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AS 2118.1—1999 (Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
AS 2118.1
Australian Standard™ Automatic fire sprinkler systems
Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006
Building Code of Australia Primary referenced Standard
Part 1: General requirements
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee FP/4, Automatic Sprinkler Installations. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 15 October 1999 and published on 5 December 1999.
The following interests are represented on Committee FP/4: Association of Consulting Engineers Australia Australasian Fire Authorities Council A1
Australian Building Codes Board Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Australian Industry Group Department of Defence (Australia) FPA Australia Institution of Engineers Australia Insurance Council of Australia Property Council of Australia Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard:
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Testing interests (Australia)
Keeping Standards up-to-date Standards are living documents which reflect progress in science, technology and systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued. Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments which may have been published since the Standard was purchased. Detailed information about Standards can be found by visiting the Standards Australia web site at www.standards.com.au and looking up the relevant Standard in the on-line catalogue. Alternatively, the printed Catalogue provides information current at 1 January each year, and the monthly magazine, The Australian Standard, has a full listing of revisions and amendments published each month. We also welcome suggestions for the improvement in our Standards, and especially encourage readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at
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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 98555.
AS 2118.1—1999 (Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
Australian Standard™ Automatic fire sprinkler systems Part 1: General requirements
Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006
Originated as AS CA16—1939. Previous edition AS 2118—1982. Revised and redesignated in part as AS 2118.1—1999. Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (June 2000).
COPYRIGHT © Standards Australia International All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the publisher. Published by Standards Australia International Ltd PO Box 1055, Strathfield, NSW 2135, Australia ISBN 0 7337 3021 3
AS 2118.1—1999
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PREFACE This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee FP/4, Automatic Sprinkler Installations, to supersede AS 2118.1 — 1995, Automatic fire sprinkler systems, Part 1: Standard. This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (June 2000). The changes required by the Amendment are indicated in the text by a marginal bar and amendment number against the clause, note, table, figure, or part thereof affected. The objective of this edition is to include changes that reflect recent advances in technology and to refine the content for clarity and conciseness. Significant changes have been made to Section 3 concerning exposure protection, and to Section 5 relating to protection of concealed spaces. Sections 10, 11 and 12, in respect to hydraulic calculation methods, have also received attention. Section 9, Light hazard class systems, has been entirely rewritten to include more useable and up-to-date parameters for the design of this class of system. The definitions clauses have been enlarged and the informative text for occupancy classification is set out in an appendix.
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The revision to the AS 2118 suite of Standards has included Standards Australia’s requirements to keep product and installation Standards separate. The series comprises the following: AS 2118 2118.1 2118.2 2118.3 2118.4 2118.5 2118.6 2118.8 2118.9 2118.10
Automatic fire sprinkler systems Part 1: General requirements Part 2: Wall wetting sprinklers (Drenchers) Part 3: Deluge Part 4: Residential Part 5: Domestic Part 6: Combined sprinkler and hydrant Part 8: Minor modifications Part 9: Piping support and installation Part 10: Approval documentation
4118 4118.1.1 4118.1.2 4118.1.3 4118.1.4 4118.1.5 4118.1.6 4118.1.7 4118.1.8 4118.1.9 4118.2.1
Fire sprinkler systems Part 1.1: Components — Sprinklers and sprayers Part 1.2: Components—Alarm valves (wet) Part 1.3: Components—Water motor alarms Part 1.4: Components—Valve monitors Part 1.5: Components—Deluge and pre-action valves Part 1.6: Components—Stop valves and non-return valves Part 1.7: Components—Alarm valves (dry) Part 1.8: Components—Pressure reducing valves Part 1.9: Components—Accelerators and exhausters Part 2.1: Piping—General
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance. This Standard incorporates commentary on some of the clauses. The commentary directly follows the relevant clause, is designated by ‘C’ preceding the clause number and is printed in italics in a box. The commentary is for information only and does not need to be followed for compliance with the Standard.
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AS 2118.1—1999
CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ................................................................................................................... 6 SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 7 1.3 APPLICATION.......................................................................................................... 7 1.4 NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS.................................................................... 7 1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ................................................................................. 7 1.6 DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................................... 7 SECTION 2 CLASSES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND DESIGN DATA 2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS ..........................................................................13 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES.................................................................13 2.3 TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS........................................................................13 2.4 DESIGN DATA ........................................................................................................20
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SECTION 3 INSTALLATION 3.1 SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDINGS ...............................................................21 3.2 TRANSMISSION OF ALARM SIGNAL TO FIRE BRIGADE................................24 3.3 LOCAL ALARM ......................................................................................................24 3.4 SYSTEM COMPONENT FAULT MONITORING ..................................................25 SECTION 4 WATER SUPPLIES 4.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................27 4.2 ACCEPTABLE SOURCES OF SUPPLY .................................................................27 4.3 WATER SUPPLY GRADES ....................................................................................28 4.4 CONNECTIONS TO OTHER SERVICES ...............................................................39 4.5 PRESSURE AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS...........................................................41 4.6 PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................41 4.7 MINIMUM CAPACITY OF STORED WATER SUPPLIES ....................................41 4.8 PUMP SUCTION TANKS........................................................................................41 4.9 PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIES.................................................................................48 4.10 TOWN MAINS .........................................................................................................48 4.11 PUMP INSTALLATIONS ........................................................................................50 4.12 PUMPSETS ..............................................................................................................51 4.13 PRESSURE TANKS .................................................................................................56 4.14 PROVING OF WATER SUPPLIES..........................................................................58 SECTION 5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS 5.1 STANDARD SPACING ...........................................................................................60 5.2 STAGGERED SPACING..........................................................................................60 5.3 MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN SPRINKLERS................................................60 5.4 LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS (OTHER THAN SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS).......60 5.5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS ................................65 5.6 LOCATIONS OR CONDITIONS INVOLVING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION (SUPPLEMENTARY PROTECTION) .....................................................................66 5.7 OBSTRUCTIONS BELOW SPRINKLERS..............................................................73 5.8 FILM AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION STUDIOS.............................................75
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Page 5.9 5.10
THEATRES AND MUSIC HALLS (PROTECTION ON THE STAGE SIDE OF THE PROSCENIUM WALL) .............................................................................75 COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSE ...........................................................................75
SECTION 6 SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS 6.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................78 6.2 TYPES OF SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS................78 6.3 STANDARD SPRINKLER K FACTORS, ORIFICE AND THREAD SIZES ..........79 6.4 APPLICATION OF SPRINKLER TYPES................................................................79 6.5 TEMPERATURE RATINGS ....................................................................................79 6.6 COLOUR CODING ..................................................................................................80 6.7 STOCK OF REPLACEMENT SPRINKLERS ..........................................................80 6.8 ANTI-CORROSION TREATMENT OF SPRINKLERS...........................................80 6.9 SPRINKLER GUARDS ............................................................................................80 6.10 ESCUTCHEON PLATE ASSEMBLIES...................................................................81 6.11 PROTECTION AGAINST FROST ...........................................................................81
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SECTION 7 PIPING 7.1 PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS......................................................................................82 7.2 HYDRAULIC TEST PRESSURE .............................................................................82 7.3 PIPING IN NON-SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDINGS ...................................82 7.4 HAZARDOUS PROCESSES AND EXPLOSION HAZARD—SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS CONCERNING PIPING AND VALVES ......................................82 7.5 SLOPE OF PIPES FOR DRAINAGE .......................................................................82 7.6 LOW LEVEL DRAINAGE.......................................................................................83 7.7 PIPE SIZES...............................................................................................................83 7.8 ORIFICE PLATES....................................................................................................83 7.9 SUPPORT OF SPRINKLER PIPING........................................................................83 SECTION 8 VALVES AND ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT 8.1 CONTROL ASSEMBLIES .......................................................................................84 8.2 STOP VALVES ........................................................................................................84 8.3 BLOCK PLAN..........................................................................................................85 8.4 LOCATION PLATE .................................................................................................85 8.5 EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS .............................................................................86 8.6 NON-RETURN (BACK PRESSURE) VALVES ......................................................86 8.7 ALARM VALVES....................................................................................................86 8.8 PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVES .........................................................................87 8.9 DELUGE AND PRE-ACTION VALVES .................................................................87 8.10 ALARM DEVICES...................................................................................................88 8.11 REMOTE TEST VALVES........................................................................................89 8.12 PRESSURE GAUGES ..............................................................................................90 SECTION 9 LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 9.1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................92 9.2 DESIGN DATA ........................................................................................................92 9.3 WATER SUPPLY .....................................................................................................92 9.4 SPRINKLERS...........................................................................................................93 9.5 PIPING......................................................................................................................94
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AS 2118.1—1999
Page SECTION 10 ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 10.1 DESIGN DATA ........................................................................................................95 10.2 WATER SUPPLIES..................................................................................................95 10.3 SPACING OF STANDARD SPRINKLERS .............................................................98 10.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS........................................................................................99 10.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE............................................................................................104 SECTION 11 HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 11.1 DESIGN DATA ......................................................................................................105 11.2 WATER SUPPLIES................................................................................................115 11.3 SPACING OF STANDARD SPRINKLERS ...........................................................119 11.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS......................................................................................120 11.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE............................................................................................122
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SECTION 12 FULL HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS 12.1 GENERAL ..............................................................................................................130 12.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR DENSITY OF DISCHARGE............................130 12.3 ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION .....................................................................131 12.4 SPRINKLERS IN OPERATION.............................................................................131 12.5 POSITION OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION.............................................131 12.6 SHAPE OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION ..................................................132 12.7 WATER SUPPLIES................................................................................................133 12.8 PUMPSETS ............................................................................................................133 12.9 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS IN PIPES................................................134 12.10 PRESSURE LOSSES ..............................................................................................137 12.11 ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS ......................................................................137 12.12 MINIMUM SPRINKLER DISCHARGE PRESSURE ............................................138 12.13 MINIMUM PIPE SIZES .........................................................................................138 12.14 VELOCITY LIMITATION .....................................................................................138 12.15 VELOCITY PRESSURE.........................................................................................138 12.16 IDENTIFICATION OF FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATED SYSTEMS...............................................................................................................138 APPENDICES A OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS .........................................................................146 B REFERENCED DOCUMENTS .................................................................................154 C ORIFICE PLATES .....................................................................................................156 D PIPING INTERPRETATIONS ...................................................................................159 INDEX.................................................................................................................................... 162
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FOREWORD Automatic fire sprinkler systems provide an important level of fire protection to a building structure. Additionally, automatic fire sprinklers provide an important level of protection for the occupants of a building together with protection to the environment by minimizing the effects that a major structural fire could have. Sprinklers also safeguard against loss of plant, machinery, equipment and building contents generally as well as protecting a business by providing against loss of continuity of business operations. Sprinklers also conserve water during fire-fighting operations.
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In modern buildings and indeed with older buildings that are being upgraded to meet the latest requirements in fire safety, there is need to consider other systems that impact on the function and operation of a sprinkler system. Other systems that can either interface with the sprinkler system, or be integrated in it, are automatic heat and smoke detectors, emergency warning and intercommunication systems and smoke control and air-handling systems. Hence, when designing sprinkler systems, it will be necessary to consider the interaction of sprinkler systems with other building fire safety systems in order to maximize protection and provide an optimal approach for the overall objectives of fire safety.
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STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Automatic fire sprinkler systems Part 1: General requirements
S E CT I ON
1
S COP E
AND
GE NE RAL
1.1 SCOPE This Standard specifies requirements for the design and installation of automatic fire sprinkler systems in buildings. It also provides for occupancy classification. NOTE: See Appendix A for details of occupancy classification.
1.2 OBJECTIVE The objective of this Standard is to provide designers and installers with minimum requirements for the design and installation of automatic fire sprinkler systems. 1.3 APPLICATION This Standard is referenced in the Building Code of Australia (BCA) by way of BCA Amendment No. 6 published on 1 January 2000, and supersedes the previous edition of AS 2118.1— 1995, which will be withdrawn 12 months from the date of publication of this edition. 1.4 NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS Any alternative materials, designs, methods of assembly, procedures, and similar, that do not comply with the specific requirements of this Standard, or are not mentioned in it, but that give equivalent results to those specified, are not necessarily prohibited. 1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The documents referred to in this Standard are listed in Appendix B.
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1.6 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard the definitions given in AS 2484.1, AS 2484.2, AS/NZ 3500.0 and those below apply. 1.6.1 Alarm signalling equipment (ASE) Equipment complying with AS 4428.6. 1.6.2 Alarm valve A non-return valve which allows the water to enter the installation and operate the alarms when the installation pressure falls below the water supply pressure. 1.6.3 Assumed area of operation An area containing the maximum number of sprinklers considered likely to operate when involved in a fire. The assumed area of operation is different in each hazard class.
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1.6.4 Building owner The owner of a building or the authorized representative of the owner. 1.6.5 Compartment A space that is completely enclosed by walls and a ceiling. The walls of the compartment enclosure may have openings to an adjoining space, provided there is a minimum depth of 200 mm from the ceiling to the top of the opening. 1.6.6 Effective height The height of the floor of the topmost storey (excluding the topmost storey if it contains only heating, ventilating, lift or other equipment, water tanks or similar service units) from the floor of the lowest storey providing egress to a road or open space. 1.6.7 Encapsulated Completely enclosed by a plastic sheet on the sides and top as applicable to pallet loads of goods or packages. Individual cartons enclosed on the top and sides with plastic and cartons waterproofed by coatings on the exterior surface are also considered to be encapsulated. 1.6.8 Fire and draught stop A partition or bulkhead, extending from end to end and top to bottom of a concealed space, installed to delay the spread of fire and constructed from imperforate materials which are non-shatterable under fire conditions. NOTES: 1 Examples of acceptable fire and draught stops include the following: (a) Structural features such as a reinforced beam or steel joist extending to or through the ceiling, and a brick wall extended up through the ceiling to the floor above. (b) A purpose-built partition mounted on wood or steel framework, constructed of 10 mm gypsum board, 0.6 mm sheet steel or 7 mm high-density tempered hardboard. 2 Only the following apertures are permitted: (a) Openings for the passage of individual pipes, conduits and airconditioning ducts, provided that such openings are reasonably close fitting. (b) Openings not exceeding 2 m in width for the passage of groups of pipes, conduits and airconditioning ducts, protected by a ‘cut-off’ sprinkler or sprinklers as required to provide full protection to such openings.
1.6.9 Installation The portion of a sprinkler system downstream from and inclusive of a control assembly. 1.6.10 Listed
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Sprinkler equipment or materials demonstrated to meet appropriate standards or which have been tested in a specified manner and found suitable for use. NOTE: Various organizations produce lists of equipment suitable for use in fire sprinkler systems. The means for identifying listed equipment may vary with each organization concerned with product evaluation. Some organizations do not recognize equipment as listed unless it is also labelled. For identifying and nominating a product as listed, reference should be made to the method used by the organization that has listed the equipment
1.6.11 Monitoring service A constantly attended remote controlling station which receives fire alarm signals and transfers the signals to a firefighting service via a permanently connected telecommunications link.
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1.6.12 Multiple controls Heat-sensitive sealed valves that control single or multiple outlets using either glass bulbs, or soldered links or levers, as the heat-sensitive device. 1.6.13 Net positive suction head (NPSH) The total inlet head, plus the head corresponding to the atmospheric pressure, minus the head corresponding to the vapour pressure. NPSH, as well as inlet total head, is referred to the reference plane. It is necessary to make a distinction between — (a)
required net positive suction head (NPSHR)— a function of pump design, which may be obtained from the pump manufacturer; and
(b)
available net positive suction head (NPSHA)— a function of the system in which the pump operates, which can be calculated for any installation.
1.6.14 Open joists and exposed common rafters A series of members (including purlins) spaced not more than 600 mm apart, measured from centre to centre of members. 1.6.15 Post or box pallet Solid or mesh box with the open face uppermost, designed to be stacked one upon the other in a self-supporting manner. 1.6.16 Relevant authority An independent agency authorized by legislation or regulation to issue determinations, orders, or other instructions in respect of any subject covered by this Standard. NOTE: Where adoption of this Standard is not a requirement of a relevant authority but is a requirement of a body such as an insurance company or association, then that body, or its nominees, may perform the functions of the relevant authority for the purposes of this Standard.
1.6.17 Special sprinkler A listed sprinkler other than those specified in AS 4118.1.1 (see also Clause 6.2.2).
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Special sprinklers are as follows: (a)
Extended coverage sprinkler (EC) A type of spray sprinkler with a higher pressure requirement and a modified deflector specifically developed to achieve an extended maximum protected area.
(b)
Large drop sprinkler (LD) A type of sprinkler that is capable of producing large water droplets, enabling better penetration of the fire plume and improved ability to control fires in specific high challenge risks.
(c)
Early suppression fast response sprinkler (ESFR) A type of fast response sprinkler developed to provide fire suppression in high challenge fire risks which, in many instances, eliminates the need for in-rack protection. This sprinkler has special design requirements and limitations in respect to the building structure and the system application.
(d)
Residential sprinkler (RES) A type of fast response sprinkler, developed for the type of fire hazards found in dwellings, with spray patterns and discharge rates specifically designed for life safety applications.
(e)
Extra large orifice sprinkler (ELO) A type of spray sprinkler used for high density applications such as the protection of high-piled storage where greater flows are achieved than with the standard 20 mm sprinkler at the same pressure.
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Enlarged orifice sprinkler (EO) A sprinkler having a nominal 20 mm diameter orifice and a nominal 15 mm shank fitted with a metal rod extension (pintle), which is used for upgrading the density requirements of existing ordinary hazard installations, (see Clause 3.2 in AS 4118.1.1).
1.6.18 Special sprinkler system A system utilizing either in total, or in part, sprinkler types other than those listed in AS 4118.1.1 (see also Clauses 2.3.3 and 6.2.2). 1.6.19 Sprayers Special purpose nozzles for use in water spray systems with capabilities of extinguishment, containment or control of fires involving hazards such as flammable liquids. C1.6.19 Sprayers generally are of two basic types, medium velocity and high velocity. Medium velocity sprayers are either open or sealed with a heat responsive element, producing a fine droplet spray with a limited distance of direct impingement. They are designed for the extinguishment, containment or control of fires involving low flashpoint liquids as well as for cooling protected (adjacent) areas exposed to fire. High velocity sprayers are open type producing a large droplet with high momentum and have a direct impingement distance of up to 5 m. High velocity sprayers are designed for extinguishment, containment and control of fires involving high flashpoint liquids, principally by the emulsification of the burning fuel surface. 1.6.20 Sprinkler-protected area An area of a building equipped with a sprinkler system installed in accordance with this Standard, and separated from non-sprinkler protected areas in accordance with this Standard. 1.6.21 Sprinkler-protected building A building equipped throughout with a sprinkler system installed in accordance with this Standard. 1.6.22 Sprinkler system
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A system comprising components such as valves, alarms, pipework, sprinklers and water supplies designed to control a developing fire. Sprinkler systems may be either standard systems or special systems, and may be arranged to operate as one or a combination of the following: (a)
Wet system A system permanently charged with water both above and below the installation alarm valve (wet) (see Clause 8.7.1).
(b)
Alternate wet and dry system A system that incorporates either a composite alarm valve, or a combination valve set comprising an alarm valve (wet) and an alarm valve (dry).
(c)
Dry system A system permanently charged with air or inert gas under pressure, above the alarm valve (dry) and with water below.
(d)
Pre-action system A combination of a sprinkler system and an independent system of heat or smoke detectors installed in the same area as the sprinklers. A heat or smoke detector operates prior to the sprinklers, allowing the pre-action valve to open and water to flow into the sprinkler piping, before the first sprinkler starts to operate.
(e)
Recycling pre-action system A system with heat detectors and incorporating a pre-action flow control valve capable of repeated on/off cycles appropriate to the possible redevelopment of fire in the protected area. The cycling occurs as a result of heat detector operation which, as an electric interlock, causes the pre-action flow control valve to open and close.
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(f)
Deluge system A system of open sprinklers controlled by a quick-opening valve (deluge valve) which is operated by a system of listed heat detectors or sprinklers installed in the same areas as the open sprinklers (see AS 2118.3).
(g)
Tail-end system A system essentially similar to dry, alternate wet and dry, pre-action and deluge systems, with the limitation that it only forms an extension to the sprinkler system.
1.6.23 Standard sprinkler system A system utilizing sprinkler types as listed in AS 4118.1 (see also Clause 6.2.1). 1.6.24 Standard sprinkler A sprinkler conforming to the thread sizes, deflector type and K factors specified in AS 4118.1 (see also Clause 6.2.1). Standard sprinklers are as follows: (a)
Conventional sprinkler A sprinkler designed to produce a spherical type of discharge with a proportion of water being thrown upwards to the ceiling. A conventional sprinkler is usually designed with a universal type deflector enabling the sprinkler to be used in either the upright or pendent position. Some conventional sprinklers are, however, made in two types: one suitable for use in the upright position and the other for use in the pendent position.
(b)
Spray sprinkler A sprinkler designed to produce a parabolic discharge below the plane of the deflector with little or no water being discharged upwards to wet the ceiling. A spray sprinkler is made in two types: one suitable for use in the upright position and the other for use in the pendent position.
(c)
Flush sprinkler A sprinkler designed for use with concealed piping where it is required, for reasons of appearance, to make the sprinklers inconspicuous. A flush sprinkler is installed pendent, with the base flush to the ceiling, but has an exposed heat responsive element and retracted deflectors which drop down to the normal position on actuation. Flush sprinklers are normally used in hotel lobbies, dining rooms, offices, boardrooms and parts of retail stores. Flush sprinklers are not suitable for use in atmospheres that are corrosive or subject to a high dust content. Flush sprinklers utilizing chains to locate the deflector are only suitable for use with level ceilings unless specifically listed otherwise.
(d)
Recessed sprinkler A sprinkler comprising a spray sprinkler provided with a separate escutcheon housing, usually two-piece adjustable, where part of the sprinkler yoke and heat responsive element are mounted within the recessed housing.
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NOTE: Escutcheon housings are used with the spray sprinkler to ensure that the response time of the heat responsive element is not unduly impeded and that the discharge spray pattern is not obstructed.
(e)
Concealed sprinkler A sprinkler comprising a spray sprinkler that is fully recessed in a concealed housing and fitted with a cover plate assembly designed to release at or before the operating temperature of the sprinkler. Concealed sprinklers provide the same unobtrusive appearance as flush sprinklers.
(f)
Sidewall sprinkler A sprinkler designed for installation along the walls of a room close to the ceiling. A sidewall sprinkler provides a one-sided (half-paraboloid) discharge pattern directed outwards with a small proportion discharging on the wall behind the sprinkler. Sidewall pattern sprinklers are not normally a substitute for conventional or spray pattern sprinklers and their use is limited to such locations as offices, entrance halls, lobbies and corridors.
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A sidewall sprinkler may be used with advantage in drying tunnels and hoods over papermaking machines where condensate dripping from sprinklers and pipework at the ceiling could be troublesome and also in certain other locations such as shop windows and under platforms having low headroom where sprinklers would be subject to damage. (g)
Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinkler A sprinkler designed for use in portions of premises protected by a dry or an alternate wet and dry system where it is not practicable to install sprinklers in the upright position, or on a wet system where the sprinklers may be subject to frost. Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinklers are designed having either conventional or pendent spray type deflectors. Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinklers are manufactured integral with drop pipes of varying lengths, the valve being so placed that there is no pocket or depression where water can be trapped.
(h)
Dry upright sprinkler A sprinkler essentially the same as the dry pendent types except that an upright type deflector is incorporated. A dry upright sprinkler is designed for use in wet systems for the protection of concealed spaces subject to freezing.
(i)
Fast response sprinkler A sprinkler that has a high level of thermal sensitivity which enables it to respond at an early stage of fire development. See AS 4118.1.1 for the thermal characteristics of fast response sprinklers.
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C1.6.24(i) The life safety aspects of a sprinkler system are improved by using fast response sprinklers. Fast response and quick response are synonymous terms.
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AS 2118.1—1999
S E CT I ON 2 CLAS S I FI C AT I ON OF S P RI NKLE R S YS T E MS AND DE S I GN DAT A 2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS Sprinkler systems shall be classified on the basis of the hazard classes of occupancy and shall be designated accordingly; namely, Light Hazard, Ordinary Hazard and High Hazard. 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES Occupancy classifications for sprinklers system design shall be determined having regard to the expected rate of heat release within a building compartment together with the fuel loading and burning characteristics of materials within that compartment. The quantity and combustibility of contents, the total potential for energy release, the height of stockpiles and the presence of flammable and combustible liquids shall also be taken into consideration. NOTE: A guide to typical occupancy classifications is included in Appendix A.
Occupancy classifications are as follows: (a)
Light Hazard occupancies.
(b)
Ordinary Hazard occupancies —
(c)
(i)
Ordinary Hazard 1;
(ii)
Ordinary Hazard 2;
(iii)
Ordinary Hazard 3; and
(iv)
Ordinary Hazard special.
High Hazard occupancies: (i)
High Hazard — process risks;
(ii)
High Hazard— High-piled storage risks —
A1
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(iii)
(A)
High Hazard— High-piled storage risks—Category 1.
(B)
High Hazard— High-piled storage risks—Category 2.
(C)
High Hazard— High-piled storage risks—Category 3.
(D)
High Hazard— High-piled storage risks—Category 4.
Storage risks requiring special consideration.
2.3 TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS 2.3.1 General Sprinkler systems are either— (a)
standard sprinkler systems (see Clause 1.6.23); or
(b)
special sprinkler systems (see Clause 1.6.18).
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2.3.2 Standard sprinkler system 2.3.2.1 General requirements A standard sprinkler system as defined in Clause 1.6.23 shall be arranged to operate as one or a combination of the following: (a)
wet system.
(b)
alternate wet and dry system.
(c)
dry system.
(d)
pre-action system.
(e)
recycling pre-action system.
(f)
deluge system.
(g)
tail-end system.
Standard sprinklers systems shall comply with the requirements set out in Clauses 2.3.2.2 to 2.3.2.10, as applicable. 2.3.2.2 Wet systems (see Clause 1.6.22) Wet systems shall not be installed in premises where there is danger, at any time, of the water in the pipes freezing.
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Wet systems shall be so designed that the maximum floor area, excluding concealed spaces but including mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control, including tail-end extensions ( see Clause 2.3.2.8) does not exceed the following: (a)
9000 m2 for light and Ordinary Hazard installations.
(b)
8000 m2 for High Hazard installations. However, where roof protection only is provided in accordance with Table 11.1.3.2(B), the area of storage, including aisles, protected by one installation shall not exceed 6000 m2.
(c)
Where single installations protect High Hazard areas, with roof protection only provided in accordance with Table 11.1.3.2(B), and the area of pallet racking including aisles is less than 1000 m 2, the total installation area may be extended to 8000 m2.
(d)
Where single installations protect both High Hazard areas and Ordinary or Light Hazard areas, the High Hazard area shall not exceed the floor area limitations specified for that hazard and the total area shall not exceed 9000 m2.
(e)
Where single installations control intermediate level sprinklers in storage racks, the floor area occupied by the racks (including aisles) shall not exceed 4000 m2.
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2.3.2.3 Alternate wet and dry systems (see Clause 1.6.22)
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A1
An alternate wet and dry sprinkler system shall incorporate either a composite alarm valve (see Clause 8.7.3) or a combination set comprising an alarm valve (wet) and an alarm valve (dry) (see Clauses 8.7.1 and 8.7.2). During winter months, the installation piping above the composite alarm valve, or alarm valve (dry) shall be charged with air and the remainder of the system, below the valve, shall be charged with water and, at other times, the system shall operate as a wet system as described in Clause 2.3.2.2. Sprinklers in alternate wet and dry systems shall be installed in the upright position, above the line of pipe. An exception is allowed where listed dry pendent sprinklers (see Clause 1.6.24(g)) are installed or where sprinklers have an anti-freezing device incorporated therein. Piping shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.5).
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AS 2118.1—1999
Alternate wet and dry systems shall be so designed that the maximum floor area, including mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control assembly, including tail-end extensions (see Clauses 2.3.2.8 and 2.3.2.9), does not exceed the following: (a)
(b)
Where an accelerator or exhauster is used — (i)
37002 for Ordinary and Light Hazard systems; and
(ii)
2100 m2 for High Hazard systems.
Where an accelerator or exhauster is not used — (i)
2500 m2 for Ordinary and Light Hazard systems; and
(ii)
1400 m2 for High Hazard systems.
2.3.2.4 Dry systems (see Clause 1.6.22) A dry sprinkler system shall be permanently charged with air or inert gas under pressure above the alarm valve (dry) and with water below the valve.
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Dry systems shall only be installed in buildings where the temperature conditions are maintained close to or below freezing, such as in cool stores, or fur vaults, or where the temperature is maintained above 70°C such as in drying ovens (see Clause 5.16.4).
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The floor area controlled by one control assembly in a dry system shall not exceed that prescribed in Clause 2.3.2.3 for alternate wet and dry systems. In dry systems, piping shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.5). Standard sprinklers shall only be installed in the upright position above the line of the pipe. 2.3.2.5 Pre-action systems (see Clause 1.6.22) The sprinkler system piping shall be charged with air or inert gas under pressure and shall be monitored so that an alarm is given on reduction of pressure. The pre-action alarm valve controlling the water supply shall be operated— (a)
solely by the system of detectors to allow the sprinkler piping to become charged with water;
(b)
by the system of detectors, or independently by the operation of a sprinkler releasing the air from the sprinkler piping, whereby the operation of the sprinkler system shall not be affected by any failure in the detector system; or
(c)
by both the system of detectors and the operation of a sprinkler releasing the air from the sprinkler piping.
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In each case the detection system shall automatically initiate an alarm. The heat or smoke detection system shall operate a continuously energized valve or trip mechanism to release the pre-action alarm valve when the valve or trip mechanism becomes de-energized. The floor area controlled by one control assembly in a pre-action system shall not exceed that prescribed in Clause 2.3.2.2 for wet systems. Where the piping could be subject to freezing, it shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.5) and standard sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position above the line of pipe. The installation spacing and location of heat or smoke detectors shall comply with the requirements of AS 1670.1.
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C2.3.2.5 (a)
The system only becomes a wet system, following the operation of the detector system, the objective being to prevent a discharge of water from piping or sprinklers that may have suffered mechanical damage.
(b)
The object of this configuration being to facilitate an earlier discharge of water from sprinklers on an otherwise dry system.
(c)
This configuration offers the greatest safeguard against inadvertent water discharge by requiring that both the system of detectors and the sprinkler installation are activated before water is admitted to the installation piping.
2.3.2.6 Recycling pre-action systems Re-closing the flow control valve shall be delayed for a period of 5 min, by means of an automatic timer, as a safety measure. Should the fire rekindle and re-actuate the heat detectors, the flow control valve shall reopen immediately and water shall again flow from the open sprinklers. The floor area controlled by one control assembly in a recycling pre-action system shall not exceed that prescribed in Clause 2.3.2.2 for wet systems. Where the piping is subject to freezing, it shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.5) and standard sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position above the line of pipe. The installation and spacing of heat or smoke detectors in recycling pre-action systems shall comply with the requirements of AS 1670.1. 2.3.2.7 Deluge systems (see Clause 1.6.22) Deluge systems shall be in accordance with AS 2118.3. C2.3.2.7 Deluge systems are designed primarily for Special Hazards such as those listed as High Hazard in Clause 2.2, where any fire could be anticipated to be intense and with a fast rate of propagation. In these circumstances, it is desirable to apply water simultaneously over a complete zone in which a fire may originate by admitting water to open sprinklers or to medium or high velocity sprayers. 2.3.2.8 Tail-end systems (see Clause 1.6.22) Tail-end systems shall be comparatively small in extent and shall form extensions to sprinkler systems. Tail-end systems are subject to limitations and variations set out in Clauses 2.3.2.9 and 2.3.2.10.
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2.3.2.9 Limitations and specific requirements for tail-end systems The following limitations and specific requirements shall apply for tail-end installations: (a)
The total area of tail-end systems on one wet installation shall not exceed 2500 m2. Any one tail-end system shall not exceed 1000 m2.
(b)
The subsidiary stop valve shall be monitored in accordance with Clause 3.4.
(c)
Suitable drainage shall be provided.
(d)
Tail-end systems connected to dry and alternate wet and dry installation shall be limited to dry systems.
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2.3.2.10 Tail-end anti-freezing solution systems The following requirements shall apply for tail-end systems incorporating anti-freezing solutions:
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(a)
Piping within the area subject to freezing shall be filled with anti-freezing solution and shall be arranged so as to prevent diffusion of water into that area.
(b)
Anti-freezing solutions shall have a freezing point of not less than 10°C below the minimum temperature possible in the area subject to freezing.
(c)
The area covered by any tail-end anti-freezing solution system shall not exceed 250 m2.
(d)
The piping shall be arranged so that the interface between the anti-freezing solution and the water in the wet system is lower than the point of connection to the wet system.
(e)
The following valves and fittings shall be (see Figure 2.3.2.10 and Figure 4.3.1 for symbols):
incorporated
in
the
piping
(i)
A subsidiary stop valve monitored in accordance with Clause 3.4.
(ii)
A drain valve.
(iii)
An upper test valve, not more than 350 mm nor less than 250 mm below the filling connection in the wet system.
(iv)
A lower test valve, not less than 1.2 m below the upper test valve.
(v)
A filling connection.
(vi)
A non-return valve. The disc of the non-return valve shall have a 1 mm hole to allow for expansion of the solution during a temperature rise and thus prevent damage to sprinklers. All valves in the system piping shall be metal-faced.
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NOTE: These systems are suitable for use in small coolrooms and freezing chambers and other areas such as loading docks and outhouses in localities subject to freezing conditions.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 2.3.2.10 ARRANGEMENT OF SUPPLY PIPING AND VALVES, TAIL-END ANTIFREEZING SOLUTION SYSTEM
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2.3.3 Special sprinkler systems 2.3.3.1 General requirements A1
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A special sprinkler system, as defined in Clause 1.6.18, shall be arranged to operate as one or a combination of the following: (a)
Wet system.
(b)
Alternate wet and dry system.
(c)
Dry system.
(d)
Pre-action system.
(e)
Recycling pre-action system.
(f)
Tail-end system.
A special sprinkler system shall comply with the requirements set out in Clauses 2.3.2.2 to 2.3.2.10 and Clauses 2.3.3.2 to 2.3.3.4. 2.3.3.2 Specific requirements Special sprinkler systems shall be installed in accordance with the spacing, location, maximum and minimum pressure limitations, and other requirements set out in— (a)
the listing for the specific component;
(b)
the manufacturer’s published data sheets, and
(c)
the codes and Standards referenced therein.
The critical design and installation requirements for special sprinkler systems are those that directly affect the performance of the sprinklers and shall apply only to that part of each system downstream of the control assembly. Other issues, such as the maximum floor area controlled by one control assembly, alarm and monitoring systems, valving, pipe materials, hangers, bracing, and the like, shall conform to the requirements of this Standard.
