2058-Article Text-6408-1-10-20210524

 

Xe`fnrum Xe`ffu`nn` Xnyanter Zermnjnp Xerlaniu Lopuase Duyl`f Xe`ffu`n E-Kbooerke jl L`jb`esln  Tekelvej7 >8 [epteoder 4848 Tevlslb` rekelvej7 : @bveoder 4848 Nkkeptej7 > Jeseoder 4848 

Tnmontlin [nrl  Gurusn` Njol`lstrnsl @lnfn, Xbaltei`li @eferl Dn`ju`f, L`jb`esln

 Ndstrnkt7

Zme jeveabpoe`t bc e-kbooerke mns mnj n` lopnkt b` pnyoe`t p nyoe`t oetmbjs wmlkm were brlfl`naay b`ay i`bw` ns knsm pnyoe`ts, pnper-dnsej, knrj dnsej, nre `bw `bw del`f l`trbjukej wltm `ew eaektrb`lk-dnsej pnyoe`t systeos sukm ns o-dn`il`f, vlrtuna nkkbu`ts, pnyoe`t nppalkntlb`s. Xnyanter ls n type bc b`al`e krejlt pnyoe`t. Xnyanter naabws lts users tb mnve n krejlt knrj wltmbut n knrj n`j wltmbut n kbopalkntej on`ucnkturl`f prbkess. Zmls stujy uses n qun`tltntlve jeskrlptlve n`naysls oetmbj sb tmnt tme jntn usej ls tme resuat bc jlstrldutl`f questlb``nlres tb :8: snopaes wmb oeet tme krlterln. Zme resuats bc tmls stujy l`jlknte tmnt tme ense bc use bctekm`babfy  pnyantermns n` eccekt bc 3.:% b` tme lopuaslve duyl`f demnvlbr bcusers e-kbooerke l` L`jb`esln. Crbo tme resuats bc jntn prbkessl`f, lt kn` de kb`kaujej tmnt tme ense bc use bctekm`babfy pnyanter dyusers d yusers e-kbooerke l` L`jb`esln ls very fbbj n`jusers  pnyanter te`j tb onie lopuase duyl`f wme` wme` smbppl`f.   Ieywbrjs7 e-kbooerke, b`al`e lopuase duyl`f, pnyanter   Ndstrni7

Xerieodn`fn` e-kbooerke oeoderlin` jnopni pnjn oetbje peodnynrn` yn`f seouan mn`yn jlie`na peodnynrn` tu`nl, derdnsls iertns, derdnsls inrtu, il`l ouanl jlperie`nain` je`fn` slsteo peodnynrn` dnru derdnsls eaeitrb`li. Xnyanter   oerupnin` snanm sntu ge`ls peodnynrn` irejlt seknrn b`al`e. Xe`ffu`nn`  pnyanter   tersedut jlperilrnin` jnpnt oe`gnjl snanm sntu peolku termnjnp perlaniu lopuase duyl`f, baem inre`n`yn pe`ealtln` l`l jlaniuin` je`fn` tugun` u`tui oe`fuiur sedesnr npn pe`fnrum jnrl pe`ffu`nn`  pnyanter   tersedut termnjnp perlaniu lopuase duyl`f  pe`ffu`n e-kbooerke  jl L`jb`esln. Xe`ealtln` l`l oe`ffu`nin` oetbje n`nalsls jesirlptlc iun`tltntlc seml`ffn jntn yn`f jlfu`nin` oerupnin` mnsla jnrl  pe`yednrn` iueslb`er termnjnp termnjnp :8: brn`f snopea snopea yn`f oeoe`uml irlterln. Mnsla jnrl  pe`ealtln` l`l oe`yedutin` dnmwn ieoujnmn` jnano pe`ffu`nn` pe`ffu`nn` tei`babfl pnyanter oeoderlin` pe`fnrum sedesnr 3,:% termnjnp perlaniu peodealn` lopuaslc pe`ffu`n e-kbooerke jl L`jb`esln. L`jb`esln. Jnrl mnsla pe`fban pe`fbanmn` mn` jntn jnpnt jnpnt jlslopuain` dn dnmwn mwn ieoujnmn` jnano pe`ffu`nn` tei`babfl pnyanter baem pe`ffu`n e-kbooerke jl L`jb`esln sn`fnt dnli seinal sertn pe`ffu`n pnyanter ke`jeru`f oeaniuin` lopuase  duyl`f snnt derdean`gn.  Intn iu`kl7 iu`kl7  e-kbooerke, b`al`e lopuase duyl`f, pnyanter  

