231514148 81011330 Textbook on the Philippine Constitution 1 PDF

......... - -"' 12 . .. · I extbook on the PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION By ~ HECTORS. DE LEON LL.B., UniverRity of the Philippines Member, Integrat ed Bar of the Philippines ~   o r m e r Associ ate Professor, Far Eastern University 2005 EDITION ....... ---· Philippine Copyright, 2005 by ISBN 971-23-4207-7 No portion of this book may be copied or reproduced in books, pamphlets, outlines or notes, whether printed, mimeographed, typewritten, copied in different electronic devices or in any other form, for distribution or sale, without the written permission ofthe author except brief passages in books, articles, reviews, legal papers, and judicial or other official proceedings with proper citation. Any copy of this book without the corresponding number and the signature of the author on this page either proceeds from an illegitimate source or is in possession of one who has no authority to dispose of the same. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY THE AUTHOR N .. ( ·J- 1 tl. .1. j : ; . PREFACE As the supreme law of the land, the Constitution is by no means selfexplanatory. Yet it is so important a document with which every citize n should be familiar as it directly and constantly touches every aspect of his everyday life; indeed, to be r espect ed, obeyed and defended if our nat ion must grow and survive. This is the reason for the requirement that "all educational institutions shall include the study of the Constitution as part of the curricula." (Art. XIV, Sec. 3[1] .) To help fill the need for a book on the subj ect, particularly· on th e college level, this modest volume, now on its eighth edition, has bee n written. In an attempt to make it easily understandable, the author avoids legal details and elabor ate citations of cases. The provisions are discussed section by section, amplified and explained in relatively nontechnical language for both the beginning student and the layman. The comments on the more important provisions, especially the new ones, occupy more space, setting forth when deemed necessary, the reasons for their adoption as wall as t heir practical s;gnificance. Also, much needE> d emphasis is given to the provisions on the rights of the citizens as

it is imperatively desirable that they have adequate knowledge of them so that they may bett.er exercise their rights and discharge t heir correspondin g obligations to others as responsible members of a democratic society. HECTOR S. DE LEON May 2005 iii OFFICERS OF THE 1986 CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION President Vice-President Floor Leader Assistant Floor Leaders Cecilia Muiioz-Palma Ambrosio B. Padilla Napoleon G. Rama Jose D. Calderon and Ahmad Domacao Alonto Committee Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen Chairman Vice-Chairman PREAMBLE, NATIONAL TERRITORY AND DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES Decoroso R. Rosales Gregorio J. Tingson CITIZENSHIP, BILL OF RIGHTS POLITICAL RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS Chairman Vice-Chairman Chairman Vice-Chairman Chairman Vice-Chairman Chairman Vice-Chairman Jose B. Laurel, Jr. Joaquin G. Bernas LEGISLATIVE Hilario G. Davi de, Jr. Adol fo S. Azcuna EXECUTIVE Lorenzo M. Sumulong Florenz D. Regalado JUDICIARY iv Roberto C. Concepcion Ricardo J. Romulo CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS AND AGENCIES Chairman Vice-Chairman Chairman Vice-Chairman Vicente B. Foz Cirilo A. Rigos LOCAL GOVERNMENT Jose N. N olledo Jose D. Calderon

ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS Chairman Vice-Chairman Christian S. Monsod Jose C. Colayco NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY Chairman Vice-Chairman Chairman Vice-Chairman Chairman Vice-Chairman Bernardo M. Villegas Jaime S.L. Tadeo HUMAN RESOURCES Wilfredo V. Villacorta Lugum L. Uka GENERAL PROVISIONS · Florangel Rosario Braid 'J.'eodoro C. Bacani AMENDMENTS AND TRANSITORY PROVISIONS Chairman Vice-Chairman Chairman Vice-Chairman Chairman Vice-Chairman Jose E. Suarez Bias F. Ople STEERING Jose F.S. Bengzon, Jr. Napoleon G. Rama PRIVILEGES Yusuf R. Abubakar Minda Luz M. Quesada SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL SERVICES Chairman Teresa F. Nieva v Vice-Chairman Chairman Vice-Chairman Chairman Vice-Chairman Chairman Vice-Chairman Secretary-General Sergeant-at-Arms STYLE Jose Luis Martin C. Gascon Francisco A. Rodrigo Efrain B. Trefias SPONSORSIDP Ser afin V.C. Guingona Edmundo G. Garcia PUBLIC HEARINGS Edmundo G. Garcia Jose Luis Martin C. Gascon NON-DELEGATE OFFICERS -oOovi

Flerida Ruth Romero Roberto M. San Andres THE 48 MEMBERS OF THE 1986 CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION Commissioners Abubakar , Yusuf R. Alonto, Ahmad Domacao Aquino, Felicitas S. Azcuna, Adolfo S. Bacani, Teodoro C. Bengzon, Jose, J r. F.S. Bennagen, Ponciano L. Bernas, S .• J., ,Joaquin G. Braid Rosario, Florangel Brocka, Lino 0 . (Resigned) Calderon, .Jose D. Castro, Cris pino M. de Colayco, Jose C. Concepeion, Roberto C. Davide, Hilario, Jr. G. Foz, Vicente B. Garcia, Edmundo G. Gascon, Jose Luis Martin C. Guingona, Serafin V.C. Jamir, Alberto, Jr. B. Laurel, Jose B. Lerum, Eulogio R. Maambong, Regalado E. Monsod, ChristianS. - oOovii Natividad, Teodulo C. Nieva, Ter esa Maria F. Nolledo, .Jose N. Ople, Blas F. Padilla, Ambrogio B. Palma, Cecilia Munoz QueRada, Mi nda Luz M. Rama, Napol eon G. Regal ado, Florenz D. Reyes, Jr. , Rusti co F. de los Rigor, Ciri lo A. Rodrigo, Francisco A. Romulo, Ricardo J . Rosales, Oecoroso R. Sarmiento. Rene V. Suarez, Jose E. Sumulong, Lorenzo M. Tadeo, J aime S.L. Tan, Christine 0. Tingson, Gregorio J . Trefias, Efrain B. Uka, Lugum L. Villacorta, Wilfreda V. Villegas, B{!rnardo M. PAMBANSANG AWIT NG PILIPINAS Bayang magiliw, Perlas ng silanganan, Alab ng puso sa dibdib mo'y buhay,

Lupang hinirang, duyan ka ng magiting Sa manlulupig di ka pasisiil Sa dagat at bundok, sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw, May dilag ang tula at awit sa paglayang mina.mahal Ang kislap ng watawat mo'y tagumpay na nagniningning, Ang bituin at araw niya, Kailan pa m   ~ y di magdidilim. Lupa ng araw ng luwalhati't pagsinta Buhay ay langit sa piling mo. Aming ligaya na pag may mang-a.api Ang mamatay nang dahil sa iyo. viii SAYAN KO Ang bayan kong Pilipinas Lupain ng ginto't bulaklak Pag-ibig nasa kanyang palad Nag-alay ng ganda't dilag At sa kanyang yumi at ganda Dayuhan ay nahalina Bayan ko binihag ka Nasadlak sa dusa lbon mang may layang lumipad Kulungin mo at umiiyak Bayan pa kayang sakdal dilag Ang di magnasang makaalpas Pilipinas kong minumutya Pugad ng luha at dalita Aking adhika Makita kang sakdallaya ix Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag Ako ay Pilipino Buong katapatang nanunumpa Sa watawat ng Pilipin.as At sa bansang kanyang sinasagisag Na may dangal, katarungan at kalayaan Na pinakikilos ng sambayanang Maka-Diyos Maka -tao Makakalikasan at Makabunsa X TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ..................... ..... ........ ................................... ... ........................................... iii Officers of the 1986 Constitutional Commission.................................. ........... tv The 48 Members of the 1986 Constitutional Commission ........................... .. vii Pambansang A wit ng Pilipinas .................................................. ........................ vm Bayan Ko ....................................................................... ........................................ ix Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine i hold office; and office... ..... .. .. ... .............. .... .. .... .. . ........ .... ...... .... ...... 209 4. Reelection of President and Vi ce-Presi dent ............ ...... .. ... ... . ..... ........ ... 210 5. Reasonll for prohibition 2.gainst r e-election of Pr esident ...... .. . ............ 210 6. Canvassi ng of r eturns and proclamation ............. ....... ... .... . ..... ............. 211 7. Election contest i nvolving the position of President or Vice-President ................. ...................... ....... .... ........ ...... .... ............. 212 SECTION 5 1. Oath or affirmation of the President, Vice-Pr.esident , or Acting President........... ........... ............. .... .................. ........ .... ........ 212 xxiii SECTION 6 1. Official r esidence and compensation of the and Vice-President...... ... ................. ................................. ................ ... 213 SECTIONS 7-8 1. Classes of Presidenti al succe!!sion ......... .......... ....... ... ..... ......... ..... .... .... .. . 214 2. When Vice-President s hall act as President .... .................. ....... ............. 215 3. When Vice-President shall become Prc!:!ident ....................... ...... ........... 215 4. Where there are no President and Vice-President.......... .. .. .......... .... .... 215 SECTION9 1. Vacancy i n the Office of the Vice-President ........................... .. ... ......... . 216 SECTION 10

