidfbljabs.
Tikurjlëj lj prêtfdj ai njobrjtôrfb
Jprisiltjr jbs/çs istuajltis bs dufajabs lidissêrfbs im njobrjtôrfb utfnfzjlab dbmb iximpnb pri`irildfjnmilti bs flstrumiltbs isdbncfabs pbr djaj krupb ai pisqufsj. Iltrikjr pbr isdrftb js brfiltjëùis i piafr qui inis/js aimblstrim ç sjnj bs dufajabs qui aiviräb tir dbm b mjlusifb ab iqufpjmiltb utfnfzjab.
Qibrfj ai irrbs
Mbstrjr jbs/çs istuajltis bs tfpbs ai irrbs qui pbaim bdbrrir lj ixiduëäb aj flvistfkjëäb dfiltí`fdj i flafdjr, qujlab pbssívin, js mjlifrjs ai privilf-nbs i dbltbrlê-nbs. Jprisiltjr j tibrfj ai irrbs rijnfzjlab rijnfzjlab miafajs dfiltí`fdjs.
6
b ä ë j d j f k ` í f t t i l i s f v l d F
b ä j ë d j f ` k í f t t l s i i f v d l F
b ä ë j d j f k ` í f t t s l i i f v d l F ä j ë f d j ` k í f t t l s i i f v d l F b j d f ` í t l i f d b ä ë j k f t s i v l F
_ikfstrjr ajabs dbncfabs lj pisqufsj utfnfzjlab `brmjtbs jprbprfjabs dbmb tjoinjs, `nuxbkrjmjs, krê`fdbs i/bu afjkrjmjs pjrj brkjlfzjr js fl`brmjëùis. Tinidfbljr fl`brmjëùis fmpbrtjltis prbvilfiltis ai tôpfdbs ai pisqufsj ai vêrfjs `bltis (initrñlfdjs, fmprissjs i/bu cumjljs), utfnfzjlab `brmjtbs ridbmilajabs i jdiftbs im abdumiltbs jdjaèmfdbs pjrj sfstimjtfzjr j pisqufsj. Fltirpritjr ajabs qujnftjtfvj i/bu qujltftjtfvjmilti failtf`fdjlab pbssívifs `bltis ai irrbs pjrj aitirmfljr si js ivfaèldfjs aäb supbrti bu ri`utjm js priafëùis bu cfpôtisis flfdfjfs. Isdrivir dbldnusùis ojsijajs lbs risuntjabs aj flvistfkjëäb i aisdboirtjs aj pisqufsj pjrj hustf`fdjr bu ri`utjr j cfpôtisi nivjltjaj. Dbmulfdjr faifjs, pnjlbs, prbdiafmiltbs, risuntjabs i dbldnusùis, brjnmilti, pbr isdrftb, i/bu dbm jprisiltjëäb initrñlfdj, usjlab nflkujkim jprbprfjaj utfnfzjlab jprbprfjajmilti riprisiltjëùis lumærfdjs, sfmoônfdjs i krê`fdjs pjrj ixprissjr j pisqufsj ai `brmj dnjrj i dbldfsj.
Dbnitj ai ajabs i injobrjëäb ai rbtifrb
_injtôrfb ai pisqufsj
Jlênfsi ai ajabs aj pisqufsj
Dbldnusäb im pisqufsj dfiltí`fdj
Dbmulfdjëäb dfiltí`fdj
:7
Injobrjr hultb abs krupbs um rbtifrb ai ixiduëäb abs afvirsbs mbmiltbs ai ixpirfmiltjëäb. Flafdjr j `brmj mjfs jaiqujaj ai sfstimjtfzjr bs ajabs dbnitjabs (tjoinjs, krê`fdbs, `nuxbkrjmj itd.). Ti lidissêrfb, rijnfzjr trjtjmiltb istjtístfdb abs ajabs. Jprisiltjr jbs/çs istuajltis b isquimj ai um rinjtôrfb ai pisqufsj. Wbaisi piafr jbs krupbs qui ritbrlim jbs mjtirfjfs ofonfbkrê`fdbs privfjmilti sinidfbljabs ai `brmj j rijnfzjrim um risumb tiôrfdb sbori b jssultb aj pisqufsj. B risumb sirvfrê pjrj dbmpbr j fltrbauëäb fltrbauëäb ab rinjtôrfb.