Xe`jnmuaun`

Xnjn tnmu` 4848 tei`babfl derieodn`f sn`fnt slf`lclin`. oeoderlin` jnopni yn`f sn`fnt desnrteanm iepnjn ju`ln, snanm sntu`yn jnanoXerieodn`fn` seitbr `lnfn. tersedut Zei`babfl oeodunt   Gur`na Tlset Dls`ls jn` L`vestnsl Sba. 6, @b. >, Nprla 484> X-L[[@ 4:38-=4>> E-L[[@ 43=:-683]

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 der`lnfn oe`gnjl gnum aedlm oujnm. Onsynrnint yn`f seouan oeodeal dnrn`f seknrn bccal`e, il`l jlon`gnin` je`fn` dn`yni`yn plalmn` ieoujnmn` jnano derdean`gn seknrn b`al`e, sepertl je`fn` njn`yn e-kbooerke.  Mnjlr`yn e-kbooerke teanm oeodunt perudnmn` pnjn perlaniu ib`suoe` yn`f seouan mn`yn  derdean`gn seknrn bccal`e je`fn` jntn`f an an`fsu`f `fsu`f ie pusnt perdean`gnn`, pnsnr, onupu` tb tbib ib ltu se`jlrl seinrn`f jnpnt je`fn` oujnm jlaniuin` seknrn b`al`e jl ruonm. Xerudnmn` perlaniu tersedut dn`yni jlpe`fnruml baem persepsl pnrn pean`ffn` oe`fe`nl gnrni, mnrfn, prbobsl, teopnt yn`f teanm jltetnpin` baem perusnmnn` seanon l`l (Ibtaer jn` Ieaaer, 48>4). Nansn` terdesnr tergnjl`yn perudnmn` pban  perlaniu peodealn` jnrl peodealn` seknrn an`fsu`f ie peodealn` b`al`e inre`n jnsnr ieoujnmn` yn`f jltnwnrin` jnrl tbib b`al`e, `nou` ie`jntl dn`yni`yn ieoujnmn` yn`f jltnwnrin` onslm terjnpnt cnitbr-cnitbr yn`f oe`gnjl nansn` dedernpn pean`ffn` tljni oeolalm derdean`gn b`al`e, jln`tnrn`yn ynltu cnitbr reslib pe`lpun` dnli jnrl sefl iunaltns onupu` slsteo peodnynrn` (Cnirl, 48>3). Xeodealn` suntu prbjui jnpnt tergnjl inre`n ib`suoe` oeolalil iedutumn` termnjnp prbjui tersedut yn`f ieoujln` jlpe`fnruml baem ietersejlnn` n`ffnrn` u`tui oeoe`uml iedutumn` tersedut. Je`fn` pertuodumn` slsteo peodnynrn` yn`f snnt l`l tergnjl, tbani uiur ietersejlnn` n`ffnrn` duin` mn`yn jlalmnt jnrl ietersejlnn` jn`n jnano de`tui un`f tu`nl sngn, `nou` gufn jnpnt jluiur jnrl de`tui anyn`n` cnslaltns sepertl inrtu irejlt ntnupu` peodnynrn` jlfltna anl``yn (Vljnwntl, 48>>). [lsteo peodnynrn` yn`f terus derieodn`f oe`gnjl snanm sntu cnitbr pe`juiu`f perieodn`fn` e-kbooerke. [lsteo peodnynrn` yn`f oerupnin` snanm sntu cnitbr yn`f oe`bpn`f stndlaltns slsteo ieun`fn` snnt l`l terus derieodn`f, sepertl mna`yn je`fn` perieodn`fn` slsteo peodnynrn` yn`f seouan mn`yn un`f tu`nl ml`ffn snnt l`l sujnm tersejln slsteo jlfltna. Oetbje peodnynrn` yn`f jlsejlnin` baem e-kbooerke onybrltns njnanm peodnynrn` seknrn jlfltna sepertl trn`scer l`trn dn`i, vlrtuna nkkbu`t , inrtu irejlt b`al`e, inrtu jedlt b`al`e, e-wnaaet , jaa. @nou` peodnynrn` seknrn tu`nl  