1. Vacancy i n the Offices of both the President and Vice-President....... 21 6 SECTION 11 1. Rules in case of temporary di sability of the President.. .......... ..... ........ 217 SECTION 12 1. When public to be informed of   state of health................. .. 218 SECTION 13 1. Disabilities of President , Vice-President, of Cabinet. and their deputies a nd assistants .............. ·.... ........... ... 219 2. Rule on nepoti s m .. ..................... ......................... ..... ................................... 220 SECTION 14 1. Appoint ments extended h.v an Acting President..... ....... ............. .. . ...... .. 220 SECTION 15 1. Appointments preceding a presidential elction . ........ ............ . ......... .. 221 SECTION 16 1. Meaning of appointment ... .... ... ... ... .. ............ ....... .. ... . ....... ........ .. .. .. .. ...... 222 2. Nat.t..re of power to appoint .. ....... .. .. .. ....... .. ............. ... ... .. .............. .. .... ... .. 222 3. Officials whose appointments are vested in the President............... . .. 222 4. Confirmation of appoint ments by Commission on Appointments ....... 223 5. Appointment by other officials...... ... ........... ..... ...... .... ... .............. .......... 224 6. Kinds of presidential appointments ........................ ............... ............ ..... 224 7. Ad interim appoi ntments ............................. .......... ......... .... .................... .. 224 8. Kinds of appointment in the career services .. .. ..... .................... ........... .. 225 9. Steps in the appointing process .......... ..... .......................... ... .. ........... .. .. .. 225 xxiv 10. Kinds of acceptance.......... .......................... ........ ......... ............................... 226 11. Meaning of designation ................................................... ...... ..... ... ............ 226 12. Removal power of t he President........................................... .................... 226 13. Extent of the President's power to remove................................. ............ 227 SECTION 17 l.. Power of control over all executive departments, bureaus and offices ... .................. ............................ ....... .............. ....... 227 2. Nature and extent of the power of control................... ............... .. .......... 228 3. Power to insure that the laws be faithfully executed.. .. .................. ... .. 228 SECTION 18 1. Military power of the President ............................................ ................... 229 2. Powers of President as Commander-in-Chief

of the Armed Forces . .. .. . ... . .... ........... ...... .... .... ... ... .. .. .... ....... ..... .... .... ... 230 3. Authority of Congress over the armed forces........ ....................... .......... 230 4. Power to suspend privilege of writ of habeas corpus ........................ .... 230 5. Power to declare martial law ............................................... .................... : 231 6. Meaning of martial law .................................................... ......................... 231 7. Basis, object, and duration of martial law.. ............................... ............. 231 8. Restr ictions on the exercise of the two powers . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. . . .. ... .. ...... 232 9. Effects of a state of martial law.......................................... ..................... 233 SECTION 19 1. Pardoning power ............................................................ ............................. 234 2. Meaning of reprieve and suspension of sentence ........................... ....... 234 3. Meaning of commutation .. ..... ..................... ........ ...... ...... ........................... 234 4. Meaning of pardon .......................................................... ................. .......... 234 5. Object of pardoning power ................................................. .... ................... 235 6. Kinds of pardon ..... ...... ..................... ......................... . ................... ............. 235 7. Limitations upon the pardoning power................................ ..... ......... ..... 235 8. Effects of pardon.... .. ......... ..... .................................. ........... ..... ....... ........... . 235 9. Remission of fines and forfeitures ...................................... .............. ....... 236 10. Meaning of amnesty......................................................... ...... .... ................ 236 11. Effect of amnesty.......................................................... ................. ............. 236 12. Pardon and amnesty distinguished........................................... .............. 236 SECTION 20 1. Authority to contract and guarantee foreign loans ......................... ...... 237 SECTION21 1. Meaning of treaty ...... ,.......................................... ....... ........ ..... ..... ............. 238 2. Distinguished from international agreement and   x ~ u t i v   agreement ........................................ ........... ................ 238 3. Steps in treaty-making...................................................... ........................ 239 SECTION22 1. Budgetary power of the President........................................... ................ 239 XXV SECTION 23 1. Prerogative to address and appear before Congress.......................... ... 240 ARTICLE Vlll- JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

SECTION 1 1. Meaning of judicial power......................................... ......... .. ..................... 241 2. Scope of judicial power ................................... ... .... .... .. .. ... . .......... .............. 241 3. Giving of advisory opinions not a judicial function. ... .................. ......... 242 4. Judicial power vested in one Supreme Court and in lower courts...... 243 5. Organization of courts ...... .............. .... ............. ............ ................. ............. 243 6. Quasi-j udicial agencies........ ................... ......... ...... ..... ............................... 244 7. Importance of the judici ary .................................. ....... .... ............. ............. 244 8. Independence of the judiciary .............................................. .................... 245 SECTION 2 1. Power to apportion jurisdiction of various courts vested in Congress .................................................. ... .... ..................... 246 2. Jurisdiction of courts ....... ............ ........................... ... .... ..................... ....... 247 SECTION 3 1. Fiscal autonomy ......... ... .................. .. .... ................... ... ..... ... .. .............. ........ 247 SECTION 4 l. Composition of the Supreme Court............................................ .............. 248 2. Sitting procedure .......................................................... .. ...... ...................... 248 3. Cases to be heard or decided en bane and vote required..................... . 249 4. Meaning of executive agreement............................ ................ .................. 250 5. Classes of executi ·1e agreements ........................ .................. .................... 250 6. Meaning of power of judicial review.......................... .............. .... ............ 250 7. Limitations on exercise of power of judicial review ....................... ....... 251 8. Justiciable question disti nguished from political question .............. .... 251 SECTION 5 1. Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court over cases affecting ambassadors, etc. .................................................... ............ 253 2. Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court over petitions for certiorari, etc. ....... ................. ............. ....... ......... ............ ............... 254 3. Exclusive appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court............. ....... .... 255 4. Assignment of judges of lower courts to other stations ..................... ... 255 5. Change of venue or place of trial ........ ................... ........... ............. .......... 256 6. Rule-making power of the Supreme Court .............. :.................... .......... 256 7. Limitations on the rule-making power of the Supreme Court ............ 2 58 8. Substantive and procedural law/rights distinguished.........................

. 259 9. Appoi ntment of officials and employees ................................... ............... 259 SECTIONS 1. Administrative supervision over lower courts .................. ............ ......... 260 xxvi SECTION 7 1. Qualifications for members of the   u p r e m ~ Court and any lower collegiate court......... ........................................ .......... 261 2. Authority of Congress to alter qualifications of certain constitutional officers ................. ............. ..... .. ............... ... ....... ........ ... 261 3. Qualifications of judges of lower courts ..... ............ ............... .................. 261 4. The admini stration of justice ............................................. ...................... 262 SECTIONS 8-9 1. Appointment of members of the Supreme Court and j udges of lower courts . .. . .. ... .. .. .. .... .. . .. ... .. . .. .. . ... .. ... .. .. .. ................ 264 SECTION 10 1. Compensation of members of the judiciary ................................... ......... 265 SECTION 11 1. Tenure of office of members of t he judiciary .............................. ............ 266 2. Meaning of good behavior ................................................... ...................... 267 3. Disciplining or dismissal of judges of lower courts ....................... .... .... 267 SECTION 12 1. Prohibition against designation to quasj-judicial and/or administrative agenci es.................................. ....... ...... ....... ... 267 SECTION 13 1. Procedure in rendering decisions .................. ....................... .................... 268 2. Requirement in case of non- participation, di ssent, or abstention..... . 2 69 SECTION 14 1. Meaning of decision.... ..................... .............................. .............. .............. . 269 2. Form of decision of court ..... .................................... ..... ............. .... ........ .... 269 SECTION 15 1. Maximum periods for rendition of decisions...................... ........... .. ....... 271 2. Time limitations mandatory..... ............................................ .. .................. 271 SECTION 16 1. Submission of annual report......... .................... .................. ...................... 272 AR'l'ICLE IX- CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS A. COMMON PROVISIONS SECTION 1 1. Independent constitutional bodies........................................... ................ 273 xxvii

