2.1 Timbulnya Cita - Cita Kearah Pembentukan Koperasi

 

?.: Pmeounkyj Amtj ‑ Amtj Hijrjf Rieoiktuhjk Hlpirjsm

  Qmstie ihlklem nmoirjn eunjm `mnjhsjkjhjk `m Fmk`mj Oinjk`j (kjej Mk`lkismj Mk`lkismj hihj ejsmf `mgjgjf Oinjk`j) sitinjf pieirmktjf hlnlkmjn Oinjk`j eikdfikhjk pinjhsjkjjk ―Auntuur Qtinsiin― (smstie tjkje pjhsj). Qigjh sjjt mkm pjrj pikjkje el`jn/usjfjwjk Oinjk`j oirnleoj eikdmkvistjsmhjk `jkjkyj hi Fmk`mj Oinjk`j. Om`jkd-om`jkd yjkd eikjrmh ojdm eirihj uktuh `mhieojkdhjk sipir pirhioukjk, pir`jdjkdjk `jk trjksplrtjsm `jk njmk-njmk.   @jrm smkmnjf prjhh pikmk`jsjk, pikmk`jsjk, pieirjsjk pieirjsjk `jk pieirhlsjjk f fjh jh tjkpj prmhiejkusmjjk ejhmk oirnjkdsukd djkjs, sifmkddj hieu`mjk hifm`upjk siojdmjk oisjr rjhyjt `m ojwjf ojtjs hinjyjhjk fm`up.   Oioirjpj tjfuk hieu`mjk mkvistjsm mkvistjsm oisjr-oisjrjk oisjr-oisjrjk yjkd `mnjhuhjk mkvistlr Oinjk`j mtu eieojwj hiuktukdjk yjkd einmepjf ojdm eirihj. Jktjrj tjfuk :634 fmkddj tjfuk :644 eirihj oirfjsmn eieojwj punjkd hi kidirm Hmkamr Jkdmk mtu siojkyjh hurjkd niomf :9 gutj Dun`ik.   Jhjk titjpm jpj yjkd `mpirlnif ojkdsj ojkdsj Fmk`mj Oinjk`j, j`jnjf `jh njmk hieinjrjtjk yjkd yjkd eirjgj ninj jtjs hifm`upjk rjhyjt `mejkj-ejkj.   @jnje hij`jjk hij`jjk fm`up `iemhmjk, pmfjh hlnlkmjn tirus-eikirus eikdmkem`jsm pik`u`uh prmouem sifmkddj hlk`msm siojdmjk oisjr rjhyjt sjkdjt eieprmfjkhjk. @msjepmkd mtu pjrj riktikmr, pikdmglk `jk nmktjf `jrjt turut punj eiepirhiruf sujsjkj. Eirihj oirnleoj eikajrm hiuktukdjk yjkd oisjr `jrm pjrj pitjkm yjkd si`jkd eikdfj`jpm hisunmtjk fm`up, sifmkddj `jh gjrjkd tirpjhsj einipjshjk tjkjf emnmhkyj sifuoukdjk `ikdjk hi`jhejepujk eirihj eikdieojnmhjk futjkdfutjkdkyj yjkd eieoikdhjh jhmojt smstie oukdj oiroukdj yjkd `mtirjphjk pikdmglk.   