@jzir dbm qui bs/js istuajltis sihjm fmpjrdfjfs dbm rinjëäb jbs risuntjabs botfabs. Ti issis risuntjabs väb ai ildbltrb ç cfpôtisi flfdfjn, bs krupbs aiviräb ri`jzir j cfpôtisi bu rivir j flvistfkjëäb. Istfmunjr j dbmpjrjëäb iltri b risuntjab botfab i b risuntjab privfstb tibrfdjmilti. Mbstrjr dbmb rijnfzjr b irrb pirdiltujn rinjtfvb djsb bs ajabs dbnitjabs sihjm qujltftjtfvbs. B/J prb`issbr/j pbairê riulfr-si dbm djaj krupb pjrj qui hultbs/js pbssjm dbldnufr j rispiftb aj pisqufsj rijnfzjaj. rijnfzjaj. Bs/Js istuajltis pbaim jprisiltjr bs mbtfvbs qui `fzirjm dbm qui b risuntjab ispirjab tilcj sfab botfab, bu läb.
J dunmflïldfj aj pisqufsj pbai bdbrrir dbm jprisiltjëäb abs krupbs ab rinjtôrfb dbmpnitb ai pisqufsj. Js jprisiltjëùis pbaim bdbrrir utfnfzjlabsi iqufpjmiltbs initrñlfdbs dbmb b ajtj scbw.
Ljtur izj aj Ilirkf ?. Ljtur Ilirkf j
: ? 4
Wir`fn Wir`fn ab a bdilti8 Nfdildfjab im @ísfdj
0
1
bu Zuímfdj
; 3
9
Tukirfabs8 Kfz,
qujarb likrb, jdissb ç fltirlit, ajtj scbw, dbmputjabr, mjtirfjn oêsfdb ai njobrjtôrfb. _idursbs
:7
Djrkj cbrêrfj8
:: :?
6
Ifxb b ä ë j d j f ` k í f t t s l i i v d l f F b ä j ë d j f k ` í f t t l s i i f v d l F
?
DC
Cjofnfajai Iltilair b dbldiftb ai ilirkfj ab pbltb ai vfstj cfstôrfdb utfnfzjlab tixtbs qui trjtjm ab jssultb pjrj dbldnufr j rispiftb ai suj utfnfzjëäb lj mbairlfajai. mbairlfajai. Afsdutfr bs dbldiftbs ai trjojncb i ilirkfj rinjdfbljlabbs iltri sf pjrj aisilvbnvir bs dbldiftbs ai ilirkfj dflætfdj i pbtildfjn
Mjtirfjn Mjtirfjn ai Jpbfb 8
Bohitbs ai Dblcidfmiltb Dblstruëäb cfstôrfdj ab dbldiftb ai ilirkfj ilirkfj
Wrêtfdjs Tukirfajs (dbmb aisilvbnv ir j cjofnf ajai)? Im sjnj ai junj rijnfzjr nivjltjmiltb ai vêrfbs/js dfiltfstjs qui si ilvbnvirjm dbm b timj ilirkfj dbnbdjlab b iltilafmiltb ai djaj um ainis j rispiftb aissi jssultb. Ilvbnvir bs/js istuajltis ai `brmj j dbncir ainis qujn sirfj j mincbr „ai`flfëäb”.
Qrjojncb, Ilirkfj Dflætfdj, Ilirkfj Wbtildfjn, Qibrimj Qrjojncb-Ilirkfj Dflætfdj. Dflætfdj.
Aisilvbnvir issis dbldiftbs utfnfzjlab iximpnbs prêtfdbs ab dbtfafjlb. @fxjr dbm quistùis dbldiftujfs i jtfvfajais ilvbnvilab dêndunbs ai sftujëäb prbonimj.
:: JNPJ_ILKJ, O. Jnvjris i MÊSFMB, J. _. aj Nuz. @ísfdj8 Pbnumi Ølfdb pjrj b Ilsflb Mæafb. Iaftbrj Tdfpfbli8 Täb Wjunb, ?774 (Dbniëäb ai bncb lb m ulab ab trjojncb). PJNJAJ_IT, Iaujrab ai Djmpbs. @ísfdj mjfs qui afvirtfaj8 flviltbs initrfzjltis ojsijabs im mjtirfjfs ridfdnjabs i ai ojfxb dustb. Oinb Cbrfzblti8 Iaftbrj Y@MK, ?77?.