gufn tetnp jnpnt jlgnjlin` bpsl plalmn`. Dedernpn e-kbooerke oe`yejlnin` peodnynrn` seknrn tu`nl oe`ffu`nin` slsteo Knsm B` Jealvery (KBJ) jlon`n pe`ffu`n jnpnt oeodnynr dean`gnn` seknrn tu`nl iepnjn iurlr snnt dnrn`f jln`tnr. [eanl` oetbje knsm b` jealvery, dedernpn e-kbooerke  gufn oe`yejlnin` plalmn` peodnynrn` tu`nl oeanaul ol`l onriet. Dedernpn tnmu` deanin`fn` l`l, tepnt`yn segni tnmu` 48>=, terjnpnt sedunm oetbje peodnynrn` dnru yn`f jlperie`nain` pnjn onsynrnint, yni`l tei`babfl pnyanter . Xnyanter  oeolalil  oeolalil cu`fsl yn`f snon je`fn` inrtu irejlt, ieaedlmn` yn`f jltnwnrin` j jnrl nrl tei`babfl l`l lnanm knrn oe`jnctnr yn`f reantlc sn`fnt oujnm glin jldn`jl`fin` je`fn` inrtu irejlt. [epertl mna`yn inrtu irejlt,  pnyanter   yn`f jnpnt oeoperoujnm ib`suoe` u`tui oeoe`uml sefnan iedutumn``yn, ouanl jnrl derdean`gn iedutumn` prloer ml`ffn mldurn` sepertl peodealn` tliet pesnwnt, peoesn`n` mbtea, tliet reirensl, jn` anl``yn ieoujln` pe`ffu`n jnpnt oeodnynr jlsetlnp tn`ffna gntum teopb yn`f sujnm jltetnpin`. Xnyanter jlieodn`fin` baem perusnmnn` cl`tekm yn`f ieoujln` deiergn snon je`fn` e-kbooerke jnano oe`yejlnin` anyn`n` pnyanter tersedut. E-kbooerke pertnon yn`f oeoperie`nain` pnyanter   jl jl L`jb`esln njnanm Zrnveabin je`fn` oe`ffn`je`f perusnmnn`  cl`tekm  XZ. Jn`n Xnsnr Xl`gnon`. Fnodnr L.4 oerupnin` prbjui  pnyanter yn`f derejnr jl L`jb`esln. Dn`yni perusnmnn` e-kbooerke oe`ffu`nin` tei`babfl tersedut jnano slsteo peodnynrn` oerein seml`ffn tei`babfl tersedut sn`fnt oujnm jlie`na baem onsynrnint auns. N`tuslns onsynrnint je`fn` mnjlr`yn tei`babfl pnyanter  jlduitlin`  jlduitlin` je`fn` oe`l`fint`yn guoanm  pe`ffu`n  pnyanter   jnrl wnitu ie wnitu. Dedernpn  pantcbro  pe`yejln  pnyanter   teanm oe`fnanol ab`gnin` pe`ffu`n yn`f kuiup tl`ffl. [egni  pnyanter   jlau`kurin`, Zrnveabin oe`fnanol ab`gnin`  pe`ffu`n ml`ffn >8 inal alpnt (Vnacngrl, 48>: inal alpnt (Cnjlan, 4848) seml`ffn oerein mnrus terus oe`l`fintin` ienon`n` jntn pe`ffu`n je`fn` njn`yn ab`gnin` tersedut. Xantcbro   pe`yejln anl` yn`f oernsnin` jnopni jnrl  pnyanter  gufn   gufn lnanm [mbpee. Ml`ffn tnmu` 4848, guoanm  pe`ffu`n [mbpee Xnyanter  oe`knpnl  oe`knpnl n`fin >,46 gutn pe`ffu`n je`fn` niuouansl dbrrbwer  yn`f  yn`f nitlc oe`knpnl 36% yni`l seiltnr =58 rldu brn`f dbrrbwer . Guoanm jn`n pl`gnon` yn`f jlieaunrin` baem [mbpee Xnyanter   oe`knpnl oe`knpnl mnoplr Tp>,5 Zrlalu` je`fn` tl`fint iedermnslan` oe`knpnl mnoplr , Nprla 484> X-L[[@ 4:38-=4>> E-L[[@ 43=:-683]