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All aspects relating to the design and installation of water supplies shall be in accordance with this Standard, with the following exceptions:
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(i)
For ESFR sprinkler systems, a duration of not less than 60 min shall apply.
(ii)
Where a water supply duration in excess of 90 min is a requirement of the manufacturer’s data sheets or the codes and Standards referenced therein, that duration shall apply.
(iii)
Where a water supply duration in excess of 90 min is a requirement of Factory Mutual Data Sheets nominated in this Standard as the basis for compliance, that duration shall apply.
The maximum area covered by a special sprinkler installation shall be in accordance with Clauses 2.3.2.2 and 2.3.2.10. C2.3.3.2 The design principles and operating characteristics of special sprinkler systems are often significantly different from those applicable to standard sprinkler systems. The special sprinkler may be unable to cope with some of the building features, occupancies, storage arrangements, and the like, which are commonly acceptable for standard sprinkler systems. Therefore, it is essential that the limitations of special sprinklers and special sprinkler systems be thoroughly understood and applied without exception.
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2.3.3.3 ESFR sprinkler system ESFR sprinkler systems (see Clause 1.6.17(c)) shall be wet systems, and shall be designed in accordance with this Section, and shall only be used for nominated high-piled storage risks. A1
Occupancy classification and the commodities to be protected by ESFR sprinkler systems shall be in accordance with the requirements of NFPA 13 — 1999, and restricted to those in the current Factory Mutual Loss Prevention Data (Data Sheets 2–2 and 8–9) or the UL listing for the particular sprinkler, as appropriate. C2.3.3.3 ESFR sprinkler systems are designed exclusively to suppress high-challenge, high-piled storage risk warehouse fires. In many instances, in-rack sprinklers can be reduced or eliminated. The system is expected to discharge a large volume of water at a high speed, directly onto a fire to suppress the fire before it develops. ESFR sprinklers are quick-acting high-performance sprinklers which have the capability of extinguishing fires within designated risks. There is no room for error in the design and installation of ESFR sprinkler systems; the design principles and the operating characteristics are significantly different from standard sprinkler protection. ESFR sprinkler systems may be unable to cope with adverse design features which may be acceptable when installing standard sprinkler protection. 2.3.3.4 Special systems incorporating residential sprinklers
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Residential sprinklers are permitted to be installed in wet pipe sprinkler systems conforming to this Standard, subject to the following: (a)
They shall be installed in sole occupancy units and their adjoining corridors in residential portions of buildings.
(b)
They shall be installed in strict accordance with their specified approval listing and positioning requirements.
(c)
Sprinkler performance shall be in accordance with minimum and maximum pressure and flow rate limitations indicated in individual residential sprinkler listings. The design number of sprinklers assumed to be in operation shall include the hydraulically most unfavourable four sprinklers.
(d)
Special sprinkler systems incorporating residential sprinklers shall be designed such that the maximum floor area, excluding concealed spaces but including mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control assembly, does not exceed 9000 m2.
(e)
Permitted exceptions shall be in accordance with Clause 3.1.3.
C2.3.3.4 Standard sprinkler systems that permit the inclusion of residential sprinklers are designated as special sprinkler systems. Where residential occupancies occur, smoke alarms complying with AS 3786, should be installed in accordance with AS 1670.6, in addition to sprinkler protection. 2.3.3.5 Hydraulic calculation Special sprinkler system designs shall utilize hydraulic calculation procedures. All sprinklers installed in a compartment shall be of the same category of heat response; that is, either fast, special or standard response.
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2.4 DESIGN DATA Each standard sprinkler system shall be hydraulically designed in accordance with the relevant hazard class to provide an appropriate density of discharge over an assumed area of operation. The design densities of discharge and the assumed area of operation for Ordinary and High Hazard class systems shall be as specified in Table 2.4. For Light Hazard performance requirements see Section 9. For specific details of High Hazard design data see Clauses 11.1.2 and 11.1.3.
TABLE 2.4 DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE AND ASSUMED AREAS OF OPERATION OF STANDARD SPRINKLER SYSTEMS Hazard class
Design density of discharge, mm/min*
Assumed area of operation, m2
Light
See Section 9
See Section 9
5† 5† 5† 5†
72 144 216 360
7.5 to 12.5 7.5 to 30
260 260 or 300
Ordinary — 1 2 3 Special High — Process risks High pile storage risks
* Where systems are installed using special sprinklers, density of discharge is not always a criterion
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† Provision is made for the density to be increased for certain areas by specifying closer spacing of sprinklers (see Clause 10.3.1).
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AS 2118.1—1999
I NST ALL AT I ON
3.1 SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDINGS 3.1.1 Extent of sprinkler protection 3.1.1.1 General For the purpose of this Standard, sprinkler-protected buildings and sprinkler-protected areas shall be classified in accordance with Clauses 3.1.1.2 and 3.1.1.3. 3.1.1.2 Classification as sprinkler-protected building To be classified as a sprinkler-protected building, a building shall be sprinkler-protected throughout, other than where exceptions are permitted in Clause 3.1.3 (see Clause 5.6.10). 3.1.1.3 Classification as sprinkler-protected area Where it is proposed to protect a portion of a building only, for that portion to be classified as a sprinkler-protected area, it shall be sprinkler-protected throughout and shall be separated from non-sprinkler-protected areas by a construction having an FRL of not less than –/120/120 with the exception of those areas contained in Clause 3.1.3. Where the sprinkler-protected building is linked to a non-sprinkler-protected area by a roofed connection (e.g. roofed passageway, roofed ramp or tunnel), protection shall extend to a wall having an FRL of not less than –/120/120. The wall shall extend from top to bottom and side to side of the passageway, ramp or tunnel, with any door or shutter in the wall being a listed fire door or fire shutter. Where the wall is located at the junction with the non-sprinkler-protected building, the link shall be sprinkler-protected. 3.1.2 Protection against exposure hazards 3.1.2.1 Extent of application Any part of an external wall, of the sprinkler-protected building, including glazed openings and roof overhangs with an FRL less than –/30/30 within 10 m of an Exposure Hazard, shall be protected with external sprinklers.
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For the purpose of this Clause ‘external wall’ shall include the façade of raised sections of the building, such as roof lanterns, set back from the perimeter of the sprinkler-protected building; and ‘Exposure Hazard’ shall mean a source of radiant heat such as a nonsprinkler-protected building with an FRL less than –/30/30 or areas used for storage or handling of flammable or combustible materials. C3.1.2.1 When installed as an integral part of an internal sprinkler system designed to this Standard, external protection of this type is considered the first line of defence in protecting the building from an external fire source. The use of sprinklers to modify the FRL of the wall element is outside the scope of this Standard. 3.1.2.2 Sprinklers All sealed sprinklers used for exposure protection shall be rated as fast response as defined in AS 4118.1.1 and shall have a temperature rating of 93°C. Sprinklers shall be any of the following types and orientation:
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(a)
Pendent Spray (SP)—mounted horizontally with the deflector towards the window or wall.
(b)
Upright Spray (SU)—mounted horizontally with the deflector away from the window or wall.
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(c)
Pendent Sidewall—(WP) mounted pendent and oriented to direct the spray towards the window or wall.
(d)
Sprinklers specifically designed for the purpose and located and spaced in accordance with their listing.
Conventional sprinklers (CU/P) shall not be used, except in the case of protection beneath roof overhangs. Sprinklers beneath roof overhangs shall not be considered a substitute for protection of walls. 3.1.2.3 Shielding Where building features do not shield sprinklers to prevent cooling from sprinklers operating above, such sprinklers shall be fitted with metal shields not less than 80 mm dia. 3.1.2.4 Sprinkler spacing and location Unless specifically listed otherwise, sprinklers shall be located in accordance with Table 3.1.2.4. In addition to the requirements contained in Table 3.1.2.4, a sprinkler shall be positioned not more than 1.25 m horizontally from — (a)
the vertical extremities of the protected surface;
(b)
the vertical extremities of each glazed opening, with the sprinkler located within the opening; and the centre of any building feature such as downpipes and glazing bars or mullions, which project more than 40 mm from the protected surface.
(c)
Where vertical glazing bars or mullions project more than 40 mm from the glazed surface and are spaced not more than 1660 mm centre to centre, every alternate sprinkler may be positioned on the centre-line of a mullion or glazing bar, except that sprinklers shall be positioned within 1.25 m of each side of any vertical glazing bar or mullion that exceeds 40 mm in width.
TABLE 3.1.2.4 SPRINKLER SPACING AND LOCATION Distance Distance between sprinklers
Position Horizontally
Maximum 2.5 m
Minimum 1.8 m
Point of measurement Centre of sprinkler
(see Note)
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Horizontal distance from wall Vertical distance below tope of protected surface
Vertically
4.0 m
N/A
Deflector to deflector
Horizontal sprinkler
100 mm
20 mm
Sprinkler deflector
Pendent sprinkler
300 mm
10 mm
Centre of sprinkler
Horizontal sprinkler
100 mm
50 mm
Centre of sprinkler
Pendent sprinkler
100 mm
50 mm
Sprinkler deflector
NOTE: The 1.8 m minimum distance may be reduced where sprinklers are separated by a baffle or building feature which will prevent cooling from an adjacent operating sprinkler.
3.1.2.5 Piping External sprinklers shall be fed either individually by range pipes or as groups by dedicated distribution pipes connected to a distribution pipe of the internal sprinkler system. Pipe sizes shall be determined by full hydraulic calculation methods. © Standards Australia
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C3.1.2.5 In cases where excessive sprinkler system downtime may be occasioned by the post-fire replacement of external sprinklers, groups of external sprinklers should be connected by dedicated distribution pipes fitted with locked-open isolation valves. The fitting of locked open sectional stop valves on connections to external protection can greatly decrease the time taken to recommission a system following an operation of the external sprinklers and should be considered for all such installations. 3.1.2.6 Performance Sprinkler systems that incorporate exposure protection shall be fully hydraulically designed so that the flow from any external sprinkler shall be not less than 75 L/min when the required maximum number of external sprinklers are operating. Where the area to be protected by an individual sprinkler is less than 2.5 m wide, the flow rate may be reduced proportionally subject to a minimum end head pressure of 70 kPa. The required number of sprinklers assumed to be in simultaneous operation shall be the number of sprinklers opposed to each Exposure Hazard, up to a maximum of 18. Hydraulic calculation methods shall conform to the requirements of Section 12, as appropriate. 3.1.2.7 Water supply If the maximum calculated demand of the exposure protection is in excess of that required for the internal sprinklers alone, the water supply shall be increased to cover the excess. 3.1.3 Permitted exceptions
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Sprinklers may be omitted from certain areas of sprinkler-protected buildings or sprinklerprotected areas as follows: (a)
Fire-isolated stairways, fire-isolated passageways and fire-isolated ramps constructed in accordance with the Building Code of Australia.
(b)
Toilets and washrooms, but not cloakrooms, with an FRL of not less than –/60/60, with all openings to the sprinkler-protected area fitted with fire doors or fire shutters in accordance with the requirements of AS/NZS 1905.1 and AS 1905.2, having a minimum FRL of –/60/30.
(c)
Rooms used for no purposes other than containing dry electric equipment (non-oil filled), enclosed by walls, floors and ceilings with a minimum FRL of –/120/120, and with all openings to the sprinkler-protected area fitted with fire doors or fire shutters in accordance with the requirements of AS/NZS 1905.1 and AS 1905.2, having a minimum FRL of –/120/30. Such room or compartment shall be fitted with— (i)
multiple controls for alarm purposes only with the drain discharging to an open tundish or fitted with a sight-glass; or
(ii)
a detection and alarm system installed in accordance with AS 1670.1.
(d)
Silos or bins for the storage of grain, inside buildings forming part of corn mill, distillery, maltings or oil mill premises.
(e)
Ovens, hovels and kilns in potteries, including earthenware, brick, tile and glassworks.
(f)
The undersides of screens or shields erected over the wet ends of papermaking machines.
(g)
Over salt baths and metal melt pans where the application of water would endanger personnel. Piping and sprinklers may be located over such places if a suitable canopy is fitted.
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(h)
Over uncovered potable water storage wherever there is a danger of contamination of that water.
(i)
Unroofed docks or loading platforms, subject to the requirements of Clause 5.6.12.
(j)
Balconies other than those requiring protection under Clause 5.6.13.
3.2 TRANSMISSION OF ALARM SIGNAL TO FIRE BRIGADE Upon actuation of the sprinkler system a distinctive alarm signal shall be automatically transmitted to a fire brigade receiving centre or a to a constantly attended monitoring service with a direct data link to the fire brigade or fire brigade dispatch centre. Where connection to the alarm monitoring network is duplicated or uses diverse paths, the minimum cable rating shall be WSX1W in accordance with AS/NZS 3013. Where either provision is made, the following requirements shall apply (see also Clause 8.10): (a)
For alarm transmission purposes, the control assemblies of not more than four installations may be grouped, provided that each installation is fitted with a mechanical indicating device which, when actuated, remains in the ‘system operated’ position until manually reset. In addition, a readily discernible sign shall be located adjacent to the control assemblies to indicate the zone controlled by each control assembly.
(b)
A permanent and securely affixed notice shall be located in close proximity to the control assemblies to indicate that there is a direct alarm connection to the fire brigade or monitoring service.
(c)
If at any time the network path between the sprinkler system and the fire brigade is interrupted, attention shall be drawn to this fact at the fire brigade or fire brigade dispatch centre and monitoring service and again when it is re-established.
(d)
Alarm signalling equipment shall comply with AS 4428.6.
(e)
Wiring from alarm signalling equipment to the alarm monitoring network connection point shall comply with AS/NZS 3013 with a minimum rating of WS51W. Connection to an Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF) is permissible only if the cable from the IDF to the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) is installed underground.
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NOTES: 1 The Australian Communications Authority (ACA) requires all alarm signalling equipment connected to a telecommunications network to be labelled indicating its compliance, or with the relevant Standards. 2 Radio communications equipment is required to conform to the requirements of the relevant radio communications Standards made mandatory by the ACA.
(f)
The alarm monitoring network shall comply with the relevant requirements for a permanently connected station as specified in AS 1670.3. NOTE: AS 4428.1 gives information where the ASE and relevant network is not available.
3.3 LOCAL ALARM Every installation shall be fitted with an externally mounted water motor alarm, except that where alarm valves are grouped one water motor alarm may serve all installations in any one location. The water motor alarm shall be located as near as practicable to the alarm valves (see also Clauses 8.7 and 8.10).
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AS 2118.1—1999
C3.3 The purpose of the local alarm is to attract the attention of passers-by. It is not intended to alert occupants of the building. Sprinkler systems required to be installed in accordance with the Building Code of Australia are required to be connected to and activate a building’s occupant warning system. 3.4 SYSTEM COMPONENT FAULT MONITORING 3.4.1 General Fault monitoring of system components shall be provided in accordance with Clauses 3.4.2 to 3.4.5. 3.4.2 Monitoring devices 3.4.2.1 General Class A monitoring devices shall be installed in all cases except that Class B devices are permitted where the monitored components are located within a secure area or room with access restricted by means of security devices or a system providing at least the same level of security as achieved with Class A monitoring. 3.4.2.2 Class A monitoring devices Class A monitoring shall transmit a signal upon — (a)
a change of status of the monitored component;
(b)
any attempt to tamper with or bypass the monitoring device; and
(c)
any attempt to tamper with or bypass the connection back to the receiving centre.
3.4.2.3 Class B monitoring devices Class B monitoring shall transmit a signal upon— (a)
a change of status of the monitored component; and
(b)
any attempt to tamper with or bypass the connection back to the receiving centre.
3.4.3 Systems to be monitored Continuous system monitoring shall be installed — (a)
in systems containing High Hazard portions greater than 300 m2;
(b)
in buildings greater than 25 m effective height; and
(c)
where required by acts or regulations.
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3.4.4 Components to be monitored The following components shall be monitored: (a)
Water supply stop valves excluding underground key-operated valves.
(b)
Main stop valves.
(c)
Subsidiary stop valves (see Clause 8.2.4).
(d)
Power supply for each electric-motor-driven pump.
(e)
Controller ‘ready to start condition’ battery voltage and fuel level for each compression-ignition driven pump.
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3.4.5 Installation Control and power supply equipment shall comply with the requirements of AS 4428.1 and AS/NZS 3000 Fault signals from monitored components shall be connected to— (a)
a fire brigade receiving centre (see Clause 3.2); or
(b)
a Grade 2 central station complying with AS 2201.2, including a monitoring service; or
(c)
a constantly attended in-house security facility.
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Should the connection be severed, attention shall be drawn to this fact at the receiving station.
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S E CT I ON
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WAT E R
S UP P LI E S
4.1 GENERAL 4.1.1 Requirements The water supply shall have pressure and flow characteristics not less than those specified in Clauses 9.3, 10.2 or 11.2, as appropriate. It shall be automatic and thoroughly reliable and shall not be subject to either freezing or drought conditions that could seriously deplete the supply. Sprinkler systems under separate ownership shall not share private water supplies, nor shall they share connections to public water supplies. Sprinkler system piping (with the exception of water supply connections to town mains) shall not traverse ground that is not under the control of the owner. The water shall be fresh and free from fibrous or other matter in suspension liable to cause accumulations in the piping system. NOTES: 1 Water supplies, other than that part under the control of the water supply authorities, should be under the control of the occupier of the building containing the installation. 2 In special circumstances where there is no suitable fresh water source available consideration may be given to the use of salt or brackish water, provided that the installation is normally charged with fresh water. 3 Where there is a ring main or loop within the premises it is desirable to provide isolating stop valves, so situated as to maintain the maximum possible service in the event of fracture or, if it is necessary, to close down part of the ring main.
4.1.2 Additives Corrosive chemicals such as sodium silicate (or derivatives of sodium silicate) brine, or other chemicals shall not be used while hydrostatically testing systems, for stopping leaks, or for any other purpose. 4.2 ACCEPTABLE SOURCES OF SUPPLY The following sources of supply shall be acceptable: (a)
Town mains (see Clause 4.10).
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NOTE: Internal water reticulation within an establishment, capable of supplying peak flows at the required duration for domestic, fire services and sprinkler installations, designed on a ring system with adequate valving, may be considered as town mains.
(b)
Elevated private reservoirs (see Clause 4.9.2).
(c)
Gravity tanks (see Clause 4.9.3).
(d)
Automatic pumps (see Clause 4.11) —
(e)
(i)
drawing from suction tanks or natural sources such as rivers, lakes or underground water supply, subject to the conditions laid down in Clause 4.1; or
(ii)
boosting supplies such as town mains or elevated private reservoirs.
Pressure tanks (see Clause 4.13).
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4.3 WATER SUPPLY GRADES 4.3.1 General Water supplies for automatic sprinkler systems shall be divided into three grades based on ascending order of reliability of supply; viz. Grades 3, 2 and 1. A1
NOTE: See Figure 4.3.1 for the symbols used in Figures 4.3.2, 4.3.3 and 4.3.4.
4.3.2 Grade 3 water supplies 4.3.2.1 General The following supplies constitute Grade 3 water supplies (see Figure 4.3.2 for typical arrangements): (a)
A direct supply from a single town main.
(b)
A single automatic pump supply drawing from a single town main (booster pump), from a pump suction tank, or from a natural source. The automatic pump may be driven by an electric motor or by a compression-ignition engine.
(c)
A pressure tank (Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard 1 classes only).
4.3.2.2 Limitations on the use of Grade3 water supply A Grade 3 water supply shall not be used to supply sprinkler systems — (a)
protecting a building greater than 25 m effective high; or
(b)
protecting a High Hazard class of risk unless the Grade 3 supply consists of — (i)
a town main that is capable of supplying not less than 2200 L/min in excess of the system design flow rate at all times; or
(ii)
an automatic (booster) pump supply drawing from a single town main complying with Item (i) above (see Figure 4.10.2(f)), in which case there shall be either— (A)
two automatic pumps, one at least of which shall have a compression-ignition engine drive and each of which shall be capable of providing independently the necessary pressure and flow; or
(B)
three automatic pumps, two at least of which shall have compression-ignition engine drives and any two of which shall be capable of providing in aggregate the necessary pressure and flow.
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In each case the pumps shall be capable of operating in parallel, that is, they shall have similar pressure and flow characteristics. NOTE: Where two completely independent electric power sources are available (neither linked with the other) or where automatic changeover facilities exist between two completely independent electric power sources (excluding emergency standby generating sets), the provision of two electrically driven pumps may be permitted, one supplied from each source in the former case, or both supplied from each source in the latter case. In these circumstances one of the pumps may be regarded as being compression-ignition engine driven for the purpose of interpretating this Clause.
4.3.3 Grade 2 water supplies The following supplies constitute Grade 2 water supplies (see Figure 4.3.3 for typical arrangement): (a)
Town main complying with the following requirements: (i)
A1
The town main shall be fed from both ends by mains, each of which shall be capable of furnishing the relevant pressures and flows required in Clauses 9.3, 10.2 or 11.2. There shall be duplicate connections from the town main carried separately up to the premises containing the sprinkler installation, with a stop valve (open or closed) on the main between the two branches.
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Where it is not possible to provide the duplicate connections, a normally open stop valve on the town main immediately on each side of a single branch connection shall be provided. (ii)
The mains at each end referred to in Item (a)(i) above shall not be directly dependent on a common trunk main anywhere in the town main system.
(iii)
The town main system shall be connected to more than one source.
(b)
Elevated private reservoir or gravity tank.
(c)
Automatic pump supply drawing from a town main (booster pump), or a pump suction tank. The automatic pump supply shall consist of either — (i)
two automatic pumps, one at least of which shall have a compression-ignition engine drive and each of which shall be capable of providing independently the necessary pressures and flows for the respective hazard class (see Clauses 9.3, 10.2 or 11.2); or
(ii)
three automatic pumps, two at least of which shall have compression-ignition engine drives and any two of which shall be capable of providing in aggregate the necessary pressures and flows for the respective hazard class (see Clauses 9.3, 10.2 or 11.2).
A1
A1
In each case the pumps shall be capable of operating in parallel, that is, they shall have similar pressure and flow characteristics. Where pumps draw directly from a town main (booster pumps) or from a suction tank that requires the inflow from a town main to provide the requisite capacity, the town main shall comply with the requirements specified in Items (a)(i), (ii) and (iii) above, except where the suction tank has a capacity not less than two thirds of the full holding capacity required for the particular hazard class. NOTE: Where two completely independent electric power sources are available (neither linked with the other) or where automatic changeover facilities exist between two completely independent electric power sources (excluding emergency stand-by generating sets), the provision of two electrically driven pumps may be permitted, one supplied from each source in the former case, or both supplied from each source in the latter case. In these circumstances one of the pumps may be regarded as being compression-ignition engine driven for the purpose of interpreting this Clause.
(d)
Pressure tank (for Light Hazard class and Ordinary Hazard 1 only), provided that— (i)
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(ii)
the water capacity is not less than — (A)
for Light Hazard class as calculated in accordance with Clause 9.3.5; or
(B)
for Ordinary Hazard 1 ........................................................ 46 000 L; and
there is an arrangement for maintaining automatically the required air pressure and water level in the tank under non-fire conditions (see Clause 4.13).
4.3.4 Grade 1 water supplies Grade 1 water supplies shall be connected to duplicate water sources. Each source shall be capable of providing the same pressure and rate of flow for the required time according the hazard class. For light and ordinary hazard classes only, a pressure tank is acceptable as a duplicate water supply (see Figure 4.3.4 for typical arrangements).
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The following combinations of water supplies constitute a Grade 1 water supply service: (a)
Where two town mains are used as a Grade 1 supply, the following additional requirements shall apply to ensure continuity of supply: (i)
The mains shall either be independent or form part of an interconnected town mains system having stop valves so arranged that in the event of a breakdown anywhere in the system, at least one of the mains to the installation shall remain operative.
(ii)
The town mains system shall be connected to more than one source.
(iii)
There shall be a branch connection from each main carried separately up to the premises containing the installation.
NOTE: Two or more installations on any premises in one ownership may have the second and subsequent installation supplied by a single pipe taken downstream of the interconnection of the two branches.
(b)
Town main and pressure tank (Light and Ordinary Hazard classes only).
(c)
Town main and elevated private reservoir or gravity tank.
(d)
Town main and automatic pump, provided that where the automatic pump draws from a suction tank of less capacity than that stated in Clause 4.8, the town main which forms one of the supplies shall not be used to supply the balance.
(e)
Automatic pump and pressure tank (Light and Ordinary Hazard classes only).
(f)
Automatic pump and elevated private reservoir or gravity tank, provided the latter does not form the source of supply to the automatic pump.
(g)
Two elevated private reservoirs or gravity tanks. Alternatively, one double capacity reservoir or tank shall be acceptable if it is suitably subdivided, with separate downpipes from each division. The point of connection of each downpipe to the sprinkler main should be as close as possible to the protected premises and the common main shall not traverse ground not under the control of the owner of the installation nor shall it cross a public roadway.
(h)
Automatic pump supply drawing from a virtually inexhaustible source, such as a river, canal, lake or underground source, or two limited capacity pump suction tanks. For pump suction tanks, the primary tank shall have a holding capacity equal to that required for the particular hazard class while the secondary tank may be of smaller capacity with automatic inflow, provided that it meets the requirements of Clause 4.8. In High Hazard class systems, the primary pump suction tank may also be of smaller capacity, provided that it meets the requirements of Clause 4.8.
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The automatic pump supply shall consist of either — (i)
two automatic pumps, one at least of which shall have a compression-ignition engine drive and each of which shall be capable of providing independently the necessary pressures and flows for the respective hazard class (see Clauses 9.3, 10.2 or 11.2); or
(ii)
three automatic pumps, two at least of which shall have compression-ignition engine drives and any two of which shall be capable of providing in aggregate the necessary pressures and flows in the respective hazard class (see Clauses 9.3, 10.2 or 11.2).
In each case the pumps shall be capable of operating in parallel, that is, they shall have similar pressure and flow characteristics. Where pumps draw from suction tanks provision shall be made for the pumps to draw from either tank so that when one tank is rendered inoperative the other tank is available for all pumps. © Standards Australia
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NOTES: 1 If the holding capacity of suction tanks is reduced as permitted above, it will not be necessary to provide separate automatic inflow facilities for either suction tank if the rate of inflow for either suction tank meets the requirements of Clause 4.8.1. 2 Where two completely independent electric power sources are available (neither linked with the other) or where automatic changeover facilities exist between two completely independent electric power sources (excluding emergency stand-by generating sets), the provision of two electrically driven pumps may be permitted, one supplied from each source in the former case or both supplied from each source in the latter case. In these circumstances, one of the pumps may be regarded as being compression-ignition engine driven for the purpose of interpreting this Clause.
A1
(i)
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AS 2118.1—1999
Elevated private reservoir and pressure tank (Light and Ordinary Hazard classes only).
FIGURE 4.3.1 LEGEND OF SYMBOLS USED IN SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
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FIGURE 4.3.2 TYPICAL GRADE 3 WATER SUPPLIES
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FIGURE 4.3.3 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 2 WATER SUPPLIES
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FIGURE 4.3.3 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 2 WATER SUPPLIES
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FIGURE 4.3.4 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 1 WATER SUPPLIES
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FIGURE 4.3.4 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 1 WATER SUPPLIES
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FIGURE 4.3.4 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 1 WATER SUPPLIES
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FIGURE 4.3.4 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 1 WATER SUPPLIES
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AS 2118.1—1999
4.4 CONNECTIONS TO OTHER SERVICES 4.4.1 General
A1
The water supply to a sprinkler system shall be separate with no other connections except where it can be demonstrated to the relevant authority that such connection would not decrease the performance or reliability of the sprinkler system. Where a connection is to a town main or the supply is from a private source, the provisions of Clause 4.4.2 shall apply. Where other connections are necessary for compliance with water supply authority requirements, any such connection shall be made upstream of the sprinkler system main stop valve and shall be fitted with separate isolating valves. NOTE: See AS 2118.6 for combined sprinkler and hydrant systems for installation in multistorey buildings.
Within an establishment, water supply for both automatic sprinkler and fire hydrant services (see AS 2419 (all parts)) may be combined subject to the following conditions: (a)
The provision of a water supply of sufficient capacity to provide the combined flow requirements for both sprinklers and hydrants.
(b)
The employment of ring mains incorporating isolating valves complying with AS 2419 (all parts) for all combined sprinkler/hydrant systems which have hydrants in the open or hydrants which may be subject to damage. Such ring mains are generally recommended to preserve the integrity of the sprinkler system in all combined systems. Where ring mains are not employed, an isolating valve shall be installed at the point of connection of any branch serving more than one hydrant.
(c)
Piping shall be sized on the basis of the aggregate flow at any point in the system with a velocity not exceeding 4 m/s. For ring mains, the flow shall be taken in one direction only for velocity calculations.
(d)
Where a reservoir is provided, it shall be compartmented to permit retention of at least half the supply when it is necessary to shut down for cleaning or repairs and it shall —
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(e)
(f)
(i)
be of sufficient capacity to comply with the requirements of Item (a) above; or
(ii)
have a capacity not less than two thirds of the quantity of water required in Item (a) above, provided that the remainder is made up from a reliable source by an automatic inflow for the operational period required for sprinklers or hydrants, whichever is the more stringent.
Where pumps are provided they shall comply with Clauses 4.11 and 4.12 and— (i)
they shall be of sufficient capacity to supply the requirements of sprinklers and hydrants simultaneously except that pumps shall be capable of delivering not less than 150 percent of the combined flow at not less than 65 percent of the required pressure and need not comply with the nominal ratings specified elsewhere in this Standard;
(ii)
the number and arrangement of pumps shall comply with the relevant requirements for the class of hazard and grade of water supply; and
(iii)
they shall have automatic starting in accordance with AS 2941; where remote manual start is required for fire hydrant operation, the manual start stations shall be sealed in a manner that will ensure that any operation of the starting device is readily discernible; for example, lead and wire seals, break-glass facilities or similar.
The pressure limitations applicable to both the sprinkler system and hydrant system shall be complied with.
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4.4.2 Fire hose reel connections 4.4.2.1 General Connections to sprinkler system water supplies are permitted for fire hose reels, provided that the appropriate requirements of Clauses 4.4.2.2 to 4.4.2.4 are complied with. Such connections shall not exceed DN 50 and shall be provided with a stop valve suitably labelled and in close proximity to the point of connection with the supply pipe. 4.4.2.2 Town mains Provided that the town main and the sprinkler supply pipe are not less than DN 100 — (a)
a single pipe may be taken from the sprinkler supply pipe for fire hose reels; and
(b)
where the water supply comprises connections taken from more than one town main, connections for fire hose reels may be made from the sprinkler supply pipe. Such connection shall be made between the point where the supplies are joined to the sprinkler system main stop valves.
4.4.2.3 Elevated private reservoirs, gravity tanks and automatic pumps Any required connections to supply fire hose reels shall be made on the supply side of the sprinkler system main stop valve. In installations supplied from more than one of these sources, connections for fire hose reels may be made from the sprinkler supply pipe (see Clause 4.4.2.2(b)). 4.4.2.4 Pressure tanks Where a pressure tank forms the sole supply to an installation, no fire hose reel connection shall be made. Where a pressure tank forms a secondary supply to the installation, a fire hose reel connection may be made similarly from the sprinkler supply pipe (Clause 4.4.2.2(b)), provided that the pressure tank is replenished automatically in accordance with Clause 4.13.2(b). 4.4.3 Fire brigade booster connection Sprinkler systems shall be fitted with a fire brigade booster connection to enable the fire brigade to pressurize or pump water into the system. NOTE: The relevant authority may waive this requirement. An example could be where the water supply is considered to be sufficient for a small system without the assistance of an automatic pump.
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Fire brigade booster connections shall be adequately supported and shall be located outside the building in a position that is readily accessible to fire brigade personnel. Connections shall be fitted with a full way non-return valve, and any other fittings required by the water supply authority. Hose connections shall be equipped with standard caps. The pipe between the non-return valve and the outside hose connection shall be fitted with a plug-cock which shall drain to a suitable place. The enclosure in which the fire brigade booster connection is housed shall be marked with the words ‘SPRINKLER BOOSTER CONNECTION’ in letters not less than 50 mm high, in a colour contrasting with that of the background, and shall be marked with the maximum allowable inlet pressure at the connection. If the connection does not serve the complete sprinkler system, it shall be clearly marked to indicate that part of the system which it serves. NOTE: Attention is drawn to the need to ensure that a suction point is available in close proximity to the fire brigade booster connection.
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AS 2118.1—1999
4.5 PRESSURE AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS The running pressure and flow requirements shall be as specified for the appropriate hazard class in Clauses 9.3, 10.2 or 11.2. The running pressure shall be measured on the installation gauge immediately above the alarm valve. The static pressure equivalent (in kilopascals) of the height of the highest sprinkler above the level of the installation gauge shall be taken as — 9.79 × height of sprinkler above gauge (in metres). 4.6 PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS Where the water pressures applied to any system are excessive, as in the case of storeyed buildings in excess of 75 m in height, the system shall be divided into ‘stages’ so that the pressure on any sprinkler does not exceed 1 MPa. Care shall be taken to ensure that all piping, pumps, valves and fittings are suitable for the pressures that are applied. For the purpose of this Clause, pressure calculations shall include allowance for anticipated maximum water supply pressures, such as pressure fluctuation in town mains and pumps operating in a closed system condition (see also Clause 8.8). 4.7 MINIMUM CAPACITY OF STORED WATER SUPPLIES The minimum capacities specified in the relevant clauses relate to stored water sources reserved for the sprinkler system, including fire hose reels if permitted. Clauses relating to minimum capacity of stored water supplies are as follows: (a)
Pressure tanks ................................................................. Clauses 9.3.5 and 10.2.2.5.
(b)
Pump suction tanks ..................................... Clauses 4.8, 9.3.2, 10.2.2.3 and 11.2.2.2.
(c)
Other ................................................................ Clauses 9.3.2, 10.2.2.2 and 11.2.2.2.
4.8 PUMP SUCTION TANKS 4.8.1 General
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Pump suction tanks shall have an effective capacity not less than that specified in Clause 9.3.2, 10.2.2.3 or 11.2.2.2. If there is an automatic inflow that can be relied upon at all times, a smaller capacity shall be permitted, provided that the rate of inflow enables the pump to operate at full capacity for not less than the period necessary to comply with the relevant requirements of Clause 9.3.2 and Table 10.2.2.3, or 11.2.2.2. Tanks shall be constructed from concrete, steel or fibreglass. Any internal membrane or liner incorporated in the tank design shall be permanently bonded to the tank to prevent separation and shall be listed for the purpose. The water supply to suction tanks shall be capable of completely refilling the tank within the following times: (a)
(b)
Single tanks , as follows: (i)
capacity less than 500 000 L .............................................. to be refilled in 6 h.
(ii)
larger capacities .............................................................. to be refilled in 24 h.