I. Qmiourdf (pigjojt tirkddm/hipjnj tirkddm/hipjnj `jirjf `m Rurwlhir Rurwlhirtl) tl) `jk @i @i Tlnc vjk Tistirri`i Tistirri`i (pikddjk Qmiourdf) eirupjhjk lrjkd Oinjk`j yjkd ojkyjh hjmtjkkyj `ikdjk pirmksjk hlpirjsm yjkd pirtjej-tjej `m tjkjf jmr hmtj, yjmtu `m Rurwlhirtl. Ejsjnjfkyj `m `jfunum lnif _j`ik Jrmj Tmrgjjtej`gj (pjf purwlhirtl) siojdjm silrjkd yjkd rjsj slsmjnkyj tiojn. @ikdjk eik`jpjt ojktujk elrmn jtju `lrlkdjk-`lrlkdjk `jrm I. Qmiourdf pj`j tjfuk :6=: `m`mrmhjk Ojkh piklnlkd `jk Rikymepjkjk `m Rurwlhirtl, yjkd ejhsu` utjejkyj eieoiojshjk pjrj pidjwjm `jrm sidjnj tihjkjk utjkd. Rj`j tjfuk :6=6 I. smiourdf `mdjkhjk lnif @i Tlnc vjk Tistirri`i yjkd eikdfjrjphjk tiroiktuhkyj hlpirjsm smepjk pmkgje uktuh pjrj pitjkm. Njkdhjf pirtjej yjkd `njhuhjk yjmtu eiepirnujs eiepirnujs om`jkd hirgj Ojkh Riklnlkd `jk pikymepjkjk sifmkddj einmpu punj pirtlnlkdjk ojdm pjrj pitjkm `m `jirjfkyj. Yktuh eikyirjsmhjk kjej `jk tudjskyj, ojkh tirsiout eik`jpjthjk piruojfjk kjej eikgj`m Rurwlhirtl Funp Qpjjr Ik Njk`oluwari`mit jtju ojkh piklnlkd, pikymepjkjk `jk hri`mt pirtjkmjk, yjkd `jpjt `mhjtjhjk siojdjm pinlplr oir`mrmkyj ojkh rjhyjt `m hieu`mjk fjrm. Eikurut @i Tlnc vjk Tistirri`i hiomjsjjjk-hiomjsjjk yjkd tinjf eik`jrjf `jdmkd pj`j pjrj pitjkm Mk`lkismj (dltlkd rlylkd, hirgj sjej) eirupjhjk `jsjr yjkd pjnmkd ojmh uktuh oir`mrmkyj `ikdjk suour hlpirjsm hri`mt yjkd eikgj`m amtj-amtjkyj. Amtj-amtj @i Tlnc siojdjm njkgutjk `jrm pirmksjk pieoiktuhjk hlpirjsm hri`mt lnif _. Jrmj Jtej`gj, uktuh eik`mrmhjk hlpirjsm hri`mt el`in _jmimsik eiejkd oinue `jpjt tirwugu`, jhjk titjpm si`mhmt ojkyjh usjfjkyj tinjf tjepjh pj`j ojkh-ojkh `isj, nueoukd-nueoukd `isj `jk ruejf-ruejf dj`jm yjkd siepjt `m`mrmhjkkyj `m tjkjf jmr hmtj, yjkd hisieujkyj eiejkd eikdieojkdhjk usjfj pieoirmjk hri`mt hipj`j pjrj pitjkm `jk hjue ihlklem niejf ojkdsj hmtj. Qinjmk `jrm hidmjtjk nueoukd, ojkh `isj `jk ojkh rjhyjt yjkd eikyjnurhjk pmkgjejk-pmkgjejk oiktuh pj`m `jk ujkd hipj`j pitjkm `jk eirihj yjkd ihlklem niejf, jhvmtjs pikirjkdjk tiktjkd pirnukyj pieoiktuhjk hlpirjsm hlpirjsm hipj`j pjrj pitjkm `mnjhuhjk lnif @ipjrt @ipjrtieik ieik Rirtjkmjk jtju @ipjrtieik Rirtjkmjk-Hirjgmkjk `jk Rir`jdjkdjk, eunjm tjfuk :=19 `mnjhuhjk lnif @ipjrtieik Ririhlklemjk. Oinue tiroiktuhkyj hlpirjsm pj`j wjhtu mtu, siojo yjkd utjej hjrikj pieirmktjfjk hlnlkmjn

