2150504 19 Tarea4 Colaborativo
Short Description
Sistemas de comunicacion UNAD...
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Tarea 4 - Elegir redes y medios de transmisión
Luis Alberto Sánchez Correa- C.C. 16786134 16786134 Orlando de Jesús Cartagena – C.C. 1113623530
Presentado a: Nancy Amparo Guaca Gonzalo Medina
Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería Sistemas de Comunicación E learning - 2150504_19 Noviembre – 2018 Colombia
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Introducción El siguiente documento tiene el desarrollo de la actividad Tarea 4 - Elegir redes y medios de transmisión., transmisión. , que tiene como enfoque identificar y evaluar las aplicaciones de la las ondas en general y en específico las ondas electromagnéticas en la vida cotidiana y se presenta como requisito para la valoración inicial del curso Ingeniería de Telecomunicaciones identifica los fundamentos de los sistemas de comunicación, a través de la solución de ejercicios tantos conceptuales como matemáticos relacionados con el manejo y tratamiento de una señal, grupo 208051_43.
La importancia que tiene la realización de este trabajo, radica en unas tareas individuales y colaborativas por parte del grupo, y la práctica profesional e integración a nuestra vida moderna por medio de responder preguntas de problemas de aplicación de la vida cotidiana, donde cada integrante del grupo seleccionara y desarrollara un problema para luego debatir al interior del grupo colaborativo y entregar un solo trabajo (por parte de un integrante en el entorno de evaluación y seguimiento). Nos ayudaran a aumentar nuestros conocimientos en aras de formar un profesional integro. El estudiante elige los tipos de redes y medios de transmisión, a través de la solución de ejercicios tanto teóricos como prácticos relacionados con los diferentes tipos de redes de comunicaciones disponibles. También se profundiza en los fundamentos de los sistemas de comunicación a partir del concepto, manejo y tratamiento de una señal, así como identificar los elementos constitutivos de un sistema de comunicación y la clasificación de los mismos, describiendo y caracterizando de manera adecuada los conceptos, tecnologías y procedimientos, relacionados con las modulaciones analógicas existentes en la actualidad y reconociendo las perturbaciones y efectos del ruido en ellas, como también interpreta modulaciones analógicas a través de la solución de
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OBJETIVOS
Principal
Desarrollar el contenido del trabajo Elegir redes y medios de transmisión. transmisi ón.
Secundarios
Identificar los medios de transmisión y los usos en los diferentes tipos de redes de comunicación, realizar la simulación relacionada con las temáticas propuestas.
Establecer lazos de comunicación con los integrantes del grupo colaborativo
Dar respuestas de modo individual a las preguntas planteadas en este ejercicio. ejercici o.
Elaborar el informe requerido y presentarlo en el espacio colaborativo para aportes grupales.
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Actividades a desarrollar Actividad individual Para el desarrollo de los siguientes puntos es necesario revisar y analizar los recursos educativos de la unidad cuatro, disponibles en el entorno de conocimiento. Recuerde que puede consultar otras fuentes de información en internet. Ejercicios teóricos 1. Redes de comunicación
Relacione un gráfico con los niveles del modelo OSI y del Modelo TCP/IP.
Diligencie en la siguiente tabla, los niveles de los modelos de referencia OSI y TCP/IP, con sus palabras descríbalos, relacione además en cada nivel la unidad de información, equipos (si aplica).
R/
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Modelo de referencia Nivel - nombre
Descripción y Generalidades
MODELO OSI
MODELO TCP /IP
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Diligencie en la siguiente tabla, las tecnologías: Bluetooth, Ethernet, DWDM, MetroEthernet, SDH, redes HFC. En cada una de ellas relacionar a qué tipo de cobertura corresponde: LAN, MAN o WAN; indique si es tecnología cableada o inalámbrica, en caso de ser inalámbrica indique la frecuencia de operación. Relacione además la normatividad y el ente regulador, así como los medios de transmisión usados en la tecnología.