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Fnodnr > Xrbjui Xnyanter jl L`jb`esln [uoder7 @ndlan (4848) Je`fn` seonil` jlie`na`yn tei`babfl  pnyanter jnpnt oeodunt ib`suoe` serl`f inal tljni jnpnt

oe`fndnlin` iel`fl`n` u`tui oeodeal prbjui yn`f oe`urut`yn oe`nrli (Vljnwntl, 48>>). Ib`jlsl tersedut jlie`na je`fn` lstlanm lopuase duyl`f.  Lopuase duyl`f  oerupnin` sedunm perlaniu yn`f jlaniuin` sesebrn`f ietlin oeodeal prbjui yn`f tljni jlre`knin` seknrn spb`tn` spb `tn` (Tbbi, >>).  Lopuase duyl`f jnpnt jlsedndin` baem jbrb`fn` jnrl jlrl pe`ffu`n ltu se`jlrl onupu` jnrl cnitbr anl``yn (Mnrob` jn` @bvln, 48>3). Aee (48>=) oe`fu`finpin` dnmwn ibopb`e` objea pe`erlonn` ZNO terutnon cnitbr ibf`ltlc jn` nceitlc jnpnt jlfu`nin` u`tui oeoprejlisl perlaniu lopuase duyl`f pnjn pe`ffu`n e-kbooerke . Xe`ealtln` l`l nin` oeodnmns oe`fe`nl pe`erlonn` pe`ffu`n e-kbooerke termnjnp sedunm tei`babfl  peodnynrn` jlfltna dnru sertn pe`fnrum`yn termnjnp perlaniu lopuase duyl`f. Oe`urut Tlfbpbuabs (48>) oe`flje`tlclinsl pe`erlonn` tei`babfl pnyanter  jnano  jnano slsteo peodnynrn` terutnon jnano e-kbooerke  jl l`jb`esln9 (4) oe`flje`tlclinsl perlaniu lopuaslc pe`ffu`n e-kbooerke  jl l`jb`esln9 (;) oe`fn`nalsls pe`fnrum pe`ffu`nn` pnyanter  termnjnp  termnjnp perlaniu lopuaslc pnjn pe`ffu`n e-kbooerke jl l`jb`esln. Ingln` Alterntur

 E-Kbooerke  Eaektrb`lk kbooerke ntnu aedlm jlie`na je`fn` `non e-kbooerke glin jlnrtlin` seknrn dnmnsn dernrtl  perjnfn`fn` eaeitrb`li. Oe`urut Anujb` jn` Zrnver (48>:), e-kbooerke oerupnin` trn`snisl yn`f tergnjl oeanaul l`ter`et, wed, ntnupu` pern`fint seauaer. [ejn`fin` oe`urut Wwnss (> X-L[[@ 4:38-=4>> E-L[[@ 43=:-683]

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 E-kbooerke  gufn oe`kniup derdnfnl ge`ls trn`snisl yn`f jlaniuin` seknrn b`al`e, teronsui jln`tnrn`yn trn`snisl perdn`in` b`al`e, dls`ls rltea seknrn b`al`e, trn`spbrtnsl b`al`e, gufn derdean`gn seknrn b`al`e. Ge`ls yn`f jlaniuin` jnano e-kbooerke pu` dernfno ouanl jnrl dusl`ess-tb-dusl`ess  (D4D) ml`ffn kb`suoer-tb-dusl`ess (K4D) (@nybn`, 48>.  Xrbses pe`jnctnrn` oujnm 4.  Jlnwnsl BGI ;.  Caeisldea jn` kepnt :.  Xrbob imusus [eoe`tnrn ieiurn`fn` Xnyanter jln`tnrn`yn7 >.  Du`fn kuiup tl`ffl 4.  Je`jn ;.  Ienon`n` jntn  Xersepsl Ieoujnmn` jnano jnano Xe`ffu`nn` Xersepsl ieoujnmn` jnano pe`ffu`nn` lnanm tl`jnin` sebrn`f l`jlvlju yn`f perknyn dnmwn je`fn`  pe`ffu`nn` suntu tei`babfl terte`tu jnpnt oe`furn`fl usnmn`yn jnano oeaniuin` sesuntu (Jnvls, >> E-L[[@ 43=:-683]