 

Oinjk`j `jh sukdduf-sukdduf eiepirfjhjk, plnmh pieirmktjfjk hlnlkmjn ejsmf eiemhmrhjk jhmojt pirsjtujk rjhyjt Mk`lkismj yjkd tiroiktuh einjnum hlpirjsm. ?.? Rirgujkdjk Rieoiktuhjk Hlpirjsm pj`j Wjejk Rikgjgjfjk

  Rikmk`jsjk yjkd tirus-eikirus tirus-eikirus tirfj`jp rjhyjt Mk`lkismj Mk`lkismj `jk oirnjkdsukd auhup auhup njej eikgj`mhjk hlk`msm ueue rjhyjt jejt pjrjf. Kjeuk `iemhmjk ejsmf oiruktukd siejkdjt oirdltlkd rlylkd ejsmf titjp tueouf `jk ojfhjk oirhieojkd ejhmk hujt. @m sjepmkd mtu hisj`jrjk oirjdjej gudj ejhmk kddm, sifmkddj pirnjfjk tjpm pjs eunjm tueouf himkdmkjk uktuh einipjshjk `mrm `jrm hij`jjk yjkd sinjej mkm eikdukdhukd eirihj.   Hisj`jrjk rjhyjt tirus eikm eikmkdhjt kdhjt `jk simrmkd `ikdjk mtu rjhyjt eunjm jkdhjt sikgjtj uktuh eikdusmr pikgjgjf. Jpm pirjkd oirhlojr `mejkj-ejkj `m oirojdjm punju `m sinuruf Kusjktjrj tirutjej `m punju Gjwj, Quejtirj, Qunjwism, Ejnuhu `jk njmk-njmk, yjkd `mpmepmk lnif pjfnjwjkpjfnjwjk sitiepjt, sipir Meje Olkgln, Rjkdirjk @mplkidlrl, Piuhu Yejr, Rjeurj `jk njmknjmk. Jhjk titjpm pirjkd nlhjn einjwjk hlnlkmjn mkm hiojkyjhjk eikdjnjem hihjnjfjk `jk hidjdjnjk. Hij`jjk mkm ejhmk eikyunmthjk hifm`upjk rjhyjt. Rieirmktjf Fmk`mj Oinjk`j tjh sidjk-sidjk eikymhsj eirihj ojmh smh ejupuk eiktjn.   Qieiktjrj mtu pjrj pikdmglk `jk nmktjf `jrjt eiejkcjjthjk hisiepjtjk `jk hijfnmjk eirihj sifmkddj ejhmk ojkyjh yjkd tirgipmt futjkd yjkd tiraihmh nifirkyj. Rirdirjhjk kjsmlkjn uktuh eikdusmr pikgjgjf tueouf `mejkj-ejkj. Hjue pirdirjhjk puk `jnje eiepirgujkdhjk, eirihj eiejkcjjthjk sihtlr pirhlpirjsmjk mkm. _ijnmsjsm pieoiktuhjk hlpirjsm `m tjkjf jmr hmtj `mpinlplrm lnif Ou`m Ytlel (sioujf pirdirjhjk hiojkdsjjk yjkd njfmr tjfuk :=26 `m ojwjf pmepmkjk Qutlel `jk Dukjwjk Ejkdukhusuel), mkmnjf yjkd eikgj`m pinlplr `jnje pieoiktuhjk hlpirjsm mk`ustrm hiamn `jk hirjgmkjk. @jnje hlkdris Ou`m Ytlel `m ]ldyjhjrtj tinjf `mputushjk, ojfwj Ou`m Ytlel jhjk oir`jyj upjyj uktuh7 

  Eiepirojmhm `jk eikmkdhjthjk hiair`jsjk rjhyjt einjnum om`jkd pik`m`mhjk, pik`m`mhjk,

  Eiepirojmhm `jk eikmkdhjthjk eikmkdhjthjk hisigjftirjjk hisigjftirjjk rjhyjt einjnum einjnum hlpirjsm-hlpirjsm hlpirjsm-hlpirjsm yjkd yjkd sidirj `moiktuh. Qiojdjm wugu` pinjhsjkjjk hiputusjk hlkdris tirsiout, ejhj hlpirjsm yjkd `moiktuh j`jnjf Hlpirjsm Hlksuesm `ikdjk kjej ―Plhl J`mn―. Qigjh sjjt mkmnjf jrus dirjhjk hlpirjsm mktirkjsmlkjn eunjm ejsuh eiepikdjrufm dirjhjk hlpirjsm Mk`lkismj, yjmtu tirutjej einjnum pikddukjjk sik`msik`m `jsjr `jk prmksmp-prmksmp _laf`jni mtu. Qik`m-sik`m `jsjr `ielhrjsm sirtj `meiksm hisjejjk fjh eunjm `mhikjn `jk `mtirjphjk. @jk pj`j tjfuk :=:?, sik`m `jsjr mkm gudj yjkd `mpjhjm lnif lrdjkmsjsm Qirmhjt Msnje.

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Rj`j tjfuk :=:9 njfmrnjf uk`jkd-uk`jkd hlpirjsm yjkd pirtjej yjkd `msiout ―Sirlr`ikmkd lp `i Allpirjvi Siriikmdmkdik― (Hlkmehnmgh Oisnumt 4 Jprmn :=:? ston.01:), yjhkm uk`jkd-uk`jkd tiktjkd pirhuepunjk hlpirjsm yjkd oirnjhu uktuh sidjnj ojkdsj. Gj`m ouhjk hfusus `jk siejtj-ejtj uktuh Ouem Rutirj sjgj. Yk`jkd-uk`jkd Hlpirjsm `m jtjs sjej `ikdjk uk`jkd-uk`jkd hlpirjsm `m Ki`irnjk` pj`j tjfuk :643 (hieu`mjk `muojf `jnje tjfuk :=?9). @ikdjk piruojfjk tjfuk :=?9 mkm, pirjturjk hlpirjsm `m Mk`lkismj gudj `muojf (Rirjturjk Hlpirjsm tjfuk :=11 NK Kl.:26). J`jkyj pirjturjk yjkd ojru mkm eieoujt pirdirjhjk pirhlpirjsmjk kjsmlkjn eikdjnjem hisunmtjk uktuh oirhieojkd. Fjn mtu `msiojohjk lnif oioirjpj cjhtlr, jktjrj njmk7 :. Jkddjrjk `jsjr hlpirjsm fjrus `mtunms `jnje ojfjsj Oinjk`j. ?. Rikdisjfjk fjrus `mnjhuhjk lnif kltjrms. 1. Fjrus `mueuehjk einjnum Oirmtj Kidjrj yjkd oirojfjsj Oinjk`j. Pjfuk :=?2 `moiktuhnjf Allpirjvi Aleemssmi (Hlemsm Hlpirjsm) yjkd `mhitujm lnif Rrlc. @r. G.F. Olihi. Hlemsm mkm oirtudjs uktuh eikdj`jhjk pikyinm`mhjk jpjhjf hlpirjsm mkm oircji`jf ojdm Ki`irnjk` Mk`mi (Mk`lkismj) sirtj ojdjmejkj ajrj uktuh pikdieojkdjkkyj. Yktuh mtu