Tecnologías a revisar: Tipo de tecnología Bluetooth
Características
Clase
Potencia máxima permitida (mW)
Clase 1
100 mW
Clase 2
2.5 mW
Clase 3
1 mW
Clase 4
0.5 mW
Potencia máxima permitida (dBm )
Alcance (aproximado)
20 dBm ~100 metros 4 dBm ~5-10 metros 0 dBm ~1 metro 0 dBm ~0.5 metro
Versión
Ancho de banda (BW)
Versión 1.2
1 Mbit/s
Versión 2.0 + EDR
3 Mbit/s
Versión 3.0 + HS
24 Mbit/s 24 Mbit/s
Versión 4.0
32 Mbit/s 32 Mbit/s
Versión 5
50 M 50 Mbi bit/ t/ss
Tipo de Tecnología: Bluetooth es un estándar de tecnología inalámbrica abierta para transmitir datos de dispositivos electrónicos fijos y móviles en distancias cortas. Bluetooth se introdujo en 1994 como un sustituto inalámbrico de los cables RS-232. Frecuencia de operación: Bluetooth se comunica con una variedad de dispositivos electrónicos electrónicos y crea redes personales que operan dentro de la banda de 2.4 GHz sin
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Estandarización: IEEE 802.15.1 Medios de Transmisión usados: En contraste con otras tecnologías inalámbricas, Bluetooth equipa su red y dispositivos con servicios de alto nivel como envío de archivos, transmisión de voz y emulación. Las características de Bluetooth incluyen: Especificaciones basadas en tecnología de espectro ensanchado por salto de frecuencia. La red se comunica con un dispositivo Bluetooth maestro y está formada por hasta siete dispositivos La pila FreeBSD se ejecuta con un marco Netgraph a través de señales de transmisión de radio de longitud de onda corta. La tecnología del dispositivo incluye confidencialidad, obtención de claves y autenticación a través de la rutina de cifrado seguro y rápido (SAFER) + algoritmos de cifrado de bloques Bluetooth se utiliza para lo siguiente: Control inalámbrico y comunicación entre auriculares móviles y manos libres Redes inalámbricas entre múltiples computadoras en áreas con servicio limitado Comunicación inalámbrica con PC y dispositivos periféricos de entrada / salida (E / S) Con Object Exchange (OBEX), para transferir archivos, detalles de contacto y citas de calendario entre múltiples dispositivos Para reemplazar la comunicación por cable convencional, como receptores de GPS, equipos médicos, dispositivos de control de tráfico y escáneres de códigos de barras Para aplicaciones de bajo ancho de banda, cuando no se desea un mayor ancho de banda de USB Unir múltiples redes Ethernet industriales Controladores inalámbricos en muchos juegos interactivos y estaciones de juego Acceda a la conexión de acceso telefónico a Internet a través de
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Ethernet
DWDM
Los primeros sistemas de transmisión por fibra óptica ponían la información en hebras de vidrio mediante simples pulsos de luz. Se encendía y se apagaba una luz para representar los unos y los ceros de la información digital. La luz real podía ser de casi cualquier longitud de onda (conocida también como color o frecuencia) desde aproximadamente 650 nm a 1550 nm. En la década de los 80, los módems de comunicación de datos por fibra óptica utilizaron LED de
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aparición alrededor de 1985. A principios del siglo XXI, la tecnología permite combinar hasta 160 señales con un ancho de banda efectivo de unos 10 gigabits g igabits por segundo. Las operadoras ya están utilizando los 40 Gbit/s. No obstante la capacidad teórica de una sola fibra óptica se estima en 1600 Gbit/s. De manera que es posible alcanzar mayores capacidades en el futuro, a medida que avance la tecnología. DWDM es un método de multiplexación de multiplexación muy similar a la Multiplexación la Multiplexación por división de frecuencia que se utiliza en medios de transmisión electromagnéticos. Varias señales portadoras (ópticas) se transmiten por una única fibra única fibra óptica utilizando distintas longitudes de onda de un haz láser haz láser en cada una de ellas. Cada portadora óptica forma un canal óptico que podrá ser tratado independientemente del resto de canales que comparten el medio (fibra óptica) y contener diferente tipo de tráfico. De esta manera se puede multiplicar el ancho el ancho de bandaefectivo banda efectivo de la fibra óptica, así como facilitar comunicaciones comunicaciones bidireccionales. Se trata de una técnica de transmisión muy atractiva para las operadoras de telecomunicaciones ya que les permite aumentar su capacidad sin tender más cables ni abrir zanjas. La DWDM está diseñada para transmisiones de larga distancia donde las longitudes de onda están compactadas. Los proveedores han descubierto diversas técnicas para comprimir 32, 64 o 128 longitudes de onda en una fibra. Cuando están reforzados por los amplificadores de fibra dopada con erbio (EDFA (EDFA))—un tipo de potenciador del rendimiento para comunicaciones de alta velocidad—estos sistemas pueden funcionar a través de miles de kilómetros. Los canales densamente poblados no están libres de limitaciones. En primer lugar, se necesitan filtros de alta precisión para separar una
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combinar más canales reduciendo el espacio entre ellos. Actualmente se pueden conseguir 40, 80 o 160 canales ópticos separados entre sí 100 GHz, 50 GHz o 25 GHz respectivamente. respectivamente. Está definido para la banda de 1530 – 1610 nm, espaciado entre canales de 0,8 nm y 1,6 nm Espacio oficial entre canales: 100 GHz (41 canales de 0,8 nm) y 50 GHz (82 canales de 0,4 nm) Banda C -es la más convencional- es la que usa longitud de onda más corta (~1530) Banda L es de longitud de onda más larga (hasta 1610 nm) Se empieza a utilizar el espaciado de 50 GHz (o incluso de 25 y 12,5 GHz: WDM ultra-denso) y también las bandas de 1490 nm Cobertura: CWDM: Multiplexación por división aproximada de longitud de onda. Sistemas WDM con menos de ocho longitudes de onda activas por fibra.