SECTION2 1. Disabilities of members of Constitutional Commissions...................... 274 SECTION 3 1. Compensation of members of Constitutional Commissions ................. 27 4 SECTION4 1. Appointment and removal of officials and employees.......................... . 27 4 2. Other common features....................................................... ...................... 275 SECTION 5 1. Fiscal autonomy............................................................. ............................. 276 SECTION 6 1. Rules of procedure.......................................................... ............................ 276 SECTION7 1. Rendition of decision and judicial review................................... ............ 276 SECTION 8 1. Additional functions under the law.......................................... ............... 27i B. THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION SECTION 1 1. Composition of the Civil Service Commission................................. ....... 277 2. Qualifications ofmembers ................................................... ..................... 278 3. Appointment and terms of office ............................................ .................. 278 4. Rotational scheme of appointment ....................... ................... ................ 278 5. Reasons for creation of the Commission...................................... ........... 279 SECTION2 1. Meaning of Civit Service ................................................... ........................ 280 2. Scope of the Civil Service ................................................. ......................... 280 3. Constitutional classification of positions in the Civil Service............. 280 4. The merit system............................................................ ............................ 281 5. Non-competitive positions................................................... ...................... 282 6. Guarantee of security of tenure .................................                         7. Meaning of"for cause provided by law"....................................... ........... 283 8. Abolition of position ................... .................................. .............................. 284 9. Prohibition against electioneering and other partisan political campaign.............................................................. ................. 284 10. Meaning of electioneering or partisan political campaign................... 285 11. Activities not covered..................................................... ............................ 285 12. Right of government employees to self-organization ........................ .... 286

xxviii 13. Right of government employees to strike ..... ............................ .............. 286 14. Protection oftemporttry employees.................... ......... ........... .................. 287 SECTION 3 1. Powers and of the Commission ................................... ............ 287 2. Importance of a permanent civil service .................................. ............... 288 3. Purpose of providi ng a civil service system. ............................ ............... 289 4. Basic requisites of a civil service system............ .......... ....... .... ............... 289 SECTION 4 1. Oath to dt!fend and support the   ............................. ........... 290 SECTION 5 1. Standardization of compensation............... ..... ....................... .................. 290 SECTION 6 1. I neligibility for appoint ment of defeated candidate in an election ... .. .. ........... .. ... ...... .. ..... .................. .. ... .. ............ .. ........... 291 SECTION 7 1. Ineligibility for appointment of elective official s ....... .............. ............ .. 292 2. Prohibition hol ding more than one position by appoin tive officials ............... ... ........ ...... ................. ........ ................ 292 SECTION 8 1. Prohibition agai ns t additional, double, or indirect compensation...... 293 2. E"c 2ptions to the prohibition ........ .. .. ........... .. ...... .... .. .... .................... ... ... 293 3. Prohibition again,-.t acceptance of any present, etc. from any foreign st.ate ................................. ........................... ...................... 294 C. THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS SECTION 1 1. Composition of the Commission on Elections ............................. ........... 295 2. Qualifications of members ....... ................................. ........ ............. ........... 295 3. Appointment and terms of office ....... ......................... ......... ... ............ ...... 296 4. Purpose of the Commission ............................... ....... .......... .. ..... ................ 296 SECTION 2 1. Powers and functions Ofthe Commission...................................... ......... 298 2. Finality of decisions ............... ........ ........ ......... ..... .... ............................... ... 300 3. Rationale of r egistration of political parties ......................... ..... ............ 301 SECTION 3 1. Hearing of election cases.......... ............................ ........... .......................... 301 xxix SECTION 4

1. Regul ation of public utili ties and media ............................. . ........... ........ 302 SEC'flON 5 1. Pardon, etc., of violators of eleetion laws ............. ............. ... ............... ... 303 2. Meaning of parole ..... ..... ........................................... .. ... ..... ........................ 303 3. Meaning of suspension of se ntence....................... ........ .. .... . ....... ............. 303 SECTIONS 1. Meani ng of pol itical party .... .. .................. .. ... .. .. .. .. .................... ........ .. .. .... 30:3 2. Fr ee and open party system.. ..... .. .......................... ....... . ... .. .. ..... ....... ........ 303 SECTION 7 1. Party-list.   ... ... ............................................... ......... .......................... 306 SECTION 8 1. Membership ()f political pnrties, etc. in registration boards, etc. ....... 307 SECTION 9 I . Election per iod ..... .... ... .. ... ...................... ............ ....... ..... .......... ........... .. .. .... 308 2. Campaign period .............. ............................................ ..... .. ....................... 308 SECTION 10 1. Protection against harassment and discrimination ................... ....... .... 308 SECTION 11 1. AutomaLic of appropriations .......... ................ .. ..... ...................... 309 D. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT SECTION 1 l. Composition of the Commiss:on on Audit..................................... .......... 310 2. ...................................................... ..... .................. 412 2. Resettlement of landless farmers and ..... .. ............. ......... 412 SECTION 7 1. Rights of subsistence fisher me n and fishworkerf-! ..... ... ...... .. . .... ........... 413 SECTION 8 1. Inves t ment incen tives to landowners........... .. ........ ....... .. .. ... .... .. .. ........ ... 413 URBAN LAND REFORM AND HOUSING SECTION 9 1. Undertakir..g a continuing urban land reform and housing program ........... ......................................... ... .. ........ ......... 414 SECTION 10 1.   and reset tlement of urban 0 1· rural

poor dwellers.. ........ ................... ........ ........ .. ...... .... .. ... .... ..... ...... ...... .... 416 HEALTH SECTIONS 11·13 J. Protection and promotion of the right to hE>alth ..... .... .............. ............. 417 xxxvii WOMEN SECTION 14 1. Protection of working women ....................... ....................... ..................... 420 ROLE AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLE'S ORGANIZATIONS SECTIONS 15-16 1. Role and righto of people's organizations...... ........ ..... ... .. ...... ...... ........... 421 2. Obligatlons impo:;ed on the State ............... ......... ............ ... ......... ............ 422 HUMAN RIGHTS SECTION 17 1. The Commission on Human Rights ................................ . . 2. Reasons for creation nf t.he Commissinn ........... .......... .. SECTIONS 18-19 422 423 1. Powers and functions of   Commi;;sion ....... ........ .. .. ......... . ............. ..... 425 ARTICLE XIV- EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE AND SPORTS EDUCATION SECTION 1 1. Concept of education............................................ ..... ... . .......... .. ................ 427 2. Ways for acquiring education ................ ........................... . ...................... 427 3. Goals in giving priority t-o   etc. .......... ................ .................... 428 4. Right of all to quality education ...... ....... ...... ..... .. ..................... 42R 5. Duty of the State to protect and promote right to quality educat.i1m .................. ............................. .... .. ...... ........... 429 SECTION 2 l. Complete, adequate, Hnd integrated system of educat.ion to be established, maintai ned, and supported ................. ............... 430 2. System of education t o be relevant to the needs of the people and society .................................. .... .............. ............... 431 3. System of a free publ ic education to be estabiished and maintained... .. .. ... ................... ......... ............ ..... ... .......................... 440 4. Compulsory elementary education for all child,·en of school age........ 44 0 5. Natural right and duty of parcnLli to rear their children............ .. ..... .. 441 6. Righ t oft.he State to a educated citi zenry.. .. ........ .. ........... 441 7. System of scholan;hip grants, etc., t.o be established and maintained .......................... ..................... .... ...... ... . ........ ............... 442

8. Non-formal, i nformal, and indigcnom; learning ;;ysterr.s. etc. , to he encouraged ............................. ........ .... ...... .......... 442 9. Training in civie:;, vocational cfficiem:y and other skills to be provided...... ................................. ..... ... ........ .......... ........... ·!45 xxxviii SECTION 3 1. Study of Constitution to be part of school curricula ....................... ...... 446 2. Educational ai ms of schools............................................... ....................... 446 3. Importance of values education... .... ........ ...................... ..... .................... .. 447 -l . Role of other sectors in the education of the youth........ .... ....... . ..... ...... 448 5. Optional reli gious instruction in public elementary and high schools to be all owed ........ .. .......... .. ..... ..... .... .. ......... .. ......... 449 SECTION 4 1. Complementa ry roles of public and private educational institutions recognized ..... ..... ... .. ...... . ..... ....... ..... .... ... ............... .......... 450 2. State power over educational                                               3. Ownership, control and administration of educational ins ti t ut ions by Fi lipino t-'itizcns ..... .... ......... .. .. ... ...... ..... ........... ......... 452 4. Educational instit ut ions est abli shed exclusively for aliens pr ohibited......... ....................................... ...... ...................... 453 5. Exemption from taxes and duties .................... ...................... .................. 453 SECTION 5 1. Regioual and sectoral needs and conditions to b«:> taken into account ....................... ............. ............. ........ ..... .......... ................. . 455 2. Institutions of hi gher !earni ng t o enjoy academic freedom ............ ..... 456 3. 'Meaning of academic freedom ... .... ....................... ... ..... .. ....... ................. .. 456 4. Importance of guarantee of academic freedom .............................. ........ 157 5. Guarantee not academic licens e .... ....................... ....... .. .... ......... .............. 457 6. Right of every citizen to select a profession or of study . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. . .. ..... ... .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . ... .... .. ... . . .. .. .. . . .. 458 7. Right of teachers t o professional advancement ...... ... .. .... .. .. .. . ............... 458 8. Right of non-teaching academic and non-academic per sonnel ........... . 460 9. State to assign the highest budget ary priority to education................. .......... .................. ... ................ ......................... . 461 10. Duty of State to improve lot of t eachers .... ....... ................. . ............. .... .. 461 LANGUAGE SECTION 6 1. Concept of language .............. :......... ..... .... ................... ............ ................. .. 462