 

hijkddltjjkkyj `msirtjhjk 1 lrjkd prmouem, jktjrj njmk, silrjkd Oupj `jk silrjkd `jrm Rikdurus Ou`m Litlel.   @jnje njplrjkkyj (:=?:) hlemsm tirsiout eikymepunhjk ojfwj, pieirmktjf pieirmktjf siyldmjkyj siyldmjkyj jhc jhc eieojktu pikdieojkdjk hlpirjsm `jk lnif hjrikj mtu hmrjkyj `msusuk pirjturjk piruk`jkduk`jkdjk hlpirjsm yjkd ojru.   Kjeuk hikyjtjjkkyj hikyjtjjkkyj pirjturjk pirjturjk piruk`jkd-uk`jkdjk piruk`jkd-uk`jkdjk tirsiout tirsiout `jh `jh ojkyjh ojkyjh eiklnlkd, eiklnlkd, dirjhjk hlpirjsm titjp hurjkd ojmh pirhieojkdjkkyj. Fjn mk `msiojohjk jktjrj njmk lnif7 :. Rirjk Ojkh _jhyjt yjkd hfusus `moiktuh, `moiktuh, siajrj hlpirjc ejsmf eirupjhjk tudjs sjepmkdjk. sjepmkdjk. ?. J`jkyj piejfjejk piejfjejk ojru yjkd eukaun `jrm hjue pirdirjhjk yjkd gustru eikiktjkd eikiktjkd uktuh oirhlpirjsm (klk-allpirjlk). Mkm `msiojohjk j`jkyj pirjturjk ojru yjkd eikiepjthjk pieirmktjf hlnlkmjn siojdjm pikdjwjs. Qinjmk mtu sjkdjt `msjyjkdhjk hjrikj pieoiktuhjk hlpirjsm hurjkd `mtukgjkd `ikdjk pirsmjpjkpirsmjpjk yjkd ejtjkd jktjrj njmk7   Rikinmjk tiktjkd tiktjkd oiktuh hlpirjsm yjkd yjkd pjnmkd alalh pj`j wjhtu mtu yjkd `jpjt `mtirjphjk `mtirjphjk `m Mk`lkismj,

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  Rirsmjpjk eiktjn eiktjn `jk pikditjfujk tiktjkd pikdinlnjjk hlpirjsm, hlpirjsm, sifmkddj sifmkddj nlyjnmtjs pjrj jkddltj tirjsj hurjkd, 

  Rikdjnjejk oirusjfj sifmkddj eikmeounhjk hiaurjkdjk-hiaurjkdjk. sifmkddj pj`j jhfmrkyj hlpirjsm hlksuesm yjkd eikyjk`jkd sioutjk „Plhl J`mn― mtu eikdjnjem hidjdjnjk jtju `jh njej fm`upkyj. 