Duplicate tanks .......................................................... one tank to be refilled in 24 h.
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If the rate of input to a tank of less than 500 000 L capacity is such that it will take longer than 6 h to refill, the capacity of the tank shall be increased beyond the relevant requirements of Clause 9.3.2, Table 10.2.2.3, or 11.2.2.2. Such increase in capacity shall be sufficient to ensure that the required minimum capacity shall be available 6 h after the volume equal to the required minimum capacity has been drained. Provision shall be made to minimize the entrainment of air where the supply water enters the tank or where test water returns to the tank. 4.8.2 Effective capacity When calculating the effective capacity of a pump suction tank, the depth shall be taken as the measurement between the normal water level in the tank and the low water level X shown in Figure 4.8.2. Low water level X is calculated to be the lowest level before a vortex is created causing the pump to draw air (see Figure 4.8.2). Where the suction pipe is taken from the side of the tank as shown in Figure 4.8.2(b), the clearance between the base of the tank and the lowest level of the pump suction pipe shall be not less than dimension B in the Figure (see Figure 4.8.2).
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Where a sump is formed in the base of a suction tank from which the suction pipe draws water, the sump shall not be smaller than indicated in Figure 4.8.2 in which the position of the sump is shown with broken lines. In addition, the sump width shall be not less than 3.6 d, where d is the nominal diameter of the suction pipe. The point of entry of water to the suction pipe shall be located centrally across the width of the sump (see Figure 4.8.2).
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A1
NOTES: Where a vortex plate is installed, the following may be applied: (a)
Dimension A may be disregarded and low water level X may be taken as the level at which vortexing commences.
(b)
Dimension B may be taken from the base of the tank to the level at which vortexing commences in the case of example (a). Example (b) is unlikely to be appropriate to arrangements employing a vortex inhibitor.
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millimetres Nominal diameter of suction pipe
Dimension A
Dimension B
65
250
80
80
310
80
100
370
100
150
500
100
200
620
150
250
750
150
300
900
200
350
1 050
250
400
1 200
300
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 4.8.2 EFFECTIVE CAPACITY OF PUMP SUCTION TANKS
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4.8.3 Vortex inhibitor Where a vortex inhibitor, in the form of a flat circular plate at the suction inlet, is used, it shall be designed as shown in Figure 4.8.3 and to the following formulae: Hm
D
= 0.5d where d > DN 150 or 0.75d where d ≤ DN 150 Q ×17.68 = Ha
. . . 4.8.3(1)
. . . 4.8.3(2)
where Hm
= minimum clearance under plate, in millimetres
Ha
= actual clearance under plate, in millimetres
d
= nominal diameter of suction pipe
D
= minimum diameter of plate, in millimetres
Q
= maximum flow rate (intersection of square law curve and effective pump curve) L/min
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The plate shall not be less than 10 mm thick and shall be effectively protected from corrosion.
FIGURE 4.8.3 VORTEX INHIBITORS
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AS 2118.1—1999
4.8.4 Supply from inexhaustible source 4.8.4.1 General Where the suction pipe draws from a suction chamber fed from a virtually inexhaustible source such as a river, channel, lake, or the like, the design and dimensions specified in Figure 4.8.4 shall apply. 4.8.4.2 Slope of inlet Pipes, conduits and beds of open-topped channels shall have a continuous downward slope towards the jackwell or suction pit of at least 1:125. 4.8.4.3 Diameters of pipes The diameters of feed pipes or conduit shall be determined from the following formula: d
= 21.68Q 0.357
. . . 4.8.4.3
where D = internal diameter, in millimetres Q = maximum flow rate of pump (see Clause 12.8.2) 4.8.4.4 Depth of inlet The top of the pipe or conduit inlet shall be not less than one diameter below the lowest known water level. 4.8.4.5 Depth of water The depth d of water in open channels or weirs, and above the weir between the settling chamber and suction chamber shall be not less than that shown in Table 4.8.4.5 for the corresponding width W and maximum flow rate of the pump Q. Each suction inlet shall be provided with a separate suction and settling chamber. The total depth of open channels and weirs shall be sufficient to accommodate the highest known water level of the water source. 4.8.4.6 Dimensions of suction and settling chambers The dimension of the suction chamber and the location of suction pipes from the walls of the chamber, their depth below the lowest known water level and clearance from the bottom shall comply with the requirements of Clause 4.8.2. The settling chamber shall have the same width and depth as the suction chamber and a length not less than 4.4√H where H is the depth of the settling chamber in metres. 4.8.4.7 Inlet screens
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Conditions required for inlet screens are as follows: (a)
Pipe or conduit The inlet to a pipe or conduit feeding the settling chamber shall be fitted with a strainer with an aggregate clear opening not less than five times the cross-sectional area of the pipe or conduit. Individual openings in the strainer shall not allow a 25 mm diameter sphere to pass through. Provision shall be made for removal of the strainer for cleaning.
(b)
Weir or open-top channels Weirs and open-top channels feeding the settling chamber shall be fitted with a removable screen of wire mesh or perforated metal plate with an aggregate clear opening below water level of 150 mm2 for each litre per minute of the maximum flow output of the pump Q. Two screens shall be provided, one in use with the other in a raised position, ready for interchange when cleaning is necessary. The screens shall be of sufficient strength to withstand the force applied by the water should it become obstructed. NOTE: Consideration should be given to the method of isolation of the settling chamber for periodical cleaning and maintenance.
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46
Suction inlet drawing direct from source Where the suction inlet draws direct from the source, a walled area not smaller than that required for suction chambers (Clause 4.8.4.6) shall be provided. Where the wall extends above the surface of the water, apertures shall be provided and fitted with screens complying with the requirements of Clause 4.8.4.7(b). Where the top of the wall is below the surface of the water level, a screen shall be fitted between the top of the wall and the highest known water level. Such screens shall provide an area not less than that required in Clause 4.8.4.7(b) at the lowest known water level. Provision shall be made for access to the screens for cleaning.
TABLE 4.8.4.5 MINIMUM DEPTH OF WATER AND WIDTH OF OPEN CHANNELS AND WEIRS FOR CORRESPONDING INFLOWS millimetres Depth (d ) 250 Width W
500 Q max.
1 000
Width W
Q max.
Width W
Q max.
280 497 807
82 112 143
522 891 1 383
78 106 134
993 1 687 2 593
215 307 334
1 197 2 064 2 342
176 235 250
1 960 3 159 3 506
163 210 223
3 631 5 647 6 255
410 500 564
3 157 4 185 4 953
291 334 361
4 482 5 592 6 340
254 286 306
7 825 9 577 10 749
750 1 113 1 167
7 261 12 054 12 792
429 527 539
8 370 11 415 11 816
353 417 425
13 670 18 066 18 635
1 500 2 000 4 500
17 379 24 395 60 302
600 667 819
13 903 16 271 21 949
462 500 581
21 411 24 395 31 142
1 000
29 173
667 2 000
38 916 203 320
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88 125 167
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NOTE: For clarity, horizontal dimensions of chambers are shown longer than acceptable minimum.
FIGURE 4.8.4 MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR SUPPLIES FROM INEXHAUSTIBLE SOURCE
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4.9 PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIES 4.9.1 General Elevated private reservoirs, gravity tanks, and pump suction tanks, together with their inlet and outlet pipes, shall be adequately protected against freezing and, where the supply is not wholly enclosed within a tower, shall be covered in at the top in such a manner as to exclude daylight and solid matter. Each storage tank shall be provided with an overflow pipe of not less than 100 mm diameter, or such larger diameter related to the size and capacity of the inlet pipe as is necessary to provide the required air gap below the discharge point of the input pipe. Each storage tank shall be fitted with a device to indicate the depth of water. A permanent ladder or stairway, complying with AS 1657, shall be provided to permit access to the top of the tank. The water in the tank shall be clean and free from sediment. 4.9.2 Elevated private reservoirs Where an elevated private reservoir serves other than the sprinkler installation, for example, for trade and domestic purposes, the constant capacity shall be as follows:
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(a)
for Light Hazard class ..............................................................................500 000 L.
(b)
for Ordinary Hazard class ................................................................................1 ML.
(c)
for High Hazard class ......... 1 ML plus the stored capacity specified in Clause 11.2.2.
Pressure and flow tests to establish the adequacy of the water supply to the sprinkler system shall be carried out when the demand for other purposes is at its peak. NOTE: A reservoir of smaller capacity may be accepted if the conditions are considered to be exceptionally favourable.
4.9.3 Gravity tanks A gravity tank shall comply with the following requirements: (a)
The gravity tank shall have a capacity in accordance with Clause 4.7. NOTE: Should the capacity of the tank exceed the requirements of Clause 4.7, it is permissible to draw upon the surplus for other purposes by means of an outlet pipe on the side of the tank above the level of the quantity to be reserved for the sprinkler installation.
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(b)
The quantity of water required for the sprinkler installation shall be automatically maintained. If the tank forms the sole supply to the sprinkler system, the supply to the tank shall be capable of refilling the tank to the capacity required under Clause 4.7 within 6 h. If the rate of input of the supply to the tank is less than that required to refill it within 6 h, the capacity of the tank shall be increased by the amount of the shortfall.
4.10 TOWN MAINS 4.10.1 Direct supply from town mains Town mains directly supplying a sprinkler system shall comply with the following requirements: (a)
The main shall be capable of furnishing, under normal conditions, at all times of the day and night, the minimum pressure and flow requirements laid down in Clauses 9.3, 10.2 or 11.2, as appropriate.
(b)
Terminal mains or branch dead-end mains of less than DN 150 diameter shall not be used to supply Ordinary Hazard 3 and Ordinary Hazard Special or High Hazard class systems.
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AS 2118.1—1999
(c)
The town mains system shall be fed from a source of at least 1 ML capacity plus for the High Hazard class, the stored capacity given in Clause 11.2.2.2.
(d)
Any stop valves, apart from those under the control of the water supply authority, on the branch connection from the town main shall be secured open and under the control of the occupier of the building containing the installation.
4.10.2 Pump drawing from town mains 4.10.2.1 General A pump may draw directly from a town main, subject to the following: (a)
compliance with the requirements of the water supply authority; and
(b)
provided that the town main is capable of providing water at all times at the maximum flow rate of the pump; and
(c)
the combined output of the town main and pump meets the pressure and flow requirements for the system in accordance with Clause 4.5
There shall be a bypass around the pump with a back-pressure valve on the bypass. The bypass shall be at least the same diameter as the water supply connection to the pump. The diameter of the water supply connection to the pump shall be such that a velocity of 3.7 m/s is not exceeded when the pump is operating at maximum flow rate. Any branch taken off this supply connection for the purpose of tank filling shall be fitted with a back-pressure valve to prevent the entrainment of air (see Figure 4.10.2 for typical pressure and flow curves). 4.10.2.2 Fully hydraulically calculated systems For Ordinary Hazard and High Hazard systems the maximum flow rate of the pump shall be assumed to occur at the point of intersection of the pressure-flow demand characteristic of the most favourable area of operation and the water supply pressure-flow characteristic (combined output of pump and town main, with the town main at maximum pressure). For Light Hazard systems the maximum flow rate of the pump shall be taken to be 130% of the duty flow rate (see Clauses 9.3.6, 12.8.2.3 and AS 2941). 4.10.2.3 High Hazard partly pre-calculated systems For systems designed in accordance with Tables 11.4.2.2(A) to (C), the maximum flow rate of the pump shall be 150 percent of the flow rate given in Column 2 of Table 11.2.1 for the appropriate design density discharge.
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4.10.2.4 Ordinary hazard partly pre-calculated systems For systems designed in accordance with Table 10.4.2.2, the maximum flow rate of the pump shall be taken as the flow rate that is necessary for the combined output of pump and town main to satisfy the following formula: Q
=
K (P − h)
. . . 4.10
where Q
= rate of flow, in litres per minute
P
= pressure at pump discharge, in kPa with the town main at maximum pressure
h
= pressure equivalent of the height above the pump of the hydraulically most favourable area of operation, in kPa
K
= constant applicable to the appropriate hazard class as follows: OH1: 83, OH2: 145, OH3: 190, OH Special: 195
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NOTE: Figure 4.10.2 illustrates typical acceptable and unacceptable curves for pumps drawing from town mains. The curve marked ‘Pump characteristic at valves’ is the performance curve supplied by the pump manufacturer. The performance of a pump cannot be certified beyond these curves. Curves relate to pressure and flow only. Power requirements have not been considered.
4.11 PUMP INSTALLATIONS 4.11.1 General requirements Pumpsets shall be installed in accordance with AS 2941 and the following: (a)
Compression-ignition engine driven pumps shall be housed in a sprinkler-protected area. Electric motor driven pumps shall be housed in either— (i)
a sprinkler-protected area; or
(ii)
a separate building of non-combustible construction that shall be used for no other purpose than for the housing of fire protection water supplies.
NOTE: The installation of pump motors and electrical controls in pits, tunnels or the like may be permitted only in special cases.
(b)
Pumpsets shall be adequately protected against mechanical damage. The temperature of the room shall be maintained above 4°C and above 10°C where the compression-ignition type engines are used.
(c)
Where a pump house, which is required to be sprinkler-protected, is situated remote from the sprinkler-protected premises such that it is impracticable to supply the pump house sprinklers from the installation control assembly, the pump house sprinklers may be supplied from a point on the downstream side of the non-return valve on the supply pipe from the pump. The sprinkler supply connection shall be provided with a controlling stop valve locked in the open position fitted on the supply pipe to the sprinklers together with an alarm device with visible and audible indication of the operation of sprinklers provided at some suitable location, e.g. in the gatehouse or at the installation control assembly. A DN 15 drain valve shall be provided downstream of the flow alarm to permit a practical test of the alarm. NOTE: Where practicable, this alarm should also be connected to a fire brigade receiving centre or to a constantly attended monitoring service (see Clause 3.2).
Where operation of a pump is necessary to provide the pressure/flow requirements of the pumphouse sprinklers, pump starting shall be initiated by pressure sensors located on the pump discharge pipe.
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NOTE: Pump starting may be initiated if sensors are located downstream of remote installation control assemblies.
(d)
A stop valve, padlocked in the open position, shall be fitted in the suction pipe to permit removal of the pump without draining water from the supply.
(e)
Piping between the supply and the pump shall be arranged to prevent airlocks.
4.11.2 Pump operating conditions Because of the difficulties encountered in the automatic priming of pumps installed under suction lift conditions, sprinkler pumps shall be supplied with intake water under positive head. Pumps shall be considered to be under positive head when not more than 2 m depth or one third of the effective capacity of the stored water supply, whichever is the lesser quantity of water, is contained between the centre-line of the pump and the low water level X (see Clause 4.8.2).
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Where pumps draw from a natural unlimited water supply, such as a river, canal or lake, it shall be considered to be under positive head when the centre-line of the pump is located not less than 850 mm below the lowest known water level. 4.11.3 Suction piping
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Suction pipe diameter shall comply with AS 2941 and be not less than the suction inlet size of the pump. The position of the entry point to the suction piping shall conform to the dimensions given in Figures 4.8.2 and 4.8.3. Where more than one pump is provided, the suction pipes may be interconnected only where each individual pump suction inlet and each such pipe connection to the tank or tanks is fitted with a stop valve. The cross-connection pipe shall be at least equal in diameter to the individual pump suction pipes. NOTE: Any interconnected pump which is out of commission should be isolated from the system by closing the inlet suction valve, pressure relief valve and anti-overheating circulating pipe valve. Provision should be made to automatically prevent any operating pump from drawing air from any non-operating interconnected pump through — (a) the pump air vent pipes; (b) the pressure relief valve piping; and (c) the pump anti-overheating circulating pipe.
4.11.4 Performance requirements for pumps Pumpsets shall be capable of satisfying the flow and pressure requirements of any assumed areas of operation in the system under consideration, calculated at the lowest available suction pressure. NOTE: When selecting a pump, margin should be allowed for deterioration of at least 50 kPa in pump performance at system design flow.
Each pump driver shall be capable of meeting the power requirements of AS 2941. 4.12 PUMPSETS In addition to the requirements of AS 2941, pump sets shall comply with the following: (a)
Each pump shall be provided with a plate containing the following information: (i)
The pump impeller diameter.
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(ii)
The output pressure at zero suction lift at the nominal flow rate of the pump, i.e. the maximum flow rate of the system. Where the performance characteristic is achieved with an orifice plate not integral with the pump delivery, the pump name plate shall carry a reference to the fact that the performance given is that of the pump and orifice plate combination and reference shall be made to the orifice K factor, as follows: Q K= . . . 4.12 P where Q = rate of flow, in litres per minute P = net pressure drop across the orifice, in kilopascals (b)
Where provided, the orifice plate shall comply with the requirements of Clause 7.8.
(c)
Each pump controller shall be actuated by a separate pressure sensor located in the installation or trunk main and set to operate when the pressure in the installation has fallen to a value of not less than the highest design pressure requirement for the system. Where pressure sensors serve more than one installation, they shall be duplicated (wired in parallel) for each pump. Where more than one pump is provided, the pumps shall be arranged to start sequentially at a pressure not less than that stated above.
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AS 2118.1—1999
(d)
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A fall in water pressure in the sprinkler system, which is intended to initiate the automatic starting of the pump, shall at the same time provide a visible and audible alarm at some suitable location, e.g. in the gatehouse or at the installation control valves. The starting of the pump(s) shall not cause the cancellation of the alarm. NOTE: Where the pump is situated remote from the protected premises, visible and audible indication of the pump operation should be provided at some similar suitable location. This may share a common indicator with the demand alarm.
(e)
Facilities shall be provided to reduce the applied water pressure to each starting device to simulate the condition of automatic starting at the required pressure. A separate hydraulic circuit shall be provided for each starting device. This can take the form of a drain valve on the hydraulic connection to the pump-start pressure switch with the provision of suitable permanent drainage facilities. To enable the cut-in pressure to be judged accurately, the drain valve shall be fitted with an orifice plate to reduce the rate of pressure drop.
To facilitate testing and servicing, an isolating valve with a bypass shall be fitted on the hydraulic connection. The bypass shall incorporate a 3 mm orifice and a non-return valve allowing flow towards the main. A pressure gauge to indicate the pressure at which the pump starts shall be located between the isolating and drain valves so that it can be read during the pump starting test (see Figure 4.12.1).
NOTE:
Broken lines indicate ‘where required’.
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FIGURE 4.12.1 TYPICAL PRESSURE SWITCH TEST ARRANGEMENT
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AS 2118.1—1999
FIGURE 4.10.2 (in part) TYPICAL PRESSURE AND FLOW CURVES FOR PUMPS DRAWING FROM TOWN MAINS
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FIGURE 4.10.2 (in part) TYPICAL PRESSURE AND FLOW CURVES FOR PUMPS DRAWING FROM TOWN MAINS
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AS 2118.1—1999
FIGURE 4.10.2 (in part) TYPICAL PRESSURE AND FLOW CURVES FOR PUMPS DRAWING FROM TOWN MAINS
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4.13 PRESSURE TANKS 4.13.1 General Pressure tanks are acceptable as a sole supply only for Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard 1 classes, subject to the requirements of Clause 4.3.2 for Grade 3 water supplies and Clause 4.3.3(d) for Grade 2 water supplies. For Ordinary Hazard 2, 3 and Special, pressure tanks are acceptable only as one source of a Grade 1 water supply.
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Pressure tanks are not permitted in High Hazard class. 4.13.2 Special requirements Pressure tanks shall comply with the following requirements: (a) Pressure tanks shall be housed in a readily accessible position in a sprinkler-protected building of non-combustible construction used for no purpose other than for the housing of fire protection water supplies. The tank shall be adequately protected against mechanical damage. The temperature of the room shall be maintained above 4°C. Where the pressure tank enclosure is required to be sprinkler-protected and is situated remote from the sprinkler-protected premises such that it is impracticable to supply the pressure tank enclosure sprinklers from the installation control assembly, the sprinklers may be supplied from a point on the downstream side of the non-return valve on the supply pipe from the pressure tank. The sprinkler supply connection shall be provided with a controlling stop valve locked in the open position and fitted on the supply pipe to the sprinklers, together with an alarm device with visible and audible indication of the operation of sprinklers provided at some suitable location, e.g. in the gatehouse or at the installation control assembly. A 15 mm drain valve shall be provided downstream of the flow alarm to permit a practical test of the alarm. (b) Where used as a Grade 3 water supply, the pressure tank shall be provided with an arrangement for maintaining automatically the required air pressure and water level in the tank under non-fire conditions. The arrangement shall include an automatic warning system that indicates failure of the devices to restore the correct air pressure and water level within a reasonable period, the indication being given both visibly and audibly at some suitable location, e.g. in the gatehouse or at the installation control assembly. Power for this warning system shall be independent of the power supply to that feeding the air compressor and water pump supplying the tank. (c) Where a pressure tank is used as part of a Grade 1 supply, the same arrangements specified in (b) above shall apply, or daily inspections shall be carried out to verify water level and air pressure, and any deficiencies found shall be immediately rectified. (d) The pressure tank shall be fitted with air pressure gauges in duplicate and a gauge glass to show the level of the water. The second air pressure gauge may be omitted where the air pressure is automatically maintained. Normally-closed stop valves shall be fitted on both connections to the gauge glass. Stop valves and back-pressure valves shall be provided on both the water and air supply connections to the tank and shall be fixed as close to the tank as practicable. (e) Safety valves fitted to pressure tanks shall be fixed in such a position that the valve seating is water-sealed. A connection to the valve from the air space above the waterline shall be provided to permit the rapid escape of air in the event of the valve opening. The setting of the safety valve for the correct working pressure shall be carried out by the installing engineers and the valve shall be so constructed that it can be tested without the setting being interfered with. The setting mechanism shall be protected against alteration by unauthorized persons. The outlet from the relief valve shall be an open end so that any leakage will be readily detected. © Standards Australia
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(f)
AS 2118.1—1999
The minimum quantity of water to be maintained in the tank shall be as follows: (i)
(ii)
When a Grade 2 supply — (A)
Light Hazard ..................................................................... 23 000 L; and
(B)
Ordinary Hazard .......................................................................46 000 L.
When one source of a Grade 1 supply — (A)
Light Hazard ..............................................................................15 000 L; and
(B)
Ordinary Hazard all groups ............................................................... 30 000 L.
Where a number of installation control assemblies are sited together, and all are associated with installations of the same hazard class, this testing facility is only necessary on one installation control assembly, provided that it is fitted to the valve which has the highest demand. Where more than one hazard class is involved, whether on the same or separate installation, control assemblies testing facilities shall be provided to enable the full range of flows to be measured, except this requirement may be waived where it is demonstrated that the lower pressure and flow requirements are satisfied. NOTE: Care should be taken, when water supplies are marginal, to ensure that pressure losses in the drainpipe are not so high as to restrict the flow across the testing facility below the required test pressure and flow. This applies particularly where the required flow rate is high, or where the highest sprinklers are below the installation gauge or only slightly above it.
(g)
The proportion of air in the tank shall be not less than one-third (see Table 4.13.2). The air pressure (gauge) to be maintained in the tank shall be determined from the following formulas, as appropriate: (i)
Where the tank is above the highest sprinkler— P=
(ii)
( P1 + P 2 ) − P1 R
. . . 4.13(1)
Where the tank is below the highest sprinkler— P=
( P1 + P 2 + 9.79H) − P1 R
. . . 4.13(2)
where P =gauge pressure to be maintained in tank, in kilopascals P1 =atmospheric pressure (assume 100 kPa)
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P2 =minimum pressure required at the highest sprinklers when all the water is expelled from the tank, i.e. Light Hazard:.......................................................................... 190 kPa Ordinary Hazard: OH 1......................................................................................... 70 kPa OH 2....................................................................................... 110 kPa OH 3....................................................................................... 140 kPa OH Special ............................................................................. 170 kPa Plus, in each case, the pressure loss (at the maximum rate of flow for the appropriate hazard class specified in Clauses 9.3 and 10.2) in the piping, including all valves, between the outlet from the pressure tank and the installation gauge, or 30 kPa, whichever is the greater.
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H =height between the highest sprinkler and the tank base, in metres R=
A1
volume of air in tank total volume of tank
NOTE: Table 4.13.2 indicates the required working air pressure for tanks having proportions of air in the tank of one-third, one-half and two-thirds, and where, under the maximum rate of flow for the appropriate hazard class specified in Clauses 9.3 and 10.2, the loss of pressure in the piping, including all valves, between the outlet from the pressure tank and the installation gauge, does not exceed 30 kPa.
C4.13.2 Pressure tanks need to be examined thoroughly every three years for cleaning and painting on both internal and external surfaces (see AS 1851 series for fire protection maintenance). Pressure tanks are subject to inspections by the relevant authority.
TABLE 4.13.2 MINIMUM AIR PRESSURE IN PRESSURE TANKS
Proportion of air in tank
Minimum air pressure to be maintained in tank when base is level with highest sprinkler, kPa
Add for each metre of part thereof where tank is below highest sprinkler, kPa
Light
One-third One-half Two-thirds
860 540 380
30 20 15
Ordinary 1
One-third One-half Two-thirds
500 300 200
30 20 15
Ordinary 2
One-third One-half Two-thirds
620 380 260
30 20 15
Ordinary 3
One-third One-half Two-thirds
710 440 330
30 20 15
Ordinary Special
One-third One-half Two-thirds
800 500 350
30 20 15
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Hazard class
4.14 PROVING OF WATER SUPPLIES Facilities shall be provided on each sprinkler system to test the water supplies to verify that they satisfy the calculated pressure and flow requirements of the installed system. The flow measuring device shall be either a proprietary device installed in accordance with the manufacturers instructions or a differential device manufactured and installed in accordance with the requirements of BS 1042. The flow measuring device shall be installed at any point on the system downstream of the datum point to which the hydraulic calculations are referenced. The test pressure gauge shall be installed at or immediately adjacent to the system hydraulic calculation datum point. © Standards Australia
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AS 2118.1—1999
C4.14 On systems with town main water supplies only and without booster pumps it is usually convenient to locate the flow measuring device immediately downstream of the alarm valve and use the installation gauge as the pressure test gauge and the hydraulic calculation datum.
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Where pumps are installed the hydraulic calculation datum is usually at the pump discharge and it is usually more convenient to install the flow measuring device somewhere on the pumped supply upstream of any installation control assemblies. This has the advantage of preventing back flow from the installation inflating the flow readings during testing.
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AS 2118.1—1999
S E CT I ON
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5
S P ACI NG AND S P RI NKLE RS
LOC AT I ON
OF
5.1 STANDARD SPACING The maximum area coverage per sprinkler and maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows of sprinklers shall be as specified for the class of hazard (see Clauses 9.4, 10.3 and 11.3, and Figure 5.1). 5.2 STAGGERED SPACING Where sprinklers are required to be staggered (see Clause 5.4.4), the arrangements shall be uniform. The distance from the end sprinkler to the wall or partition in each alternate row shall be one-fourth of the design sprinkler spacing down the row; the spacing of the next sprinkler in the same row shall be three-fourths of the design spacing (see Figure 5.2). 5.3 MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN SPRINKLERS Sprinklers shall not be spaced closer than 2 m, except where intervening constructional features provide a satisfactory baffle or where special baffles are installed in order to prevent the first operating sprinkler from wetting adjacent sprinklers. Baffles shall be 200 mm wide × 150 mm high and preferably of sheet metal. They shall be located approximately midway between sprinklers and arranged to baffle the actuating elements. The top of the baffles shall extend above the sprinkler deflectors by 50 mm to 75 mm. 5.4 LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS (OTHER THAN SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS) 5.4.1 General In addition to limitations specified for the maximum area coverage per sprinkler and the maximum distance between sprinklers (see Clause 5.1), sprinklers shall be so located that there will be minimal interference to the discharge pattern by structural members such as beams, columns, girders and trusses (see Clauses 5.4.4, 5.4.5, 5.4.6 and 5.4.7) or any other obstructing feature. Sprinklers shall also be located at the appropriate distance below ceiling and beams, as required by Clause 5.4.3. 5.4.2 Walls and partitions
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Except as provided for in Clause 5.2, the distance of sprinklers from walls or partitions shall be as specified for the appropriate hazard class (see Clauses 9.4.4, 10.3.3 or 11.3.3). For open-joisted ceilings or where the roof has exposed common rafters, the distances from walls and partitions referred to in Clauses 9.4.4, 10.3.3 or 11.3.3, as appropriate, shall not exceed 1.5 m. Sprinklers shall be placed not more than 1.5 m from external walls where these are constructed of — (a)
combustible material;
(b)
fibrous cement or metal, with combustible lining in either case; or
(c)
metal (whether on wood or metal frame and with or without combustible lining) protected with a coating of bitumen, tar or pitch, or with material impregnated or treated with bitumen, tar or pitch.
Open-faced buildings shall have sprinklers not more than 1.5 m from the open face. © Standards Australia
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FIGURE 5.1 STANDARD SPACING
NOTE: Illustration shows acceptable staggered arrangement for Ordinary Hazard where it is desired to space sprinklers more than 4.2 m apart on range pipes.
FIGURE 5.2 STAGGERED SPACING www.standards.com.au
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5.4.3 Ceilings, roofs and underside of stairs The following requirements apply to sprinklers located below ceilings, roofs and stairs. (a)
Sprinkler deflectors shall be parallel to any slope of the ceiling, roof or underside of stairs.
(b)
Spacing measurements shall be taken horizontally.
(c)
When fitted under a sloping surface which is greater than 1 in 3, a line of sprinklers shall be fitted at the apex unless there is a row of sprinklers at a radial distance not greater than 750 mm from the apex.
(d)
Sprinklers shall not be recessed in ceilings unless specifically manufactured for such mounting.
(e)
Sprinklers shall be located not more than 300 mm below combustible or frangible ceilings or roofs.
(f)
Sprinklers shall be located not more than 450 mm below ceilings or roofs containing no combustible material. Where combustible sarking, insulation or linings, or similar, are installed below ceilings or roofs, such ceilings or roofs shall be deemed to be combustible.
(g)
For open joists and exposed common rafter construction, measurements shall be taken from the underside of joists or rafters.
(h)
Deflectors shall be not more than 150 mm below joists of open-joist ceilings.
(i)
Measurements in Items (e) and (f) above for arched ceilings or ceilings of irregular shape shall be taken from the highest point in the ceiling.
C5.4.3 Where practical, as in the case of underdrawn ceilings, sprinklers should be located such that the deflectors are within 75 mm and 150 mm of the ceiling. This usually assures best response of the sprinkler. 5.4.4 Beams and joists Light fittings, bulkheads and ducts in close proximity to the ceiling shall be treated as beams or joists.
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Where deflectors of sprinklers are above the level of the bottom of the beams or joists (because of the limitation imposed by Clause 5.4.3), the sprinklers shall be at such distances therefrom, that undue interference with the sprinkler discharge pattern is avoided. NOTE: Table 5.4.4 and Figure 5.4.4(A) indicate the minimum horizontal distances for sprinklers— (a) from the side of a beam or joist in relation to the height of the deflector; and (b) above the bottom of the beam or joist. Figures 5.4.4(B) and 5.4.4(C) give examples of these distances.
Where the depth of the beam or joist (c) (see Figure 5.4.4(A)) exceeds 300 mm (combustible ceilings) or 450 mm (non-combustible ceilings) and it is impracticable to position sprinklers at the required distance from the side of the beam, the beam shall be treated as a wall in so far as the sprinklers in the adjoining bay are concerned. Where the depth of beams (or joists) is such that the dimensions specified in Table 5.4.4 cannot be complied with and the beams (or joists) are spaced closer than 1.8 m measured from centre-to-centre of beam, the sprinklers shall be stagger-spaced (see Clause 5.2). NOTE: Where beams of the above depth are spaced closer than 1.2 m, they should be underdrawn with substantial non-combustible material.
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TABLE 5.4.4 DISTANCES FROM BEAMS AND JOISTS FOR STANDARD SPRINKLERS (see Note) millimetres Maximum height of sprinkler deflector above bottom of beam or joist (b) Minimum horizontal distance from sprinkler to side of beam or joist (a)
Conventional sprinklers installed upright
Spray sprinklers (upright and pendent types) and conventional sprinklers installed pendent
100 200 400
— 17 34
17 40 100
600 800 1 000
51 68 90
200 300 415
1 200 1 400 1 600
135 200 265
460 460 460
1 800
340
460
NOTE: For sidewall sprinklers, see Table 5.5.1.
5.4.5 Columns Sprinklers shall be spaced well clear of columns. Where individual sprinklers are placed within 600 mm of the face of any column, the obstruction to the distribution of water from that sprinkler shall be compensated for by placing a sprinkler within 1.8 m of the opposite face of the column. 5.4.6 Girders Sprinklers shall be not less than 1.2 m from any girder with a top flange exceeding 200 mm nominal width. Where the top flange of a girder does not exceed 200 mm nominal width, sprinklers may be located directly over the girder, provided that the sprinkler deflectors are not less than 150 mm above the top of the girder. 5.4.7 Roof trusses
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Sprinklers shall be not less than 300 mm laterally from truss members that are 100 mm nominal or less in width. Where widths exceed 100 mm nominal, the sprinklers shall be not less than 600 mm laterally therefrom. Where range pipes pass above or through trusses, the sprinklers may be located on the centre-line of the truss if the truss members are not more than 200 mm nominal in width and the sprinkler deflectors are 150 mm above the truss member. When sprinklers are located alongside truss members, the distance of the sprinkler deflectors therefrom shall be in accordance with Table 5.4.4. 5.4.8 Clear space below sprinklers Except as provided in Clauses 11.1.3.4(b) and 11.1.3.6(d) a clear space not less than 500 mm shall always be maintained below the level of the sprinkler deflectors throughout the room. For high piled combustible stock, clearance not less than 1 m shall be provided. Roof trusses shall at all times be accessible to water discharged from the sprinklers. Where sloping ceilings or roofs are concerned, stored goods may follow the slope, provided that the above clearances are maintained. www.standards.com.au
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FIGURE 5.4.4(A) SPRINKLER DISTANCES FROM BEAMS AND JOISTS
FIGURE 5.4.4 (B) CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLERS INSTALLED UPRIGHT
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AS 2118.1—1999
FIGURE 5.4.4 (C) SPRAY SPRINKLERS (UPRIGHT AND PENDENT TYPES) AND CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLERS INSTALLED PENDENT
5.5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS 5.5.1 General The following requirements shall apply to the spacing and location of sidewall sprinklers:
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(a)
The sprinklers (see Clauses 1.6.24(f) and 6.2.1(f)) shall be mounted with their deflectors not more than 150 mm and not less than 100 mm from the ceiling.
(b)
The centre-line of the sprinklers shall be not less than 50 mm and not more than 150 mm from the wall face on which they are mounted.
(c)
There shall be no obstruction at the ceiling within an area extending along the wall 1 m on each side of a sprinkler and 1.8 m at right angles to the wall.