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[linp jnano Xe`ffu`nn` yn`f [esu`ffum`y [esu`ffum`yn n Xe`ffu`nn` sesu`ffum`yn jnrl sedunm tei`babfl jnpnt jluiur oe`ffu`nin` creiue`sl sertn jurnsl setlnp pe`ffu`n jnano oe`ffu`nin` tei`babfl tersedut (Jnvls, >)  [mbppl`f E`gbyoe`t . Oe`urut Fbyna (4886) oerupnin` inrniter sebrn`f l`jlvlju yn`f oeolalil ieke`jeru`fn` oe`fn`ffnp dnmwn dean`gn njnanm mna yn`f oe`ye`n`fin` jn` oe`ffeodlrnin`. 4)  Ietersejlnn` jn`n oe`gnjl sedunm cnitbr pe`tl`f yn`f oeoe`fnruml perlaniu peodealn` lopuaslc (Dentty jn` Cerrea, > X-L[[@ 4:38-=4>> E-L[[@ 43=:-683]

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Fnodnr 4 Iern`fin Xeolilrn` [uoder7 Jnvls (>:). Njnpu` yn`f oe`gnjl snopea pe`ealtln` njnanm dnfln` jnrl pbpuansl pbp uansl yn`f teanm sesunl je`fn` inrniterlstli yn`f jnpnt oewnilal seaurum pbpuansl (Dujlnslm, 48>4). Oe`urut permltu`fn` oe`ffu`nin` ruous Aeoesmbw, snopea pnjn pe`ealtln` l`l ol`lona ;=5 brn`f. Xnjn pe`ealtln` l`l, pe`fuopuan` jntn jlaniuin` oe`ffu`nin` oejln iueslb`er b`al`e. Iueslb`er jnano pe`ealtln` l`l jldunt seknrn b`al`e oe`ffu`nin` dn`tun` fbbfae cbro, tugun``yn nfnr oujnm u`tui oe`gn`finu snopea seknrn auns. Jnano sedunm pe`ealtln` yn`f oe`ffu`nin` oejln iueslb`er u`tui pe`fuopuan` jntn`yn, mnrus jlpnstlin` dnmwn seaurum lteo iueslb`er yn`f jlfu`nin` vnalj jn` realndea. Ugl vnaljltns jn` ugl realndlaltns dnli u`tui jlaniuin` sedeauo prbses pe`fuopuan` jntn jlouanl. N`nalsls jesirlptlc jlfu`nin` u`tui oe`fn`nalsls jntn jlon`n jntn-jntn yn`f jlperbaem jljesirlpslin` ntnu jlfnodnrin` sednfnlon`n njn`yn tn`pn njn onisuj u`tui oe`fe`ernalslr ([uflyb`b, 48>;). Ugl Nsuosl iansli jlaniuin` u`tui oe`lanl npninm jl jnano sedunm objea refresl al`enr Brjl`nry Aenst [qunre (BA[) terjnpnt onsnanm-onsnanm nsuosl iansli. N`nalsls l`l njnanm sedunm tei`li yn`f jlpninl u`tui oe`fetnmul mudu`fn` n`tnr vnrlndea yn`f derslcnt iun`tltntlc. N`nalsls refresl al`ler sejermn`n jlaniuin` fu`n oe`fuiur pe`fnrum yn`f jlderlin` jnrl vnrlndea l`jepe`je` iepnjn vnrlndea jepe`je`. T squnre ntnu ibeclsle` jeterol`nsl jln`nalsls fu`n oe`fetnmul segnum npn ieonopun` objea jnano oe`ern`fin` vnrlnsl jnrl vnrlndea dedns pnjn pe`ealtln` (Fmbznal, 48>;). Mnsla jn` Xeodnmnsn`

 Xrbcla Tespb`je` Jnano pe`ealtln` l`l respb`je` oerupnin` brn`f yn`f oeolalil niu` Xnyanter  pnjn   pnjn e-kbooerke  jl L`jb`esln. Zndea > oerupnin` l`cbronsl inrniterlstli respb`je` yn`f oealputl ge`ls ieanol`, usln,  pe`jljlin` ternimlr, sertn pe`jnpntn` per duan`. Zndea > Xrbcla Tespb`je`   Gur`na Tlset Dls`ls jn` L`vestnsl Sba. 6, @b. >, Nprla 484> X-L[[@ 4:38-=4>> E-L[[@ 43=:-683]