2. Importance of language ............................... ..... .............. ............ ........ .... .. 462 3. National language is Filipino .. ..... .............................. .... ........................ .. 462 4. Pilipino not immediately abrogated ...... ............ ..... .... ..... .. ............ ....... ... 463 5. Need for a oHtionallanguage .. ..................... ... ........ ..... . ... .... .................. .. . 464 6. Use of Filipino as a medium of offici al communica tion and language of instruction .... ............................... ............... ............. 464 SECTION 7 l. Official languages ofthe Philippines ...................... .............. .................. 465 2. Need for communication skills i n English...... ...... .. ................. .............. . 465 3. Auxiliary offi cial languages.. .. ... ......... ................ .. .... .. ..... .... .. .............. .. ... 466 4. Difference bet ween official language and national language ...... ...... .. 467 x.xxix SECTION 8 1. Constitution ofliciall y promulgated in Filipino and English...... ...... .. . 467 2. Translation and interpretation ............................... ..... .... .... .................... 467 SECTION 9 1. National language to be     ......................... ......... 46R SCIENCE &'lD TECHNOLOGY SECTIONS 10-13 1. Concept of science and technology ... ..................................... .................. . 2. Science and technology essential for national 469 development and progress . ................. . ................ ............... .......... .... 469 3. Promotion of science and t echnology............... .. ..................... ................. 4 71 4. Science and technology education and training............ ................. ........ 4 72 5. Right to inventions, etc., to be secured...................... ............ . .......... ...... 473 '•,,,',,, ARTS AND CULTURE SECTION 14 \. \\ 1. Conceptofart sand culture... .. .. .. .. ..... .. ..................... .. . ..... .. .... .................. 474 2. Importance of culture ..................................................... ........................... 4 74 3. Promotion of culture .... .......... .... .... .................. .... ..... ................................. 4 7 5 4. Preservation, enrichment, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino national culture........ .. .................................. .. ............... 4 76 SECTIONS 15-16 1. Cultural trea::;ures ofthe nation .............................. .. .. ..... ..... .................. 4 78

SECTION 17 1. Rights of indigenous cult ural communities.......... ...................... .... ....... 4 79 SECTION 18 1. Equal access to cultural opportunities............. ........................ ............... 480 SPORTS SECTION 19 1. Concept of sports .......................... ................ ............. ....... ......... ............... .. 480 2. Promotion of s port;, ...... ............................ ....... ........ . :...... .. .. .............. ......... 480 ARTICLE XV -THE FAMILY SECTION 1 l. Concept of family ...... ................................................. . ........ ........................ 482 xl Importance of the family to the State .......................................... ......... .. The Filipino family, the fonr.clation of the nation ......................... ....... . Sphere of law on fan1ily ..................................................... ...................... .. SECTION 2 482 483 484 1. Concept of marri8,616,536 with a growth rab of 2 a2'iL 6 TEX'l"SOOK THF. CONSTlTCTION t for t he benefi t- of the people governed. It is necess ary for the protection of society and its members , the security of persons an d property, the administra tion of justice, the preservation of the state from external danger, and the advancement of the physical, economic, social and cultural well-bei ng of t ho people. (:l ) Consequence of absence. - Government exista lo do these things which by t heir ..Jery nature, it is bettP-r equipped to admi nister for the public welfare than any private i ndividual or group of individuals. I t is obvious that wit hout an organized structure of government, anarchy and disorder, and a general feeling of fea r and inse t enure. Monarchies are fur ther cl assi· fted into: · /_...r···1) Absolute mona.rch:y or one in which the ruler rilles by divine r ight; and 21 Limited monarchy or one in whkh the ruler rule1-:. in accordantt! w!th a constitution; c., ... lhJ • or in which political power i s exercised by a few privil eged class which is known 11!-; an aristocracy or oligarchy; and . D - h - h 1· . I . . . d b

tel .· em?.lcracy or .P{te m w IC po ttl ofcOil;;titutionalism, it has been lie in the hearts of the peopl e. 20 TEXTBOOK ON THE PHlLIPPlf\i .b: CONSTlTUTION provisions of the Constitution in specific caf.les. Thus , the Philippine Con· stitution itself is bnef hut the Jaw of the Constitution lies scattered in thousands of Supreme Court decisionsY Kinds of constitution. Constitutions may be das1>ified as foll ows: ( U A (KALIRAPI> when the Philippines was under Japanese occupation from 1942-1944 during Wnrld War II. R. Rosales, St. . Luke's HospitaL Quezon City. 0. Brocka. E. Suarez and Jaime S.L. Tadeo. A' 1 17,059,495 voted "yes" 176.37?C of the t otal votes cusl) agains t 5,0 58, 714 rcpreFc. 1 ART. I.- NATlONAL TERR[TORY 41 (3) The subsoil. -This refers to everything beneath the surface soil and the seabed, including mineral and natura] resources; (4) Insular shelves (or continental shelves).- They are the submerged portions of a continent or offshore island, which slope gently seaward from the low waterline to a point where a substantial break in grade occurs, at which point the bottom slopes seaward at a considerable increase in slope until the great ocean depths are reached; and (5) Other submarine areas. -They refer to all areas under the territorial sea. Among oceanographic terms used are seamount, trough, trench, basin, deep, bank, shoal, and reef. As part of the national territory, the seabed, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas are necessarily co-extensive with the territorial sea. The Philippines has a right or title to them to-the extent recognized by international law. Three-fold division of navigable waters. From the standpoint of international law, the waters of the earth are divided into: (1) Inland or internal waters. -They are the parts of the sea within the land territory. They are considered in tht same light as rivers, canals, and lakes within the land territory of a state. They are sometimes called national waters; (2) Territorial sea.   It is the belt of water outside and parallel to the coastline or to the outer limits of the inland or internal waters; and (3) High or open seas. - They are waters that lie seaward of the territorial sea. Jurisdiction over navigable waters. The inland or internal waters and the territorial sea together comprise what is generally known as ·waters of a state. Over thes e waters, a state exercises sovereignty to the same extent as its land territory but foreign vessels have the right of innocent passage through the

territorial sea. On the other hand, the open seas are internationai waters which means that they are not subject.to the sovereignty of any state but every state has equal right of use in them. 11 11 Presidential Decree No. 1599 (June 11, 1978) establishes an cxclul':ive econo mic zone (Eii:Zl of the Philippines extending to a distance of 200 nautical miles beyon d and from the baselines from which the territorial sea is measured; except that where the limi ts overlap the economic zone of an adjacent or neighboring state, common boundaries !\hall be determined by agreement with the state concerned, or in accordance with generally r The State cannot set up a church, whether or not supported with public funds; nor aid one religion, aid all religions (see Art. VI, Sec. 29[2].) , or prefer one religion over another; (3) Every person is free to prClfess belief or disbelief in any religion; (4) Every religious minister is free to prad.ice his call ing; and (5) The State cannot puni sh a person for entertaining or professing r eligious beliefs or disbeliefs. G No hostility towards religion. The command that Church and State be separate is not to be interpreted to mean hostility to religion. In so far as religion instills into the minds the purest principles of morality, its influence is deeply felt and highly a ppreciated.G As a matter of fact, the Preamble of the Constitution starts with thes e words: "We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God . . . " Wit.b these words, the Filipino people "manifested their intense rel igious nature and placed unfaltering reliance upon him who guides the destinies of men and nations.""' Furthermore: ( 1) Our Constitution and laws exempt from taxation, properties devoted exclusively to religious purposes (Art. VI, Sec. 28[3.1.); (2) The use of public money or property is not prohibited when a priest