(d)
Beams on any boundary of this area shall not exceed a depth of 100 mm.
(e)
If sprinklers are mounted closer to beams than the distances specified in Table 5.5.1, the bays formed shall be separately protected.
5.5.2 Maximum spacing of sidewall sprinklers The spacing of sidewall sprinklers along the walls and from endwalls shall be appropriate to the hazard class (see Clauses 9.4.4 or 10.3).
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TABLE 5.5.1 DISTANCE FROM SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS TO BEAMS Maximum depth of beam
Minimum distance from sprinkler to side of beam, m
mm
In direction at right angles to wall
In direction parallel to wall
100 125 150
1.8 2.1 2.4
1.0 1.2 1.5
175 200
2.7 3.0
1.6 1.8
5.5.3 Distance between rows of sprinklers The distance between rows of sprinklers shall comply with the following requirements: (a)
Rooms not exceeding 3.7 m in width shall have a minimum of one row of sprinklers along the length of the room.
(b)
Rooms exceeding 3.7 m but not exceeding 7.4 m in width shall have one row of sprinklers at each side along the length of the room.
(c)
In rooms exceeding 7.4 m in width, conventional, spray or ceiling type sprinklers shall be provided centrally positioned under the ceiling to supplement the sidewall sprinklers.
(d)
In rooms exceeding 9.2 m in length (Light Hazard) or 7.4 m in length (Ordinary Hazard), the sprinklers shall be regularly staggered so that they face midway between the sprinklers on the opposing wall.
5.6 LOCATIONS OR CONDITIONS INVOLVING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION (SUPPLEMENTARY PROTECTION) 5.6.1 Concealed spaces
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All concealed spaces between ceilings and roofs or floors above, and spaces below false floors, shall be protected using 10 mm nominal size sprinklers to a maximum coverage of 21 m2 per sprinkler and spaced not more than 4.6 m apart nor more than 2.3 m from compartmental boundaries, with the following exceptions and provisions: (a)
Concealed spaces less than 200 mm in depth measured from the top of the ceiling material, or the floor to the underside of the structure above, need not be protected.
(b)
Concealed spaces need not be protected if they are constructed entirely of noncombustible material and contain only— (i)
fire-resistant cables to AS/NZS 3000;
(ii)
non-bundled electrical wiring and lighting installed in accordance with AS/NZS 3000;
(iii)
piping; and
(iv)
metal ducting with flexible connections and insulation complying with AS 4254.
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(c)
Concealed spaces not exceeding 800 mm in depth, otherwise requiring protection, with the roof or floor above of concrete, and with fire and draft stops provided at intervals not exceeding 15 m in each direction, need not be sprinkler-protected.
(d)
Any concealed space not requiring protection under Item (a), (b) or (c) above, and which contains electrical motors, electric heating coils or other heat-producing equipment shall have a sprinkler installed within 1.5 m of such equipment.
(e)
Any concealed space having readily accessible permanent access, or capable of being used either intermittently or permanently as a storage area shall be protected by sprinklers.
(f)
Concealed spaces not requiring protection under Items (a) and (b) above shall not communicate with other concealed spaces requiring protection. Separation shall be achieved at least by fire and draft stops (see Clause 1.6.8).
(g)
All concealed spaces above ceilings constructed of materials that will readily deform or collapse under fire conditions, for example, vinyl, acrylic, polyurethane and polystyrene plastics, shall be sprinkler-protected in accordance with the hazard area, as specified in Clauses 5.6.2 to 5.6.17. Sprinkler protection may be omitted from below the ceiling only where the ceiling is designed to deform and collapse (see Clause 5.7.4).
NOTE: While some minor quantities of combustible material such as data or communication wiring may be present in some concealed spaces it should not be construed as requiring sprinkler protection. There is no defined limit to the quantities of such wiring that may be present before sprinkler protection is required; however, if bundles of non-fire-resistant cables are present, the space should be treated as having a combustible content and should be protected accordingly.
5.6.2 Spaces under ground floors
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All spaces below a ground floor shall be sprinkler-protected using 10 mm nominal size sprinklers to a maximum coverage of 21 m2 per sprinkler and spaced not more than 4.6 m apart nor more than 2.3 m from compartmental boundaries, with the following exceptions and provisions: (a)
Spaces under floors less than 800 mm in depth, measured to the underside of the structure above, need not be protected.
(b)
Spaces under imperforate floors not accessible for storage purposes nor to unauthorized personnel, and constructed so as to prevent the accumulation of debris, need not be protected.
(c)
Spaces under floors constructed entirely of non-combustible material and used to house only electrical wiring and lighting installed to AS/NZS 3000, with piping or metal ducting with any flexible connections and insulation complying with AS 4254 need not be protected.
(d)
Any space not requiring protection under Item (a), (b) or (c) above, and which contains electrical motors, electric heating coils or other heat producing equipment, shall have a sprinkler installed within 1.5 m of such equipment.
(e)
Spaces under floors used either intermittently or permanently as a storage area shall be protected by sprinklers suitable for the hazard.
5.6.3 Hydraulic design— Concealed spaces Where sprinkler protection is required in concealed and under floor spaces to satisfy the requirements of Clauses 5.6.1 and 5.6.2, it shall be hydraulically designed in accordance with the requirements of Section 9.
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5.6.4 Machinery pits and production lines Machinery pits and the underside of production lines, where waste may collect, shall be protected. 5.6.5 Hoists, lift shafts, building services shafts and enclosed chutes Sprinklers shall be installed in all hoists, lift shafts, service shafts and chutes that are inside or in communication with buildings. The positioning of the sprinklers shall be as follows: (a)
Hoists, lift shafts and sheave rooms Sprinklers shall be installed in the top and base of each hoist and lift shaft. Sprinklers installed in lift shafts and sheave rooms shall be protected by stout metal guards and shall have a temperature rating of not less than 100°C in accordance with the appropriate part of AS 1735.
(b)
Building services shafts Shafts housing air-handling ducts and other building services that are not sealed at each floor level and are provided with access panels or doors shall have sprinklers fitted at vertical intervals of 15 m in addition to that at the head of the shaft.
(c)
Chutes Chutes for disposal of refuse, soiled linen, and similar, shall have a sprinkler in the head of each chute. Chutes in buildings exceeding two storeys in height shall have a sprinkler fitted at each alternate level in addition to that at the head of the chute.
All sprinklers installed in chutes and shafts shall be protected from mechanical damage and shall be fitted, where necessary, with a suitable baffle in order to prevent the first operating sprinkler from wetting the lower sprinklers. 5.6.6 Elevators, rope or strap races, exhaust ducts, gearing boxes and dust receivers A sprinkler shall be fitted in the box at the top of every elevator (other than those of the pneumatic type or those that comprise a slow moving endless chain fitted with rings, loops or forks, capable of functioning only when the elevator is full). The sprinkler in each case shall be so placed as to command the head and both legs or shafts of the elevator. Sprinklers shall be fitted internally in all rope or strap races, enclosed belt or shaft machine drives and gearing box compartments. Where exhaust fans are installed within ducts conveying dust or refuse, a sprinkler shall be fitted inside the duct immediately downstream of the fan. To prevent obstruction and mechanical damage, the sprinkler shall be recessed within a purpose-built metal box mounted on the duct. Sprinklers shall not be installed on the underside of the ducts.
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Sprinklers shall be fitted in dust cyclones, collection chambers and boxes where these are— (a)
housed within the protected building;
(b)
erected outside and directly above the protected building unless the roof is of non-combustible construction; or
(c)
external to but connected with and closely adjacent to the protected buildings.
Where dust cyclones, collection chambers and boxes are erected above non-combustible roofs or where they are situated remote from the protected buildings, at least one sprinkler shall be fitted inside the trunking where it leaves the protected building. 5.6.7 Corn, rice, provender and oil mills Sprinklers shall be fitted in corn, rice, provender and oil mills as follows: (a)
Sprinklers shall be fitted not more than 3 m apart inside all dust trunks that are more than 30° from the vertical and constructed of combustible materials.
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(b)
A sprinkler shall be fitted at the head of every dust trunk.
(c)
Where centrifugals or similar machines are placed one above another in tiers as shown in Figure 5.6.7 and are less than 1 m from each other, sprinklers shall be fitted in the spaces as shown.
FIGURE 5.6.7 MACHINES IN TIERS
5.6.8 Bins and silos All bins and silos of combustible construction with a plan area in excess of 9 m2 for the storage of flour, bran, or other similar material that has undergone any process of reduction (in such premises as flour mills, granaries, oil mills or distilleries), or for the storage of sawdust, wood flour, pulverized coal and similar easily ignitable materials that can be extinguished by water, shall be internally protected by sprinklers on the basis of one sprinkler per 9 m2 of the bin or silo area (see also Clause 10.3.1). NOTE: If the bin or silo contains materials that will swell when wet and, thereby, incur the risk of bursting, exemption from this Clause may be allowed.
5.6.9 Escalators Sprinklers shall be fitted under the escalator and in the escalator boot and motor space. Where limited space prevents this, sprinklers shall be fitted in any surrounding ceiling or floor space immediately adjacent to the escalator. These sprinklers shall be fitted regardless of the provisions of Clauses 5.6.1 and 5.6.2.
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5.6.10 Canopies Sprinklers shall be installed under all canopies where goods are stored or handled or where the dividing wall between the canopy and the building has an FRL less than –/30/30. Notwithstanding the requirements of Clauses 3.1.1.2 and 3.1.1.3, in the case of canopies of non-combustible construction less than 2.5 m in width over pedestrian walkways, sprinklers may be omitted. 5.6.11 Roof overhang Any roof overhang exceeding 1.5 m in width shall be treated as a canopy. Roof overhangs that extend from sprinkler-protected areas and project over the roof of adjoining sprinklerprotected areas and are not opposed to an exposure hazard (see Clause 3.1.2) need not be protected. 5.6.12 Exterior docks and platforms Sprinklers shall be installed under exterior docks and loading platforms of wholly or partially combustible construction, except where such spaces are completely sealed against the accumulation of debris. www.standards.com.au
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5.6.13 Covered balconies Covered balconies that exceed 6 m2 floor area and have a depth in excess of 2 m shall be sprinkler-protected. 5.6.14 Enclosed paint lines, drying ovens, drying enclosures Sprinkler protection shall be provided inside enclosed paint lines, drying ovens and drying enclosures. Sidewall sprinklers (see Clause 5.5) may be used for this purpose. NOTE: Where practicable, sprinklers in ambient temperatures above 70°C should be on a dry system, or the feed pipes thereto should rise up to the sprinklers or groups of sprinklers so as to restrict the thermal circulation of the heated water in the pipes.
5.6.15 Spray booths Sprinkler protection shall be provided inside spray booths and connected exhaust ducts. Sprinklers installed within spray booths and connected exhaust ducts shall be protected against the accumulation of residue from spraying operations by a liberal coating of petroleum jelly and paper bags which shall be cleaned off and renewed as often as may be necessary to prevent the formation of a hard deposit on the sprinklers and so preserve their efficiency. Plastic bags or other protective covering shall not be used for this purpose. 5.6.16 Oil and flammable liquid hazards Sprinkler protection shall be provided for all oil and flammable liquid hazards. NOTES: 1 Examples of such hazards include dip tanks and oil-filled electrical transformers. 2 It is recognized that in certain cases modified or supplementary protection may be required where extensive storage, handling or processing equipment such as large dip tanks, varnish kettles, reactors or oil-filled electrical transformers are employed. In these cases medium or high velocity sprayers or other arrangements may be employed in lieu of or in conjunction with sprinklers, provided that adequate water supplies are available (see also Table 11.1.2). 3 Electricity supply authorities may not permit sprinklers in the vicinity of transformers installed on private property.
5.6.17 Commercial type cooking equipment and associated ventilation systems
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Sprinkler protection shall be provided under hoods, and above cooking equipment and associated ventilation systems designed to carry away grease-laden vapours. Sprinklers shall be located not more than 3.6 m apart under hoods, 4 m apart in horizontal ducts, and at the head of all rising ducts. The first sprinkler in a horizontal duct shall be installed adjacent to the duct entrance (see Figures 5.6.17(A) and 5.6.17(B)). The system shall be designed so that a cooking surface fire will operate the sprinklers protecting the cooking surface prior to or simultaneously with those protecting the connected ductwork. This may be accomplished by installing sprinklers in the ducts at least one temperature rating higher than those protecting the cooking surface, but in any event, not less than 182°C. Deep fat fryers shall have one spray pattern sprinkler centred longitudinally over each single or pair of fryers. Such sprinklers shall operate at not less than 200 kPa and shall have their frames parallel to the front edge of the hood. Their deflectors shall be located at least 25 mm below the lower edge of the hood and not less than 600 mm nor more than 1.2 m above and parallel to the cooking surface.
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FIGURE 5.6.17(A) TYPICAL KITCHEN COOKING ARRANGEMENT (A) SHOWING LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS
AS 2118.1—1999
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NOTE: Multiple ducts from canopy need not be sprinkler protected if the common plenum duct is used.
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FIGURE 5.6.17(B) TYPICAL KITCHEN COOKING ARRANGEMENT (B) SHOWING EXPLODED VIEW OF SPRINKLER LOCATION
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Sprinklers protecting the surrounding area shall be arranged so that they do not cause water to fall into deep fat fryers. Where this is accomplished by the provision of a shield or unducted hood over the deep fat fryer, such shield or hood shall be placed above the shroud protecting the deep fat fryer and shall be so located that it will not interfere with sprinkler discharge. NOTE: Piping, as far as is practicable, should not be exposed under cooking equipment hoods, and care should be taken to comply with the requirements of the local health authority. A1
C5.6.17 Modern commercial cooking facilities may require proprietary fire suppression systems due to the increased hazard of high-temperature cooking oils and improved insulation in deep fat fryers. Therefore, sprinkler protection may be inadequate and the provision of listed range hood and duct systems should be considered. 5.6.18 Air-handling plant 5.6.18.1 Location of sprinklers In air-handling plants sprinklers shall be located throughout — (a)
the return air/fresh air plenum;
(b)
the chambers on each side of any filter bank; and
(c)
the fan/motor chamber.
NOTE: See Clause 6.5 for information regarding temperature ratings of sprinklers.
5.6.18.2 Exceptions Sprinklers may be omitted from air-handling plants that have an external plan area less than 12 m2 and an external height less than 2 m. Sprinklers shall not be installed in fan/motor chambers through which spill air is designed to pass under fire conditions in accordance with AS/NZS 1668.1. 5.6.19 Computer and other electronic equipment areas 5.6.19.1 Location of sprinklers Sprinkler protection shall be provided in areas where computers or other electronic equipment are installed. 5.6.19.2 Raised floor spaces The space beneath any raised floor shall be treated in accordance with Clause 5.6.1. 5.7 OBSTRUCTIONS BELOW SPRINKLERS
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5.7.1 General Where obstructions below sprinklers are such that the operation of sprinklers could be delayed or effective distribution of water from the sprinklers could be impaired, sprinklers shall be mounted below such obstructions in accordance with Clauses 5.7.2 to 5.7.8. 5.7.2 Overhead platforms Sprinklers shall be installed below internal overhead platforms, heating panels, galleries, walkways, stagings, stairs and stairways and chutes exceeding 800 mm wide and closer than 150 mm to adjacent walls. Where the clearance from adjacent walls exceeds 150 mm, sprinklers shall be fitted below any such structure that exceeds 1 m in width.
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5.7.3 Ducts and bulkheads Sprinklers shall be installed under rectangular ducts exceeding 800 mm in width and under circular ducts exceeding 1 m in diameter unless there is at least 150 mm clearance from adjacent walls in which case the width without protection may be 1 m and 1.2 m respectively. Where a duct is erected with the top of the duct less than 500 mm below the ceiling or roof, it shall be regarded as a beam and the requirements of Clauses 5.4.4 and 5.4.5 shall apply (see also Clause 5.4.8). 5.7.4 Suspended ceilings Sprinklers shall be installed below suspended ceilings, for example, in connection with diffused lighting, except where the ceiling construction does not impair the effective water distribution from the sprinklers above (see also Clause 5.6.1). 5.7.5 Suspended open grid ceilings Sprinkler protection shall be provided above (see Clause 5.6.1) and below suspended open grid ceilings to the appropriate hazard classification. Sprinklers may be omitted from below open grid ceilings with the appropriate hazard classification installed above the grid, provided that— (a)
the minimum dimension of the openings in the grid is not less than 25 mm or the vertical thickness of the suspended ceiling, whichever is the greater;
(b)
suspended open grid ceilings in Light and Ordinary Hazard occupancies do not involve storage areas;
(c)
the open area of the ceiling grid is not less than 70% of the total plan area;
(d)
where services are installed within the grid ceiling, such as light fittings, these features do not reduce the open area to less than 60%;
(e)
only spray sprinklers are used;
(f)
the vertical distance between sprinkler deflectors and the top of the ceiling grid is not less than 800 mm; and
(g)
Wherever obstructions above the ceiling grid would cause interference to the sprinkler discharge pattern, the sprinkler is located in accordance with the provisions of Section 5.
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C5.7.5 Suspended open grid ceilings normally have a regular open cell construction recurring throughout their design and are usually fitted for aesthetic reasons within commercial buildings. When installed they should not prevent the effective operation of the sprinkler system. 5.7.6 Hoods over papermaking machines The underside of hoods or shields over the dry ends of papermaking machines shall be sprinkler protected. Sidewall sprinklers (see Clause 5.5) may be used for this purpose. 5.7.7 Storage racks Sprinklers shall be fitted in such positions as to afford efficient protection to goods stored in racks (see Clause 11.1.3). 5.7.8 Storage fixtures of solid and slatted shelved construction Storage fixtures wider than 2 m shall be fitted with sprinklers at each shelf level.
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AS 2118.1—1999
Storage racks and fixtures wider than 1.2 m but not wider than 2 m shall be— (a)
fitted with sprinklers; or
(b)
fitted with bulkheads that shall divide the fixture into areas not exceeding 9 m2, with the distance between bulkheads not exceeding 6 m, provided that the total storage height does not exceed the values given in Table 11.1.3.2(B). Such bulkheads shall be tight partitions extending from front to rear faces and from top to bottom of the storage spaces. They shall be constructed from one of the following materials: (i)
15 mm tongued and grooved timber.
(ii)
13 mm hardboard.
(iii)
16 mm chipboard.
(iv)
7 mm flexible fibre cement sheeting.
(v)
0.6 mm steel sheet.
NOTE: Sprinkler protection may also be required for work tables, the undersides of which are used for the housing of motive power, or, under which process waste of combustible nature may accumulate.
5.8 FILM AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION STUDIOS 5.8.1 Overhead platforms and walkways Sprinklers shall be fitted on the underside of overhead platforms or walkways including those for lighting or other equipment, whether slatted or not, together with stairs thereto, if they exceed 800 mm in width, provided that this shall not apply to temporary platforms in connection with sets. 5.8.2 Concealed spaces and cavities Concealed spaces or cavities between walls and combustible linings, which exceed 100 mm in width, and those between roofs and combustible linings, which exceed 100 mm in depth, shall be fitted with sprinklers. Electric cables may be used, provided that the wiring is either in screwed steel conduit or is mineral-insulated metal-sheathed cable. 5.9 THEATRES AND MUSIC HALLS (PROTECTION ON THE STAGE SIDE OF THE PROSCENIUM WALL)
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In addition to the normal sprinkler protection of the roof, sprinklers shall be placed under the gridiron, under the flies, under the stage and in every portion on the stage side of the proscenium wall. Where the provision of a line of open drenchers or open sprinklers on a fixed fire curtain is required, the control assemblies shall be of the quick-opening type and shall be located in a readily accessible position. Where the water supply to these open drenchers or sprinklers is taken from the sprinkler system, the pressure and flow requirements shall be added to the normal system requirements. 5.10 COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSE 5.10.1 General Wet type sprinkler systems are permitted to protect cold storage warehouses provided the temperature conditions in the area where the piping is installed are such that there is no danger at any time of the water in pipes freezing.
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Dry pendent sprinklers shall be installed in air-circulating system plenums formed by one or more false ceilings within the cold chamber. NOTE: Where practicable, sprinkler piping should be located in normal temperature conditions above the cold chamber with dry pendent sprinklers connected thereto penetrating into the cold chamber.
Air circulation fans shall be closed down automatically on operation of the sprinkler system. Sprinklers shall not be installed where there is likelihood of mechanical damage due to movement of goods within the cold store. 5.10.2 Piping within the cold chamber The following special conditions shall apply where it is necessary to install the piping within the cold chamber, or where it is desired to house the sprinkler piping within a single small cold chamber: (a)
The sprinkler installation in the cool room shall be of the permanent dry type and the maximum number of sprinklers controlled by one dry valve shall not exceed 50. These groups of 50 sprinklers may be installed as tail-end dry systems on the basis of at least one control assembly (wet, dry or alternate wet and dry, as circumstances dictate) for each five groups. Each tail-end system shall be controlled by a subsidiary stop valve (see Clause 8.2.4) and shall include either a water flow alarm switch or an electric alarm pressure switch (see Clause 8.10.5) to indicate the particular section that is operating. These sectional warning systems are additional to the water motor alarm on the main control assembly. Where there is a series of tail-end systems and one main control assembly operating on the dry or alternate wet and dry principle, care needs to be taken to ensure that the air/gas pressure on the tail-end system is maintained at not less than the air pressure in the system between the control assembly and the tail-end dry valves.
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Differential dry valves used in tail-end systems connected to an installation operating on the dry or alternate wet and dry principle shall be suitably modified to retain air pressure in the system piping between the main control assembly and the underside of the tail-end dry valves. (b)
Sprinklers installed in an air circulation plenum formed by a false ceiling within the cold chamber may be disregarded when determining the maximum number of sprinklers required under Item (a) above if the sprinklers are fed from the piping feeding the sprinklers in the cold chamber.
(c)
The air supply for charging the sprinkler system shall be taken from the cold chamber from the freezers of lowest temperature or through a chemical dehydrator. Compressed nitrogen gas in cylinders may be used as a substitute for air; however, care shall be taken to provide a pressure-reducing valve to reduce the gas pressure to not more than 800 kPa to avoid over-pressurizing the system piping. NOTE: In these circumstances it is desirable to include a pressure-relief valve set to operate at 900 kPa.
(d)
Piping joints shall be of a high standard of gas-tightness.
(e)
The system shall be provided with a low air/gas pressure alarm.
(f)
Dry pipe valves shall be housed outside the cold chamber in areas where the temperature is maintained above 4°C. Where valves are normally provided with a liquid seal, because of the problem of evaporation and possible ice formation in the piping, the sealing medium shall be a fluid such as propylene glycol.
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(g)
AS 2118.1—1999
All piping downstream of the dry valve shall be installed above ground such that it can be readily dismantled and reinstated to permit thorough purging of moisture after operation. Pipe jointing and hangers shall permit easy removal of the piping and an inspection point shall be provided at the position of entry into the cold chamber. Changes of direction shall be made by using tees with one branch sealed off instead of elbows. Pipes shall be sloped to drain (see Clause 7.5).
(h)
Notwithstanding the requirements of Clause 2.3.2.4, sprinklers may be installed in either the upright or the pendent position, having regard to the necessity for the sprinkler system to be dismantled for drying out after each operation.
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S E CT I ON
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6
S P RI NKLE RS , S P RAYE RS MULT I P LE CONT ROLS
AND
6.1 GENERAL Sprinklers shall not be altered in any respect nor have any type of ornamentation or coatings applied after leaving the production factory except as permitted by Clauses 5.6.15 and 6.8. 6.2 TYPES OF SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS 6.2.1 Standard sprinklers Sprinklers shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.1. Systems designed in accordance with Sections 9, 10 and 11, shall use standard sprinklers. Sprinklers other than standard sprinklers are included in Clause 6.2.2, Special sprinklers. A1
Standard sprinklers consist of the following (see Clause 1.6.24): (a)
Conventional sprinklers.
(b)
Spray sprinklers .
(c)
Flush sprinklers.
(d)
Recessed sprinklers.
(e)
Concealed sprinklers.
(f)
Sidewall sprinklers .
(g)
Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinklers .
(h)
Dry upright sprinklers .
6.2.2 Special sprinklers Special sprinklers are listed sprinklers other than those types in Table 1.1 of AS 4118.1.1. Systems incorporating special sprinklers shall be designed in accordance with the relevant parts of Clause 2.3.3.
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Special sprinklers consist of the following (see Clause 1.6.17): (a)
Extended coverage sprinkler (EC).
(b)
Large drop sprinkler (LD).
(c)
Early suppression fast response sprinklers (ESFR).
(d)
Residential sprinkler (RES).
(e)
Extra large orifice sprinkler (ELO).
(f)
Enlarged orifice sprinkler (EO).
6.2.3 Sprayers Sprayers in an installation shall be medium or high velocity type. They are special purpose sprayers for use in water spray systems which may or may not form part of sprinkler systems intended for the extinguishment or control of fires involving flammable liquids and for the cooling of storage tanks, process plant and exposed structural steel work against heat from an exposure fire. A1
Sprayers consist of the following (see Clause 1.6.19): (a)
Medium velocity sprayers.
(b)
High velocity sprayers.
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C6.2.3 Sprayers have directional discharge characteristics to provide direct impingement on to the protected surface and are available with cone angles ranging from 40° to 180°. A solid discharge cone is produced from the sprayer by either internal swirl vanes, tangential velocity swirl, or single orifice and deflector, with the minimum spray discharge pressures ranging from 150 kPa to 350 kPa, thus providing the higher water discharge velocities. 6.2.4 Multiple controls A1
Multiple controls shall be selected in accordance with their listing (see Clause 1.6.12). C6.2.4 Multiple controls are used in systems with medium velocity or high velocity sprayers of the ‘open’ type in circumstances where it is required to operate small groups of sprayers simultaneously. They are also used in connection with bypass piping for alarm purposes. The controls are made in various sizes relevant to the diameter of the valve and the number of sprayers that are to be fed therefrom. The sizes range from 20 mm to 80 mm. 6.3 STANDARD SPRINKLER K FACTORS, ORIFICE AND THREAD SIZES Sprinklers shall conform to AS 4118.1.1. Nominal K factors for standard sprinklers are as follows: (a)
10 mm orifice 5.7 ±5%.
(b)
15 mm orifice 8.0 ±5%.
(c)
20 mm orifice 11.5 ±5%.
6.4 APPLICATION OF SPRINKLER TYPES A1
The types of sprinkler for the appropriate hazard class shall be limited to those nominated in Clauses 9.4.1, 10.4.1.1 and 11.4.1.1 except as permitted in Clauses 9.4.5, 10.4.1.2 and 11.4.1.3. 6.5 TEMPERATURE RATINGS
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The temperature ratings chosen shall be not less than 30°C above the highest anticipated temperature conditions except under the following circumstances : (a)
Under glazing, translucent plastics and uninsulated metal roofs, in unventilated concealed spaces and show windows on external walls, and in other locations that are directly exposed to the sun, it may be necessary to install sprinklers with a temperature rating between 79°C and 100°C.
(b)
In High Hazard systems protecting high piled storage, sprinklers having a nominal temperature rating of 141°C shall be used at the roof or ceiling roof or ceiling, except where in the case of special sprinklers, the listing, manufacturers published data sheets and codes and standards referenced herein, recommend an alternative temperature rating.
(c)
Where high temperature sprinklers are installed within drying ovens or hoods over papermaking machines and the like (see Clauses 5.6.14 and 5.7.6), sprinklers at the ceiling or roof immediately over and to a distance of 3 m beyond the boundary of such structures shall be of the same temperature rating, subject to a maximum of 141°C. NOTES: 1 Sprinklers are listed in nominal temperature ratings ranging from 57°C to 260°C. 2 For normal conditions in temperate climates, ratings of 68°C to 74°C will be generally suitable.
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6.6 COLOUR CODING The colour code given in AS 4118.1.1 shall be used to distinguish sprinklers of different nominal temperature ratings. 6.7 STOCK OF REPLACEMENT SPRINKLERS A stock of spare sprinklers, with the necessary spanners, shall be supplied for the system so that sprinklers that have been activated, or that have been damaged in any way, can be promptly replaced. The spare sprinklers and spanners shall be located on the premises in an accessible designated position, which shall be indicated on the block plan (see Clause 8.3), and where the ambient temperature does not exceed 38°C. NOTE: The number of spare sprinklers to be kept on the premises will depend on the hazard class of the system and the types and temperature ratings of the sprinklers installed. As a general guide the number of spare sprinklers of standard temperature ratings should be as follows: (a) Light Hazard system ....................................................................................... 6 sprinklers. (b) Ordinary Hazard system ................................................................................ 24 sprinklers. (c) High Hazard system ...................................................................................... 36 sprinklers. Should the systems include sprinklers of high temperature ratings, for example in boiler rooms or drying ovens, an adequate number of spare sprinklers of the appropriate temperature rating should also be kept on the premises. Similarly if the systems include sidewall or other special type sprinklers or if there are any multiple controls, an adequate number of spares should be kept on the premises. Spares should be replenished immediately after an incident. Advice should be sought regarding the possible necessity of replacing sprinklers on the perimeter of the area which, although they have not operated, may have been affected by heat.
6.7.1 Special sprinklers Where special sprinkler systems are installed, a stock of spare special sprinklers, suitable for the purpose, shall be kept on the premises. 6.8 ANTI-CORROSION TREATMENT OF SPRINKLERS
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Sprinklers used in bleach, dye and textile print works, alkali plants, organic fertilizer plants, foundries, pickle and vinegar works, electroplating and galvanizing works, paper mills, tanneries and in any other premises or portions of premises where corrosive vapours are prevalent, shall have corrosion-resistant coatings or shall be coated twice with a good quality petroleum jelly. The first coat shall be applied before installation and the second shall be applied after installation. NOTE: Coatings need to be renewed at periodic intervals as may be necessary but only after the existing coatings have been thoroughly wiped off. For glass-bulb-type sprinklers, the anti-corrosion treatment need only be applied to the body and yoke.
6.9 SPRINKLER GUARDS Where sprinklers are installed in locations where they are likely to suffer mechanical damage, they shall be fitted with metal guards. Guards shall be designed so as not to interfere with the normal spray pattern of the sprinkler. Guards shall not be used with flush, recessed or concealed-type sprinklers.
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6.10 ESCUTCHEON PLATE ASSEMBLIES Escutcheon plate assemblies fitted to sprinklers shall be of metal and securely attached so that they cannot slip down and adversely affect activation or the water discharge pattern of sprinklers. Recessed escutcheon plate assemblies shall only be used with sprinklers that have been listed for such mounting (see Clause 6.2.1(d)). C6.10 Non-metallic escutcheon plate assemblies may deteriorate with age or distort during fire conditions and interfere with the effective operation of the sprinkler. 6.11 PROTECTION AGAINST FROST
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Sprinklers shall not be wrapped or enclosed in any material for protection against frost.
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S E CT I ON
7
PI P I NG
7.1 PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS All pipes and pipe fittings in a sprinkler installation shall be new and shall comply with the requirements of AS 2118.9 and AS 4118.2.1. 7.2 HYDRAULIC TEST PRESSURE All new installations, trunk mains and water supply connections shall be capable of withstanding a hydraulic test pressure as specified in Section 3 of AS 2118.9. 7.3 PIPING IN NON-SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDINGS With the exception of concealed spaces not requiring protection as permitted in Clause 5.6, sprinkler piping shall not pass through buildings or areas not protected by sprinklers unless it is enclosed by a construction having an FRL of not less than –/120/120. 7.4 HAZARDOUS PROCESSES AND EXPLOSION PRECAUTIONS CONCERNING PIPING AND VALVES
HAZARD — SPECIAL
In buildings or sections of premises in which protection from explosion is required, the following special precautions shall be taken:
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(a)
Separate control assemblies shall be provided to control the sprinklers and shall be located either— (i)
in a structure separated from the hazardous building by a distance not less than 6 m; or
(ii)
where this is not practicable, in an enclosure separated from the hazardous building by imperforate concrete or masonry walls and roof with an FRL of not less than –/120/120. When this enclosure is recessed in an external wall of the building that does not have a fire-resistance level, a return wall 3 m long and the same height as the enclosure, with an FRL not less than –/120/120, shall be provided on each side. Sole access to the valve enclosure shall not be through the hazardous area.
(b)
Trunk mains leading to and from such installation shall be either carried external to the buildings concerned or adequately protected from damage arising from building collapse following an explosion (see Clause 7.3).
(c)
Water supplies such as pumps, pressure tanks or gravity tanks shall not be housed therein.
7.5 SLOPE OF PIPES FOR DRAINAGE Sprinklers forming part of dry or alternate wet and dry systems shall be so installed that the system can be thoroughly drained. Range piping shall have a slope of not less than 4 mm in 1 m, and distribution piping shall have a slope of not less than 2 mm in 1 m. NOTE: Piping in all systems including piping in wet systems should be arranged to drain to the installation drain valve which should be not less than DN 50 in diameter for Ordinary and High Hazard systems and not less than DN 40 in diameter for Light Hazard systems.
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7.6 LOW LEVEL DRAINAGE In basements and other areas where sprinkler piping is below the installation drain valves and in other trapped sections in the system, auxiliary drain valves of the following minimum sizes shall be provided: (a)
For pipes up to 50 mm in diameter .................................................................20 mm.
(b)
For 65 mm diameter pipes .............................................................................25 mm.
(c)
For pipes larger than 65 mm in diameter ........................................................32 mm.
7.7 PIPE SIZES Pipe size shall be determined either by full hydraulic calculation (see Section 12), or partly by pre-calculated pipe size tables and partly by hydraulic calculations in accordance with the requirements for the class of hazard (see Clauses 9.5, 10.4 and 11.4). 7.8 ORIFICE PLATES Orifice plates fitted to assist in hydraulically balancing a High Hazard class system or to meet pump characteristic curves shall have an orifice diameter of not less than 50% of the diameter of the pipe into which the plate is to be fitted and shall comply with the requirements of Appendix C. Such orifice plates shall be permitted only in pipes of 50 mm in diameter or larger. 7.9 SUPPORT OF SPRINKLER PIPING When a pipe support system is being designed for a standard fire sprinkler system, consideration shall be given to the correct location of pipe supports and to— (a)
the stresses and loads which may be imposed on the support system from all external causes including differential movement of the building structure and all internal causes including pressure reactions;
(b)
the transmission of vibration from the building to the piping and from the piping to the building; and
(c)
the effect a corrosive atmosphere may have on the materials used.
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Fire sprinkler piping support systems shall comply with the requirements specified in AS 2118.9.
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S E CT I ON
8
VALVE S AND E QUI P ME NT
ANCI L L ARY
8.1 CONTROL ASSEMBLIES Each installation shall be provided with a control assembly and ancillary equipment comprising the following: (a)
A main stop valve (see Clause 8.2.2).
(b)
A valve, comprising either: (i)
an alarm valve (wet) (see Clause 8.7.2); or
(see
Clause 8.7.1)
or
an
alarm
valve
(ii)
a composite alarm valve suitable for either wet or dry systems (see Clause 8.7.3).