•
•
b ä ë j d j f k ` í f t t l i s i v f l d F
b ä j ë d j f k ` í f t t l s i i f v d l F
b ä ë j d j f k ` í f t t s l i i f v d l F
b ä ë j d j f í ` f k t t s l i i f v d l F
Ixpnfdjr b prfldípfb aj dbldirvjëäb aj ilirkfj midïlfdj fnustrjlab im sftujëäb ispidí`fdjs ab dbtfafjlb pjrj flvistfkjr djsbs kirjfs aj dblsirvjëäb aj ilirkfj tbtjn. tbtjn. Dbmpriilair djnbr dbmb `brmj ai ilirkfj, usjlab dbldiftbs aj tirmbaflïmfdj pjrj jljnfsjr afvirsbs tfpbs ai mêqufljs tærmfdjs. tærmfdjs.
Ixpnfdjr dbmb `brëjs mjklætfdjs jtujm sbori dblautbris qui trjlspbrtjm dbrriltis iximpnf`fdjlab im sftujëùis qui ilvbnvjm tidlbnbkfj pjrj jpnfdjr issi dblcidfmiltb lbs dbltixtbs aj Ofbnbkfj, @ísfdj i Zuímfdj. Aisdrivir b `uldfbljmiltb ai um kirjabr ai ilirkfj inætrfdj utfnfzjlab ispfrj sbo fl`nuèldfj ai djmpb mjklætfdb pjrj aimblstrjr dbmb issi iqufpjmiltb dblvirti ilirkfj midïlfdj, químfdj, tærmfdj (i butrjs) im ilirkfj inætrfdj.
Ilirkfj Midïlfdj i Dblsirvjëäb aj Ilirkfj. Ilirkfj.
Mbstrjr sftujëùis sfmpnis i dbldritjs aj trjls`brmjëäb aj ilirkfj pbtildfjn im dflætfdj (bu vfdi-virsj). Lj siquèldfj siquèldfj kilirjnfzi pjrj ixpirfmiltbs qui ilvbnvjm dblsirvjëäb aj ilirkfj.
Djnbrfmitrfj, prfmifrj nif aj tirmbaflïmfdj, sikulaj nif aj Qirmbaflïmfdj, Mêqufljs Qærmfdjs. Qærmfdjs.
_inimorjr jbs/js istuajltis bs dbldiftbs ai djnbr, mêquflj tærmfdj i js nifs aj tirmbaflïmfdj, sbnfdftjlab j inis/js qui dblstrujm umj Ibnípfnj (mêquflj tærmfdj ruafmiltjr) j pjrtfr ai mjtirfjfs sfmpnis dbmb njtjs ai ri`rfkirjlti. Jljnfsjr b `uldfbljmiltb. Wbr butrb njab, um ixpirfmiltb øtfn pjrj aimblstrjr j trjls`irèldfj ai djnbr im sjnj ai æ utfnfzjr um djnbrímitrb djsifrb pjrj i`itujr trbdjs ai djnbr iltri êkuj quilti i `rfj. Dbm um tirmñmitrb pbai-si aitirmfljr j timpirjturj ai iqufníorfb aj mfsturj. mfsturj.
Djmpb Mjklætfdb, @brëj Mjklætfdj, Nif ai Jmpãri.
Jprisiltjr jbs/çs istuajltis umj ispfrj qujarjaj jljnfsjlab js `brëjs jtujltis im djaj pjrti aj ispfrj.
Pihj ixpirfèldfj im im cttps8//www.abdsfty.dbm/pt/ixpirfildfj-ai-umcttps8//www.abdsfty.dbm/pt/ixpirfildfj-ai-ummbtbr-initrfdb-i-kirjabr-initrfdb/1314;91/ Nif ai @jrjajy, Nif ai Nilz, Kirjabris Inætrfdbs. Inætrfdbs.
cttp8//www.mjlujnabmulab.dbm.or/?7:1/:?/dbmb-`jzir-um-kirjabr-aiilirkfj-dbm-fmj-im-djsj/ Jntirljtfvjmilti, pbai-si `jzir usb ai sfmunjabris dbmputjdfbljfs pjrj mbstrjr b `uldfbljmiltb ai kirjabris. kirjabris.