DWDM
Metro Ethernet
DWDM: Multiplexación por división de longitud de onda densa. Sistemas WDM con más de ocho longitudes de onda activas por fibra. Tipo de Tecnología: Frecuencia de operación: 100 GHz, 50 GHz o 25 GHz respectivamente. respectivamente. Estandarización: Medios de Transmisión usados: Fibra óptica Cobertura: Tipo de Tecnología: Frecuencia de operación: Estandarización: Estandarización: IEEE 802.3 – 2000 Medios de Transmisión usados:
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2. Medios de transmisión
Para cada uno de los siguientes medios de transmisión: cable UTP, cable coaxial, fibra óptica y medio inalámbrico. Relacione una imagen del medio de transmisión, determine la composición, o tipos de medios, categorías si aplica, tipos de conectores, ventajas y usos.
R/
MEDIOS DE TRANSMISION USADOS, VENTAJAS Y USOS Los medios de transmisión son el elemento por el que viajan los datos en las redes telemáticas. La función proporcionada por los medios de transmisión esta englobada en el nivel 1 del modelo OSI. Existen 2 tipos de medios de transmisión
GUIADOS: este medio transporta los datos a través de un un material que canaliza la señal, habitualmente se conoce como medios cableados o cables.
NO GUIADOS: Los datos viajan viajan en forma de ondas ondas electromagnéticas utilizando el aire como medio de transmisión y reciben el nombre de medios inalámbricos.
CABLE UTP: Es un tipo de conexión que tiene dos conductores eléctricos aislados y entrelazados para anular las interferencias de fuentes externas y diafonía de los cables adyacentes. Consiste en ocho hilos de cobre aislados entre sí, trenzados de dos en dos que se entrelazan de forma helicoidal. Esto se hace porque dos alambres paralelos constituyen una antena simple. Cuando se trenzan los alambres, las ondas se cancelan, por lo que
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CABLE STP: En este caso, cada par va va recubierto por una malla conductora que actúa de apantalla frente a interferencias y ruido eléctrico. Su impedancia es de 150 Ohm. El nivel de protección del STP ante perturbaciones externas es mayor al ofrecido por UTP. Sin embargo es más costoso y requiere más instalación. La pantalla del STP para que sea más eficaz requiere una configuración de interconexión con tierra (dotada de continuidad hasta el terminal).
CABLE COAXIAL: es un cable utilizado utilizado para transportar señales eléctricas de alta frecuencia que posee dos conductores concéntricos, uno central, llamado núcleo, encargado de llevar la información, y uno exterior, de aspecto tubular, llamado malla, blindaje o trenza, que
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FIBRA OPTICA: La fibra óptica se compone de filamentos de vidrio, aunque algunas veces se pueden encontrar de plástico. La forma de enviar información a través de la fibra óptica es a través de haces de luz, los cuales viajan dentro de ella. En telecomunicaciones, es el medio de transmisión más utilizado gracias a la gran capacidad que tiene de enviar información, ya que a través de un hilo de fibra óptica se pueden enviar millones de bits por segundo (bps) y acceder a servicios de manera simultánea con gran velocidad y calidad.
Conectores coaxiales
Conectores coaxiales RF más comunes para banda ancha Conector IEC 169-2 Seguramente este será, para la mayoría, el conector más común, o al menos el más
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Se complementa con un anillo
que
posibilita
las
conexiones a los conectores los conectores BNC hembra. Conectores
coaxiales
RF
más
comunes para banda base
Conector XLR-3 Se usa para aplicaciones de audio a nivel profesional y es el más común en los equipos de iluminación espectacular, capaz de transmitir la señal digital de control DMX. Aunque este es el más estandarizado, los hay con entre 4 y 8 pines (el número del final). final). RCA Es
posiblemente
el conector
RF
más
común
audiovisuales tanto de vídeo como de audio no profesional.
en
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Conectores coaxiales RF para usos especiales
UHF Aunque sus aplicaciones fueron para radar en la guerra, este conector este conector UHF ha sido el más común para las aplicaciones amateur de radio hasta los
150
MHz. Mini UHF Se trata de la versión mini del anterior anter ior y se creó para p ara usarse en telefonía móvil y otras aplicaciones en las que tamaño era un factor muy importante. FME El conector FME, de sus siglas en inglés “ For Mobile Equipment” o “Para Equipos Móviles” deducimos que este tipo
de tan común conector coaxial RF se utiliza -ahora ya mucho menos- en todo tipo de instalaciones y aplicaciones móviles,
el
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Fibra óptica
Ventajas
Fácil de instalar.