(c)
A water motor alarm and gong (see Clauses 8.10.3 and 3.3).
(d)
Direct brigade alarm (see Clause 3.2).
(e)
A plan of the risk, i.e. block plan (see Clause 8.3).
(f)
Emergency instructions (see Clause 8.5).
(g)
A location plate (see Clause 8.4).
(h)
A notice identifying the installation and the area served by the installation.
equipment,
where
facilities
for
such
are
(dry)
available
NOTE: Installation control assemblies and ancillary equipment should be placed near a main entrance to the building, in such a location as to be readily visible and accessible to authorized persons.
8.2 STOP VALVES 8.2.1 General All stop valves (except those fitted by the water supply authorities on the branches from a town main) shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.6. All valves shall be permanently identified to show their function and normal operating position. All valves on the water supply side of the sprinkler alarm valves shall be subject to the requirements of the water supply authority.
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8.2.2 Main stop valves Water supplies to each sprinkler installation shall pass through a main stop valve. Before passing through the main stop valves, water supplies shall be combined. The main stop valve shall be secured open by a padlocked or riveted strap and shall be adequately protected from the effect of frost. NOTE: Provision should be made for closure of the main stop valve to give a visible and audible alarm at a place under constant surveillance (see Clause 3.4).
8.2.3 Stop valves controlling water supplies All stop valves controlling water supplies, except those under control of the water supply authority, shall be secured open by a padlocked chain or a padlocked or riveted strap. In the elevated private reservoirs and gravity tanks, the stop valve shall be fixed close to the non-return valve and on the reservoir or tank side thereof.
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8.2.4 Subsidiary stop valves Stop valves controlling the flow of water to any sprinkler shall not be fitted downstream of the alarm valve except in the following circumstances: (a)
Where monitored in accordance with Clause 3.4.
(b)
In connection with hoods over drying ends of a papermaking machine to enable cylinders to be changed.
(c)
Where allowance is made for the removal of not more than two sprinklers to facilitate the use of an access hatch.
(d)
For controlling groups of external sprinklers.
NOTE: The valve is not required to be monitored (see Commentary to Clause 3.1.2.5 (C3.1.2.5)).
8.3 BLOCK PLAN
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A plan of the risk (block plan) with the position of the main stop valves clearly indicated thereon shall be placed adjacent to each set of installation control assemblies or group of valves where it can be readily seen by firefighters and others responding to the alarm. The plan of the risk shall be in the form of a permanent diagram, which water-resistant and fade-resistant, and shall include— (a)
the layout of the protected buildings or areas and adjacent streets;
(b)
a diagram of water supplies including sizes and locations of supply authority mains and valves (dimensioned), connections for non-industrial purposes, storage tanks (capacity and locations), and pump duties;
(c)
the location of control valves, subsidiary stop valves, remote test valves, tail-end air valves, anti-freeze devices, drains, air release valves, orifice plates, external sprinklers and any unusual features of the installation;
(d)
the location and telephone number of the responding fire station.
(e)
the location of the main switchboard, distribution boards and starters, and ratings of electrical services associated with all pumps, and details of auxiliary power supply, if applicable;
(f)
the location of the stock of replacement sprinklers (see Clause 6.7);
(g)
the year of installation of the system and of any major extension thereto;
(h)
the height in metres above the installation gauge of the highest sprinkler used for the purpose of sizing the distribution piping for each installation and hazard class and the pressure and flow requirements when carrying out proving tests (see Clauses 9.3, 10.2.1 and 11.2.1); and
(i)
the outline of the area of each individual hazard and the design density for that area.
See also Clause 12.16. 8.4 LOCATION PLATE A location plate shall be fixed on the outside of an external wall, as near to the main stop valve as possible, bearing the following words in clear permanent lettering: SPRINKLER STOP VALVE INSIDE NOTE: The words SPRINKLER STOP VALVE should be in letters at least 35 mm high, the word INSIDE in letters at least 25 mm high and the words painted white on a black background. www.standards.com.au
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8.5 EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS The following instructions together with an appropriate valve arrangement shall be permanently displayed at the control valves:
EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS 1 2 3 4 5
MAKE SURE THAT FIRE IS OUT. CLOSE MAIN STOP VALVE (SHUTTING OFF WATER SUPPLY). OPEN WASTE VALVE (DRAINING INSTALLATION). TELEPHONE . . . . (see Note) REMAIN AT VALVES. IF FIRE RE-OCCURS— (A) CLOSE WASTE VALVE, AND (B) RE-OPEN MAIN STOP VALVE.
NOTE: The name and telephone number of the maintenance contractor should be inserted.
8.6 NON-RETURN (BACK PRESSURE) VALVES Where there is more than one water supply to an installation, a non-return valve shall be fitted in each water supply pipe and a test cock shall be provided between the non-return valve and the supply control valve in accordance with the requirements of the water supply authority. Non-return valves shall be readily accessible for testing and maintenance. All valves on the water supply side of the sprinkler alarm valves shall be subject to the requirements of the water supply authority. Where the fitting of a non-return valve below ground is unavoidable, the position of the valve shall be indicated and an inspection chamber shall be provided. Where an elevated private reservoir or gravity tank forms one of the supplies, the non-return valve on the supply pipe shall be not less than 5 m below the base of the reservoir or tank. All non-return valves shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.6. 8.7 ALARM VALVES 8.7.1 Alarm valves (wet)
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Alarm valves (wet) shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.2. They shall be fixed on the main supply pipe immediately above the main stop valve and before any connection is taken off to supply any part of the installation. 8.7.2 Alarm valves (dry) Alarm valves (dry) shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.7. They shall be fixed on the main supply pipe immediately above the main stop valve (and the alarm valve (wet) in installations on the alternate wet and dry system not employing a composite alarm valve as specified in Clause 8.7.3) and before any connection is taken off to supply any part of the installation.
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In dry systems maintained permanently under air pressure, the water motor alarm shall be connected to the atmospheric chamber or the alarm motor auxiliary valve of the alarm valves (dry). NOTE: In order to facilitate the carrying out of flow tests when an installation is under air pressure, an additional drain valve, of a size appropriate to the hazard class, may be fitted. Alternatively, a stop valve may be installed immediately above the alarm valve (dry) (see Clause 8.2.4(a)).
8.7.3 Composite alarm valves Composite alarm valves shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.7 and shall be fitted on the main supply pipe and immediately above the main stop valve before any connection is taken off to supply any part of the installation. NOTE: Composite alarm valves are dual purpose, i.e. they may be used in either wet or dry systems.
8.7.4 Identification of alarm valves and alarm gongs In buildings containing more than one installation, each alarm valve and alarm signalling device (see Clause 3.2) shall have a number(s) indicated thereon and the relevant alarm gong (see Clause 3.3) shall bear the same number(s) in bold figures. 8.7.5 Accelerators or exhausters for alarm valves (dry system) A1
Accelerators are devices that are designed to accelerate the operation of an alarm valve (dry) (see Clause 2.3.2.4). They shall be located as close as possible to the alarm valve (dry) or composite alarm valve. The connection to the device from the system shall be so located that the restriction orifice and other opening parts are not likely to become flooded with priming water or back drainage under normal conditions. 8.8 PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVES Pressure-reducing valves shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.8. 8.9 DELUGE AND PRE-ACTION VALVES 8.9.1 Deluge valves Deluge valves shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.5.
A1
NOTE: Deluge valves are used to control the water to an array of open sprinklers or sprayers (see Clause 2.3.2.7) which are required to discharge simultaneously. The valve, normally held closed, is released automatically either by the loss of air pressure from independent piping carrying sprinklers acting as heat detectors, or by the operation of heat or smoke detection system. Alarm equipment is normally connected to the outlet piping from the valve so that an alarm is given when water flows into the distribution piping.
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8.9.2 Pre-action valves Pre-action valves shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.5. NOTE: These valves are used for either of the following purposes: (a) To control the water supply to a dry sprinkler installation to prevent water discharge from piping or sprinklers which have suffered mechanical damage. The valve, normally held closed, is released by the operation of a heat or smoke detection system and is of similar type to the deluge valve described in Clause 8.9.1, but the sprinkler piping will be charged with air. (b) To admit water to the piping of a dry installation prior to the operation of a sprinkler or sprinklers. The valve may be a standard alarm valve (dry) (which may be fitted with an accelerator). The heat or smoke detection system is arranged to trip the valve in a similar manner to the operation of an exhauster.
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8.10 ALARM DEVICES 8.10.1 General Each installation shall be so arranged that the installed alarm devices (see Clauses 3.2 and 3.3) shall respond within 3 min of opening the test valve with a 15 mm bore referred to in Clause 8.10.6 and within 6 min of opening the remote test valve referred to in Clause 8.11. 8.10.2 Prevention of false alarms Where water supplies include a town main known to have widely fluctuating pressure characteristics such that the normal installation pressure is exceeded, causing intermittent operation of the alarm valve, false alarms shall be prevented by one of the following means: (a)
Installation of a listed retarding device.
(b)
Maintenance of the installation pressure above the maximum anticipated mains pressure.
8.10.3 Local water motor alarms 8.10.3.1 General Local water motor alarms shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.3. NOTE: Where an alarm bell is required to be installed in a high level valve room, a pressure switch and electronic bell may be installed in lieu.
8.10.3.2 Height above valve Water motor alarms shall be located not higher than 6 m above the valve(s). 8.10.3.3 Piping finish and size The piping shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.2.1. The size of pipe shall be as follows: (a)
Where the length of the piping to the alarm does not exceed 6 m, it shall be not less than 15 mm nominal diameter.
(b)
Where the length of the piping to the alarm exceeds 6 m but does not exceed 25 m, it shall be not less than 20 mm nominal diameter.
(c)
Where the length of the piping exceeds 25 m, it shall be not less than 25 mm nominal diameter.
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8.10.3.4 Drainage provisions Dry, pre-action and all systems in which the water motor alarm piping could be subject to freezing shall have such piping arranged to drain through a fitting having an orifice not larger than 3 mm diameter. The orifice plate (which may be integral with the fitting) shall be either stainless steel or a suitable non-ferrous material such that the hole will not become blocked by products of corrosion. 8.10.3.5 Alarm valve not to be bypassed Except for a water supply shunt apparatus installed for the purpose of continuous main stop valve supervision, no connection between the water supply piping and water motor alarm shall directly bypass the alarm valve. 8.10.4 Fire alarm signal Fire alarms (see Clause 3.2) connected either directly to a fire service or via a fire alarm monitoring service shall be initiated by — (a)
a flow of water from the alarm valve through a water motor device;
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(b)
a flow of water from the valve causing actuation of the pressure switch; or
(c)
a fall in pressure in the system piping above the alarm valve.
NOTE: Auxiliary alarms may take the form of electric flow or pressure switches. They may be incorporated in the system piping above the alarm valves to indicate on a central panel which particular section of the system is operating.
The feed piping for hydraulically operated alarms shall be fitted with lock-open valves. 8.10.5 Pressure switches Where a pressure switch used to initiate a fire alarm is connected to the pipe leading to the sprinkler alarm motor, the stop valve controlling the flow of water to the sprinkler alarm motor shall be positioned on the alarm motor side of the pressure switch connection. Where an installation is on the dry system, a means shall be employed to ensure that pressure operation of the switch cannot be prevented either in the event of a fire or during the weekly test of the alarm motor. If at any time the fire alarm signal connection is interrupted, e.g. during hydraulic testing, then attention shall be automatically drawn to this fact by the monitoring service. 8.10.6 Testing of alarm devices Alarm devices shall be tested through a 15 mm test valve located on the installation side of the alarm valve. Installations on the alternate wet and dry system using both wet and dry alarm valves shall have testing valves fixed both above the dry alarm valve (for use when the installation is under water pressure) and between the wet and dry alarm valves (for use when the installation is under air pressure). NOTE: The test procedures are set out in AS 1851.3.
8.11 REMOTE TEST VALVES For the purpose of the commissioning and periodic testing, a remote test valve shall be provided on each installation (see Figure 8.11). The remote test valve piping shall not be less than 25 mm nominal diameter and shall be taken from the end of a range pipe in the most remote group of sprinklers on the installation. Where the most remote group of sprinklers is not the highest in the installation, an additional remote test valve shall be connected to the range pipe at the highest level. The test pipe shall terminate in a smooth bore, corrosion resistant orifice giving a flow equivalent to the smallest orifice sprinkler representative of the installation. The remote test valve shall be readily accessible, locked shut, and shall be labelled as follows: Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006
SPRINKLER REMOTE TEST VALVE— TO BE LOCKED SHUT
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FIGURE 8.11 TYPICAL REMOTE TEST VALVE
8.12 PRESSURE GAUGES Pressure gauges shall comply with the requirements of AS 1349 and shall have scales with graduations in accordance with Table 8.12. Means shall be provided to enable each pressure gauge to be readily removed without interruption to installation water supplies.
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Gauges to monitor pressures shall be installed in the system at the following locations: (a)
Immediately above the alarm valve.
(b)
Adjacent to the main stop valve, connected to indicate the pressure of each water supply. The connection for such gauges shall be on the supply side of the non-return valve nearest the supply. NOTE: For multiple installation systems, each subsequent main stop valve, or group of main stop valves, may be fitted with a gauge indicating trunk main pressure only.
A1
(c)
On the delivery side of all pumps.
(d)
On the suction side of all pumps.
(e)
On all pressure tanks (see Clause 4.13).
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TABLE 8.12 GRADUATION OF PRESSURE GAUGES Maximum scale reading
Maximum graduation interval
MPa
kPa
1.0 1.6 >1.6
20 50 100
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NOTE: The maximum scale value of gauges should be approximately 150% of the known maximum pressure.
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S E CT I ON
9
LI GHT HAZ ARD S YS T E MS
CL AS S
9.1 SCOPE This Section prescribes parameters which if applied to a system design will ensure it will conform to the performance requirements for a Light Hazard class sprinkler system. C9.1 A sprinkler system designed to Light Hazard requirements is only suitable for the lightest of fire loads. Because of the specialized sprinklers used and their extended spacing it is impractical to retrospectively increase the performance of such a system. Where a risk is to be classified as Light Hazard, the current or possible future fire load should be the same as or similar to those risks listed as Light Hazard occupancies in Appendix A of this Standard.
A1
9.2 DESIGN DATA Light Hazard systems shall be fully hydraulically designed to provide a flow of at least 48 L/min from each sprinkler within each hydraulically most unfavourable group of six sprinklers in all parts of the building regardless of the area covered by individual sprinklers Each group of sprinklers shall be selected to form, as near as possible, a square with the longest side positioned such that it imposes the greatest hydraulic demand. Except as varied by this Clause, hydraulic calculation methods shall conform to the requirements of Section 12. 9.3 WATER SUPPLY 9.3.1 Pressure and flow requirements The water supply shall be capable of providing the maximum pressure and flow requirements of the system as determined by the hydraulic calculation methods described in Clause 9.2 for a minimum duration of 30 min. 9.3.2 Water storage capacity The useable water quantity in a reservoir or pump suction tank dedicated as a sprinkler system supply shall be a minimum of the calculated flow rate for the most unfavourable six sprinklers for a duration of 30 min plus 20%.
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The calculated minimum water storage capacity may be reduced by up to a third, provided an automatic inflow to the reservoir or tank is available at all times with sufficient flow to make up the difference within 30 min. The source of an automatic inflow shall conform to the requirements of Clause 4.3. 9.3.3 Additional storage capacity The requirement for quantity and duration of any hydrant or other fire protection system connected to the sprinkler system water supply shall be added to the water storage capacity. 9.3.4 Pump suction tanks A1
Pump suction tanks shall be constructed in accordance with the requirements of Clause 4.8.
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9.3.5 Pressure tanks Notwithstanding the requirements of Clause 9.3.3, the minimum quantity of water to be maintained in a pressure tank reserved entirely for sprinklers shall be a minimum of the calculated flow rate for the most unfavourable six sprinklers for a duration of 30 min, plus—
A1
(a)
100% when used as a sole supply; or
(b)
50% when used as a duplicate supply.
In all other respects pressure tanks shall conform to the requirements of Clause 4.13. 9.3.6 Pumpsets Pumpsets shall comply with the requirements of AS 2941 with the following exceptions: (a)
The special provisions for pumps supplying sprinkler installations shall not apply.
(b)
The duty flow and pressure of the pump(s) shall be not less than the flow and pressure calculated in accordance with Clause 9.3.
(c)
The maximum flow rate of the pump(s) shall be taken to be 130% of the duty flow rate (see Clause 12.8.2.4 and AS 2941).
A1
A1
9.3.7 Proving of water supplies Water supplies shall be proved to meet the calculated requirements of the installed system. A1
Proving of water supplies shall be in accordance with the requirements of Clause 4.14. 9.4 SPRINKLERS 9.4.1 Size and type Sprinklers shall — (a)
have a nominal orifice size of 10 mm;
(b)
be classified as fast response sprinklers; and
(c)
be either pendent, upright, sidewall, flush, recessed or concealed,
in accordance with AS 4118.1.1. 9.4.2 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler
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Except for the reduced coverage required by Clause 9.4.3, the maximum area covered by sprinklers shall be as follows: (a)
Sidewall sprinklers ......................................................... 17 m2 (see also Clause 5.5).
(b)
Other sprinklers ................................................................ 21 m2 (see also Section 6).
The area covered by each sprinkler shall be defined by lines drawn midway between adjacent sprinklers at right angles to the line joining the sprinklers and by the boundary of the area covered (see Figure 12.2). 9.4.3 Reduced coverage In attics, basements, boiler rooms, kitchens, laundries, storage areas, workrooms, electronic data processing rooms, airconditioning and building services plant rooms, restaurants and cafes, the maximum area covered shall be 12 m2 per sprinkler. Under these conditions the maximum distance between sprinklers shall be 4.2 m and the maximum distance from walls and partitions shall be 2.1 m.
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9.4.4 Maximum spacing The maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows shall be as follows: (a)
Sidewall sprinklers along walls ....................................... 4.6 m (see also Clause 5.5).
(b)
Other sprinklers................................................................................................4.6 m.
The maximum distance from walls and partitions shall be 2.3 m (see also Clause 5.4.2 and Clause 5.5). 9.4.5 Special sprinklers Notwithstanding the requirements of Clauses 9.4, other types of sprinklers may be incorporated in the system. Such systems shall be classified as special systems and shall conform to the additional requirements of Clause 2.3.3. 9.5 PIPING 9.5.1 Pipe types All installed system piping shall conform to the requirements of AS 4118.2.1 and AS 2118.9. 9.5.2 Pipe sizes Pipe sizes shall be determined by full hydraulic calculations subject to a minimum of DN 25, except that DN 20 is permitted for the connection of single sprinklers only. 9.5.3 Hydraulic calculations Full hydraulic calculations shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of Clause 9.2 and shall be documented in accordance with the requirements of AS 2118.10. 9.5.4 Concealed spaces Where concealed spaces are protected in accordance with Clause 5.6, pipe sizes to the concealed space sprinklers shall be determined by full hydraulic calculation methods. Where sprinklers above and below a ceiling share common range or distribution pipes, the flow from sprinklers above and below the ceiling need not be taken cumulatively in determining pipe size (see also Clause 5.6.3). Separate calculations shall be carried out for sprinklers above and below the ceiling. The water supply requirements of Clause 9.3 shall satisfy the greater of the calculated hydraulic demands. 9.5.5 System drainage
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Distribution piping shall be arranged to enable the system to be drained using the drain valve at the installation control assembly. NOTE: Subsidiary drain valves should be installed in sections of distribution piping where the system cannot be drained by the drain valve.
C9.5.5 Having an effective drainage system does not improve the performance of the system, nor is it essential, under fire condition; however, it is particularly desirable when servicing the installation. Water damage can easily occur when cutting installation piping that is still charged with water when carrying out repairs or alterations.
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95
S E CT I ON
10
ORDI NARY H AZ AR D S YS T E MS
CL ASS
10.1 DESIGN DATA Ordinary Hazard systems shall be hydraulically designed to provide an appropriate density of discharge over an assumed area of operation (number of sprinklers likely to operate) in all areas including the hydraulically most unfavourable areas of the protected building. The design density of discharge and the assumed area of operation shall be as follows:
A1
A1
(a)
Design density of discharge ......................................................................5 mm/min.
(b)
Assumed area of operation: (i)
OH 1 ..................................................................................................... 72 m2.
(ii)
OH 2 ................................................................................................... 144 m2.
(iii)
OH 3 ................................................................................................... 216 m2.
(iv)
OH Special (see Note) .......................................................................... 360 m2.
NOTE: This group is an extension of OH 3 occupancies where flash fires are likely, covering somewhat larger areas of operation, such as might be anticipated in connection with preparatory processes in textile mills and certain other risks (for classification of occupancies, see Clause 2.2).
10.2 WATER SUPPLIES 10.2.1 Pressure and flow requirements The pressure and flow requirements for fully hydraulically calculated systems shall be determined by calculation (see Section 12). For systems designed in accordance with Clauses 10.4.2.2 and 10.4.2.3, water supplies shall comply with Table 10.2.1. TABLE 10.2.1 PRESSURE AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTIALLY PRE-CALCULATED ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS Minimum running* pressure
Flow rate
kPa
L/min
1
100 70
375 540
2
140 100
725 1 000
3
170 140
1 100 1 350
Special
200 150
1 800 2 100
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Occupancy group
* The pressure equivalent of the distance in height between the highest sprinkler and the control assembly is added to all pressure values when discharging the relevant flows at the control assembly. The running pressure is measured at the installation gauge.
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10.2.2 Minimum capacity of water supplies 10.2.2.1 Town mains A town main supply shall be fed from a source of at least 1 ML capacity. Terminal mains or branch ‘dead end’ mains of less than 150 mm in diameter shall not be used for OH 3 or OH Special systems. 10.2.2.2 Reservoirs and tanks other than pressure tanks The minimum capacity required for fully hydraulically calculated systems shall be not less than that which will supply the calculated flow requirements of the hydraulically most favourable area of operation for 60 min. For partly pre-calculated systems designed in accordance with Clauses 10.4.2.2 and 10.4.2.3, the minimum capacities shall be as specified in Table 10.2.2.2. These capacities relate to stored water sources entirely reserved for the sprinkler system (including fire hose reels). For pump suction tanks these capacities may be reduced in accordance with Clause 10.2.2.3, but the maximum period of inflow shall be 1 h. Where a private car park is strictly incidental to an otherwise Light Hazard class building, as may occur in office and residential type buildings, the minimum capacity required by Table 10.2.2.2 for a stored water source may, when used as one supply of a duplicate supply system only, be halved provided that the maximum period of inflow for a suction tank relying on automatic inflow shall be halved, that is, to 30 min.
TABLE 10.2.2.2 WATER STORAGE CAPACITY FOR PARTIALLY PRE-CALCULATED ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS
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Occupancy group
Maximum height of sprinklers in building or stage above lowest sprinkler
Minimum capacity
m
L
1
15 30 45 60 75
55 70 80 90 100
000 000 000 000 000
2
15 30 45 60 75
105 125 140 160 175
000 000 000 000 000
3
15 30 45 60 75
135 160 185 205 220
000 000 000 000 000
Special
15 30 45 60 75
160 185 205 225 245
000 000 000 000 000
NOTE: Where the system is divided into various pressure stages as required by Clause 4.6, the tank capacity may be based on the maximum stage height rather than on the total height of the building. For storeyed buildings in excess of 15 m in height with different hazard classes at
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AS 2118.1—1999
various levels, economies may be effected by calculating the minimum capacities of storage tanks, provided that in the calculations of distribution piping no advantage has been taken of the difference in static pressure as allowed in Clause 10.4.2.3. The minimum capacity should be sufficient to supply the pump for 1 h when running at its nominal rating. The nominal rating of the pump is that point on its characteristic curve which satisfies the following equation: Q=K
(P − h)
where Q = rate of flow, in litres per minute K = constant as set out in Clause 4.10.2.4
A1
P = pressure at pump discharge, in kilopascals h = pressure equivalent of the height above the pump of the sprinkler array hydraulically nearest the valves, in kilopascals. The storage capacity shall be not less than that allowed in Table 10.2.2.2 for a building of 15 m for the particular occupancy group. In fully hydraulically calculated Ordinary Hazard systems, the water requirement is the maximum calculated demand in litres per minute for the hydraulically most favourable area for a period of 60 min. (See Section 12.)
10.2.2.3 Pump suction tanks The minimum effective capacity (see Clause 4.8.2) required for fully hydraulically calculated systems shall be not less than that which will supply the maximum flow rate of the pump established in accordance with Clause 12.8.2.1 for 60 min. For partly precalculated systems, the minimum capacities shall be not less than that specified in Table 10.2.2.2 except that, where there is an automatic inflow which can be relied upon at all times, a smaller capacity will be allowed, provided that the pump can operate at full capacity for not less than 1 h, subject to the following minimum capacities (see also Clause 4.8.1): (a)
OH 1 ..........................................................................................................25 000 L.
(b)
OH 2 ..........................................................................................................50 000 L.
(c)
OH 3 ..........................................................................................................75 000 L.
(d)
OH Special ...............................................................................................100 000 L.
10.2.2.4 Supplies not reserved entirely for sprinklers Any private reservoir, which also provides water for trade and domestic purposes, shall have a constant capacity of at least 1 ML.
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10.2.2.5 Pressure tank The minimum quantity of water to be maintained in a pressure tank reserved entirely for sprinklers shall be as follows: (a)
Where sole supply (OH 1 only) ...................................................................46 000 L.
(b)
Where duplicate supply (OH 1, 2, 3 and Special) .........................................30 000 L.
The minimum air pressure to be maintained in a pressure tank shall be determined from one of the equations set out in Clause 4.13.2 and shall be not less than— (i)
OH 1 ............................................................................................................ 70 kPa;
(ii)
OH 2 .......................................................................................................... 110 kPa;
(iii) OH 3 .................................................................................................... 140 kPa; and (iv)
OH Special ................................................................................................. 170 kPa;
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plus 30 kPa, or the pressure loss in the piping between the pressure tank and the installation gauge, whichever is the greater. The pressure loss in the piping shall include all valves and shall be calculated at the maximum rate of flow for the group (see Clause 10.2.1). Table 10.2.2.5 indicates the required working air pressure for tanks having proportions of air of one-third, one-half and two-thirds. NOTE: For pressure limitations, see Clause 4.6.
TABLE 10.2.2.5 MINIMUM AIR PRESSURE IN TANKS
Occupancy group
Proportion of air in tank
Minimum air pressure to be maintained in tank when base is level with highest sprinkler kPa
Add for each metre or part thereof where tank is below highest sprinkler kPa
1
One-third One-half Two-thirds
500 300 200
30 20 15
2
One-third One-half Two-thirds
620 380 260
30 20 15
3
One-third One-half Two-thirds
710 440 330
30 20 15
Special
One-third One-half Two thirds
800 500 350
30 20 15
10.2.3 Pumps Pumps shall comply with the requirements of Clauses 4.10.2, 4.11, 4.12 and AS 2941. 10.2.4 Proving of water supplies Water supplies shall be proved in accordance with the requirements of Clause 4.14. 10.3 SPACING OF STANDARD SPRINKLERS 10.3.1 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006
The maximum area coverage per sprinkler shall be as follows: (a)
Sidewall sprinklers ........................................................... 9 m2 (see also Clause 5.5).
(b)
Other sprinklers .............................................................................................. 12 m2.
In cold storage warehouses using the air circulation method of refrigeration, provender and rice mills (other than those using the pneumatic system of conveying), film and television production studios, theatres and music halls (stage protection), the maximum area coverage is limited to 9 m2 and the maximum distance between sprinklers to 3 m (see Clause 5.6.8). The area covered by each sprinkler shall be defined by lines drawn midway between adjacent sprinklers at right angles to the line joining the sprinklers and by the boundary of the area covered (see Figure 12.2).
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10.3.2 Maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows of sprinklers The maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows shall be as follows: (a)
(b)
Sidewall sprinklers along the walls (see also Clause 5.5)— (i)
fire-resisting ceilings ....................................................................... 3.7 m; and
(ii)
non-fire-resisting ceilings .......................................................................3.4 m.
Other sprinklers— (i)
standard spacing (see Clause 5.1) ........................................................... 4.2 m;
(ii)
staggered spacing (see Clause 5.2)— (A)
between sprinklers .................................................................. 4.6 m; and
(B)
between rows ................................................................................ 4.2 m
NOTE: See also Clause 10.3.1 for reduced distances for certain occupancies.
10.3.3 Maximum distance from walls and partitions (see also Clauses 5.4.2 and 5.5) The maximum distance of sprinklers from walls and partitions shall be — (a)
for sidewall sprinklers from end walls ............................................................. 1.8 m;
(b)
for other sprinklers ..................................................................................... 2.1 m; or
(c)
half the maximum allowable design spacing, whichever is the lesser.
10.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS 10.4.1 Sprinklers 10.4.1.1 Size and type Sprinklers shall conform to the requirements of AS 4118.1.1, and shall have a nominal orifice size of 15mm. Sprinklers types shall be conventional, pendent spray, upright spray, sidewall, flush, recessed or concealed. 10.4.1.2 Special sprinklers Notwithstanding the requirements of Clause 10.4.1.1, other types of sprinklers may be incorporated in the system. Such systems shall be classified as special systems and shall conform to the additional requirements of Clause 2.3.3. 10.4.2 Piping
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10.4.2.1 General Pipe sizes shall be determined either by full hydraulic calculation (see Section 12), or partly by pre-calculated pipe size tables and partly by hydraulic calculations. A1
10.4.2.2 Pre-calculated piping A1
Figure 10.4.2.1 illustrates piping arrangements showing the various design points from which the piping shall be calculated hydraulically. Piping at the extremities of systems downstream of each design point (16/18-sprinkler point) shall comply with the requirements of Table 10.4.2.2.
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Where ranges are directly connected to the distribution pipe without risers (or drops), the design point shall be taken as the last elbow, tee or branch downstream of which the 16/18-sprinkler array is located (design points A and B in Figure 10.4.2.1). Where ranges are connected to the distribution pipe with risers (or drops), such risers (or drops) shall be considered as distribution pipes, and the design point shall be moved downstream to the point of connection of the riser (or drop) nearest the installation valves in the 16/18-sprinkler array (design points C, D and E in Figure 10.4.2.1). Where the number of sprinklers in a separate array is less than the number of sprinklers for which the distribution pipes are hydraulically designed, the design point shall be taken as the point of connection of the range nearest the installation valves in such separate array (design point F in Figure 10.4.2.1). Where single sprinklers are connected to horizontal pipes by risers (or drops), such risers shall be considered range pipes. Where such risers (or drops) exceed 300 mm in length, the horizontal pipes to which they are connected shall be sized as distribution pipes, to a maximum of 18 sprinklers. For complex piping arrangements requiring the use of both arm pieces and risers (or drops), piping feeding such arrangements shall be sized as a combination of range and distribution pipes in accordance with Table 10.4.2.2 to a maximum of 18 sprinklers. 10.4.2.3 Hydraulic calculation of piping (partly pre-calculated system) The size or sizes of the piping (including main distribution pipes and all risers) between each design point and the installation valves shall be calculated on the basis that with a rate of flow of 1800 L/min the aggregate pressure loss due to friction does not exceed 150 kPa. The losses given in Table 10.4.2.3 (A) shall be used for these calculations. Pipes may only reduce in diameter in the direction of flow of water to any sprinkler. Where sprinkler protection is provided at various height levels, pressure loss to the design point at each level may be increased by an amount equal to the difference in static pressure between the level of the sprinklers on the floor concerned and the level of the highest sprinklers on the site. This may apply in storeyed buildings, buildings having more than one main height level of protection within a storey (e.g. mezzanine floor or extensive platform levels), or separate buildings of different height on the same site, provided that each installation so designed shares a common water supply with the installation having the highest sprinklers on the site, and has a water supply running pressure (see Clause 10.2) based on the highest sprinklers on the site measured on each installation gauge.
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Where a system is divided into pressure stages, as required by Clause 4.6, no advantage may be taken of the difference in height of sprinklers in another stage. In all cases where advantage is taken of this static pressure gain, the height in metres of the highest sprinkler above the installation gauge used for the calculation for the particular installation shall be indicated on the block plan (see Clause 8.3) with reference to that installation. The block plan shall also state the necessary pressure requirements at the installation gauge for the proving tests based on the highest sprinkler. The height of the highest sprinkler used for these calculations shall be that of a sprinkler actually installed or intended to be installed at the time of specifying the design of a particular installation distribution piping system.
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Distribution pipes to be calculated on the basis that with a flow of 1800 L/min the aggregate friction loss shall not exceed 150 kPa between each point A, B, C, D, E, F and the installation valves The flow between Y and F shall be taken as 70 L/min per sprinkler (see Table 10.4.2.3(B)). Between Y and installation valve at 1800 L/min. 2
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SYSTEM COMPRISING 276 SPRINKLERS. Spacing 1:12 m (3.46 m x 3.46 m). Length of hydraulic route (incl. allowance for bends) between— design points A and installation control valves = 46 m approx. design points B and installation control valves = 64 m approx. design points C and installation control valves = 43 m approx. design points D and installation control valves = 69 m approx. design points E and installation control valves = 71 m approx. design points F and installation control valves = 73 m approx. Therefore maximum diameter of distribution pipe = 100 mm. Valves = 100 mm.
FIGURE 10.4.2.1 TYPICAL ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM www.standards.com.au
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10.4.2.4 Fully hydraulically calculated systems Where complex piping configuration is involved and where economies in design can be effected, the piping may be designed on the basis of individual hydraulic calculation of pipes throughout the system (see Section 12).
TABLE 10.4.2.2 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ON PRE-CALCULATED PIPING (a) Range pipes
Ranges
Nominal internal pipe size mm
Maximum number of sprinklers permitted on range pipes (Note 1)
Ranges at remote end of all distribution pipes: (i)
Two end-side layouts—last two ranges
25 32
1 2
(ii)
Three end-side layouts —last three ranges
25 32
2 3
(iii)
All other layouts —last range
25 32 40 50
2 3 4 9
25 32 40 50
3 4 6 9
All other ranges
(b) Distribution pipes
Distribution pipes
Nominal internal Maximum number of pipe size sprinklers to be fed by mm distribution pipe
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Pipes at extremities of system: (i)
Two end-side layouts
32 40 50 65
(ii)
All other layouts
32 40 50 65
Pipes between the abovementioned extremities and the installation valves
2 4 8 16 (Note 2) 3 6 9 18 (Note 2)
To be individually hydraulically calculated in accordance with Clause 10.4.2.3
NOTES: 1
The number of sprinklers on a range pipe when the ranges run longitudinally under roofs sloping at an angle in excess of 6° should not exceed 6. The maximum length of 25 mm pipe allowed in any route from a sprinkler to the installation valves is 15 m including allowance for elbows.