, preacher or dignitary as such is assigned to the armed forces, or to any pena l institution or government orphanage or leprosarium (Art. VI , Sec. 29[2]. ); (3) Optional religious instruction in public elementary and high schools is by constitutional mandate allowed (Art. XIV, Sec. 3[3.1.); (4) Thursday and Friday of Holy Week, Christmas Day and Sundays are made legal holidays 8 because of the secular idea that their observance is conducive to beneficial moral results; and •Everson vs. Board of F.ducHtion, 330 U.S. 1. 6 Soc Ibid. There is nothing in the Constitution prohibiting the church from expressing its views or stand on public i&sl•'es. sAglipay vs. Ruh. 64 Phil. 201. ' lhid. . ' Executive Order No. zrn {J une 30, 1987! list,:; Manndy Thursday and Good Friday (movnhlc date) as rcgulllr holidays l:lnd All Saints' Day I Nov. 1) and Chdstmn " Day !Dec. 25) a.c; nationwide ilpecial holidays. isee Adm. Code of 19H7 Order No. 2 921. Book I, Sec. 26.) Proclamntion No. 192a (Oct. 27, 1979J established the annual celebration ofl\:nt ional Bible Week and National Rihln Sunday. Procla mations No. i"ifi !Nov. 21. 1986J and 1\o. 1067 !Aug. 26, 1997) call ofN11tional BiOle Week on the lnst week of J anua ry each year with the   Sunday a:o Bihk Sunchty. Proclama tion No. 1067 calls for "natiom1l a ttention to be focused on the imporiM•ce of reading and .studyi ng thc Bible in molding the !:lpiri t.tJtll. mor a l. und social fiber of 54 TEXTBOOK ON THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION Sec. 7 (5) The la w punishes polygamy and bigamy, and certain crimes against religious wors hip are considered crimes against the fundament al laws of the State. 9 Wit hin the limits prescribed by the principl e of separation of Church and State, these two great entities could work together in harmony to serve the welfare of the people. HI STATE POLICIES SEC. 7. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the paramount consideration shall be national sovereigntyJ territorial integrity, national interest, a nd the right to self-determination. Foreign policy of the Philippines. Foreign policy is the basic direction underl yi ng the conduct by a St ate of its affairs uis-a-vis those of other States. It is a set of guidelines follo wed by a government of a country in order to promote its national interes t through the conduct of its relations with other countries. Under our constitutional system. Congress shares with the President the responsibility of formulating the country's foreign policy al t hough t he conduct l hereofis primarily r eposed in the executive depart ment. (see Art.

Vll, Sec. 22.) The President formulates our for eign policy principally with the help of the Department of Foreign Affairs. (1) An instrument of domestic policy. -Its importance in the survival and progress of a country cannot be over-emphasized. It is the sole weapon of a State for the promotion of national interest in internati onal aff airs. Thus, foreign policy is but a r eflection and an ins trument of domes tic policy, t he former being related t,o and dict ated by the latter. They are n ot only mutually consistent but complementary . 1 the nation." Proclamation No. 498 1Nov. 26, 2003; dedares Novi:"mber 26. 2 003, the end of Ramadhan, as n s pecial non-working day throughout the country f Feast of Rama dhan}. R.A. No. 9177 tNov. 13, 2002) declares the first day of shal(·u·al. t he 10th month of the Islamic calendar, a national holi day for the observance of Eidul Fitr. and the lOth day of Zhul Hijja , the 12th month of Islamic calendar, a r egi onal holiday in the Aut onomous Region in Muslim Mindanao rights are recog'!'over t.y has been an issue in our country . .\bn,· it as the root cause of other problems the people are whh. La test h:; :\ati onai Sta tistics Offi ce iNSOJ show that the country's wealth r"'main!:' • di ;.tributed as the richest fP.w families continued to amass the lion's 11hare of the   income while '•he poor earned only a fraction of the riche>:t lO'if. It wi;f ;;1 1 :-;!) tha t Adam Smith, the father of modern economics wrote: "No Sf)Ci cty can S l!n:h· be t1 ···u :·ishmg and happy, of which by far the gr.eat.e r part of the members a1·e poor anu miserahle.·· 58 TEXTBOOK ON PHILIPPI!\E CONSTlT UTION Sec. 12 nized or guaranteed because of t.hP. in the inherent dignity and wort h of every human person. The value accorded to human dignity is measured b,y the exte.nt of respect for human rights. In pursuit of this constitutional poli cy, it is the duty of t he State to enact measures and develop programs that will promote human dignity and protect the people from any threat of violence or

use of force or deception for the purpose of exploitation. 1 This topic is discussed at length under Article III (Bill of Right.s) and Article XII! (Social Justice ar..d Human Rights). SEC. 12. The State r ecognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equaJly protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn ft·om conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government. Strengthening the family as a basic autonomous social institution. The above declaration not onl,Y has given constitutional ba:sis to the family as a basic autonomous social institution, but in addition, mandates the 3tate t o recognize the sacredness of famqy life and to strengthen the family. (see Art. XV. ) Under the provision, the government may not enact any law or initiate measures that would break up or weak more than one-hal f of the population, a powerful political and economic force indeed in Phi lippine society. By sheer force of number alone, it is only right that their voice be heard on matters a ffecting their ' The Local Govemment Codo t R.A. No. 7160, Chap. 10, Sec. 439. · declares De ce mber 7· 11 of every year a>< "Youth Week" to highlight the critiC'al r ole the youth plays in nationbuilding. Procl amation No. 521 {Dec. 1 i , 2003) declares the la,;t week of Februa ry of ever y year as "Nat ional TOYM Week."   Outstanding Young • • Awards which h as been instituted by the Junior of the Philippines \Jaycees' · a voluntary ,organization of Young Fi lipinos "striving to build a better nation and to develop be tte r citizens," s ince October 15, Hl59." has not only become one of the country's most covet ed a wards for young men, but also an inlititution recognizing e xcellence in our young Fi lipinos , aged 18 to 40. The TOYM Foundation made up of TOYM aw!\rdees seek to promote the ideals of leadership, excellence, integrity. character and to the nation." ' Presid!H>t Corazun C. Aquino, 1986-1992 and President Gloria Macapagal·Arroyo , 2001prcsent . AR'J'. H.- DECLARATION 01'' PR1NCII'U:S AND STATE POLICIES State Polici{!S

63 welfare and the country as a whole. It justice that they be giv en a legitimate share with men in leadership and major process, at all levels and in all spheres of hnman activity outside theh· homes. In pre-industrial societies, domestic work was assigned to who were looked upon merely as men's helpmates and creative som·ces of human life. The traditional view that the role of women is primarily childbearing and child-rearing and performing household chores should be abandoned. 2 While the social rols, etc. In certain situa tions, they are entitled to special protection from tht> Statt!: 5 (.sl'f! Art. XIII, Sec. 14.) SEC. 15. The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them. 2 'fhe fact. is that. Filipino v.-onwn (•ontribulf• gn!:• take for g1·ant.ed. ·'Majority of the country's impoverished women Ji,·e in the rural arr·r,;.. Oi;:pendng and employment opportunit.ie!'< in thel'e arE'a!:' and maxim izin.: t:ducation and t1'lon.,: :v :hE' )lu;;lirn gro up that dominates the provinces of Cotabato, Lanao,   Zamb•langa. and Basilan. 2 See Committe,; on National Integration Report :\o. 1, Annex B-1, p. 1 , Feb. 2, 1972, 1971 Constitutional Convention Pre;;ide:mial Denee No. 1414 (June 9, 197 8). 68 TEXTBOOK ON THflirically 11 nd economicall y marginalized, a condition that can be attribut"d tc: a h ost of factors , not the least. of which is thei r lack of access to the : re-q uired for t heir materi al sun·ivnl and the improvement nf thl'\ir quality of life. 'Thus, in line with the national polil:y to faci!itf the members of indigenous cultural nH:llmunities and accelerate- the d•' \ ,•lopMent of the areas occupied by them, the Civil Scrvi cn Commission is required by !a" • . .:· j,! i·.-., spe cial civil service examinations to qualify them fur 11ppointmcnt in the civil tiervirc · Pres. Decre e No. 807, Sec. 23; see Pres. Uet:rees No. H32 1125.) Consistent a lso wi th the spiri t of t he constitut ional provision, t he "Code uf M•Jslim Personal Laws of the Philippines" the Rystem of Filipino Muslim lnws, c:odifies Muslim laws, and provides for its itdm inistration among   (J'res. Decree No. 1083, F(\b. 4, 1977.) R.A. No. 8371 !Oc t. 29, 1997J, known as the Indigennus Peoples Hi ght.!:' Act of 1997 i_IPRAI, protects and promotm.; rights (particularly over their ance;otral lands in communal (,wnership) of indigenous cultural co mmunities and the National   on Indigt>nous People. Sees. 25-26 ART. IJ.- DECL.-\RAT!ON OF PRINCIPL}:S AND STATE St at e Vital role of communication and information in nation-building. 69 Communication and information, U!-;t'ld above, include not only print or broadcast media (radio and television) but als o motion pictures , adve rtising, cabl e, telephone and teleg•·aph.