  Piktjkd pikyiojo-pikyiojo pikyiojo-pikyiojo hidjdjnjk hlpirjsm hlksuesm/tlhl j`mn j`mn mkm `mjhum siajrj gugur lnif Ou`m Ytlel yjkd tirajktue `jnje „Queojkdsmf― (ouhu pirmkdjtjk si`jsjwjrsj oir`mrmkyj Ou`m Ytlel), jktjrj njmk hjrikj hurjkd `mpirfjhjkkyj sljn-sljn higugurjk, pikditjfujk pikdhlpirjsmjk `jk pikdjnjejk oirusjfj.   Hidjdjnjk yjkd sjej gudj `mjnjejem lnif Qjrmhjt @jdjkd Msnje (Q@M) yjkd `mnjfmrhjk pj`j tjfuk :=:: `ikdjk pmepmkjk F. Qjejkfu`m, `jk pj`j tjfuk :=:? oiruojf kjej eikgj`m Qirmhjt Msnje (QM) yjkd oirtugujk uktuh eikdmeojkdm `jk jtju eikiktjkd plnmh pieirmktjf hlnlkmjn yjkd tinjf eieoirm cjsmnmtjs-cjsmnmtjs yjkd nlkddjr `jk eikduktukdhjk pjrj pi`jdjkd jsmkd, si`jkdhjk pi`jdjkd prmouem eik`jpjthjk tihjkjk sifmkddj sunmt oirhieojkd. Qifmkddj njfmrnjf tlhl-tlhl hlpirjsm yjkd eikdjnjem hidjdjnjk sitinjf oioirjpj ounjk oirgjnjk.   Rjrtjm Kjsmlkjn Mk`lkismj (RKM) `m ojwjf pmepmkjk Mr. Qlihjrkl pj`j tjfuk :=?= `jnje `jnje hlkdriskyj `m Gjhjrtj eikdlojrhjk siejkdjt oirhlpirjsm `m hjnjkdjk dlnlkdjk eu`jkyj, `m jktjrj eirihj mkm hiojkyjhjk tinjf eiejfjem siajrj nujs tiktjkd pirhlpirjsmjk yjkd oirdirjh `m nujr kidirm. Rikditjfujk tirsiout `mprjhtihhjk sitinjf `msisujmhjk `ikdjk hlk`msm, hiomjsjjkhiomjsjjk sirtj hipikkdjk-hipikkdjk pik`u`uh, sifmkddj `jpjt oirhieojkd `jk eikajpjm lpejnmsjsm pj`j tjfuk :=1? sitinjf njej tirgj`m hieojnm hieuk`urjk.   Rj`j tjfuk :=1?, Rirsjtujk ojkdsj Mk`mkismj Mk`mkismj (ROM) `m Gjwj Pmeur Pmeur tinjf oirusjfj eikdieojkdhjk eikdieojkdhjk hlpirjsm pirtjkmjk (ruhuk tjkm). @ikdjk `moiktuhkyj hlpirjsm mkm `mfjrjphjk pjrj pitjkm `jpjt eikmkdhjthjk prl`uhsm `jk pik`jpjtjkkyj, sirtj tirfmk`jr `jrm smstie mglk `jk pjrj riktikmr. Rj`j tjfuk :=31 hlpirjsm-hlpirjsm yjkd tinjf j`j oirdjoukd `jk eieoiktuh kjej „Eli`ir Aiktrjjn―, yjkd hieu`mjk `muojf kjejkyj eikgj`m Djoukdjk Rusjt Hlpirjsm Mk`lkismj (DJRHM).   Rj`j ejsj pikgjgjfjk Gipjkd Gipjkd tirkyjtj niomf eikyi`mfhjk eikyi`mfhjk njdm, hjrikj gikms hlpirjsm yjkd `mjkgurhjk Gipjkd yjmtu ―Huemjm― fjkyj eirupjhjk jnjt eirihj uktuh eikdinjoum rjhyjt jdjr siajrj dltlkd rlylkd eikduepunhjk fjsmn-fjsmn prl`uhsmkyj `ikdjk `jnmf uktuh eikdmsm nueoukdnueoukd pjaihnmh, yjkd sioikjrkyj fjkyj `mpirnuhjk uktuh eieojktu hipirnujk nldmsh tiktjrj Gipjkd.   Rj`j fjhihjtkyj pirtueoufjk hlpirjsm hlpirjsm `m tjkjf jmr eikdfj`jpm `uj ejaje rmktjkdjk rmktjkdjk yjmtu rmktjkdjk yjkd `jtjkd `jrm nujr (ihstirkjn) `jk `jm `jnje (mktirkjn) hlpirjsm mtu sik`mrm yjmtu7

 

j) _mktjkdjk `jrm nujr tuouf hlpirjsm _mktjkdjk mkm eirupjhjk tihjkjk-tihjkjk plnmh pieirmktjf hlnlkmjn `jk sjmkdjk oirjt `jrm hjue hjpmtjnms.   Eikdikjm tihjkjk-tihjkjk plnmh `jrm `jrm pieirmktjf pieirmktjf hlnlkmjn, `mhjrikjhjk pieirmktjf pieirmktjf hlnlkmjn hlnlkmjn hjnju `jh tirmhjt lnif plnmh iskyj, su`jf tiktu jhjk eirmktjkdm tueouf `jk oirhieojkdkyj hlpirjsm `m tjkjf jmr hmtj.   Piktjkd sjmkdjk oirjt `jrm hjue hjpmtjnms Oinjk`j `mhjrikjhjk `mhjrikjhjk eirihj tjhut tir`isjh usjfj-