2
This requirement does not preclude the use of 65 mm diameter pipe between the design point and the installation valves if hydraulic calculation shows that this is possible.
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TABLE 10.4.2.3(A) PRESSURE LOSSES FOR MEDIUM TUBES TO AS 1074 Nominal internal pipe size mm
Loss of pressure per metre length of pipe with a flow of 1800 L/min (Notes 2 and 3)
65 80 100
10.3 4.7 1.3
150 200
0.19 0.046
NOTES: 1
1800 L/min from the data in Section 12. The loss of pressure at each elbow bend or tee where the water is turned through an angle should be taken as equivalent to that incurred through 3 m of straight pipe.
2
Where the number of sprinklers in a separate array is less than the number for which the distribution pipes are hydraulically calculated, up to a maximum of 12 sprinklers, the losses may be calculated on the arbitrary basis of 70 L/min per sprinkler (see Table 10.4.2.3(B)) from the design point of such separate array back to the junction with another distribution pipe, then at the full flow rate of 1800 L/min. Aggregate loss to the valves is not to exceed 150 kPa. An example of this is illustrated in Figure 10.4.2.1 between design point F, point Y and control valves.
3
Calculations for the ringed portions of distribution pipes shall be based on these pressure losses on the total length of each pipe size multiplied by a factor of 0.14.
TABLE 10.4.2.3(B) PRESSURE LOSSES FOR MEDIUM TUBES TO AS 1074 — ORDINARY HAZARD
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Number of sprinklers in array
Loss of pressure per metre length of pipe, kPa Nominal internal pipe size, mm 25
32
40
50
65
80
100
150
1
2.26
0.59
0.28
0.08
0.02
—
—
—
2
8.15
2.15
1.01
0.32
0.09
0.04
—
—
3
—
4.48
2.14
0.67
0.19
0.09
—
—
4
—
7.64
3.65
1.15
0.32
0.15
—
—
5
—
—
5.51
1.74
0.49
0.22
0.06
—
6
—
—
7.73
2.44
0.68
0.31
0.08
—
7
—
—
—
3.24
0.91
0.41
0.12
—
8
—
—
—
4.15
1.16
0.53
0.14
—
9
—
—
—
5.16
1.45
0.66
0.18
—
10
—
—
—
—
1.76
0.80
0.22
0.03
11
—
—
—
—
2.10
0.96
0.27
0.04
12
—
—
—
—
2.47
1.13
0.31
0.05
NOTE: The loss of pressure at each elbow bend or tee where the water is turned through an angle should be taken as equivalent to that incurred through 3 m of straight pipe.
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10.4.2.5 Sprinklers in concealed spaces Where sprinkler protection is required in concealed and under floor spaces to satisfy the requirements of Clause 5.6.1 and 5.6.2 it shall be hydraulically designed in accordance with the requirements of Section 9 (see Clauses 9.2 and 9.5). 10.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE Distribution piping shall be arranged to enable the system to be drained using the drain valve at the installation control assembly. NOTE: Subsidiary drain valves should be installed in sections of distribution piping where the system cannot be drained by the drain valve.
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C10.5 Having an effective drainage system does not improve the performance of the system, nor is it essential, under fire condition; however, it is particularly desirable when servicing the installation. Water damage can easily occur when cutting installation piping that is still charged with water when carrying out repairs or alterations.
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S E CT I ON
11
HI GH HAZ ARD S YS T E MS
CL AS S
11.1 DESIGN DATA 11.1.1 General High Hazard systems shall be hydraulically designed to provide an appropriate density of discharge over an assumed area of operation (number of sprinklers likely to operate) in all areas including the hydraulically most unfavourable areas of the protected building. The design densities of discharge and the assumed areas of operation shall be as follows: (a)
(b)
Process risks (see also Clause 11.1.2) (i)
Design density of discharge ................................. 7.5 mm/min to 12.5 mm/min.
(ii)
Assumed area of operation .................................................... 260 m2 to 360 m2 .
High-piled storage risks (see also Clause 11.1.3) (i)
Design density of discharge ....................................7.5 mm/min to 30 mm/min.
(ii)
Assumed area of operation ..................................................... 260 m2 to 300 m2 (according to density of discharge).
11.1.2 Process risks For process risks, density of discharge and assumed areas of operation shall be as given in Table 11.1.2. 11.1.3 High piled storage risks 11.1.3.1 Methods of storage
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The methods of storage which may be found in a high piled storage risk are as follows: (a)
Freestanding storage or block stacking.
(b)
Bin-box — a container up to 1.8 m3 , having one vertical face open.
(c)
Storage in post or box pallets (where the post or box pallets have solid floors, the storage shall be taken as solid shelf storage).
(d)
Storage on solid shelves.
(e)
Storage in multiple row and drive-through racks.
(f)
Palletized rack storage.
(g)
Bonded stores (spirituous liquors) storage.
11.1.3.2 General design data
A1
A1
The design density of discharge for high piled storage risks depends on the hazardous nature of the stock and the height of storage. These risks are subdivided into five categories according to the severity of the hazard of the stock (see Clause 2.2). Tables 11.1.3.2(A) and 11.1.3.2(B) indicate the appropriate density of discharge and assumed area of operation according to the category, method of storage and stack height where roof or ceiling protection only is provided. Where storage fixtures are of solid or shelved construction, the requirements of Clause 5.7.8 shall apply. Where an alternate wet and dry system is installed at roof or ceiling level, the assumed area of operation shall be increased by 25%.
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The maximum storage heights of 7.6 m for Categories 1 and 2, 7.2 m for Category 3 and 4.4 m for Category 4 indicated in Table 11.1.3.2(A) are considered to be a limiting factor to efficient sprinkler protection where sprinklers are provided at the ceiling or roof only. The maximum storage heights of 6.8 m for Category 1, 6.0 m for Categories 2 and 3, and 4.4 m for Category 4 indicated in Table 11.1.3.2(B) are considered to be a limiting factor to efficient sprinkler protection where sprinklers are provided at the ceiling or roof only. Where storage in racking and post or box pallets is above these heights, intermediate level protection shall be provided. TABLE 11.1.2 DISCHARGE DENSITY AND ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION FOR PROCESS RISKS Occupancy
A1
A1
Assumed area of operation m2
Aircraft engine testing Aircraft hangars
10.0 7.5
260 Zone protection (deluge system)
Celluloid manufacturers and celluloid goods manufacturers
12.5
260
Distilleries (still houses)
12.0
260
7.5
260
12.0
360
Firelighter manufacturers Firework manufacturers
10.0 10.0
260 (Note 2) Complete deluge protection required for each building
Flammable liquid spraying Floor cloth and linoleum manufacturers Foam plastics goods manufacturers and processing Foam rubber goods manufacturers and processing
12.0 7.5 12.0
260 260 260
12.0
260
Paint and varnish works (solvent based) Plastics goods manufacturing and process works (where plastic is one of the basic materials in the operation)
7.5 12.0
260 (Note 2) 260
7.5
260 (Note 2)
Theatrical scenery store Tar distillers
10.0 10.0
260 260 (Note 2)
Vehicle repair workshops
10.0
260
Electrical/electronic manufacturing and assembly (predominantly plastic components) Exhibition halls with unusually high ceilings and high concentration of combustibles
Resin and turps manufacturers
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Design density mm/min
NOTES: 1
Assumes use of 141°C rated sprinklers.
2
Supplementary protection by high or medium velocity sprayers, as appropriate, will be required in these risks in areas where solvents or other flammable liquids are stored or handled (see Clause 5.6.16).
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TABLE 11.1.3.2(A) DISCHARGE DENSITY AND ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION FOR HIGHPILED STORAGE RISKS INVOLVING FREESTANDING STORAGE, BIN BOX STORAGE OR BLOCK STACKING WHERE CEILING OR ROOF PROTECTION ONLY IS PROVIDED Discharge density A1
Assumed area of operation
mm/min 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 A1
Maximum storage height, m
m2
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
260
5.3 6.5 7.6 — —
4.1 5.0 5.9 6.7 7.6
2.9 3.5 4.1 4.7 5.2
1.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0
300
— — — — —
— — — — —
5.7 6.3 6.7 7.2 —
3.3 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.4
NOTES: ‘Not applicable’ 1 The term ‘storage’ includes the warehousing or the temporary depositing of goods or materials 2 while undergoing process. To provide for any future requirements in designated storage areas, the height of storage should be 3 taken as not less than 1 m below any ceiling or roof.
TABLE 11.1.3.2(B) DISCHARGE DENSITY AND ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION FOR HIGHPILED STORAGE RISKS INVOLVING POST OR BOX PALLETS (IN SINGLE OR DOUBLE ROWS) OR PALLETIZED RACK STORAGE WHERE ROOF OR CEILING PROTECTION ONLY IS PROVIDED Discharge density
A1
Assumed area of operation
mm/min
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7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0
Maximum storage height, m
m2
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
260
4.7 5.7 6.8 — —
3.4 4.2 5.0 5.6 6.0
2.2 2.6 3.2 3.7 4.1
1.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0
300
— — —
— — —
4.4 5.3 6.0
3.3 3.8 4.4
NOTES: A1
A1
1
‘Not applicable’
2
Good practice dictates that post or box pallet storage should bot exceed two rows wide in one direction.
3
Rack storage with aisles less than 1.2 m in width is treated as multiple row racks (see Clause 11.1.3).
4
In designated storage areas to provide for future requirements, the height of storage should be taken as not less than 1 m below any ceiling or roof.
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11.1.3.3 Storage in multiple row and drive-through or flow-through racks Intermediate sprinklers shall be installed in multiple row and drive-through or flow-through racks where storage heights exceed the Ordinary Hazard limitations for post pallets and palletized rack storage in Note 2 to Table 11.1.3.2(B) in accordance with Clause 11.1.3.4. Rack storage with aisles less than 1.2 m in width shall be treated as multiple row racks. 11.1.3.4 Intermediate level protection in storage racks Intermediate level protection shall be provided as indicated by the following: (a)
General Supplementary intermediate level protection shall be provided in storage racks where heights of storage exceed those given in Table 11.1.3.2(B). Flow rates for intermediate level sprinkler protection shall be hydraulically calculated as set out in Clause 11.2.2.5. Where racking does not exceed 3.2 m in width, one row of sprinklers shall be located centrally along the length of the rack. Where racking exceeds 3.2 m in width, but does not exceed 6 m, two rows of sprinklers shall be provided. The design of protection for racking exceeding 6 m in width shall be individually assessed. (See Figure 11.1.3.4(a), (b) and (c) for maximum spacing, stagger spacing and maximum area coverage per sprinkler.) Whenever any rack or structural steelwork is likely to significantly interfere with water discharge from sprinklers, additional sprinklers shall be provided and taken into account in water flow calculations. Each intermediate level sprinkler shall be fitted with a metal water shield not less than 80 mm in diameter, located immediately above the sprinkler. For sprinklers mounted upright, the shield shall not be attached directly to the sprinkler deflector. Any bracket supporting the shield shall cause minimal obstruction to the water distribution. Provision shall be made for the protection of piping and sprinklers against mechanical damage (see Clauses 6.9 and 7.4).
(b)
Location of intermediate level sprinklers Sprinklers within racks shall be positioned so that there is not less than 150 mm clearance between the deflectors and the top of the storage in the tier immediately below the line of sprinklers. Sprinklers shall be located in racks as follows:
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(i)
(ii)
Category 1 or 2 goods Category 1 or 2 goods shall be protected as follows: (A)
Every alternate rack tier, but not exceeding 3.7 m from the floor to the lowest level and between successive levels.
(B)
Every alternate junction of longitudinal and transverse flues or gaps between pallets.
(C)
Sprinklers shall be staggered between tiers.
(D)
The horizontal spacing of sprinklers within tiers shall not exceed 2.8 m (see Figure 11.1.3.4(a)).
Category 3 goods (or Categories 1 and 2 goods mixed with Category 3 goods) Category 3 goods, or Categories 1 and 2 goods mixed with Category 1 goods shall be protected as follows: (A)
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Every alternate rack tier, but not exceeding 3.7 m from the floor to the lowest level and between successive levels.
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(iii)
(B)
Every junction of the longitudinal and transverse flues or gaps between pallets.
(C)
The horizontal spacing of sprinklers within tiers shall not exceed 1.4 m (see Figure 11.1.3.4(b)).
Category 4 goods (or Categories 1, 2 and 3 goods mixed with Category 4 goods) Category 4 goods or Categories 1, 2 and 3 goods mixed with Category 4 goods, shall be protected as follows: (A)
At every tier, but not exceeding 2.3 m from the floor to the lowest level and between successive levels.
(B)
Every alternate junction of the longitudinal and transverse flues or gaps between pallets.
(C)
Sprinklers shall be staggered between tiers.
(D)
The horizontal spacing of sprinklers within tiers shall not exceed 2.8 m (see Figure 11.1.3.4(c)).
Provided that the roof or ceiling protection is not more than 3 m above the top of the stored goods, the uppermost row of intermediate level sprinklers may be omitted if this would otherwise be located at the top of the stored goods (see Figure 11.1.3.4(a), (b), (c) and (d)). (c)
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(d)
(e)
The flow requirements of sprinklers within the racks shall be calculated on the assumption of an operational pressure of 200 kPa at the hydraulically most unfavourable sprinkler when — (i)
three sprinklers are operating at every sprinkler level for Categories 1, 2 and 3 goods;
(ii)
two sprinklers are operating at every sprinkler level for Category 4 goods;
(iii)
where rack aisles exceed 2.4 m in width, at least one rack shall be assumed to be involved;
(iv)
where rack aisles exceed 1.2 m and do not exceed 2.4 m, at least two racks shall be assumed to be involved;
(v)
where racks are closer than 1.2 m (multiple row racks), at least three racks shall be assumed to be involved; and
(vi)
in no case, need more than three rows of sprinklers, as seen in plan view, be assumed to be simultaneously involved at each sprinkler level.
Design data for roof or ceiling sprinklers Where intermediate level sprinklers are provided — (i)
the density of discharge for the roof or ceiling sprinklers shall be appropriate to the height of storage above the highest level of intermediate level protection which can be taken from Table 11.1.3.2(B) with a minimum density of discharge of 7.5 mm/min; and
(ii)
the assumed area of operation of roof or ceiling sprinklers shall be taken as — (A)
260 m2 for wet systems irrespective of total storage height; or
(B)
325 m2 for alternate wet and dry systems
The floor area controlled by a single installation of intermediate level sprinklers, shall not exceed 4000 m2 of floor area occupied by the racks, including aisles.
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11.1.3.5 Sprinkler protection of building columns A1
Where any unencased steel building column is enclosed in a rack without intermediate level sprinkler protection, or is within 300 mm of such a rack, the column shall be protected by sprinklers. Starting at the top of the storage, sprinklers shall be installed on opposite sides of the column at vertical intervals downwards not exceeding 4.5 m. Additional sprinklers shall be provided where obstructions prevent run-down within the 4.5 m interval. Sprinklers shall be directed to wet the surface area at an application rate of not less than 10 mm/min. The discharge from these sprinklers within the assumed area of operation shall be included in water supply calculations. 11.1.3.6 Bonded stores (spirituous liquors)— Rack storage For rack storage the following parameters shall apply: (a)
General For barrel storage in racks in bonded stores, the provisions for high-piled storage risks shall be modified in accordance with Items (b) to (d) below, as appropriate.
(b)
Double rack storage with aisles and walkways (see Figure 11.1.3.6(A)). The following modifications shall apply to double rack storage with aisles between and having walkways at various levels: (i)
Storage height not exceeding 9.7 m For storage heights not exceeding 9.7 m, roof or ceiling protection only is acceptable. Table 11.1.3.6 shall be used to obtain densities of discharge and assumed area of operation where storage heights exceed 7.6 m.
(ii)
Storage height exceeding 9.7 m For storage heights exceeding 9.7 m, intermediate level protection shall be installed beneath walkways at intervals not exceeding 6.5 m commencing with the lowest walkway. Sprinklers under walkways shall be spaced at not more than 3.5 m and the maximum area coverage per sprinkler at each intermediate level shall not exceed 11 m 2. Sprinklers at alternate levels shall be staggered in relation to the rows of sprinklers above and below.
The flow requirements of walkway sprinklers shall be calculated with an operational pressure of not less than 200 kPa at the hydraulically most unfavourable sprinkler when seven sprinklers are operating at each walkway level protected.
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(c)
Continuous racking without aisles or walkways (See Figure 11.1.3.6(B).) The following modifications shall apply to continuous rack storage without aisles or walkways: (i)
Storage height not exceeding 5 m For storage heights not exceeding 5 m, roof or ceiling protection only is acceptable.
(ii)
Storage height exceeding 5 m For storage heights exceeding 5 m, intermediate level protection shall be installed throughout at vertical intervals not exceeding 5 m. There shall be a clear space of not less than 500 mm beneath the deflectors of sprinklers in intermediate level protection. Sprinklers shall be positioned over each of the line of gaps between barrel ends with a maximum spacing down each line of 7 m. The maximum area coverage per sprinkler at each intermediate level shall not exceed 7 m2. Sprinklers shall be arranged in stagger formation so that, in alternate lines, they are midway between the sprinklers in the adjacent lines. The following design data shall be used: (A)
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AS 2118.1—1999
Assumed area of operation at each level of intermediate protection ............................................................. 70 m2.
Clearance below sprinklers Clearance below sprinklers at roof or ceiling level may be reduced to 300 mm instead of the 500 mm clearance required by Clause 5.4.8.
11.1.3.7 Encapsulation A1
Where storage is encapsulated see (Clause 1.6.7) discharge densities listed in Tables 11.1.3.2(A) and 11.1.3.2(B) shall be increased by 50% for Category 1 and 25% for Category 2, with no increases for Categories 3 and 4. These required increases in discharge density shall also apply where intermediate sprinklers are provided. 11.1.4 Type of system
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Where there is no danger of freezing, High Hazard systems shall be of the wet type. Where there is danger of freezing, a pre-action type system or alternate wet and dry system may be installed. If an alternate wet and dry system is installed at only ceiling or roof, the design area of sprinkler operation shall be increased by 25%.
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FIGURE 11.1.3.4 (in part) INTERMEDIATE LEVEL PROTECTION
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FIGURE 11.1.3.4 (in part) INTERMEDIATE LEVEL PROTECTION
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Staggered arrangement of intermediate sprinklers in double rack storage with aisles between, having 2 walkways at various levels: maximum area per sprinkler = 11 m
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FIGURE 11.1.3.6(A) TYPICAL BONDED STORES (SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS)
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Staggered arrangement of intermediate sprinklers in continuous racking without aisles or 2 walkways: maximum area per sprinkler = 7 m
FIGURE 11.1.3.6(B) TYPICAL BONDED STORES (SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS)
TABLE 11.1.3.6 DISCHARGE DENSITY AND ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION AT CEILING FOR BONDED STORES (SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS) RACK STORAGE
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Category of storage
1
Discharge density required mm/min
Height of storage Not more than 5.3 m Above 5.3 m but not more Above 6.5 m but not more Above 7.6 m but not more Above 8.7 m but not more
than than than than
6.5 7.6 8.7 9.7
m m m m
7.5 10.5 12.5 15.0 17.5
Assumed area of operation m2 260 260 260 260 260
11.2 WATER SUPPLIES 11.2.1 Pressure and flow requirements The pressure and flow for fully hydraulically calculated systems shall be determined by calculation (see Section 12). Installation standing pressure shall not be less than 800 kPa.
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For systems designed in accordance with Tables 11.4.2.2(A) to 11.4.2.2(C), the pressure and flow shall comply with the following requirements: (a)
The water supply shall provide the flow and the corresponding running pressure given in Table 11.2.1 at the hydraulically most unfavourably situated design point in the High Hazard portion of the premises commensurate with the required density of discharge and the area of operation set out in Clause 11.1 for the particular occupancy category.
(b)
Where the High Hazard portion comprises less than 48 sprinklers and the provisions of Item (d) below do not apply, the required flow and running pressure given in Table 11.2.1 shall be provided at the level of the highest sprinklers at the point of entry to the sprinkler array.
(c)
Where the design area of operation is fed by more than one distribution pipe, the running pressure at the level of the highest sprinklers at the design point shall be either that given in Table 11.2.1 for the required density of discharge, or that determined by hydraulic calculation. The flow rate for each distribution pipe shall be determined on the pro-rata basis described in Item (h) below.
(d)
Where the area of the High Hazard portion of the risk is less than the area of operation given in Table 11.1.3.6, 11.1.3.2(A) or 11.1.3.2(B), as appropriate, the flow rate shown in Table 11.2.1 may be proportionately reduced (see Item (h) below), but the running pressure at the level of the highest sprinklers at the design point shall be that given in the tables for the required density of discharge.
(e)
Where the basic design area of operation for a given density of discharge is increased due to circumstances described under Clauses 11.1.2 and 11.1.3, the flow rate shall be proportionately increased (see Item (h) below) but the pressure at the design point shall be maintained.
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C11.2.1(e) For example, in a High Hazard system with design density of 12.5 mm/min and 15 mm sprinklers, with piping conforming to Table 11.4.2.2(C) and spacing of one per 9 m 2, if the flow rate was increased by 25% in accordance with Clause 11.1.3 (i.e. from 3800 L/min to 4750 L/min), the appropriate pressure requirement at the design point would be 245 kPa (see Table 11.2.1). (f)
Where the design area of operation is greater than the area of High Hazard protection, and this area is adjacent to Ordinary Hazard protection, the total flow rate shall be calculated on the basis of the rate of flow in the High Hazard portion being proportional to its area as above (see Item (h) below), and the flow in the Ordinary Hazard portion of the risk being equal to 5.0 times the balance of the area of operation. The pressure at the level of the highest sprinklers in the High Hazard portion of the risk at the design point shall be either that given in the tables for the required density of discharge or that determined by hydraulic calculation.
(g)
The flow requirements specified in Items 3 and 4 of Table 11.2.1 apply only to pipe ranges that are horizontal or at a slope not exceeding 5° to the horizontal. Where the angle of 5° is exceeded, the flow requirements shall be increased by 5% for each additional 5° of slope or part thereof, and there shall be a corresponding percentage decrease in the permitted maximum period of inflow for suction tanks (see Clause 11.2.2).
(h)
The increased or decreased flow rates referred to in Item (c), (d), (e) and (f) above shall be determined on a pro rata basis according to the following equation: Q2 = Q1 ×
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a2 a1
. . . 11.2
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where Q2 = flow rate required or, in circumstances described in Item (c), the flow rate in each pipe , in litres per minute Q1 = flow rate required as given in the tables, in litres per minute
(i)
a2
= area of operation required or, in circumstances described in Item (c), the area served by each pipe, in square metres
a1
= area of operation given in the tables for the discharge density required, in square metres
Where sprinklers are installed at intermediate levels in racking, all pipework, including roof or ceiling level pipework, shall be sized by full hydraulic calculation in accordance with Section 12 (see also Clauses 11.1.3.4, 11.2.2.5 and 11.4.2.6).
11.2.2 Minimum capacity of water supplies 11.2.2.1 Town main The town main supply shall be fed from a source of at least 1 ML capacity plus the stored capacity specified in Table 11.2.2.2. Terminal mains or branch ‘dead ends’ mains of less than 150 mm in diameter shall not be used. 11.2.2.2 Reservoirs and tanks other than pressure tanks The minimum capacities shall be as specified in Table 11.2.2.2. These capacities relate to stored water sources entirely reserved for the sprinkler system (including fire hose reels). For pump suction tanks, these capacities may be reduced to not less than two-thirds of the listed capacity, provided that reliable automatic inflow is available which will provide sufficient water for the pump to operate at the maximum flow rate (see Clause 12.8.2) for not less than 90 min. 11.2.2.3 Supplies not reserved entirely for sprinklers Any private reservoir which also provides water for industrial and domestic purposes shall have a constant capacity not less than 1 ML plus the stored capacity given in Table 11.2.2.2.
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NOTE: Pressure and flow tests in connection with proving the supply should be carried out when the demand for other services is at its peak.
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TABLE 11.2.1 PRESSURE/FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS
Density of discharge
Flow rate
Running pressure at the design point (48-sprinkler point) at the level of the highest sprinklers in the High Hazard area, kPa Design spacing of sprinklers, m2
mm/min
L/min
6
7
8
9
1 Systems having piping in accordance with Table 11.4.2.2(A) and 15 mm nominal sprinklers 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0
2 3 3 4
300 050 800 500
— 180 270 380
— 240 365 520
180 315 475 675
225 390 600 —
2 Systems having piping in accordance with Table 11.4.2.2(B) and 15 mm nominal sprinklers 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0
2 3 3 4
300 050 800 550
— 130 200 280
— 180 275 385
135 235 360 510
175 300 460 650
3 Systems having piping in accordance with Table 11.4.2.2(C) and 15 mm nominal sprinklers 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0
2 3 3 4 4 6 7 8 8 9
300 050 800 550 850 400 200 000 800 650
— 70 110 160 215 280 350 435 525 620
— 95 150 215 290 380 480 590 715 —
70 125 195 280 380 500 630 775 — —
90 160 245 355 480 630 795 — — —
4 Systems having piping in accordance with Table 11.4.2.2(C) and 20 mm nominal sprinklers
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7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0
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2 3 3 4 4 6 7 8 8 9
300 050 800 550 850 400 200 000 800 650
— — — 95 125 165 205 255 305 360
— — 90 125 170 225 285 350 420 495
— — 115 165 225 295 370 455 550 650
— 95 145 210 280 370 470 575 690 —
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11.2.2.4 Pressure tanks Pressure tank supplies are not acceptable for High Hazard class systems. 11.2.2.5 Supplementary sprinklers For storage risks coming under the High Hazard class, where supplementary sprinklers are installed at intermediate levels within racking, the minimum volume of water available shall be sufficient to supply for 90 min the maximum calculated simultaneous flow for roof or ceiling sprinklers, intermediate level sprinklers and sprinklers protecting building columns for the hydraulically most favourable area (see also Clauses 11.1.3.4, 11.1.3.5 and 11.4.2.6). 11.2.3 Pumps A1
Pumps shall comply with the requirements of Clauses 4.10.2, 4.11, and AS 2941. 11.2.4 Proving of water supplies Water supplies shall be proved in accordance with the requirements of Clause 4.15.
TABLE 11.2.2.2 WATER STORAGE CAPACITY FOR HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS Design density
Minimum capacity (see Note)
Maximum period of inflow for suction tanks
mm/min
L
min
7.5 10.0 12.5
237 000 316 000 395 000
90 90 90
15.0 17.5 20.0
474 000 553 000 729 000
90 90 90
22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0
820 911 1 002 1 094
000 000 000 000
90 90 90 90
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NOTE: In fully hydraulically calculated systems only, the above capacities may be reduced provided the maximum calculated demand in Litres per minute for the hydraulically most favourable area (see Section 12) for a period of 90 min shows this to be possible. In no case is it required that the above capacities be increased except that they have to be adjusted where the design area is increased or decreased or where supplementary protection is provided in accordance with Clauses 11.1.3, 11.1.4 and 11.2.1. In the case of pump suction tanks, the maximum calculated demand is the maximum flow rate of the pump determined in accordance with Clause 12.8.2.1.
11.3 SPACING OF STANDARD SPRINKLERS 11.3.1 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler Except for sprinklers in storage racks (see Clause 11.1.3.4), the maximum area coverage per sprinkler shall be 9 m2. The area covered by each sprinkler shall be defined by lines drawn midway between adjacent sprinklers at right angles to the line joining the sprinklers and by the boundary of the area covered (see Figure 12.2). www.standards.com.au
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11.3.2 Maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows of sprinklers Except for sprinklers in storage racks (see Clause 11.1.3.4), the maximum distance between sprinklers and adjacent rows shall be 3.7 m. 11.3.3 Maximum distance from walls and partitions The distance of sprinklers from walls or partitions shall not exceed 2 m or half the design spacing whichever is the lesser (see also Clause 5.4.2). 11.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS 11.4.1 Sprinklers 11.4.1.1 Size and type Sprinklers shall conform to the requirements of AS 4118.1.1, and shall have a nominal orifice size of 15 mm, or 20 mm, and may be of conventional or spray type, except that intermediate level sprinklers within storage racks shall have a nominal orifice size of 15 mm. Where sprinklers are required for building column protection in accordance with Clause 11.1.3.5, spray type sprinklers installed horizontally or side wall sprinklers installed vertically shall be used, subject to a minimum orifice size of 10 mm. 11.4.1.2 Sprinkler temperatures In systems, with in-rack sprinklers, protecting high piled storage, 141°C temperature rated sprinklers shall be used at the roof or ceiling, and 68°C to 74°C nominal temperature rated sprinklers shall be installed within storage racks, and for column protection. 11.4.1.3 Special sprinklers Notwithstanding the requirements of Clauses 11.4.1.1 and 11.4.1.2, other types of sprinklers may be incorporated in the system. Such systems shall be classified as special systems and shall conform to the additional requirements of Clause 2.3.3. 11.4.2 Piping 11.4.2.1 General
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The appropriate sizing of piping for High Hazard systems depends on the following factors: (a)
Required density of discharge.
(b)
Spacing of sprinklers.
(c)
Size of sprinkler orifice used.
(d)
Pressure and flow characteristics of the water supply.
To accommodate this wide range of conditions, and to provide reasonable economy in piping, systems are designed either partly by the pre-calculated pipe tables and partly by hydraulic calculation (see Clauses 11.4.2.2 and 11.4.2.3) or by full hydraulic calculation (see Section 12). Figures 11.4.2.1(A) to 11.4.2.1(C) illustrate piping arrangements showing various design points from which the piping shall be calculated hydraulically when the pre-calculated pipe sizing tables are used. Pipes may reduce in diameter only in the direction of flow of water to any sprinkler. An exception to this requirement is permitted in systems which are fully hydraulically calculated in accordance with Section 12.
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11.4.2.2 Pre-calculated piping Where ranges are directly connected to the distribution pipe without risers (or drops) the design point shall be taken as the last elbow, tee or branch downstream of which the 48-sprinkler array is located (see design point A in Figures 11.4.2.1(A) to 11.4.2.1(C)). Where ranges are connected to the distribution pipe with risers (or drops), such risers (or drops) shall be considered as distribution pipes, and the design point shall be moved downstream to the point of connection of the riser (or drop) nearest the installation valves in the 48-sprinkler array (see design point B in Figures 11.4.2.1(A) to 11.4.2.1(C)). Where the number of sprinklers in a separate array is less than the number of sprinklers for which the distribution pipes are hydraulically designed, the design point shall be taken as the point of connection of the range nearest the installation valves in such separate array. Where single sprinklers are connected to horizontal pipes by risers (or drops), such risers shall be considered range pipes. Where such risers (or drops) exceed 300 mm in length, the horizontal pipes to which they are connected shall be sized as distribution pipes. For complex piping arrangements requiring the use of both armpieces and risers (or drops), piping feeding such arrangements shall be sized as a combination of range and distribution pipes in accordance with Tables 11.4.2.2(A) to 11.4.2.2(C). 11.4.2.3 Hydraulic calculation of distribution piping (partly pre-calculated systems) The distribution and rise pipe from the installation valves to the various nominal terminal points of the network, that is at each design point or at the point of entry to each sprinkler array wherever fewer than 48 sprinklers are involved (see Clause 11.2), shall be calculated hydraulically on the basis that, under the relevant flow conditions stated in Table 11.2.1, the pressure drop in this individually calculated piping will not exceed the residual pressure available from the water supply when allowance has been made for the pressure required at the design point in Table 11.2.1 plus the static head loss due to the height of the highest sprinkler in the High Hazard network above the installation valves. Where the highest sprinkler of a High Hazard portion of the premises is not beyond the design point, such portion requiring the higher static head shall have its own terminating distribution pipe. The pressure loss in the distribution pipe to each section of the High Hazard risk shall be adjusted to that required either by suitably sizing the distribution pipes or by fitting an orifice plate in the feed main (see Clause 11.4.2.5) or by a combination of these two methods. The losses given in Table 11.4.2.3 shall be used for these calculations. 11.4.2.4 Fully hydraulically calculated systems
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Where complex piping configuration is involved and where economies in design can be effected, the piping may be designed on the basis of individual hydraulic calculation of pipes throughout the system (see Section 12). 11.4.2.5 Hydraulic balancing of systems with orifice plates Where it is considered necessary to fit orifice plates in order to assist in hydraulically balancing a system or to meet pump characteristic curves, the diameter of the orifice shall be not less than 50% of the diameter of the pipe into which the plate is to be fitted. Such orifice plates shall be fitted only in pipes of 50 mm diameter or larger. Orifice plates shall comply with the requirements of Appendix C. The relationship between the size of the orifice, the flow and the pressure loss, shall be calculated on the basis of the information given in Appendix C.
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11.4.2.6 Piping for supplementary protection within storage racking Where supplementary sprinklers are installed at intermediate levels within storage racking, the piping shall be fully hydraulically calculated. In the sizing of the distribution piping, the water flow required by the intermediate sprinklers shall be added to that required by the roof or ceiling sprinklers and sprinklers protecting building columns (see Clauses 11.1.3.4 and 11.1.3.5). Intermediate level protection within storage racks shall be controlled by a separate control assembly. Where there are not more than 50 intermediate level sprinklers they may be fed directly from roof or ceiling system distribution piping. Where storage racks are freestanding, and the intermediate sprinklers are fed by distribution pipes attached to the building structure, the rack piping shall be connected to the distribution pipes by universal joints or flexible connections. 11.4.2.7 Sprinklers in concealed spaces Where sprinkler protection is required in concealed spaces and under floor spaces to satisfy the requirements of Clause 5.6.1 and 5.6.2, it shall be hydraulically designed in accordance with the requirements of Section 9 (see Clauses 9.2 and 9.5). 11.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE All pipes shall be arranged with slope for drainage in accordance with Clause 7.5. NOTE: Piping in all systems, including piping in wet systems, should be arranged to drain to the installation drain valve which should be not less than 50 mm diameter.
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C11.5 Having an effective drainage system does not improve the performance of the system, nor is it essential, under fire conditions; however, it is particularly desirable when servicing the installation. Water damage can easily occur when cutting installation piping that is still charged with water when carrying out repairs or alterations.