1 Those of communication designed to gather and convey ne\\'S or information to t he public are called because they reach the mass of the people. (see Art. XVI, Sec. · 11[1]. ) That t hey play a critical role in nation-building is very obvious . (1) Formation of an enlightened c:i tizenr:y. - Mass media people's thoughts and beliefs , their attitudes and va lues. In a country like t he Philippines composed of people with diverse cultures, they can be an effective instrument in promoting nat ional integration and preserving Filipino values and t raditions. By educating the citizenry on important pubHc issues, they also help create a s trong, vigilant and enlightened public opi nion so essential to the successful operation of a t'epublican democracy. (2 I Promotion o(efficienc,'}' and economy in government. a.nd business. Infor mation and communication can be used to li nk our geographically dispersed population and help effect fas ter delivery of educational, medical, and other public services in remote areas of the country. In a ny organization, ready information maximizes elfkiency. Partjcularly in busi ness, il reduces cost of production and services. (3) Development of society. - On the mater ial side, it is difficult to imagine a progressive country, in today's wn-:-ld of hi gh-tech compute rs, internets, cyherc;pace and informat.ion highways, vvith antiquated communication a nd information structures. In the l f.Li>t few years, the wor ld has witnessed a steady stream of technological progress in this fie ld. Th e Philippines must keep abreast of communicaLion innov·ations but a t t he same ti me be selective and discriminating Lo insure t hat only "su itable to the needs and aspirat ions of the nation" !Ibid.; Sec. 10.) Hrr. adapte d. Utilized and mnnap.;ed wisely and efficiently, communication and informat ion are very tools for the fH.:onomic, social , cul tural an d political devel cpment. of society. SEC. 25. The State s hall ensur e the autonomy I go,·ernment s. Autonomy of local governments. This topic is   in Articl e X (Local Gr.n·ernmr.nt l. SEC. 26. Th e St ate sh all guarantee equa l access to opportuni ties for public servi ce, and p rohibit political dynasties a s may be defined by law. 1 1'elecommunication companie:; that mert>ly sl'ne all carriers lor tnm!'mi tting spl:'cific messngcs to specific addressees (.IT a re public u tili t.ies (Art . XII. Sec. 11. l, m•t mass media. 7() TEXTBOOK ON THE CONSTITCTION Equal access to opportunities for public service. Sec. 26

This topic is discussed under Article VI (Legjslat.ive Sections 4, 5, and 7 and Article X (Local Governmenti, Section 8. Additionally: (1) Limitation of terms of office. - The provisions li miting t he ter ms of offi ce of elective officials (President, Vice-President, Senators , Representa tives, and local officials) enhance equal access to political opportunit ies although they may not completely do away with the evils s pawned by political dynasties that proliferated i.1. t he country in the past. Wi th his political and economic r esources, an elective official can have a close kin or trusted foll ower run for t he same position and continue t o exercise contr ol through the latter. Hence, the need for a declaration expressly prohibiting political dynasties. (2) Prohibition of political dynasties. - The constitutional policy on the prohibition of political dynasties expresses a national commitment t o democratize election and appointment to positiuns in the government and eliminate a principal obs tacle t o "equal access t o opportunities for pu blic ser vice." It is not uncommon to have most of the top elective positions in a province (or cityl down to the barangays occupied by one fami ly and close relatives of t he fa mily members. Politicians form husband-wife teams, or father-mother, son-daughter t eams and hold to elective posiLiC'ns for de cades. The dominance of political families in the past not only kept more deserving but poor individuals from running or winning in elections; it also enabled powerful and affluent politicians to corner appointive for their relatives and foll owers as if they alone are gifted wi th the abil ity t o serve the country . 1 (3) Prohibition constitutionally mandated. - The law implementing the constitutional policy shall define what constitutes political dyna3ties , having in mind the evils sought to be et·adicated and the! nted to ins ure the widest possible hase for the selection of elective go\·ernment officials r egardless of political, economic. and social status. that the State is expressly mandated to prohibit   dynasti es:· ha:s no dis cretion on the matter except merely to spell out the meaning and scope of the t erm. 1 'fhe multi-party system (see Art. IX·C, Sec. 6.J is designed not only to g uarantee wider access to opportuni ties for public s cr·vicc but it is also meant t o do away with poli tical dynasties as enunciated in Section 26, together with the te rm li mits impose d likewisP. by the Constitutio·n on elective public officials. (sec ArL. VI, Sees. 4. 1: Art.

VII, Sec. 4; Art. X, Sec. 8.) As noted above, however, the members of the politi cal clan, because cflheir politi cal clout, are th e ones who get elect ed, and those who ar A not elected, get a ppoi nte d to high positions in the nalional government. Sec. 27 ART. ll.- DECLARATION OF PRlNClPLES AND STATE POLICIES State SEC. 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service And take positive and effective measures against graft and Honesty and integrity in public service. 71 ( 1) The perennial problem of graft and corruption. - In the Philippines, every new administration since the postwar period has made a pledge to eradicate graft and corruption in government. The popular perception, however, is that this baneful ill has become more rampant and sophisticated through the years. To be sure, the above provision was incorporated in the Constitution because of revelations of "unprecedented magnitude" of graft and corruption allegedly perpetrated by officials in the drcle of the government during a previous regime. ( 2) Ways to attach problem. - The malady of graft and corruption must he eliminated or at least minin1ized to a tolerable degree because of th e staggering amount of public money that has been lost through it. What is needed is moralleadet·ship by example on the part of the top officials in the government and a continuing, uncompromising, well-coordinated campaign against all forms of dishonesty and venality in the public service whi ch have considerably slowed down thE: socio-economic progress of our country. Having honest Presidents with the best of intentions is nni enough to reduce corruption to minimal proportion. This perennial problem cannot be solved by mere empty promises and congressional inquiries, but by prosecuting without fear or favor and putting behind bars so-called '"big fishes'' fou nd to be involved as concrete examples of the government's determination to achieve decency in the public ::;ervice. Any campaign against this scourge of society will be made more effective if accompanied by a morality (3) Need for honesty and integrity in public: service. - The ful fillment of the constitutional mandate will go a long way in strengthening the 'Exec. Order No. 314 (April :10, 2004), a mended by Exec. Order No. 317 >J une 8, 2004). creates Prc»idential Commi!!!don on Values Formation (PCVF), ht-tlderl h. \' the as Chairper;;on. The PCVF "!'lhall servnt may work haud-in-hand wi th 1md the privat.e sector in Lh When search and seizure unreasonable. In general, all illegal a nd seizures are unreasonable while l awful ones are r easonable. A search or seizure made without a sear ch warrant is not necessaril y illegal , and one made under a search warrant is not necessarily legal. What constitutes a reasonablf! or unreasonable search or in any particular case is a question (i. e., only courts are empow ered t o r ule upon), determinable from a consideration of the circumstances involved. ""Requisites for valid search warrant or warrant of arrest. They are: q) lt must be issued upon probable The probable cause must be determined per!'lonally by the judge himself;fi (3) Such determination of the exjstenct- c.f probable cause must he macte after examination by the judge of the comp!ai nant and the wit nessr>s he may produce; and · ( 4) The warrant must partit:ula rly describE- the place t o be :::earch ed, and the persons or things to be seized. The law prohibits the issuance of a seal'ch warrc.nt fur more than one :specific offense. 7 3 56 c .. J. 1166. ' He::.t cr ,., .United States. 205 U.S. 57. '•Ex Parte Johnson, 96 U.S. 727; sec Sec. all). ';Only the judge C!lll validly determine the existence of probable cause for t he issuance of a war rant of a rrest or search warrant and he must $0 det.e:-mine per;;on ally. 7

Rules (If Court, Rule 126, Sec. 3. Such as for "illegal traffic of narcotics an d contraband'' which is a generic tf'rm covering all f{Oods exported from or importe d into the country contrary to a pplicable f; latntes.     t hen, more than one could arise from the activity designated. (C•1 stro vs. P;lba.lan, L-281i42, April 30, 1976.) ART. III.-BILL OF RIGHTS Meaning of probable cause. By is meant such facts and circumstances antecedent to the issuance of a warrant sufficient in themselves to induce a cautious man to rely upon them and act in pursuance thereof. 8 It· presupposes the introduction of competent proof that the party against whom a warrant is sought to be issued has performed particular acts, or committed specif'ic omissions, violating a given provision of our crimina l laws." Sufficiency of affidavit upon which warrant is. based. I )'he true test of suffi ciency of an affidavit to warrant issuance of a settrch warrant is whether it had been'drawn in such manner that perjury could be charged thereon and affiant be held liable for damages caused . Thus, where it was shown that in the application sworn to, the affia nt made his own personal inves tigation, and testified that at his own knowledge, he knew t hat the accused was lending money without a license, char ging us urious r ates of inter est , and was keeping and using bo oks of accounts and records rela tive to his activities as money lender, his affidavi t was considered sufficient for he could be liable for perjury if the f acts turned out to be not as stated under oath. 10 'fhe affidavit is .insufficient if it is based on mere information and belief, or on mere hearsay . 11 Sufficiency of description. (1) - A description ofthe place to be searched is sufficient if t he officer with a search warrant can. with reasonable effort , ascertain and identify the place intended. Thus, it has been held that the description of the building to be searched as "building No. 123 Rizal Avenue, Manila .. is a sufficient designation of the premises to be searched. 12 (2) Person. -As a rule, a warrant of arrest for the apprehension of an unnamed party upon whom it is to be served is void except. in those cases where it contains a description of the person or such as will enable t he officer to identify the accused. Accordingly, in a case where the sea rch warrant stated that John Doe (used when the name of the person is unknown) had gambling apparat us in his possession in t he building occu"Al va rez vs. CFI, 66 Phil. 33; U.S. vs. Addison. 2H PhiL :36o. Chemise Lacoste If>'. FernAnde:.: , 129 SCRA :l7J. :21. 1984; Sto