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usjfjkyj lnif dirjhjk hlpirjsm. _mktjkdjk mkm gudj `mnjhuhjk lnif pi`jdjkd jsmkd (amkj) yjkd tinjf eik`jpjt hipirajyjjk `jrm pieirmktjf hlnlkmjn. o) _mktjkdjk `jrm `jnje tuouf hlpirjsm rmktjkdjk mkm oirupj fjeojtjk-fjeojtjk yjkd jhjk eikddjdjnhjk jtju sjkdjt eikdmhjt pirtueoufjk `jk pirhieojkdjk hlpirjsm, yjmtu7   Hihurjkjdk tikjdj tikjdj yjkd auhup eiemnmhm eiemnmhm pikditjfujk pikditjfujk `jk hitirjepmnjk uktuh eikdinlnj eikdinlnj hlpirjsm sifmkddj gjnjkkyj `jk pikdirjk hlpirjsm eikgj`m hjour. 

  Rj`j ueuekyj ueuekyj rjhyjt hihurjkdjk mkclrejsm mkclrejsm tirutjej tirutjej tiktjkd ejkcjjt-ejkcjjt oirhlpirjsm, sifmkddj nlyjnmtjs eirihj tirfj`jp hlpirjsmkyj eikgj`m nuktur. 

?.1 Rirtueoufjk `jk Rirhieojkdjk Hlpirjsm pj`j Huruk Tjhtu Eiepirtjfjkhjk Hieir`ihjjk (:=09-:=0=)

  @jnje sujsjkj sujsjkj pirjkd, sjeomn oirtiepur oirtiepur eiepirtjfjkhk eiepirtjfjkhk hieir`ihjjk, pieirmktjf _M `jpjt eieoikjfm `mrm sifmkddj sinuruf tudjs-tudjs pieirmktjfjk `jpjt oirgjnjk siojdjmejkj eiskyj tirejsuh gudj tudjs-tudjs yjkd `mieojk gjwjtjk hlpirjsm. Himkdmkjk `jk siejkdjt uktuh oirhlpirjsm yjkd sieunj fjkaur jhmojt plnmh @ivm`i it Mepirj (piajf oinjf) pj`j ejsj hlnlkmjn Oinjk`j `jk `mnjkguthjk lnif smstie „huemjm― pj`j zjejk pikgjgjfjk Gipjkd, eunjm eoun hieojnm sigjnjk `jk sisiejrjh `ikdjk oirdinlrjkyj „siejkdjt `jk kmnjm-kmnjm pirgujkdjk 09―, rjhyjt ojfu eieojfu `ikdjk pieirmktjf uktuh eikdjtjsm ejsjnjf-ejsjnjf ihlklem sifuoukdjk `ikdjk k`jhjk-k`jhjk pikdjajujk pmfjh Oinjk`j, yjkd `jnje fjn mkm pirjkjk hlpirjsmnjf yjkd eikiktuhjk. Eikdikjm pirjkjk hlpirjsm mkm `mtujkdhjk siajrj ginjs `m `jnje pjsjn 11 YY@ :=09 yjkd pj`j `jsjrkyj eikitjphjk hlpirjsm siojdjm slhl duru pirihlklemjk Mk`lkismj.   Lnif hjrikj mtu jdjr pikdieojkdjk hlpirjsm sigjnjk sigjnjk `ikdjk `jk eieikufm eieikufm gmwj pjsjn 11 YY@ ”09 tirsiout, pj`j ounjk `isieoir :=03 lnif pieirmktjf _M tinjf `mj`jhjk rilrdjkmsjsm Gjwjtjk Hlpirjsm `jk Rir`jdjkdjk @jnje Kidirm, yjkd sigjh sjjt tirsiout mkstjksm hlpirjsm `jk pir`jdjkdjk `m pmsjf eikgj`m mkstjksm yjkd oir`mrm sik`mrm-sik`mrm, yjmtu gjwjtjk hlpirjsm `ikdjk tudjs-tudjs eikdurus `jk eikjkdjkm pieomkjjk dirjhjk hlpirjsm, `jk gjwjtjk pir`jdjkdjk `ikdjk tudjs-tudjs eikdurus `jk eikjkdjkm omeomkdjk pir`jdjkdjk. Rirjkd sikdmt einjwjk hlnlkmjn yjkd oirnjkdsukd fmkddj tjfuk :=0= eikyunmthjk pirhieojkdjk dirjhjk hlpirjsm. Pitjpm hihj Oinjk`j einjhuhjk onlhj`i, yjkd eikyiojohjk ojkyjh ojrjkd hioutufjk rjhyjt `m `jirjf hihujsjjk pieirmktjf _ipuonmh Mk`lkismj sjkdjt sunmt `majrm `jk tirojtjs, jktusmjsei oirhlpirjsm eukaun hieojnm. Hlpirjsm-hlpirjsm hieu`mjk eikdjeomn pirjk siojdjm `mstrmoutlr ojrjkd-ojrjkd hioutufjk rjhyjt.   @ikdjk pirhieojkdjk pirhieojkdjk tirjhfmr mkm ojkyjh pjrj piemepmk pjrtjm mkdmk siaipjtkyj eiwugu`hjk eiwugu`hjk hifik`jh pjsjn 11 Yk`jkd-Yk`jkd @jsjr :=09. Qifmkddj ejhmk ojkyjh lrdjkmsjsm-lrdjkmsjsm, tirejsuh OPM `jk RKM yjkd turut eik`uhukd `jk eieoiktuh hlpirjsm.   Jhfmr tjfuk :=03 guenjf hlpirjsm yjkd `m`mrmhjk einlkgjh aipjt. @m Runju Gjwj sjgj tirajtjt tirajtjt j`j ?922 pirhuepunjk hlpirjsm yjkd `mjwjsm pieirmktjf. Eikgjeurkyj hlpirjsm hihj mtu eiejkamkd hjue pjrtjm uktuh eiejkcjjthjk hioirj`jjk eirihj `iem tugujk pjrtjm. @jk ojkyjh hlpirjsm yjkd hieu`mjjk `mpirjnjt lnif pjrj pmepmkjk pjrtjm mtu. Mkm oirjr siajrj sj`jr tinjf einjkddjr prmksmp-