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FIGURE 11.4.2.1(A) TYPICAL HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM —PIPE SIZES BASED ON TABLE 11.4.2.2(A)
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FIGURE 11.4.2.1(B) TYPICAL HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM— PIPE SIZES BASED ON TABLE 11.4.2.2(B)
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FIGURE 11.4.2.1(C) TYPICAL HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM—PIPE SIZES BASED ON TABLE 11.4.2.2(C)
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TABLE 11.4.2.2(A) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ON PRE-CALCULATED PIPING FOR DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE NOT EXCEEDING 15 mm/min Systems with water supplies complying with the pressure and flow requirements for Item 1 in Table 11.2.1 and using 15 mm (nominal) size sprinklers. (a)
Range pipes
Ranges
Nominal internal pipe size mm
Maximum number of sprinklers permitted on range pipes (see Note 1)
Ranges at remote end of all distribution pipes: (i)
Two end-side layouts— Last two ranges
25 32
1 2
(ii)
Three end-side layouts — Last three ranges
25 32
2 3
(iii) All other layouts — Last range
25 32 40
2 3 4
All other ranges
25 32
3 4
(b)
Distribution pipes
Distribution pipes Pipes at extremities of system
Pipes between the above mentioned extremities and the installation valves (see Note 3)
Nominal internal pipe size mm 32 40 50 65 80 100
Maximum number of sprinklers to be fed by distribution pipe 2 4 8 12 18 48 (Note 2)
To be individually calculated hydraulically in accordance with Clause 11.4.2.3
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NOTES: 1
No arrangement is allowed with more than four sprinklers per range pipe. No range pipe may be connected to a distribution pipe exceeding 150 mm in diameter.
2
This requirement does not preclude the use of 100 mm pipe between the design point and the installation control assemblies if hydraulic calculation shows that this is possible.
3
The maximum length of 25 mm pipe allowed in any route from a sprinkler to the installation control assembly is 15 m including allowance for elbows.
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TABLE 11.4.2.2(B) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ON PRE-CALCULATED PIPING FOR DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE NOT EXCEEDING 15 mm/min Systems with water supplies complying with the pressure and flow requirements for Item 2 in Table 11.2.1 and using 15 mm (nominal) size sprinklers. (a)
Range pipes
Ranges
Nominal internal pipe size mm
Maximum number of sprinklers permitted on range pipes (see Note 1)
Ranges at remote end of all distribution pipes: (i)
Two end-side layouts— Last two ranges
25 32
1 3
(ii)
Three end-side layouts — Last three ranges
25 32
2 3
(iii) All other layouts— Last range
25 32 40
2 3 4
All other ranges
25 32
3 4
(b)
Distribution pipes
Distribution pipes Pipes at extremities of system
Pipes between the abovementioned extremities and the installation valves
Nominal internal pipe size mm 50 (Note 2) 65 80 100 150
Maximum number of sprinklers to be fed by distribution pipe 4 8 12 16 48 (Note 3)
To be individually calculated hydraulically in accordance with Clause 11.4.2.3
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NOTES: 1
No arrangement is allowed with more than four sprinklers per range pipe. No range pipe may be connected to a distribution pipe exceeding 150 mm in diameter.
2
No distribution pipe less than 65 mm diameter is permitted for four end-side systems.
3
This requirement does not preclude the use of 150 mm pipe between the design point and the installation control assemblies if hydraulic calculation shows that this is possible.
4
The maximum length of 25 mm pipe allowed in any route from a sprinkler to the installation control assembly is 15 m including allowance for elbows.
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TABLE 11.4.2.2(C) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ON PRE-CALCULATED PIPING FOR DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE UP TO 30 mm/min Systems having water supplies complying with the pressure and flow requirements for Item 3 in Table 11.2.1 and using 15 mm (nominal) size sprinklers OR Systems having water supplies complying with the pressure and flow requirements for Item 4 in Table 11.2.1 and using 20 mm (nominal) size sprinklers (a)
Range pipes
Ranges
Nominal internal pipe size mm
Maximum number of sprinklers permitted on range pipes (see Note 1)
End-side arrangements: (i)
Last three ranges at remote end of all distribution pipes
40 50 65
1 3 6
(ii)
Other ranges
32 40 50 65
1 2 4 6
End-centre arrangements: (i)
Two end-centre systems — (a)
Last three ranges at remote end of all distribution pipes
32 40
1 2
(b)
Other ranges
32
2
32 40 50
1 2 4
(ii)
Three and four end-centre systems —All ranges
(b)
Distribution pipes
Distribution pipes
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Pipes at extremities of system
Pipes between the above mentioned extremities and the installation valves
Nominal internal pipe size mm 50 (Note 2) 65 80 100 150
Maximum number of sprinklers to be fed by distribution pipe 4 8 12 16 48 (Note 3)
To be individually calculated hydraulically in accordance with Clause 11.4.2.3
NOTES: 1
No end-side arrangement is allowed with more than six sprinklers per range pipe and no end-centre arrangement with more than four sprinklers per range pipe. No range pipe may be connected to a distribution pipe exceeding 150 mm in diameter.
2
No distribution pipe less than 65 mm in diameter is permitted for four end-side systems.
3
This requirement does not preclude the use of 150 mm pipe between the design point and the installation control assembly if hydraulic calculation shows that this is possible.
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TABLE 11.4.2.3 PRESSURE LOSSES FOR MEDIUM TUBES TO AS 1074
Flow rate
Loss of pressure per metre length of pipe, kPa (see Note 2) Nominal internal pipe size, mm
L/min
100
150
200
250
100 1 500 2 000
0.44 0.92 1.6
0.065 0.14 0.24
0.015 0.032 0.055
0.005 0.011 0.018
2 300 3 050 3 800
2.0 3.4 5.2
0.3 0.51 0.77
0.071 0.12 0.18
0.023 0.039 0.059
4 550 4 850 6 400
7.2 8.1 13.5
1.1 1.2 2.0
0.25 0.28 0.47
0.082 0.092 0.15
7 200 8 000 8 800
16.8 20.5 24.4
2.5 3.1 3.6
0.58 0.71 0.85
0.19 0.23 0.28
9 650
29.0
4.3
1.0
0.33
NOTES: For heavy tubes, the losses are calculated for the appropriate flow rate from the data in Section 12. The loss of pressure at each elbow, bend or tee where the water is turned through an angle, is to be taken as equal to that incurred through 3 m of straight pipe.
2
Calculations for the ringed portions of distribution pipes should be based on these pressure losses on the total length of each pipe size multiplied by a factor of 0.14.
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1
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S E CT I ON 12 FULL HYDR AU LI C CALCU L AT I ON OF S P RI NKLE R S YS T E MS 12.1 GENERAL This Section details requirements for the design of sprinkler systems based on the hydraulic calculations of all piping. This method of system design, whereby pipe sizes are selected on the basis of water supply characteristics and pressure losses to achieve minimum densities of discharge, is an alternative method to that described in Clauses 10.4.2 and 11.4.2 for pre-calculated systems. In the case of Light Hazard class systems and concealed space protection, the system design methods required by this Section shall be varied only as permitted by the requirements of Section 9. 12.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR DENSITY OF DISCHARGE The calculated density of discharge throughout any assumed area of operation, or the entire protected area, whichever is the smaller, with all sprinklers in the area simultaneously discharging, shall not be less than the design density of discharge specified in Clause 10.1 or 11.1, as appropriate. Where in-rack sprinklers are installed within the area of operation, the calculations shall incorporate the simultaneous flow and pressure requirements for roof or ceiling sprinklers, intermediate level sprinklers and sprinklers protecting building columns (see Clauses 11.1.3.4, 11.1.3.5 and 11.4.2.6). The system shall be hydraulically balanced at every junction where flows divide or join, in accordance with Clause 12.11. For the purpose of this Clause, when calculating the roof or ceiling level sprinklers, it shall be sufficient to prove that the total flow from every group of four sprinklers within each area of operation, divided by the area in square metres covered by the four sprinklers, is not less than the required density of discharge, or, where fewer than four sprinklers are in open communication, the flow rate from each sprinkler divided by the area covered by the sprinkler, shall be at least equal to the required density of discharge.
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The area covered by each sprinkler shall be defined by the centre-lines drawn midway between adjacent sprinklers at right angles to the line joining the sprinklers and by the boundary of the area covered (see Figure 12.2). All dimensions shall be applied in the horizontal plane.
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FIGURE 12.2 DETERMINATION OF AREA COVERED PER SPRINKLER
12.3 ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION The assumed area of operation shall comply with Clauses 9.2, 10.1 or 11.1. 12.4 SPRINKLERS IN OPERATION The number of sprinklers assumed to be in simultaneous operation shall be all sprinklers that fall within the assumed area of operation, including any sprinklers located under obstructions within that area, but excluding sprinklers in concealed spaces. The location of the boundary of the assumed area of operation, as well as its shape and position, shall be established as set out in Clauses 12.5 and 12.6. 12.5 POSITION OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION 12.5.1 Hydraulically most unfavourable area of operation
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For the purpose of determining the hydraulically most unfavourable position, the assumed area of operation shall be located in turn as follows:
A1
(a)
Terminal main system with terminal range pipes At the hydraulically most unfavourable position on each distribution pipe (see Figures 12.5.1(A) and (B)).
(b)
Looped main systems with terminal range pipes At the hydraulically most unfavourable position on the most remote loop (see Figure 12.5.1(C)).
(c)
Gridded systems Gridded systems, which come in two types, are as follows: (i)
(ii)
With terminal range pipes At the most unfavourable position as appropriate in one of the following: (A)
Between the distribution pipes.
(B)
Partly between the distribution pipes and partly within the area of the terminal ranges.
(C)
Wholly within the area of the terminal ranges.
Without terminal range pipes At the hydraulically most unfavourable position between the distribution pipes (see Figure 12.5.1(E)).
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When flowing, the hydraulically most unfavourable area of operation creates the highest pressure requirement in a system. This condition shall be used to ensure that the minimum sprinkler discharge pressure and required discharge density, as defined in Clause 12.2, are met. NOTES: 1 Where the most unfavourable position is not readily apparent, calculation of more than one assumed area may be required. The most remote area in terms of distance is not necessarily the hydraulically most unfavourable area. Proof that the most unfavourable area has been established may be required. 2 Where it is obvious that other arrays similar to that under consideration are hydraulically nearer to the water supply, such other arrays may be ignored.
12.5.2 Hydraulically most favourable area of operation For the purpose of determining the hydraulically most favourable area of operation, the assumed area of operation shall be located as follows: (a)
Terminal main system with terminal range pipes At the hydraulically most favourable position on each distribution pipe (see Figure 12.5.1(A)).
(b)
Looped main system with terminal range pipes At the hydraulically most favourable position on the looped main (see Figure 12.5.1(C)).
(c)
Gridded systems Gridded systems, which come in two types, are as follows: (i)
System without terminal range pipes Adjacent to the hydraulically most favourable distribution pipe (see Figure 12.5.1(E)).
(ii)
System with terminal range pipes Where the terminal ranges are fed from the most hydraulically favourable distribution pipe, the range pipes shall be either wholly or partially included in the assumed area of operation.
The hydraulically most favourable area of operation, when extrapolated onto the water supply pressure and flow characteristic curve, creates the maximum flow condition in a system. This flow shall be used to determine the water supply requirements. NOTE: Where the most favourable position is not readily apparent, calculation of more than one assumed area may be required.
12.6 SHAPE OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION
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12.6.1 Hydraulically most unfavourable area of operation The shape of the hydraulically most unfavourable assumed area of operation shall be as near as possible, rectangular, with a dimension parallel to the ranges at least 1.2 times the square root of the required area of operation. Where range pipes run parallel with the ridge of a roof having a slope greater than 6°, or along bays formed by full height walls, smoke curtains or beams more than 1 m deep, or a combination thereof, with the bays so formed, regardless of intermediate beams, being not more than 9 m wide, the dimension parallel to the ranges shall be at least twice the square root of the required area of operation. The assumed area of operation shall, where necessary, include sprinklers on both sides of a distribution pipe. Where the area of the building under consideration is separated from the remainder of the building in accordance with Clause 3.1.1.3 and is less than the required assumed area of operation specified in Clause 12.3, the assumed area of operation shall be the entire sprinkler-protected area. Where the ranges have an insufficient number of sprinklers to fulfil the 1.2 times or twice the square root of the area requirement, the design area shall be extended to include sprinklers on adjacent ranges supplied by the same distribution pipe, except that where the © Standards Australia
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AS 2118.1—1999
assumed area of operation is the entire sprinkler-protected area as described above, all sprinklers in the area shall be assumed to be in simultaneous operation, regardless of the number of distribution pipes supplying them. In determining the number of sprinklers within the assumed area of operation, fractions of sprinklers shall be counted as one sprinkler. All dimensions shall be applied in the horizontal plane. In all cases, sprinklers making up the area of operation that falls outside the rectangular area shall be placed so as to maximize the hydraulic flow demand of the system, and each total area of operation shall be positioned so as to maximize the hydraulic pressure demand of the system. Variations in sprinkler spacing, layout, elevation, range centres, sprinkler orifice sizes and pipe sizes, as well as all possible locations, shall be considered when determining the hydraulically most unfavourable location of the assumed area of operation. 12.6.2 Hydraulically most favourable area of operation 12.6.2.1 Terminal main system with terminal range pipes or looped main systems with terminal range pipes In a system with terminal mains or looped mains, the shape of the assumed most favourable area of operation shall be, as near as possible, square. As far as is practicable, the sprinklers under consideration shall be served by one distribution pipe only. The sprinklers assumed to be operating shall be located on each range pipe or pair of range pipes for end-centre arrays, at the hydraulically most favourable position.
A1
Any remaining sprinklers not constituting a full range pipe or pair of range pipes shall be grouped adjacent to the distribution pipe on the next range pipe row of the area so as to maximise the hydraulic flow demand of the system. All dimensions shall be applied in the horizontal plane (see Figures 12.5.1(A) and (C)). 12.6.2.2 Gridded system In a gridded system, the shape of the most favourable area of operation shall be, as near as possible, square. The sprinklers calculated to be operating shall be located on each range pipe at the hydraulically most favourable position. Any remaining sprinklers shall be grouped on the next range pipe row of the area so as to maximise the hydraulic flow demand of the system. All dimensions shall be applied in the horizontal plane (see Figure 12.5.1(E) and (F).)
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12.7 WATER SUPPLIES Water supplies shall comply with the requirements of Section 4. For specific sources of supply, the requirements of Clauses 12.8 to 12.9 shall take precedence where systems are fully hydraulically calculated except as varied by Clause 9.2 for Light Hazard class systems. 12.8 PUMPSETS 12.8.1 General Pumpsets shall be capable of satisfying the flow and pressure requirements of any assumed area of operation. 12.8.2 Maximum flow rates 12.8.2.1 Calculation requirements A1
System maximum flow rates are required for the calculation of pump suction velocities (see Clause 4.10.2.1) and to establish minimum pump suction tank capacities (see Clause 4.8) and shall be determined in accordance with Clauses 12.8.2.2 to 12.8.2.6, as applicable.
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12.8.2.2 Pumps drawing from pump suction tanks The maximum flow rate (Q max. ) shall be assumed to occur at the point of intersection of the pressure-flow characteristics for the hydraulically most favourable area of operation and the pump performance pressure flow characteristics, when the pump suction tank water level is at the normal water line (see Figure 4.9.2). 12.8.2.3 Pumps drawing from towns main The maximum flow rate of the pump shall be assumed to occur at the point of intersection of the pressure-flow characteristics for the hydraulically most favourable area of operation and the water supply pressure-flow characteristic (combined output of pump and town main, with the town main at maximum pressure). 12.8.2.4 Light Hazard systems The maximum flow rate shall be taken as 1.3 times the required flow rate calculated in accordance with Clause 9.2. 12.8.2.5 Partly pre-calculated High Hazard systems For systems designed in accordance with Tables 11.4.2.2(A) to (C), the maximum flow rate of the pump shall be 150% of the flow rate given in Column 2 of Table 11.2.1 for the appropriate design density discharge. 12.8.2.6 Partly pre-calculated Ordinary Hazard systems For systems designed in accordance with Table 10.4.2.2, the maximum flow rate of the pump shall be taken as the flow rate that is necessary for the combined output of pump and town main to satisfy the following equation: Q = K (P − h)
. . . 12.8
where Q = rate of flow, in litres per minute P = pressure at pump discharge, in kilopascals, with the town main at maximum pressure h = pressure equivalent of the height above the pump of the hydraulically most favourable area of operation, in kilopascals K = constant applicable to the appropriate hazard class as follows: OH 1: 83, OH 2: 145, OH 3: 190, OH Special: 195
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A1
NOTE: Figure 4.10.2 illustrates typical acceptable and unacceptable curves for pumps drawing from town mains. The curve marked ‘Pump characteristic at valves’ is the performance curve supplied by the pump manufacturer. The performance of a pump cannot be certified beyond these curves. Attention is drawn to the fact that the curves relate pressure and flow only. Power requirements have not been considered.
12.9 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS IN PIPES Pressure losses due to water flow through pipes shall be calculated using the HazenWilliams equation, as follows:
6.05 × Q × 10 7 P= 1.85 4.87 C ×d 1.85
. . . 12.9
where P
= loss of pressure per metre of pipe, in kilopascals
Q = flow rate of water through pipe, in litres per minute C = roughness coefficient for the type of pipe (see Table 12.9.1) d
= mean internal diameter of pipe, in millimetres (see Tables 12.9.2 and 12.9.3)
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135
Pressure losses in steel, galvanized steel, cast iron, ductile iron and copper pipes may be calculated using a simplified equation as follows: P = KQ1.85 where P = loss of pressure per metre of pipe, in kilopascals K = a constant of value given in Tables 12.9.2 and 12.9.3 Q = flow rate of water through pipe, in litres per minute
TABLE 12.9.1 DESIGN ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS (C) Types of pipe
Suggested values 100
Steel (galvanized)
120
Steel (black: welded or seamless)
120
Asbestos cement
140
Concrete (bitumen lined)
140
Steel (bitumen lined)
140
Iron or steel (cement lined)
140
Copper
150
Polyethylene
150
PVC (UPVC) unplasticized
150
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Cast iron (unlined)
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TABLE 12.9.2 MEAN INTERNAL DIAMETERS AND VALUES OF K FOR STEEL TUBE TO AS 1074 Medium Nominal dia. (DN)
mm
Mean (internal) diameter
Heavy Mean (internal) diameter
K
mm
K
mm
20 25 32
21.6 27.3 36.0
2.73 × 10−3 8.73 × 10−4 2.27 × 10−4
20.4 25.7 34.4
3.61 × 10−3 1.17 × 10−3 2.83 × 10−4
40 50 65
41.9 53.0 68.7
1.08 × 10−4 3.45 × 10−5 9.76 × 10−6
40.3 51.3 67.0
1.31 × 10−4 4.05 × 10−5 1.10 × 10−5
80 90* 100
80.7 93.2 105.1
4.45 × 10−6 2.21 × 10−6 1.23 × 10−6
79.1 91.6 103.3
4.91 × 10−6 2.41 × 10−6 1.34 × 10−6
125 150
129.9 155.4
4.38 × 10−7 1.83 × 10−7
128.8 154.3
4.58 × 10−7 1.90 × 10−7
*While no longer manufactured, 90 mm tube is included to facilitate calculations for existing systems involving this size. NOTE: The values for K are based on a roughness coefficient (C) of 120.
TABLE 12.9.3 MEAN INTERNAL DIAMETERS AND VALUES OF K FOR COPPER PIPES TO AS 1432 Type A Nominal dia. DN
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mm
Mean internal diameter
Type B Mean internal diameter
K
mm
K
mm −3
20 25 32
16.2 22.1 28.4
7.34 × 10 1.62 × 10−3 4.77 × 10−4
17.0 22.9 29.3
5.81 × 10−3 1.36 × 10−3 4.10 × 10−4
40 50 65
34.8 47.5 60.2
1.77 × 10−4 3.89 × 10−5 1.23 × 10−5
35.6 48.3 61.0
1.59 × 10−4 3.59 × 10−5 1.15 × 10−5
80 90 100
72.0 84.7 97.4
5.14 × 10−6 2.33 × 10−6 1.18 × 10−6
72.8 85.5 98.2
4.87 × 10−6 2.22 × 10−6 1.13 × 10−6
125 150
122.8 147.0
3.83 × 10−7 1.59 × 10−7
123.6 148.2
3.70 × 10−7 1.53 × 10−7
NOTES:
© Standards Australia
1
These values for K are based on a roughness coefficient (C) of 150.
2
Diameters for pipes in other materials should be obtained from the manufacturers.
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12.10 PRESSURE LOSSES 12.10.1 Fittings and valves Loss of pressure due to water flow through pipe fittings, where the direction of water flow is changed through an angle of 45° or more (other than the change of direction into a sprinkler from an elbow or tee into which the sprinkler is fitted), or through valves, shall be calculated by adding the appropriate equivalent pipe lengths given in Table 12.10.1, to the actual lengths in the network under consideration.
TABLE 12.10.1 EQUIVALENT PIPE LENGTHS FOR FITTINGS AND VALVES (APPLICABLE TO HAZEN-WILLIAMS C VALUE OF 120 ONLY) Equivalent length, m Fittings and valves
Nominal diameter (mm) 20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
90° standard elbow
0.6
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.4
3.0
3.7
4.3
5.5
6.7
8.2
90° long radius elbow
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.8
2.4
2.7
4.0
4.9
5.5
45° elbow
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.1
2.7
3.4
4.0
Tee or cross (flow turned 90°)
0.9
1.5
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.7
4.6
5.2
6.1
7.6
9.1
10.7
15.2
18.3
Gate valve
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
Check valve or alarm valve (swing)
—
1.5
2.1
2.7
3.4
4.3
4.9
5.8
6.7
8.2
9.8
13.7
16.8
19.8
Check valve or alarm valve (mushroom)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
18.0
—
30.0
45.0
60.0
—
Check valve or alarm valve (butterfly)
—
—
—
—
1.8
2.1
3.0
—
3.7
2.7
3.0
3.7
5.8
6.4
For other values of C, the equivalent lengths shall be multiplied by factors as follows: C Value
100
110
120
130
140
150
Factor
0.71
0.85
1.00
1.16
1.33
1.51
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12.10.2 Dry pendent (or upright) sprinklers For a dry pattern sprinkler assembly, the K factor shall be considered to apply at the entry to the sprinkler assembly. Allowance shall be made for the static head gain or loss due to the length and orientation of the dry pipe. No allowance shall be made for friction losses due to flow through the sprinkler assembly dry pipe. 12.11 ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS At every hydraulic junction where flows divide or join — (a)
the total flow into the junction shall equal the total flow out of the junction to an accuracy of ±2 L/min; and
(b)
the pressure shall balance to within 0.5 kPa.
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12.12 MINIMUM SPRINKLER DISCHARGE PRESSURE The pressure at any sprinkler, with all sprinklers discharging simultaneously within an assumed area of operation, shall not be less than the following: (a)
Light Hazard system ......................................................................................70 kPa.
(b)
Ordinary Hazard system ................................................................................35 kPa.
(c)
High Hazard system ......................................................................................50 kPa.
12.13 MINIMUM PIPE SIZES No distribution or range pipe shall be less than DN 25 except that DN 20 is permitted for connection to single sprinklers in Light Hazard class systems only. 12.14 VELOCITY LIMITATION The water velocity shall not exceed 6 m/s at any valve nor exceed 10 m/s at any point in the system, for any stabilized flow condition except that these restrictions shall not apply when calculating the hydraulically most favourable areas of operation. 12.15 VELOCITY PRESSURE Velocity pressures may be included in hydraulic calculations at the discretion of the designer. Where included, velocity pressures shall be calculated for both range pipes and distribution mains. NOTE: The inclusion of velocity pressures in hydraulic calculations improves the predictability of the actual sprinkler system performance.
12.16 IDENTIFICATION OF FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATED SYSTEMS
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A1
A durable notice shall be affixed to the riser pipe, immediately adjacent to the control assembly, of any installation that has been hydraulically calculated. The notice shall be similar to that shown in Figure 12.6 and shall include the following information: (a)
Installation number.
(b)
Installation hazard classification(s).
(c)
For each hazard class within the installation — (i)
the system design requirement at the installation gauge for the most unfavourable and favourable assumed areas of operation;
(ii)
the system design requirement at the pump delivery pressure gauge for the most unfavourable and favourable assumed areas of operation;
(iii)
height of highest sprinklers above the installation gauge in the most unfavourable and favourable assumed area of operation; and
(iv)
height difference between installation gauge and pump delivery pressure gauge.
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AS 2118.1—1999
FIGURE 12.5.1(A) TYPICAL HYDRAULICALLY MOST FAVOURABLE AND MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREAS OF OPERATION IN A TERMINAL MAIN SYSTEM WITH TERMINAL RANGE PIPES
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FIGURE 12.5.1(B) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREA OF OPERATION (see Figure 12.5.1(A)) ASSUMING 20 mm/min MINIMUM DISCHARGE 2 DENSITY OVER 260 m © Standards Australia
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AS 2118.1—1999
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FIGURE 12.5.1(C) TYPICAL HYDRAULICALLY MOST FAVOURABLE AND MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREAS OF OPERATION IN A LOOPED MAIN SYSTEM WITH TERMINAL RANGE PIPES
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FIGURE 12.5.1(D) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREA OF OPERATION (see Figure 12.5.1(C)) ASSUMING 20 mm/min MINIMUM 2 DISCHARGE DENSITY OVER 260 m
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FIGURE 12.5.1(E) TYPICAL HYDRAULICALLY MOST FAVOURABLE AND MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREAS OF OPERATION IN A GRIDDED SYSTEM
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FIGURE 12.5.1(F) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREA OF OPERATION (see Figure 12.5.1(E)) ASSUMING A 20 mm/min MINIMUM 2 DISCHARGE DENSITY OVER 260 m
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Installation No.
System hydraulic data
Design specification Hazard Area of class operation m2
Density of discharge mm/min
System demand Height of highest head*, m
Unfavourable area Flow L/min
Pressure (kPa) installation gauge
Favourable area
Pump gauge
Flow L/min
Pressure (kPa) installation gauge
Pump gauge
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* Height of highest head measured from installation gauge. The head difference between the installation gauge and the pump delivery gauge is . . . . . m. INSTALLATION ENGINEERS Name A1
Address
Reference number and date installed
FIGURE 12.6 ILLUSTRATION OF INSTALLATION NOTICE
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APPENDIX A
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS (Informative) A1 INTRODUCTION This Appendix sets out the listing of occupancy classifications (see Clause 2.2). The listings cannot be considered to be exhaustive. Where sprinkler protection is being designed for an occupancy that is not listed, the occupancy should be related to that which could be considered to behave in a similar manner under fire conditions. A2 LIGHT HAZARD OCCUPANCIES The following are classified as Light Hazard occupancies (a)
Art galleries.
(b)
Baths (Turkish and Sauna).
(c)
Boarding houses.
(d)
Churches and chapels.
(e)
Hospitals, orphanages, homes and asylums.
(f)
Libraries (excluding stack rooms).
(g)
Lodging houses.
(h)
Medical and dental consulting rooms.
(i)
Museums (low combustible loading).
(j)
Offices.
(k)
Prisons.
(l)
Residential portions of buildings, such as clubs, hotels, motels and apartment buildings.
(m)
Schools, colleges, universities.
(n)
Sewerage works.
(o)
Waterworks and pumping stations.
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NOTE: For residential buildings containing not more than four storeys see AS 2118.4.
A3 ORDINARY HAZARD OCCUPANCIES A3.1 Ordinary Hazard 1 occupancies (OH 1) The following are classified as Ordinary Hazard occupancies. A1
NOTE: OH 1 occupancies exclude woodworking, painting and any other high fire load areas that are to be treated as Ordinary Hazard 3 (OH 3). In areas where there is storage of stock within the occupancies described in Paragraph A3.1 in excess of the storage heights set out in Table A3.2.1, High Hazard protection will be required.
(a)
Abrasive wheel and powder manufacturing.
(b)
Aerated water manufacturing (not on brewery premises).
(c)
Artificial stone manufacturing.
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(d)
Assayers (gold and silver).
(e)
Boiler composition manufacturing.
(f)
Cement works.
(g)
Chrome plating.
(h)
Clubs/hotels/motels (excluding public entertainment areas such as discos and gaming areas).
(i)
Creamery and wholesale dairies.
(j)
Fibrous cement millboard manufacturing.
(k)
Galvanizing works.
(l)
Gold and silver smelting.
(m)
Ice factories.
(n)
Jewellery manufacturing and engraving.
(o)
Mirror manufacturing.
(p)
Plant rooms (building services only). NOTE: Occupancy classification of plant rooms, other than for building services, should be individually assessed.
(q)
Plating works.
(r)
Pre-cast concrete and brick manufacturing.
(s)
Restaurants and cafes.
(t)
Salt manufacturing.
(u)
Sports pavilions and stands.
(v)
Stained glass manufacturing.
(w)
Stone working premises.
A3.2 Ordinary Hazard 2 occupancies (OH 2) The following are classified as Ordinary Hazard 2 occupancies: NOTE: OH 2 occupancies exclude woodworking, painting and any other high fire load areas that are to be treated as OH 3 occupancies. In areas where there is storage of stock within the occupancies described in Paragraph A3.2 in excess of the storage heights set out in Table A3.2.1, High Hazard protection will be required.
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A1
(a)
Abattoirs/meat processing.
(b)
Aircraft engine works (excluding engine testing).
(c)
Battery manufacturing (excluding stationary types with plastic housings).
(d)
Breweries including wineries (bottling section but excluding beverage processing).
(e)
Electric lamp and neon light manufacturing.
(f)
Emery paper/cloth manufacturing.
(g)
Enamelling works.
(h)
Engineering works.
(i)
Glasspaper and sandpaper manufacturing.
(j)
Instrument and tool manufacturing (metal).
(k)
Laundries (excluding hanging garments).
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(l)
Motor garages, including public and private car parks.
(m)
Motor vehicle manufacturing and assembly plants (excluding plastic component handling).
(n)
Paint manufacturing (water-based only).
(o)
Plaster manufacturing.
(p)
Potteries.
(q)
Shipbreaking.
(r)
Tea manufacturing.
(s)
Tobacco manufacturing.
A3.3 Ordinary Hazard 3 occupancies (OH 3)
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The following are classified as Ordinary Hazard 3 occupancies: (a)
Aircraft factories (excluding hangars).
(b)
Athletic goods manufacturing (excluding plastic component handling/manufacturing).
(c)
Bleach, dye and print works.
(d)
Boathouses.
(e)
Brake and clutch lining manufacturing.
(f)
Briquette and patent fuel manufacturing.
(g)
Broadcasting studios and transmitters.
(h)
Brush manufacturing.
(i)
Candle manufacturing.
(j)
Carpet manufacturing.
(k)
Cinematography film dealing and exchanging.
(l)
Clothing/textile manufacturing.
(m)
Cork cutting and dealing.
(n)
Cotton mills (excluding preparatory processes).
(o)
Data processing.
(p)
Departmental/retail stores.
(q)
Electrical signal cable manufacturing.
(r)
Electrical/electronic manufacturing and assembly (predominantly metal materials).
(s)
Fibre goods manufacturing.
(t)
Flax, jute and hemp mills (excluding preparatory processes).
(u)
Food/beverage processing.
(v)
Footwear manufacturing.
(w)
French polishing.
(x)
Furrier’s premises.
(y)
Furniture manufacturing and repairing premises (excluding foam rubber and plastics).
(z)
Glass manufacturing.
(aa) Glue works. © Standards Australia
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(ab) Granaries, grain and seed mills. (ac) Laundries and dry cleaner’s premises. (ad) Leather goods manufacturing. (ae) Maltings and cooperages. (af)
Market halls.
(ag) Museums (with high combustible loading). (ah) Nitrate storage. (ai)
Paper goods manufacturing.
(aj)
Paper mills.
(ak) Printing and allied trades (excluding flammable liquids). (al)
Pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturing (not producing or using flammable solids, liquids, dust and the like).
(am) Photographic materials works. (an) Rope and twine manufacturing. (ao) Rubber and rubber goods manufacturing (excluding foam rubber). (ap) Sawmills and timber yards. (aq) Shale oil refineries. (ar)
Ship/boat building (excluding plastic).
(as) Showrooms. (at)
Stables.
(au) Starch works. (av) Sugar manufacturing. (aw) Tanneries. (ax) Telephone exchanges. (ay) Theatres, cinemas and public entertainment areas. (az) Tram and railway depots. (ba) Tyre manufacturing. (bb) Video stores—retail/rental.
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(bc) Wallpaper manufacturing. (bd) Warehouses and storage buildings (storage heights not exceeding the figures stated in the Note to Table A3.2). (be) Waste paper dealers. (bf) Woodworking. (bg) Woollen and worsted mills. A1
NOTE: High Hazard protection is required in areas where there is storage of stock within the occupancies described in Paragraph A3.3 in excess of the storage heights set out in Table A3.2.1.
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A3.4 Ordinary Hazard Special (OH Special) occupancies The following are classified as Ordinary Hazard Special occupancies: NOTES: 1 This group in an extension of OH 3 occupancies where flash fires somewhat larger areas of operation, such as might be anticipated preparatory processes in textile mills and certain other risks. 2 High Hazard protection is required in areas where there is storage occupancies described in Paragraph A3.4 in excess of the storage Table A3.2.1.
A1
are likely, covering in connection with of stock within the heights set out in
(a)
Copra kilns.
(b)
Cork processing.
(c)
Cotton mills (preparatory processes).
(d)
Fibreglass products manufacturing.
(e)
Film and television studios.
(f)
Flax and hemp scutch mills.
(g)
Flax, jute and hemp mills (preparatory processes).
(h)
Match manufacturing.
(i)
Oil mills (crushing and solvent extraction).
(j)
Pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturing (producing or using flammable solids, liquids, dust or the like).
(k)
Printing and allied trades (using flammable inks and solvents).
A4 HIGH HAZARD OCCUPANCIES A4.1 High Hazard — Process Risks
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The following are classified as High Hazard Process Risks: (a)
Aircraft engine testing.
(b)
Aircraft hangars.
(c)
Distilleries (still houses).
(d)
Electrical/electronic manufacturing and assembly premises (predominantly plastic components).
(e)
Exhibition halls with unusually high ceiling and high concentration of combustibles.
(f)
Firelighter manufacturing.
(g)
Fireworks manufacturing.
(h)
Flammable liquid spraying.
(i)
Foam plastics goods manufacturing and processing.
(j)
Foam rubber goods manufacturing and processing.
(k)
Nitrocellulose manufacturing and nitrocellulose goods manufacturing.
(l)
Paint and varnish works, solvent-based.
(m)
Plastic goods manufacturing and processing (where plastic is one of the basic materials in the operation).
(n)
Resin and turpentine manufacturing.
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(o)
Theatrical scenery stores.
(p)
Tar distilleries.
(q)
Vehicle repair shops.
A4.2 High Hazard— High-piled Storage Risks A4.2.1 General The protection of high-piled storage risks depends on the method of storage, the hazardous nature of the stock, and the height of the storage. Provision is made for protection where sprinklers are only provided at the roof or ceiling and also where additional sprinklers are provided at intermediate levels in storage racks. The term ‘storage’ includes the warehousing or the temporary depositing of goods or materials. A1
Risks have been subdivided according to the severity of hazards of the stock and the classification as set out in Paragraphs A4.2.2 to A4.2.5. Storage heights not exceeding those set out in Table A3.2.1 for the various categories are suitable for Ordinary Hazard systems and are not classified as high-piled storage.