Transmisión de datos a alta velocidad.
Conexión directa de centrales a empresas.
Gran ancho de banda.
El cable fibra óptica, al ser muy delgado y flexible es mucho más ligero y ocupa menos espacio que el cable coaxial y el cable par trenzado.
Acceso ilimitado ilimitado y continuo las 24 horas del día, sin congestiones.
La fibra óptica hace posible navegar por Internet, a una velocidad de 2 millones de bps, impensable en el sistema convencional, en el que la mayoría de usuarios se conecta a 10mbps, 100mbps o 1000mbps.
Video y sonido en tiempo real.
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El costo es alto en la conexión de fibra óptica, la empresas no cobran cobran por tiempo tiempo de utilización, sino por cantidad de información transferida al ordenador, o cualquier otro equipo o electrodoméstico conectado a internet, la información se mide bytes.
El costo de instalación es elevado.
El costo relativamente relativamente alto en comparación con los otros tipos tipos de cable.
Fragilidad de las fibras.
Los diminutos núcleos de los cables deben alinearse con extrema precisión al momento de empalmar, para evitar una excesiva pérdida de señal.
Dificultad de reparar un cable de fibra roto.
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Conectores de fibra
ST: es el conector más popular utilizado utilizado en redes de área local. local.
SC: también tiene férula de 2,5 mm y conexión de broche.
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Fibra óptica vs comunicaciones por satélite
En comparación con sistemas inalámbricos, inalámbricos, la fibra óptica logra diferencias importantes, como son:
•
La calidad de la señal es mayor, ya que los retardos están por debajo de de los 100 mseg frente a los 500 mseg del satélite.
•
La capacidad de transmisión de la fibra óptica es más de 1.000 veces mayor que la del satélite.
•
Los equipos de fibra óptica son mucho más pequeños y económicos.
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construcción utilizados en edificios y estructuras, además del terreno local, que limitan la cobertura efectiva. Tipos de redes inalámbricas: •
IEEE estándar 802.11: comúnmente denominada Wi-Fi, se trata de una tecnología tecnología LAN inalámbrica (Red de área local inalámbrica, WLAN) que utiliza una contención o sistema no determinista con un proceso de acceso a los medios de Acceso múltiple con detección de portadora/Prevención de colisiones (CSMA/CA).
•
IEEE estándar 802.15: estándar de red de área personal inalámbrica (WPAN), comúnmente denominada "Bluetooth", utiliza un proceso de emparejamiento de
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Las microondas están dentro de una gama de frecuencia de 300 MHz (longitud de onda 1 m) a 300 GHz (longitud de onda de 1 mm). Son ejemplos de la aplicación de éstas ondas: Aeronáutica:
tripulación de aviones lanzamiento de misiles
Comunicaciones: • • •
televisión telemetría sistema satelital
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mitad de un dipolo, un dipolo, en este caso vertical. Cuando el monopolo vertical se instala sobre un plano de
lo que garantiza que la energía este concentrada a pocos grados por encima del horizonte, lo
largo. - Las pérdidas en éste tipo de antenas se relacionan
habitualmente se alimenta con cable coaxial.
La antena vertical
de radio de radio móvi l en vehículos en vehículos
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comparadas con la dispositivo resolver longitud de onda problemas causados por las señales contradictorias sin perder calidad de
alta frecuencia, UHF o longitud de onda larga. Antenas dipolo a menudo necesitan
Ganancia : 2.2 dBi
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recepción de señales televisivas. Los elementos directores dirigen el campo eléctrico, los activos
seleccionada. Por tal razón se utiliza la denominada antena yagi de banda ancha, la
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Microstr ip
extensión de las los componentes. líneas de transmisión en la - Fácil de integrar tecnología planar. tanto a superficies Está compuesta por planas como no planas
radiación - Baja eficiencia
impedancia entrada.
de
- Los campos son - Ancho de banda linealmente angosto polarizados
operación oscilan en valores inferiores a los
- Aeronáutica Aplicaciones en misiles
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