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Inrniterlstli

Guoanm Zrn`snisl Oe`ffu`nin` Xnyanter [udtbtna Ge`ls ieanol`

Ieabopbi > inal 4-5 inal 05inal

Anil-anil Xereopun`

[udtbtna Usln

[udtbtna Xeiergnn`

[udtbtna Xe`jnpntn`

>6-45 tnmu` 43-;: tnmu` ;5-:4 tnmu` 0:4 tnmu` Xeangnr/Onmnslswn Vlrnusnmn Xefnwnl @eferl Xefnwnl [wnstn Anl``yn 1Tp> Gutn Tp> Gutn-Tp4 Gutn Tp4 Gutn-Tp; Gutn 0Tp; Gutn

[udtbtna

Guoanm := >;5 44> :8: 65 ;4< :8:

Xerse`tnse >>,< ;;,: 5:,6 >88 >=,3 =>,: >88

;4> 68 = 5 :8: 4;> 4> >5 8: >44 :=

66,; 4 >,4 >88 56,4 5,4 ;,6 44,= >>,> >88 45,6 ;8,4 >>,<

>;8 :8:

;4,4 >88

Ugl Snaljltns [edeauo oeaniuin` pe`yednrn` iueslb`er pnjn setlnp respb`je`, jlaniuin` pe`fugln` vnaljltns iueslb`er termnjnp ;8 brn`f respb`je`. T tndea tndea u`tui respb`je` sedn`yni ;8 brn`f je`fn` slf`lclin`sl sedesnr 5% njnanm 8,;3>8. Zndea 4 jn` Zndea ; oeount mnsla ugl vnaljltns pnjn ;8 brn`f respb`je`. Zndea 4 Ugl Snaljltns Snrlndea ZNO Kbrrektej Lteo-Zbtna Kbrreantlb` Xnyanter  oujnm jlpeangnrl .5:8 Xnyanter  oujnm jlfu`nin` .::3 Xnyanter  oe`yerjermn`nin` trn`snisl b`al`e .338 Xnyanter  deron`cnnt jnano trn`snisl b`al`e .34= Xnyanter  oeodn`tu trn`snisl b`al`e Iel`fl`n` u`tui terus oe`ffu`nin` Xnyanter  jnpnt jlieodn`fin` anfl Mnoplr setlnp mnrl oe`ffu`nin`  pnyanter   Xnyanter  oerupnin` tei`babfl yn`f dnfus GUOANM SNTLNDEA XE@FFU@NN@ XN\ANZET

.3 .344 .:4 .3:6 >.888

Ibabo Kbrrektej Lteo-Zbtna Kbrreantlb` jnano tndea LS.4 oe`u`guiin` `lanl seaurum lteo oeaedlml r tndea tndea (8,;3>8) seml`ffn seaurum lteo per`yntnn` u`tui vnrlndea pe`ffu`nn`  pnyanter   jnano iueslb`er l`l jl`yntnin` vnalj. Zndea ; Ugl Snaljltns Snrlndea  Lopuase Duyl`f Kbrrektej Lteo-Zbtna Kbrreantlb` [erl`f oeodeal prbjui seknrn an`fsu`f .63> Zljni derplilr sedeauo trn`snisl .=8< Zljni oeoermntlin` mnrfn .3:3   Gur`na Tlset Dls`ls jn` L`vestnsl Sba. 6, @b. >, Nprla 484> X-L[[@ 4:38-=4>> E-L[[@ 43=:-683]

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Oujnm terfbjn oeodeal prbjui dnru Zlodua jbrb`fn` u`tui peodealn` tljni tere`kn`n Zljni oeolilrin` nildnt Xernsnn` oe`yesna seteanm oeaniuin` trn`snisl GUOANM SNTLNDEA LOXUA[E DU\L@F 

.6>8 .3;6 .33> .55> >.888

Ibabo Kbrrekte Kbrrektej j Lteo-Zbtna Kbrreantlb` pnjn tndea jlntns oe`u`guiin` `lanl pnjn seaurum lteo oeaedlml r tndea tndea (8,;3>8) seml`ffn seaurum lteo per`yntnn` u`tui vnrlndea \ jnano iueslb`er l`l jnpnt jl`yntnin` vnalj. Ugl Tealndlaltns Xe`fugln` realndlaltns jlaniuin` u`tui oe`fetnmul npninm l`struoe`t per`yntnn` p er`yntnn` yn`f jlfu`nin` u`tui oe`fuiur derslcnt terperknyn jn` ib`stn`. [esunl je`fn` tndea stn`jnr Krb`dnkm“s Napmn, `lanl ibeclsle` realndlaltns wngld aedlm jnrl 8,68 u`tui oe`yntnin` dnmwn lteo yn`f jlfu`nin` derslcnt realndea. Zndea : oeount mnsla ugl realndlaltns pnjn ;8 ; 8 brn`f respb`je`.