TABLE A3.2.1 OVERALL STORAGE HEIGHTS FOR CATEGORIES OF ORDINARY HAZARD SYSTEMS Category of storage (see Paragraphs A4.2.1 to A4.3)
Overall storage height, m Freestanding, bin or block storage
Single or double row post or box pallets and rack storage
Nonencapsulated
Encapsulated
Nonencapsulated
Encapsulated
1
4.0
3.0
3.5
2.7
2
3.0
2.2
2.6
2.0
3
2.1
1.6
1.7
1.3
4
1.2
0.9
1.2
0.9
NOTE: To provide for any future requirements in designated storage areas, the height of storage should be taken as not less than 1 m below any ceiling or roof.
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A4.2.2 High Hazard— High-piled Storage Risks— Category 1 Category 1 comprises ordinary combustible materials and non-combustible materials in combustible wrappings, excluding those items specified under Categories 2, 3 and 4 stored in bulk, in pallets or on racking, to heights as specified in Tables 11.1.3.2(A) and 11.1.3.2(B). The following are classified as High Hazard — High-piled Storage Risks — Category 1: (a)
Baled wool
(b)
Cartons containing alcoholic beverages with an alcoholic content up to and including 20% (e.g. beer and wine).
(c)
Clothing (excluding multilevel hanging garments).
(d)
Electrical appliances (metal).
(e)
Fibreboard (high density hardboard).
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AS 2118.1—1999
(f)
Glassware and crockery (in cartons).
(g)
Groceries.
152
NOTE: This item applies only to the storage of grocery items. Packaging and other items in the storage area may require protection to a higher category.
(h)
Library stack rooms.
(i)
Metal goods in cartons.
(j)
Paints (water-based).
(k)
Textiles.
(l)
All forms of paper storage other than those specified under Categories 2, 3 and 4.
A4.2.3 High Hazard— High-piled Storage Risks—Category 2 The following are classified High-Hazard — High-piled Storage Risks — Category 2: (a)
Aerosols with non-flammable contents or expellants.
(b)
Baled cork.
(c)
Baled waste paper.
(d)
Cartons and carton flats.
(e)
Cartons containing spirituous liquors with an alcoholic content in excess of 20% (e.g. whisky).
(f)
Carpet (natural and blended).
(g)
Chipboard.
(h)
Fibreboard (low density softboard).
(i)
Linoleum products.
(j)
Palletized whisky stocks.
(k)
Rolled asphalt paper (horizontal storage).
(l)
Rolled pulp and paper (horizontal storage excluding light weight).
(m)
Veneer sheets.
(n)
Wood patterns.
(o)
Wooden furniture.
A4.2.4 High Hazard— High-piled Storage Risks—Category 3 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006
The following are classified as High Hazard — High-piled Storage Risks — Category 3: (a)
Bitumen-coated or wax-coated paper.
(b)
Carpet (synthetic).
(c)
Celluloid.
(d)
Electrical appliances (plastic).
(e)
Esparto (loose).
(f)
Flammable liquids (metal containers).
(g)
Foamed rubber products (with or without cartons) other than those specified in Category 4.
(h)
Hanging garments (multilevel).
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(i)
Paint (solvent-based, in metal containers).
(j)
Plastics (non-foamed) with or without cartons.
(k)
Plastics (foamed) in cartons.
(l)
Rolled pulp and paper (vertical storage and lightweight paper horizontal storage).
(m)
Rolled asphalt paper (vertical storage).
(n)
Rubber goods (excluding tyre storage).
(o)
Ventilated wood stacks.
(p)
Waxed paper or asphalt-coated paper and containers in cartons.
(q)
Woodwool.
(r)
Wooden pallets and wood flats (idle).
A4.2.5 High Hazard— High-piled Storage Risks—Category 4 The following are classified as High Hazard—High-piled Storage Risks—Category 4: (a)
Foamed plastics without cartons and non-woven synthetic fibre products with or without cartons.
(b)
Off-cuts and random pieces of foamed plastic or foamed rubber.
(c)
Plastic pallets (idle).
(d)
Rolled lightweight paper (vertical storage).
(e)
Rolled non-woven synthetic fabric.
(f)
Rolled sheet-foamed plastics or foamed rubber.
(g)
Tyre storage.
A4.3 Storage risks requiring special consideration Storage risks requiring special consideration would include aerosols with flammable contents storage, flammable and combustible liquids in plastic containers, vertically stored tissue paper, and the like.
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NOTES: 1 Classification and form of protection may be subject to approval by the relevant authority. 2 Guidance as to the classification and form of protection for this type of risk may be obtained from Factory Mutual Engineering Corp. Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets, NFPA Standards or other appropriate international guidelines.
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APPENDIX B
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS (Normative)
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The following documents are referred to in this Standard: AS 1074
Steel tubes and tubulars for ordinary service
1349
Bourdon tube pressure and vacuum gauges
1432
Copper tubes for plumbing, gasfitting and drainage applications
1657
Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders — Design, construction and installation
1670 1670.1 1670.3 1670.6
Fire detection, warning, control and intercom systems— System design, installation and commissioning Part 1: Fire Part 3: Monitoring network performance Part 6: Smoke alarms
1735 1735.1 1735.2 1735.3 1735.4 1735.5 1735.6(Int) 1735.7 1735.8 1735.10(Int) 1735.11
Lifts, escalators and moving walks (known as the SAA Lift Code) General requirements Part 2: Passenger and goods lifts— Electric Part 3: Passenger and goods lifts— Electrohydraulic Part 4: Service lifts— Power-operated Part 5: Escalators Part 6: Moving walks Part 7: Stairway lifts Part 8: Inclined lifts Part 10: Tests Part 11: Fire-rated landing doors
1851 1851.3
Maintenance of fire protection equipment Part 3: Automatic fire sprinkler systems
2118 2118.2 2118.3 2118.6 2118.9 2118.10
Automatic fire sprinkler systems Part 2: Wall wetting sprinklers (Drenchers) Part 3: Deluge Part 6: Combined sprinkler and hydrant Part 9: Piping support and installation Part 10: Approval documentation
2201 2201.2
Intruder alarm systems Part 2: Central stations
2419
Fire hydrant installations (All parts)
2484 2484.1 2484.2
Fire— Glossary of terms Part 1: Fire tests Part 2: Fire protection and firefighting equipment
2941
Fixed fire protection installations— Pumpset systems
3786
Smoke alarms
4118 4118.1.1 4118.1.2 4118.1.3
Fire sprinkler systems Part 1.1: Components — Sprinklers and sprayers Part 1.2: Components — Alarm valves (wet) Part 1.3: Components — Water motor alarms
© Standards Australia
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AS 4118.1.4 4118.1.5 4118.1.6 4118.1.7 4118.1.8 4118.2.1 4428 A1
Part Part Part Part Part Part
1.4: 1.5: 1.6: 1.7: 1.8: 2.1:
Components — Valve monitors Components — Deluge and pre-action valves Components — Stop valves and non-return valves Components — Alarm valves (dry) Components — Pressure reducing valves Piping — General
4428.1 4428.6
Fire detection, warning, control and intercom systems—Control and indicating equipment Part 1: Fire Part 6: Alarm signalling equipment
4254
Ductwork for air-handling systems in buildings
AS/NZS 1668
The use of ventilation and airconditioning in buildings
1668.1
Part 1:
1905 1905.1 1905.2
Components for the protection of openings in fire-resistant walls Part 1: Fire-resistant doorsets Part 2: Fire-resistant roller shutters
3000
Electrical installations— Buildings, structures and premises (known as the SAA Wiring Rules) Electrical installations— Classification of the fire and mechanical performance of wiring systems
3013
Fire and smoke control in multi-compartment building
3500 3500.0
National Plumbing and Drainage Code Part 0: Glossary of terms
BS 1042 1042.1
Methods for the measurement of fluid flow in pipes Part 1: Orifice plates, nozzles and venturi tubes
Building Code of Australia Factory Mutual Loss Prevention Data NFPA 13 — 1999
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A1
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APPENDIX C
ORIFICE PLATES (Normative) C1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a formula to calculate the hydraulic balance of orifice plates. Tables D1 and D2 have been produced to assist in calculating the appropriate diameter of the orifice to achieve the desired hydraulic balance required in Clauses 7.8 and 11.4.2.5. The Tables indicate the correct orifice diameter in respect of pipe sizes from 50 mm to 200 mm for discrete values of pressure loss (Po) in kilopascals for an assumed rate of flow (Q o) in Litres per minute. Table C1 for the smaller diameter pipes is based on a flow of 500 L/min and Table C2 for the larger diameter pipes is based on a flow of 5000 L/min. The K factor referred to in the last column of Tables C1 and C2 is the constant in the following equation: K=
Q
. . . C1
P where P=
is the pressure loss in kilopascals due to the orifice with a rate of flow of water Q L/min.
The pressure loss produced by the orifice plate is the net pressure across the orifice and not the pressure difference measured at ‘flange’, ‘corner’ or ‘D and D/2’ tapping points. C2 REQUIREMENTS Orifice plates shall be of brass with plain central holes without burrs and of thickness specified in Table C3. They shall be located not less than two pipe diameters from any elbow or bend, measured in the direction of flow. They shall have a projecting identification tag which shall be readily visible, and on which shall be stamped the nominal pipe diameter and K factor of the orifice. C3 NOTES ON THE USE OF TABLES C1 AND C2
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To select an orifice plate which will produce a pressure loss of Px kPa with a rate of flow of Qx L/min, calculate the value of Po from the following formulae and refer to the appropriate table for the correct orifice diameter (interpolate as necessary): (a)
Pipe sizes 50 and 65 — 500 Po = P x Qx
(b)
2
. . . C3(1)
Pipe sizes 80, 100, 150 and 200 ? 5000 Po = P x Qx
© Standards Australia
2
. . . C3(2)
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TABLE C1 ORIFICE PLATES FOR PIPES OF SIZE 50 AND 65 FOR A FLOW RATE OF 500 L/min Orifice diameter, mm
Pressure loss (P0)
Nominal internal pipe size, mm 50
65
K factor
250 225 200
25.9 26.5 27.1
— — —
31.6 33.3 35.4
175 150 125
27.9 28.8 29.6
— — —
37.8 40.8 44.7
100 90 80
30.9 31.1 32.2
— — 34.5
50.0 52.7 55.9
70 60 50
32.8 33.7 34.7
35.3 36.3 37.6
59.8 64.5 70.7
40 30 20
5.9 37.5 39.7
39.3 41.2 44.2
79.1 91.3 111.8
10 5
42.7 —
49.1 53.6
158.1 223.6
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kPa
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TABLE C2 ORIFICE PLATES FOR PIPES OF SIZE 80, 100, 150 AND 200 FOR A FLOW RATE OF 5 000 L/min Orifice diameter, mm
Pressure loss (P0) kPa
Nominal internal pipe size, mm K factor
80
100
150
200
3 500 3 000 2 500
41.9 43.0 44.8
— — —
— — —
— — —
84.5 91.3 100.0
2 000 1 500 1 000
46.4 48.9 52.3
— — 55.6
— — —
— — —
111.18 129.1 158.1
900 800 700
53.2 54.1 55.3
57.6 59.0 60.4
— — —
— — —
166.7 176.8 189.0
600 500 400
56.6 58.2 59.3
62.0 63.9 66.5
— — —
— — —
204.1 223.6 250.0
300 200 100
62.0 65.0 —
69.7 74.2 81.1
— 82.3 95.8
— — —
288.7 353.6 500.0
90 80 70
— — —
82.2 83.3 84.4
97.1 99.3 101.7
105.7 108.1 111.1
527.0 559.0 597.6
60 50 40
— — —
85.7 87.0 —
104.0 106.8 110.1
113.9 117.7 122.2
645.5 707.1 790.6
30 20 10
— — —
— — —
115.1 120.6 —
129.1 137.7 152.6
912.9 1 118.0 1 581.0
5
—
—
—
165.8
2 236.0
TABLE C3
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ORIFICE PLATE THICKNESS
© Standards Australia
Nominal internal pipe size
Orifice plate thickness
mm
mm
50 65 80
3 3 3
100 150 200
6 6 6
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AS 2118.1—1999
APPENDIX D
PIPING INTERPRETATIONS (Informative)
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The figures in this Appendix are included to clarify the terminology applied to piping.
FIGURE D1 ORDINARY AND HIGH HAZARD— ARMPIECES AND RISERS (OR DROPS)
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FIGURE D2 ORDINARY AND HIGH HAZARD— ARMPIECES AND RISERS (OR DROPS)
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FIGURE D3 ORDINARY AND HIGH HAZARD — ARMPIECES AND RISERS (OR DROPS)
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INDEX Accelerators ....................................................................8.7.5 Acceptable sources of water supply ..................................4.2 Air-handling plants .......................................................5.6.18 Air pressure tanks (see Pressure tanks) Air valve (see Dry valve) Alarm devices ..................................................................8.10 fire alarm signal .......................................................8.10.4 electrically operated................8.10.3.1 Note, 8.10.4 Note local...................................................................3.3, 8.10.3 pressure switches .....................................................8.10.5 transmission of signal to fire brigade ...........................3.2 water motor ................................................. 8.10.3, 8.10.4 Alarm signal transmission Cable ratings ..................................................... 3.2, 3.2(e) Grouping of installation........................................... 3.2(a) Monitoring network ..................................................3.2(f) Alarm valves ......................................................................8.7 identification ..............................................................8.7.4 Alternate wet and dry pipe systems.............................2.3.2.2 maximum floor area ................................................2.3.2.2 Anti-corrosion treatment of sprinklers ..............................6.8 Anti-freezing device with pendent sprinklers..............2.3.2.2 Area to be protected........................................................3.1.1 Assumed area of operation ....................................................... 12.3 sprinklers in operation ................................................12.4 favourable area location ..........................................12.5.2 favourable area shape ........................... 12.6.2.1, 12.6.2.2 unfavourable area location ......................................12.5.1 unfavourable area shape ..........................................12.6.1 Automatic pumps (see Pumps, automatic)
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Back-pressure valves..........................................................8.6 Baffle plates (water shields) ........................... 5.6.5, 11.1.3.4 Baffles between sprinklers.................................................5.3 Balconies........................................................ 3.1.3(I), 5.6.13 Beams, joists, location of sprinklers ..............................5.4.4 Bins and silos ...................................................3.1.3(d), 5.6.8 Block plan ..........................................................................8.3 Bonded stores (spirituous liquors).............................11.1.3.6 Building services shafts ..................................................5.6.5 Calculation of static pressure loss .....................................4.5 Canopies........................................................................5.6.10 Ceilings ...........................................................................5.4.3 suspended ...................................................................5.7.4 suspended open grid ..................................................5.7.5 Ceiling (flush) sprinklers.......................... 1.6.23(c), 6.2.1(c) Ceilings and roofs, location of sprinklers ......................5.4.3 Check valves ......................................................................8.6 Chutes......................................................................... 5.6.5(c) Classification occupancies ............................................. 2.2, Appendix A sprinkler-protected area ..........................................3.1.1.3 sprinkler-protected buildings..................................3.1.1.2 sprinkler systems ..........................................................2.1 Clear space below sprinklers ..........................................5.4.8 Cold storage warehouse air or gas supply.................................................. 5.10.2(c) general conditions.......................................................5.10 piping .......................................................................5.10.2 subsidiary stop valve .......................................... 5.10.2(a) Columns, location of sprinklers......................................5.4.5 Commercial type cooking equipment ...........................5.6.17 Composite wet and dry alarm valve ...............................8.7.3 Computer rooms............................................................5.6.19 raised floor spaces ................................................5.6.19.2 Concealed spaces ceiling materials............................... 5.6.1(g), 5.7.4, 5.7.5 floor spaces ................................................ 5.6.2, 5.6.19.2 hydraulic design.........................................................5.6.3 machinery pits............................................................5.6.4
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roof spaces .................................................................5.6.1 spacing and piping .......................................... 5.6.1, 5.6.3 under ground floors....................................................5.6.2 Control of water supplies...................................................4.1 Control assemblies.............................................................8.1 Controls, multiple ...........................................................6.2.4 Corn, rice, provender and oil mills.................................5.6.7 dust trunks..................................................................5.6.7 bins and silos .............................................................5.6.8 Corrosion protection of sprinklers.....................................6.8 Definitions..........................................................................1.6 Deluge valves..................................................................8.9.1 Density of discharge (see Design data) Design data.........................................................................2.4 density of discharge ....................................................12.2 Light hazard ..................................................................9.2 Ordinary hazard ..........................................................10.1 High Hazard ................................................................11.1 bonded stores ........................................................11.1.3.6 high-piled storage ....................................................11.1.3 intermediate protection .........................................11.1.3.4 process risks.............................................................11.1.2 Direct brigade alarms....................................................8.10.4 Distribution, obstruction to................................................5.7 Docks and platforms .....................................................5.6.12 Drainage of piping ......................................................7.5, 7.6 Drying ovens and enclosures ........................................5.6.14 Dry sprinklers ...............................1.6.23(g) and (h), 6.2.1(e) Dry alarm valves .............................................................8.7.2 accelerators/exhausters for ........................................8.7.5 Dry and alternate wet and dry systems, high piled storage ........................................................................11.1.3.2 Dry system, maximum area .........................................2.3.2.3 Ducts and bulkheads ............................................ 5.4.4, 5.7.3 Duplicated water supplies...............................................4.3.4 Dust receivers .................................................................5.6.6 Dust trunks ......................................................................5.6.7 Eaves (see Roof overhang) ...........................................5.6.11 Electrical alarm pressure switches ...............................8.10.5 Electric switchgear, protection .................................. 3.1.3(c) Electronic equipment areas...........................................5.6.19 raised floor spaces ................................................5.6.19.2 Elevated reservoir ...........................................................4.9.2 Elevators .........................................................................5.6.6 Escalators ........................................................................5.6.9 Escutcheon plates.............................................................6.10 Exhausters .......................................................................8.7.5 Explosion hazard, precautions against damage .................7.4 Exposed structural steelwork .....................................11.4.1.1 Exposure protection extent.......................................................................3.1.2.1 hydraulic calculation ..............................................3.1.2.7 performance ............................................................3.1.2.7 piping ......................................................................3.1.2.5 sprinklers.................................................................3.1.2.2 sprinkler spacing and location ................................3.1.2.4 sprinkler shielding ..................................................3.1.2.3 water supply ............................................................3.1.2.8 Exterior docks and platforms........................................5.6.12 False alarms, prevention ...............................................8.10.2 Fault monitoring (see Monitoring, component fault) Film and television production studios .............................5.8 Fire brigade booster connection .....................................4.4.3 Fire brigade, transmission of alarm signals...........3.2, 8.10.4 Fixtures, storage................................................... 5.7.7, 5.7.8 Flammable liquid hazard ..............................................5.6.16 Floor area, maximum installation .................. 2.3.2.1, 2.3.2.2 Floor, spaces ...................................................................5.6.2
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Flow loss tables.......................... Tables 10.4.2.3(A) and (B), .................................................... 11.4.2.3, 12.9.1.1, 12.9.1.2, ........................................................................ 12.9.2, 12.10.1 Flow rates for fully calculated systems..................................4.10.2.1 maximum for pumps ................................................12.8.2 high hazard....................................................................9.3 light hazard ...................................................................9.3 ordinary hazard ........................................... 4.10.2.3, 10.2 Flush sprinklers......................................... 1.6.23(c), 6.2.1(c) Frost, protection against ..................................................6.11 Fryers, deep fat .............................................................5.6.17 Fully hydraulically calculated systems light hazard ........................................................ 9.2, 9.5.3 ordinary hazard ..................................... 10.4.2.1, 10.4.2.4 high hazard............................. 11.4.2.1, 11.4.2.4, 11.4.2.6 Galleries, protection under .............................................5.7.2 Gauges, pressure ..............................................................8.12 Gearing boxes .................................................................5.6.6 Girders, location of sprinklers ........................................5.4.6 Grading of water supplies...............................................4.3.1 Grain silos and bins ........................................................5.6.8 Gravity tanks...................................................................4.9.3 Gridded system ......................................... 12.5.1(c), 12.6.2.2 Ground floors, concealed spaces under ..........................5.6.2 Guards for sprinklers ................................................5.6.5 6.9
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Hazardous processes, precautions against damage ...........7.4 Heating panels, protection under ....................................5.7.2 High hazard occupancies examples, classifications ....................................2.2.4, A3 High hazard class systems design data ..................................................................11.1 high piled storage.....................................................11.1.3 minimum capacity, water supply ..................................4.7 pipe sizes...............................................................11.4.2.1 pressure and flow requirements...............................11.2.1 process risks.............................................................11.1.2 spacing and area of coverage......................................11.3 supplementary protection, storage racks ..............11.1.3.4 High piled storage risks examples, storage categories ........................2.2.4.2, A3.2 intermediate sprinklers in racks............................11.1.3.4 sprinklers (size, type and temperature) ...................11.4.1 sprinkler spacing.........................................................11.3 storage ......................................................6.5(b), 11.4.1.3 High velocity sprayers ............................................... 6.2.3(b) Hoists ..............................................................................5.6.5 Hoods over papermaking machines ......................................5.7.5 over commercial cooking equipment.......................5.6.17 Hovels, kilns and ovens ............................................. 3.1.3(e) Hydraulically calculated High Hazard systems.........11.4.2.4 Hydraulic calculations, distribution piping ordinary hazard .....................................................10.4.2.3 high hazard............................................................11.4.2.3 Hydraulic test pressure ......................................................7.2 Identification, alarm valves and gongs...........................8.7.4 Installation control assemblies ..........................................8.1 Intermediate sprinklers in racks ................................11.1.3.4 Joists and beams, location of sprinklers.........................5.4.4 Kilns, ovens and hovels ............................................. 3.1.3(e) Lift shafts ........................................................................5.6.5 Light fittings ...................................................................5.4.4 Light hazard occupancies examples, classification of occupancy ...............2.2.2, A1 Light hazard class systems.......................................Section 9 concealed spaces ........................................................9.5.4 design data ....................................................................9.2 pipe sizes....................................................................9.5.2 pressure and flow requirements......................... 9.2, 9.3.1 pump sets ...................................................................9.3.6
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AS 2118.1—1999
spacing and area of coverage........................................9.4 sprinklers............................................................ 9.4, 9.4.5 water supply ..................................................................9.3 Location, main stop valve......................................... 8.1 Note Location of sprinklers (see Sprinkler location) Location plate, main stop valve.........................................8.4 Local alarm ........................................................................3.3 Local water motor alarms ......................................3.3, 8.10.3 Looped systems....................................... 12.5.1(b), 12.5.2(b) Low level drainage......................................................7.5, 7.6 Machinery pits, protection ..............................................5.6.4 Main stop valve...............................................................8.2.2 Maximum installation floor area .................................2.3.2.3 Medium velocity sprayers.................................. 1.6.18, 6.2.3 Metal melt pans.......................................................... 3.1.3(g) Method of calculating static pressure loss ........................4.5 Minimum capacity, water supplies ....................................4.7 high hazard...............................................................11.2.2 light hazard ................................................................9.3.2 ordinary hazard ........................................................10.2.2 Monitoring, component fault .............................................4.7 components to be monitored......................................3.4.4 systems to be monitored ............................................3.4.3 installation requirements ...........................................3.4.5 monitoring devices.....................................................3.4.2 Multiple controls.............................................................6.2.4 Music halls and theatres ....................................................5.9 Non-return valves ..............................................................8.6 Non-sprinklered areas .....................................................3.1.3 Obstructions below sprinklers ...........................................5.7 Occupancy, classification ............................ 2.2, Appendix A Oil and flammable liquid .............................................5.6.16 Oil mill dust trunks .........................................................5.6.7 Ordinary hazard occupancies examples, occupancy classifications ............................ A2 Ordinary hazard class systems design data ..................................................................10.1 hydraulic calculations............ 10.4.2.3, 10.4.2.4, 10.4.2.5 minimum capacity water supply ..............................10.2.2 pipe sizes..................................................................10.4.2 pressure and flow requirements...............................10.2.1 spacing and area of coverage......................................10.3 sprinklers..................................................................10.4.1 Orifice plates................................................ 7.8, Appendix C Orifice sizes, sprinklers .....................................................6.3 Ovens, hovels and kilns ............................................. 3.1.3(e) Overhead platforms and walkways.................................5.8.1 Paint lines......................................................... 5.6.14, 5.6.15 Papermaking machines wet ends .................................................................3.1.3(f) protection under hoods ..............................................5.7.6 Performance requirements, pumps ...............................4.11.4 Permitted exceptions to sprinkler protection..................3.1.3 Pipe sizes......................................... 7.7, 9.5.2, 10.4.2, 11.4.2 Pipe and pipe fitting...........................................................7.1 Piping drainage, slope .......................................................7.5, 7.6 equivalent length, fittings......................................12.10.1 friction loss ...............................................................12.10 protection from explosion.............................................7.4 sizes............................................ 7.7, 9.5.2, 10.4.2, 11.4.2 support ..........................................................................7.9 test pressure ..................................................................7.2 unsprinklered areas .......................................................7.3 Potteries, ovens, hovels and kilns.............................. 3.1.3(e) Pre-action systems ........................... 1.6.22(d), 2.3.2, 2.3.2.5 valves .........................................................................8.9.2 Pressure and flow requirements.........................................4.5 high hazard...............................................................11.2.1 light hazard ................................................................9.3.1 ordinary hazard ........................................................10.2.1 Pressure gauges................................................................8.12 Pressure considerations......................................................4.6
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AS 2118.1—1999
Pressure loss in pipes and fittings ................................12.10, ................................................................. Tables 10.4.2.3(A), ..............................................................10.4.2.3.(B), 11.4.2.3, 12.9 Pressure-reducing valves ...................................................8.8 Pressure tanks ..................................................................4.13 air pressure.......................................................... 4.13.2(g) air pressure maintenance .................................... 4.13.2(b) air water ratio...................................................... 4.13.2(g) location and housing ........................................... 4.13.2(a) minimum water quantity ........................... 4.13.2(f), 9.3.5 pressure gauges ................................................... 4.13.2(d) safety valves........................................................ 4.13.2(e) Prevention of false alarms, fluctuating supply pressure .......................................................................................8.10.2 Production lines, underside protection ...........................5.6.4 Provender mill dust trunks..............................................5.6.7 Proving test, water supply ...............................................4.14 Proximity, non-sprinklered buildings.............................3.1.2 Pumps, automatic .................... 4.11, 4.12, 3.6, 10.2.3, 11.2.3 controller actuation ................................................ 4.12(c) information plate.........................................................4.12 maximum flow rates ............................ 4.10.2.1, 4.10.2.2, ................................................................. 4.10.2.3, 12.8.2 performance .............................................................4.11.4 suction conditions ....................................................4.11.2 suction pipes ............................................................4.11.3 suction tanks .................................................................4.8 supply from town main ............................................4.10.2 Pump suction tanks ............................................................4.8 effective capacity .......................................................4.8.2 minimum capacity................ 4.8.1, 9.3.2, 10.2.2.3, 11.2.2 vortex inhibitor ..........................................................4.8.3
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Recycling pre-action system.............1.6.22(e), 2.3.2, 2.3.2.6 Relevant authority.........................................................1.6.15 Remote test valve.............................................................8.11 Replacement sprinklers, stock ...........................................6.7 Reservoirs, elevated ........................................................4.9.2 Retarding devices, alarm ..............................................8.10.2 Ring mains ........................4.1 Note 3, Table 11.4.2.3 Note 2 Roof overhangs .............................................................5.6.11 Roof spaces .....................................................................5.6.1 Roofs and ceilings, distance of sprinklers below ...........5.4.3 Roof trusses, location of sprinklers ................................5.4.7 Rope or strap races..........................................................5.6.6 Salt baths.................................................................... 3.1.3(g) Salt or brackish water ............................................ 4.1 Note 2 Scope of Standard ..............................................................1.1 Service shafts ..................................................................5.6.5 Sidewall sprinklers..................................... 1.6.23(f), 6.2.1(f) spacing ................................................... 5.5, 9.4.4, 10.3.2 Silos and bins ...................................................3.1.3(d), 5.6.8 Sloping ceilings or roofs.................................................5.4.3 Spacing of sprinklers ............................ 5.1, 9.4.4, 10.3, 11.3 maximum coverage ................. 9.4.2, 9.4.3, 10.3.1, 11.3.1 high hazard..................................................................11.3 light hazard ................................................................9.4.4 ordinary hazard ...........................................................10.3 staggered spacing..........................................................5.2 minimum distances .......................................................5.3 Spray booths..................................................................5.6.15 Sprayers, medium and high velocity ..............................6.2.3 Spray sprinklers ........................................ 1.6.23(b), 6.2.1(b) Sprinkler guards.................................................................6.9 Sprinkler piping, support ...................................................7.9 Sprinkler systems (Classification) (see Classification) Sprinkler systems (Types) standard system..........................................................2.3.2 alternate wet and dry .........................................2.3.2.3 dry 2.3.2.4 pre-action ................................................................2.3.2.5 recycling pre-action ................................................2.3.2.6 tail end .....................1.6.22(g), 2.3.2.7, 2.3.2.8, 5.10.2(a) tail end anti-freeze ..................................................2.3.2.9 wet 2.3.2.2 special system ............................................................2.3.3 ESFR .......................................................................2.3.3.3
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incorporating residential sprinklers........................2.3.4.2 Sprinklered buildings.........................................................3.1 Sprinklered buildings, permitted exceptions..................3.1.3 Sprinkler guards.................................................................6.9 Sprinklers ............................................................ 6.1, 6.3, 6.4 anti-corrosion treatment................................................6.8 ceiling (flush)....................................... 1.6.23(c), 6.2.1(c) colour coding ................................................................6.6 conventional......................................... 1.6.23(a), 6.2.1(a) clear space below.......................................................5.4.8 dry pendent .......................................... 1.6.23(g), 6.2.1(g) dry upright .......................................... 1.6..23(h), 6.2.1(h) orifice sizes ...................................................................6.3 sidewall ................................................. 1.6.23(f), 6.2.1(f) spacing ........................................................... 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 spray ..................................................... 1.6.23(b), 6.2.1(b) special ...................................... 1.6.16, 6.2.2, 6.7.1, 9.4.5, .............................................................. 10.4.1.2, 11.4.1.3 standard ......................................................... 1.6.23, 6.2.1 stock of replacements ...................................................6.7 temperature ratings .......................................................6.5 thread sizes....................................................................6.3 Sprinkler location...............................................................5.4 ceilings and roofs.......................................................5.4.3 clear space below.......................................................5.4.8 columns ......................................................................5.4.5 external walls .............................................................5.4.2 girders ........................................................................5.4.6 light fittings bulkheads ducts.....................................5.4.4 roof trusses.................................................................5.4.8 walls and partitions....................................................5.4.2 Sprinkler, sidewall, spacing and location..........................5.5 Staggered spacing ..............................................................5.2 Staging, protection under................................................5.7.2 Standard spacing ................................................................5.1 Static pressure loss, calculation.........................................4.5 Stock, replacement sprinklers............................................6.7 Stop valves .........................................................................8.2 Storage racks.............................................. 11.1.3.3, 11.1.3.4 Storage fixtures, solid and slatted shelves .....................5.7.8 Storage fixtures...............................................................5.7.7 Stoves, drying ...............................................................5.6.14 Subsidiary stop valves ....................................................8.2.4 Suction pipes.................................................................4.11.3 Suction tanks (see Pump suction tanks) Supply from town main ...................................................4.10 Supply from town main, pump .....................................4.10.2 Support of sprinkler piping.............................7.9, AS 2118.9 Suspended ceilings..........................................................5.7.4 Systems components ................... 6.1.7.1, 8.1, 9.4, 10.4, 11.4 System drainage ............................. 7.5, 7.6, 9.5.5, 10.5, 11.5 System component monitoring ..........................................3.4 Tables, work........................................................... 5.7.8 Note Tail-end anti-freezing solution systems ......................2.3.2.9 Tank, gravity (see Gravity tank) Tank, pressure (see Pressure tank) Television and film production studios .............................5.8 Temperature colour code, sprinklers .................................6.6 Temperature ratings, sprinklers .........................................6.5 Terminal main system.............................................. 12.5.1(a) Terminal range systems ........................................... 12.5.1(c) Test pressure ......................................................................7.2 Testing, water supplies ....................................................4.14 Theatres and music halls....................................................5.9 Town mains......................................................................4.10 Transmission of alarm signals to fire brigade ..................3.2, ...........................................................................8.1(d), 8.10.4 alarm monitoring network ........................................3.2(f) grouping of control assemblies................................ 3.2(a) wiring ....................................................................... 3.2(e) Unsprinklered areas ........................................................3.1.3 Valves.......................................................................Section 8 alarm, dry ...................................................................8.7.2 alarm, wet...................................................................8.7.1 back pressure ................................................................8.6
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composite alarm .........................................................8.7.3 control assemblies.........................................................8.1 deluge .........................................................................8.9.1 identification ................................................... 8.2.1, 8.7.4 main stop....................................................................8.2.2 non-return......................................................................8.6 pre-action ...................................................................8.9.2 pressure-reducing..........................................................8.8 remote test...................................................................8.11 stop................................................................................8.2 stop, controlling water supply ...................................8.2.3 subsidiary stop ...........................................................8.2.4 test (alarms) .............................................................8.10.6 Vortex inhibitors.............................................................4.8.3
additives .....................................................................4.1.1 combined sprinklers and hydrants .............................4.4.1 connections, other services ...........................................4.4 control of.......................................................................4.1 elevated reservoir.......................................................4.9.2 fire brigade booster connection .................................4.4.3 grades ............................................................................4.3 gravity tank ................................................................4.9.3 inexhaustible source ..................................................4.8.4 minimum storage capacities .........................................4.7 pressure and flow requirements.............................4.5, 4.6 pressure tanks...................................... 4.4.2.4, 4.8.2, 4.13 private reservoirs .......................................................4.9.2 proving pressure and flow ..........................................4.14 pump, automatic...............................4.4.1(e), 4.10.2, 4.11 pump suction tanks .......................................................4.8 ring mains .......................................... 4.1 Note 3, 4.4.1(b) town mains ..................................................................4.10 water quality .................................................................4.1 Wet alarm valves.............................................................8.7.1 Wet systems ............................................................. 1.6.22(a) maximum area .........................................................2.3.2.2 Worktables, protection under ........................... 5.7.7 Note
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Walkways, protection under ................................ 5.7.2, 5.8.1 Walls and partitions, location of sprinklers ..................5.4.2, ...................................................... 9.4.3, 9.4.4, 10.3.3, 11.3.3 Water motor alarms.......................................................8.10.3 Water shields (baffle plates)........................... 5.6.5, 11.1.3.4 Water spray nozzles ........................................................6.2.3 Water supplies general...........................................................................4.1 acceptable sources ........................................................4.2
AS 2118.1—1999
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