nehill vs. Diokno, ?,() SCRA :383, June 19, 1967. degree of proof i>- lower than prima facie. (see S€c. 14[2]; Art. XVlll , Sec. 26, par. 2.) l"Yec Sue Koy vs. Almeda, 70 Phil. 141.   vs. CFI. 64 Phil. 3:3. vs. Veloso, 48 Phil. 169. 84 ON THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION Sec. 2 pied b.v him at J 24 Calle Arzohi spo, City of Manila and as this John Doe was .Jose M. Veloso, the manager of the club, t he police could identify John Doe as Jose M. Veloso without diffi culty. 1 : 1 (3) Property. - - The description of t he property is required to be s pecific only in so far as the circumstances will ordinarily allow. It has been held t hat where by th8 natme 1>f t hE:! property to be seized, the descrip tion mul::l t be rathet:··general, it is not r equi red that a technical descrip tion be given as thiR would mean no search warrant could issue. Thus, in a case, the dc::; cription "that there are being kept in said hooks, receipt s, lists, charts and other used by him in connection \Vith his acti viti es as money lender , charging .J9J. • Feb. 12, 1998), known as the "Speedy Trial Act of 1998," prescr ibes a time limit for trial. between arrai gnment and trial, and following an Order for !I new t riaL to emure a speedy trial of all crimi nal caRes. rP. Murchison, 349 C. S . 133. 114 TEXTBOOK ON THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION Soc. 14 Evgn __ pr.ru:e.d.ure which would offer .euen. onl:y .a. p.os.•£b.Le. .t.em.ptat ian .to tb.e tofo.rget t.he bu:r:-[ "tl").,eright to a disp osition of. their . 1huruv .and fait

h in..their. (2) The right to a speedy disposition of cases can be invoked only after the termination of the trial or hearing of a case. Like the right to speedy trial in criminal prosecutions (Sec. 14[2].), it is necessarily relative. It is consistent with reasonable delays and usually depends on the circumstances.2 d. not a criminal's right to life give way to the right of tc sal f-defense'' 'Tan vs. Stewart, 42 Phil. 809. 2 See Canaway V!; . Quintin, 42 Phil. 802. 126 TEKTBOOK ON THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION Sec. 21 are considered a s a punishment therefor, nor ( 2) fines and penalties posed by the cour ts in criminal proceedi ngs as punishments for crime. 3 !A     .. to __   (as i t is not a debt). In other words, debt , as used in the Constitution, r efers to civil debt or one not arising fr om a criminal offense. Meaning of poll tax. / ' ( A p.alLJax (or personal or capitation tax) is a tax of a fixed amoun t imposed on individuals r esiding within a specified territory, whether c itizens or not, without r egar d to their property or the occupation in w hich they may be engaged. 4 The community tax (formerly r esidence t ax) is in t he nature of a poll tax. Purpose of prohibition against imprisonment for of poll tax. The constitutional right is a measure dictated by a sense of h umanity an d sympathy for t he plight of the poorer elements of the population who c)fnot even affor d to pay thei r cedula or poll taxes, now community t ax.

5 t. , But a person is s ubject to impr isonment for violations other t han for non-payment of the community tax (e.g.,   COm.J.!!UQ.ity t.l :i.X. . certificate), and for non-payment of other taxes if so expressly provided by the pertinent law. SEC. 21. No person s hall be twice put i n jeopardy of punish· ment for the same offense. If an act is pwlished by a law and an ordina nce, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to anot her prosecution for t h e same a ct. Right against double jeopardy. The   means that when a person is charged with an offense and the case is ter minated either by acquittal or conviction or in any other manner without the express consent of the accused, the latter cannot a gain be charged with the sa me or identical offense. 1 The guarantee protects agai nst the perils of a- second punishment a s well as a second trial for the same offense. 3 /bid . 'See 51 Am. J ur. 660. lV.G. Sinco, op. cit. , p. 682. 1 Melo vs. People of the Phils ., 85 Phil. 766; Rule 116, Sec. 1; Rule 117 , Sees. 5. 9; Rule 118, Sec. 1. Sec. 21 ART. HI. -BILL OF RIGHTS 127   tc:>r. exJste.n(:.e. of. present law and jurisprudence, the accused is pJaced in double jeopardy if the following conditions are present: ()!} He has been previously brought to trial; (;l) In a court of competent jurisdiction (i.e., court having jurisdiction); (3) Under a valid complaint or information (i .e., sufficient in form and substance to sustain a conviction); (4) He has been arraigned (see Sec. 14[2].} and pleaded (either guilty or not guilty) to the charge; He has bee11 convicted or acquitted or the case against him has been dismissed or otherwise terminated without his express consent; and He is being charged again for the same offense. 2 The right cannot be invoked where a petition for a declaration of a mistrial is granted on the ground that the proceedings .have been vitiated by lack of due process, e.g., the prosecution and the judge who tried and decided the case acted under the compulsion of some pressure which proved to be beyond their capacity to resist and which not only prevented t he prosecution from offering all the evidences which it would have otherwise presented, but also predetermined the final outcome of the case. A re-trial becomes necessary. 3 Right to appeal in criminal cases. 1) The has no right, therefore, to appeal from a judgment of acquittaL (tt} The Wd:Used.,. after having been convicted, may appeal to a higher court, but the latter may raise the penalty imposed on him by the low er court and such is not secondjeopardy. 4

Classes of double jeopardy. It is to be observed that the provision deals with two classe:> of double jeopardy . . {1) Under the first sentence, the protection is against double jeopardy for the same offen8e and not for the same act, provided he is charge-d with a different offensetso an aci may give rise to more than one offense) except if the "act is punished by fl law (enacted by Congress' and an ordinance " (enacted by a local legislative body) in which case -conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the sam e act." 2 See Rules of Court, Rule 116, Sec. 1; Rule 117, Sees. 5, 9; Rule 118, Sec. 1. 3 Galman vs. Sandiganbayan, 144 SCRA 43, Sept. 12, 1986. •Kepner vs. U.S., 195 U.S. 100; Trvno vs. U.S., 11 Phil. 726. 128 TEX'rBOOK ON THE PHILIPPI NE CONSTITU'l'lON Sec. 22 The second sentence contemplates double jeopardy of punishment. for 'the same ac! (e.g., 1llegal const ruction) it applies although the offenses charged are di fferent, one a of a statut e and the other of an ordinance. / SEC. 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. Meaning of ex post facto law. An is one which, operating retrospectively ( rJ makes an act done before the passage of a law, innocent when done, criminal, and punishes such act; or aggravates a crime or makes it greater than when it was committed; or (3) changes the punishment and inflicts a greater punishment than what the la w annexed to the crime, when committed: or (4) alters the legal rules of evidence, and r et:eives less testimony than or different testimony from what the l aw required at the time of th e commission of the offense, in order to convict the otfend er. 1 They are: (}) Ex post facto laws relate to penal or cri minal matters only {c; iY.il. protected. by the.. nan-impairment G2) They are retroactive in their operation; and They deprive persons accused of crime of some protection or defense previousl y avail able, t o their disadvantage. Ex post fact o laws are absolutely prohibited unless they are favorable to the accused. An example of an ex post facto law is a statute declaring as usurious and unlawful, the rate of interest provided in a contract which was no t usurious under the laws in force at the time of the execution of th e contract. 2 Not e: Usury is no longer punishable by lcnv. Meaning of bill of attainder. ofattaindg_r is a legislative act which inflicts punishment without