: ?
:?
4. Mjtrfzis Ilirkætfdjs
: ? 4 1
abdilti8 Nfdildfjabs im Ofbnbkfj, @ísfdj i Zuímfdj
Wir`fn
ab
0
_idursbs Lidissêrfbs8 Kfz, qujarb
;
likrb, jdissb ç fltirlit, ajtj scbw, dbmputjabr, mjtirfjn oêsfdb ai njobrjtôrfb.
3
9
::
Djrkj cbrêrfj8
6 :7
Ifxb b ä j ë d j f í ` t f k t l s i i f v d l F b ä ë j d j f ` k í f t t s l i i f v d l F
DC
Cjofnfajai Dblcidir js prfldfpjfs `bltis ai kirjëäb ai ilirkfj utfnfzjajs lb
mulab mjpijlab bsai tfpbs ai mjtrfzis ilirkætfdjs vêrfbs pjísis pjrj jljnfsjr b dblsumb ai ilirkfj ai djaj um ainis. ainis. Afsdutfr sbori bs tfpbs ai kirjëäb ai ilirkfj inætrfdj afstflkuflab js mjtrfzis rilbvêvifs ajs läb rilbvêvifs pjrj drftfdjr b mbainb ai kirjëäb ai ilirkfj jtujn. jtujn.
Mjtirfjn ai Jpbfb Mjtirfjn
4
Bohitbs ai Dblcidfmiltb Mjtrfzis ilirkætfdjs lb mulab mulab
Wrêtfdjs Tukirfajs (dbmb aisilvbnv ir j cjofnf ajai)4 Tipjrjr j turmj im krupbs. Djaj krupb aivi pisqufsjr umj rikfäb bu pjís jljnfsjlab kirjëäb i dblsumb ai ilirkfj. @fljnmilti, bs krupbs aivim sbdfjnfzjr js fl`brmjëùis dbncfajs.
Ilirkfj rilbvêvin i läb rilbvêvin. rilbvêvin.
Jflaj dbm bs krupbs sbnfdftjr qui bs/js istuajltis pisqufsim j rispiftb ajs afvirsjs mjtrfzis ai ilirkfj inætrfdj (umj mjtrfz pbr krupb) pjrj, im sikufaj, dblstrufr mjquitis ixpnfdjtfvjs j sirim jprisiltjajs im sjnj ai junj.
:4 @bltis ai ilirkfjs jntirljtfvjs. Afspblívin lb djljn ab VbuQuoi8 >>cttps8//www.ybutuoi.dbm/wjtdc2v=H:31KMRCq47 cttps8//www.ybutuoi.dbm/wjtdc2v=H:31KMRCq47cttps8//www.ybutuoi.dbm/wjtdc2v=Q0uBxhZohId > cttps8//www.ybutuoi.dbm/wjtdc2v=Q0uBxhZohIdcttps8//www.ybutuoi.dbm/wjtdc2v=0@d4P7-XJ;e > cttps8//www.ybutuoi.dbm/wjtdc2v=0@d4P7-XJ;e < (jdissb :? hun. ?7:6). Initrfdfajai - 6 Initrfdfajai i êkuj (Cfarbinætrfdj). Afspblívin lb djljn ab Vbutuoi8 >cttps8//www.ybutuoi.dbm/wjtdc2v=EFSn9NJf_1I&`ijturi=rinjtia > cttps8//www.ybutuoi.dbm/wjtdc2v=EFSn9NJf_1I&`ijturi=rinjtiacttps8//www.ybutuoi.dbm/wjtdc2v=YMPp-Sm3nwZcttps8//www.ybutuoi.dbm/wjtdc2v=YMPp-Sm3nwZcttps8//abdilti.f`rl.iau.or/cinfbpflcifrb/Afsdfpnfljs/mjqufljs-jdfbl >cttps8//abdilti.f`rl.iau.or/cinfbpfl cifrb/Afsdfpnfljs/mjqufljs-jdfbljmiltbs-initrfdbs/jpbstfnj-aimjqu jmiltbs-initrfdbs/jpbstfnj-aimjqufljs-ai-dd
View more...
Comments