 

prmksmp oirhlpirjsm.   Oirojdjm upjyj `mnjhuhjk lnif pjrj piemepmk dirjhjk hlpirjsm hlpirjsm uktuh einurushjk hij`jjk yjkd eikyisjthjk mtu. Rj`j jhfmr tjfuk :=03 mtu dirjhjk hlpirjsm Gjwj Ojrjt sipjhjt eikdj`jhjk hlkpiriksm. Rinjhsjkjjk hlkpiriksm yjkd oirnjkdsukd `m Ampjrjy mtu oirfjsmn eieoiktuh ―Rusjt Hlpirjsm Rrmeir―. Lrdjkmsjsm mkm `mtudjshjk uktuh7 :. Eikdhllr`mkmr dirjhjk hlpirjsm hlpirjsm yjkd j`j `m `m sinuruf sinuruf Gjwj Gjwj Ojrjt. Ojrjt. ?. Eik`lrlkd tiroiktuhkyj hlpirjsm-hlpirjsm `m sinuruf Gjwj Ojrjt. 1. Qiaipjt-aipjtkyj eik`lrlkd tirsinikddjrjkyj Hlkdris Hlpirjsm Qinuruf Mk`lkismj.   Rirdirjhjk hlpirjsm hlpirjsm `m _M tinjf oirfjsmn eiwugu`hjk eiwugu`hjk dj hidmjtjk yjkd pikkd yjkd yjkd sinjnu jhjk tirajtjt `jnje sigjrjf piirdirjhjk hlpirjsm `m Kidjrj hmtj yjmtu7 j) Hlpirjsm `isj @m `jnje hlpirjsm mkm pjrj pitjkm fik`jhkyj oirdjoukd jdjr tirajpjm pikmkdhjtjk pik`jpjtjk, `ikdjk mkm ejhj pitjkm `jpjt eieikufm hioutufjkkyj, ojmh mtu uktuh eieprl`uhsm ejupuk hipirnujk fm`up sifmkddj tirajpjmnjf pikmkdhjtjk hisigjftirjjk fm`upkyj. Pudjs hlpirjsm `isj `jh fjkyj pj`j sjtu om`jkd titjpm gudj einmpu eikmkdhjthjk prl`uhsm, eieomeomkd pikdinlnjjk fjsmn prl`uhsm, piejsjrjk fjsmn prl`uhsm siajrj tirpj`u, eikdusjfjhjk hri`mt uktuh eiepirnjkajr usjfj tjkm `jk njmk siojdjmkyj. Rieunj djdjsjk mkm j`jnjf Qmr Flrjai Rnukhi (Mkddrms) yjkd oirfjsmn `mhieojkdhjk `m Mk`mj. Oinmju oirpik`jpjt „@ikdjk hlpirjsm `isj jhjk tirajpjm pirtjkmjk yjkd niomf ojmh, usjfj pir`jdjkdjk yjkd niomf ojmh `jk hifm`upjk yjkd niomf ojmh― (oiir cjremkd, oiir ousmkiss jk` oiir nmvmkd). o) Hlpirjsm j`jnjf jnjt pieojkdukjk ihlklem Jtjs `jsjr hiputusjk Hlkpiriksm Ampjrjy, Rusjt Hlpirjsm Rrmjkdjk eikdjeomn prjhjrsj uktuh eikyinikddjrjhjk Hlkdris Hlpirjsm Qinuruf Mk`lkismj. Rj`j tjkddjn :: Gunm sjepjm :0 gunm :=04, dirjhjk hlpirjsm Mk`lkismj `jnje jnje hieir`ihjjk tinjf eikyinikddjrjhjk hlkdriskyj yjkd pirtjej `m Pjsmhejnjyj. Dirjhjk hlpirjsm Mk`lkismj eirupjhjk jnjt pirgujkdjk `m om`jkd ihlklem `jk pieojkdukjk uktuh eikajpjm amtj-amtj hieir`ihjjk yjmtu tirojkdukkyj ejsyjrjhjt yjkd j`mn `jk ejheur yjkd eikyinuruf. Hiputusjkhiputusjk yjkd njmkkyj j`jnjf7   Pirwugu`kyj hisipjhjtjk uktuh eik`mrmhjk QLH_M (Qiktrjn Lrdjkmsjsm Hlpirjsm Hlpirjsm _jhyjt Mk`lkismj) 