a judicial trial. If the punishment i s less than death, the act is called a b.il.l .9[p_gjft...u JJJ,...d   It is included within the meaning of bill of attainder as us ed i n the Constitution. vs. Hull, a Doll. 385; Me kin vs. \\'olfe, 2 J'hil. 74. 2 U.S. vs. Conde, 42 Phil. 766. Sec. 22 ART. llL - BILL OF RIGHTS 129 Purpose of prohibition against bill · of attainder. The prohibition against the enactment of bills of attainder is designed as a general safeguard against legislative exercise of the judicial ft,nction, or simply, trial h)' legislature. (1) In a case where a law passed by the United States Congress declared in une of its sections that three government employees named therein were not to receive any salary after a certain date because of their subversive activities, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the enactment was in the natur e of a bill of pains and penalties, the Congress assuming th e r ole of a judge and giving no hearing to the parties. Hence, the provisi on was void. 3 Ql') A law passed declaring members of an association guilty of subversion and subjecting them to imprisonment is unconstitutional because it convicts and penalizes without the benefit of judicial trial.   ~ f But the detention of a pri soner for a certain period pending investigation and trial is not a punishment; it is a necessary extension of the well recognized power of the State to hold a criminal suspect for investigati(m. 4 3 U.S. vs. Lovett, 328 U.S. 303. 'People vs. Carlos, 78 Phil. 535. -oOoArticle IV CITIZENSHIP SECTION 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines: {1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution; d only by a voting mia01·ity. Unfortunately, no defini te study has as yet been made of the effects of compul sory voting in any of t he countries which employ it. Hence, there is no way of actually determining whether the obligatory franchise improves or detracts from representative government.:!dures that w i ll enable the disabied and the i lliteratcs to secretly cast thf!i r ballot:; with out requiring the assistance of other persons, to prev1mt i_ ,t'ing manipulated by unscrupulous politicinns to insure t..hP.ir   at the poll s. Perhaps, a method of voti ng by symboli' may be O(.'\·i;:ed to:·· ma ke it possible for disahled and illiterate citinms to the- right o f suffrage. :'   and "r>. l"i! .. p. 257. 'See Pungut.an v;;. Ahubakar, L-:3illi4l, .J.ln. :.!···,. Ltmtries with !?d cir. i;r.rns 11 hr'.lad . .For purpOS':'l' :>f t he Art, refers to th e process by which qualified • of thc :1broad exE' rci!ir r ight t.o vot e. All citizens of t.he Philippine!\ aln·oad. who arc not ntherwise disqual ified by law. a t leas t. l H yean uf aj!c on t.he dar of electi ons, may vote fn.r       vice-president. ,.en ators and 2art.v· list. re>prc· The law enumerates who be disq,;a-iitfc(i""i';·om vi)t\n g under ii.--· ·· ···-··---.. ··j .. '•" • • . . ;., , .' . '• ' ' .. ·f . .: Article VI LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT SECTION 1. The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum. Meaning of legislative power. Legis/olive power is essentially the authority under the Constitution to and subsequently, when the need arises, to -.;epea1 them. 1 It is the peculiar task of the legislature to prescribe general rules for the government of This legislative fun ction involves the determi nation of the legislative policy and its promulgation as a defined an d binding rule of conduct 2 through the enactment of a law. Meaning of law. The term laws, as nscd above, refers to statutes which are the writtt>n enactments of the legislature governing t he r elations of the p1:ople among themselves or hetween them and the government and its age11cies. Function of laws. ·, Through laws, the l egislature defines the rights lind rluti e!:' of citizen:: :. imposes taxes, appropriates funds, defines .. crimes and fM punishment., creates and abolishes government dett:!nnin.:·;; thei r jurisdiction a nd functions, and in general, regulates human conduct and the use of property for the promotion of t he common gc>(Jd. Such laws are valid or void, a s tested by tht.·ir conformity or nonconformity to the Constitution. 'The law!; mu;;t. be in keeping with the timty and ill-considered legi slation: C2) It serves as a training gr t it is morn   is P.a s il y tixl' cl : o. nci prompt in l egisl a t ion is a(' hieved. Its • • ar,1: thern i;; 1111 chP.Ck again."r, 4 At!. l17. YS. Balin, 144 U.S. 5. 7 Coley, Const. Li mit, 8th Ed., p. HIO. "Arna.ult vs. Nazarene), 87 Phil. 29. Contempt i$ will ful disoix>dit>n ce to or open dis respect of !I court or body. 174 TEXTfiOOK ON ·rHE PHlLIPI'INE Sec. 16 Punishm.en t may .take.. .the .form. oLr.e.u.riman.d,_ fitte .• .forfcit..ur.e .. of salary,     Votes required. 'fo s uspend or expel a member, the concurrence of b&:o.-.thirw hal> no power to suspend a member for an indefinite period ofttme. 9 An indefinite suspension is considered worse than expulsion in the sense that in lhe former, a vacancy does not arise and consequently, t h e people are deprived of the opportunity to elect a repl acemtmt for the period of the suspension. Each House sole judge of disorderly behavior. 'fhe courts arc not authorized to control, revise, or forbid t he exe rci!'le by Congr ess of its power to punish a member for disorderl y behavior . It must necessarily be the sole judge of what constitutes disor derly behavjor not only because the Constitution has conferred u pon it, but because the matter mainly depends on factual circumstances of which said body knows best. 10 (see, however, Art. VIII, Sec. 1, par. l.J Meaning of legislative journal. jouJ.:n_al is defined as the official record of what is done a nd passed assembly. It is so-called because the proceedings a re entered therein in chronological order as t hey occu; from day t.o day. The record is frequently spoken of in t he plural as t he "journals." 11 Purpose of journal-keeping requirement.

The Constitution r equires t he Congress to "keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time t o time to publish the same,excepting_svch paJ::t.s as may, in its judgment, affect national security." (Sec. 16[ 4].) . ' . . . . . ..... _ .. _ The object of the requirement is to insure publicity of the proceedingJS of Congress, and a cor responding r esponsibility of the members to their r espective cons tituents. Reasons of public policy a recor d of the actuations of a legitllative body kept in permanent form and open to public inspection . The journal s fulfill t hat role. They are public because a ll ar e required to confi)nn t.o them, and they are permanent to assure t hat rightsYSee Alejandrino v,:;_ Quezon, 46 PhiL fl:{ . ,. 10 See French YS. Senate. 146 Cal. 604; Osmei'ia v:;. Pendat. un, 109 P hil. 863. 11 Cu!;hing, Law anrl in Legislat ive t\s.;emblies, ci t()n in Montg omery vs. Gaston, 126 A\11. 125; 51 L.RA. :{96, nc

c in thflir Congress and, to some llxt.ent, in the govcrnmt:nt itself. Sec. 21 AR'r. VI. -- LEUISLAT I VB DEPARTMF.N1' 179 Power of legislative inquiry and investigation. Section 21 authorizes each House or any of it;; committecH 1 t o conduct inquiri es (i nvestigations) in aid of legislation. Even in the absence of the provision, however , Congress may exercise t.he power to investigate as it is an essent i al and appropriate auxiliary to the function. ( 1) Sound legit-dation. · - A legisl ativE> body cannot legislate wisely or ·IiiTh._e .. abseii.ce of information respecting the conditions which the legislation is int ended to affect or changf); and where the legi sl ative body does not itsel f possess the req uisite i nformation - which is n ot infr equently true -· recourH: mus t. be had to others wbo do possess it. So , some means of compulsion may be essential to obtain what is needed. Congress has the power to punish for contempt a person •vho r efuses to give testimony or information p()rtinent to the inquiry within its jurisdict ion. 2 (2) Other desirable -·This incidenta l function of a l egisl a tive body produc-es· deH1rabie resul ts . enable th e publ ic to inform itself on governmental problems. They can l:llso hel p crystallize and influence public opinion on important issues. A l aw enacted after it ha.:; been shown by facts brought out in such hearings that warrant its inco.rporation in t he statute-hooks, enable8 the executive t o enfor ce it mor e effectively and the courts to apply it more wisl:!ly or Scope of the power. ( 1) lii.d.t.Q_Qthfl!. - The power of inquiry and i nvestigati on4 exists not only. to enable Congress t o effectively its primarily legislative or lawmaking functions. U likcwisP. extends to hearing-s on other within its juri sdiction notably the power to impeach, t o propose and to take disciplinary action against its members.' (21 In legisl ative investigations, as in the court!S of the (:onstitutional rights (e .g., ri ghts against sel f- incrim ination. r ight to counsel, etc.) of pcr son:s appearing in or affected by s uch in quiries must be r espected. Each House is required to publi sh the r ules of procedure to be followed i n said inquiries for th(: guidance of any person who may be summoned before it. Thus, the hearings must be conducted strictly in accordance with said rules and not. dopend on the whims and caprices of the membe!'s of the investigating committee. The r equi rement seeks to ensure t hat this vital powP.r s erves only the purpose of legit imate In the past Congress, this power has been abused by some legislators hy making it an instrument of oppression. ' In order to di.stribute their work. p;1rt.icularly of

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great number of hills filed, both Houses arc divided into CommitlP.!:'s. 'lArnault vs. Nference to one imposing duti es for revenue A bill imposing high tari ff rates (rates of customs duty) on certain imported articles to protect loc al industries against foreign competition (which is its primary purpose) is not a revenue bill and, thert:lfore, not a tariff bill as contemplated by the Constitution, although incidentally it•creates substantial revenue. { 3) .!$.ill_ G_'{f_l/J9..rLz i.nr:r.ea.£.C....Q{..11te._pu blic . ..d..e .bt. - One which creates public indebtedness such as a bill providing for the of bonds hnd other forms of obligations. Such bonds are to he paid with the proceeds to be derived from taxation and other sources of government revenue. 3 ( 4l applicati(Jn. - One affecting purely local or municipal concerns like one creating a city or municipality or changing its name. (5) Pri vate bill. - One affecting purely private interest, such on e granting a franchise to a person or corporation, or C•impensation to a person for damages suffered by him for which the government considers itself liable. Bills which must originate exclusively in the House of Representatives. Under Section 24, the House of Representatiws hnz, the exclusive authority to take the initiiltive in the presentation of the bil ls mentioned . These measures may not originate in the Senate, but the Senate may ' 1 See V.G. Sinco, op. ('it .. p. 210. The Admini;.trat.ive of 19irt   the term as r