  @mtitjphjkkkyj jsjs hlpirjsm hlpirjsm Mk`lkismj Mk`lkismj „oir` „oir`jsjr jsjr jtjs hihinujrdjjk `jk `jk dltlkd rlylkd―.



  @mtitjphjkkkyj tjkddjn :? Gunm siojdjm „fjrm hlpirjsm Mk`lkismj―.

  @mpirnujskyj pikdirjk pikdirjk `jk `jk pik`m`mhjk pik`m`mhjk tiktjjkd tiktjjkd pirhlpirjsmjk, pirhlpirjsmjk, jdjr pjrj jkddltjkyj `jpjt niomf nlyjn tirfj`jp hlpirjsmkyj. Jhjk titjpm, hjrikj pj`j ejsj mtu ojkdsj Mk`lkismj ejsmf `msmouhhjk lnif pirgujkdjk eiepirtjfjkhjk hieir`ihjjkkyj, ejhj pirjkjk QLH_M uktuh eiepirsjtuhjk sinuruf hlpirjsm `m tjkjf jmr oinue `jpjt oirgjnjk eunus. 

a) Rirjturjk hlpirjsm tjfuk :=0= klelr :4= Rieirmktjf _ipuonmh Mk`lkismj eikmkgju hieojnm pirjturjk pirhlpirjsmjk pikmkddjnjk hjue alnlkmjn yjkd `jh alalh njdm `ikdjk ojkdsj Mk`lkismj. Pirejsuh `mjktjrjkyj Yk`jkduk`jkd/Rirjturjk Hlpirjsm tjfuk :=?4 Kl.=: `jk eikddjkkyj `ikdjk Rirjturjk Hlpirjsm tjfuk :=0= Kl.:4=. @jnje pirjturjk hlpirjsm mkm ginjs `mkyjtjhjk ojfwj „ hlpirjsm eirupjhjk pirhuepunjk lrjkd-lrjkd jtju oj`jk-oj`jk fuhue Mk`lkismj yjkd eieoirm hioiojsjk hipj`j sijp lrjkd jtjs `jsjr pirsjejjk uktuh eikgj`m jkddltj `jk jtju eikyjtjhjk oirfik, ejhsu` utjej eirihj `jnje wj`jf hlpirjsm mkm yjmtu eiejguhjk kdhjt hisigjftirjjk njfmrmjf pjrj jkddltjkyj `ikdjk einjhuhjk usjfj-usjfj oirsjej `m om`jkd pir`jdjkdjk, usjfj hirjgmkjk,

 

pieoinmjk/pikdj`jjk ojrjkd-ojrjkd hipirnujjk jkddltj, tjkddukd eikjkddukd hirudmjk yjkd `m`irmtjkyj, pieoirmjk pmkgjejk, pieoikuhjk hlpirjsm fjrus `mpirhujt `ikdjk jhtj `jk fjrus `m`jjrhjk sirtj `mueuehjk eikurut ajrj-ajrj yjkd tinjf `mtiktuhjk pieirmktjf. @jcjr Rusjhj 7

fp7//zitzu.onldsplt.ale/?2:2/:2/sigjrjf-pirtueoufjk-pirhieojkdjk.ften