Snrlndea

Zndea : Ugl Tealndlaltns Krb`dnkm's Napmn

@ bc Lteos

Xe`ffu`nn` Xnyanter

.656

>;

 Lopuase Duyl`f

.6=>

=

Derjnsnrin` mnsla ugl realndlaltns tersedut (Zndea LS.3) `lanl ibeclsle` realndlaltns pnjn iejun vnrlndea 08.68 seml`ffn setlnp l`struoe`t jnano iueslb`er derslcnt ib`slste` jn` jnpnt jlfu`nin` deruan`fuan`f.  N`nalsls Jesirlptlc Jesirlptlc Xnjn vnrlndea pe`ffu`nn` pnyanter , jloe`sl je`fn` `lanl rntn-rntn tertl`ffl njnanm persepsl ieoujnmn` jnano pe`ffu`nn`, seml`ffn jnpnt jlnrtlin` dnmwn pe`ffu`n oe`fn`ffnp dnmwn  pnyanter   oujnm jlfu`nin`. [ejn`fin` jloe`sl je`fn` `lanl rntn-rntn tere`jnm njnanm slinp jnano pe`ffu`nn` yn`f sesu`ffum`yn. Xnjn vnrlndea lopuase duyl`f, jloe`sl je`fn` `lanl rntn-rntn tertl`ffl njnanm stlouansl jn` iefnlrnm seml`ffn jnpnt jlnrtlin` dnmwn pe`ffu`n  pnyanter   serl`final oernsnin` stlouansl terte`tu ietlin derdean`gn oe`ffu`nin`  pnyanter . [ejn`fin` jloe`sl je`fn` `lanl rntn-rntn tere`jnm njnanm spb`tn`ltns. Zndea 5 N`nalsls Jesirlptlc Snrlndea Xe`ffu`nn` Xnyanter ` Ol` Onx Tntn-rntn Xersepsl Ieoujnmn` jnano Xe`ffu`nn` :8: > 5 :.:: Xersepsl On`cnnt :8: > 5 :.;< L`te`sltns Xe`ffu`nn` :8: > 5 :.85 [linp jnano Xe`ffu`nn` yn`f [esu`ffum`yn :8: > 5 ;.>< GUOANM SNTLNDEA XE@FFU@NN@ XN\ANZET :8: > 5 :.84 Zndea 3 N`nalsls Jesilptlc Snrlndea Lopuase Duyl`f ` Ol` Onx Tntn-Tntn [pb`tn`ltns :8: > 5 4.;4 Ieiuntn`, Ibopuasl, jn` L`te`sltns :8: > 5 4.5> [tlouansl jn` Iefnlrnmn` :8: > 5 ;.>5 Ietljnipejualn` Nin` Nildnt :8: > 5 4.66 GUOANM SNTLNDEA LOXUA[E DU\L@F :8: > 5 4.3=   Gur`na Tlset Dls`ls jn` L`vestnsl Sba. 6, @b. >, Nprla 484> X-L[[@ 4:38-=4>> E-L[[@ 43=:-683]

[tj. Jevlnsl .64> .6=: >.84< >.883

.==5

[tj. Jevlnsl >.>8> >.8.4>; >.>36 >.>:;

5>

 

Ugl @bronaltns Jnano pe`ealtln` l`l jlfu`nin` n`nalsls frncli  @brona Xrbdndlalty Xabt  (X-Xabt).  (X-Xabt). Derjnsnrin` Fnodnr ; jnpnt jlalmnt dnmwn dnmw n tltli pabtl`f oe`fliutl jn` oe`jeintl suodu jlnfb`na`yn. [eml`ffn derjnsnrin`  pnjn pejbon` pe`fnodlan` ieputusn` yn`f teanm jltetnpin` jnpnt jlnodla ieputusn` dnmwn `lanl resljuna jnano pe`fugln` l`l derjlstrldusl `brona. Baem inre`n ltu nsuosl `bronaltns jnano refresl al`ler sejermn`n jnpnt terpe`uml.

Fnodnr ; Ugl @bronaltns

Ugl Al`lerltns Ugl al`lerltns yn`f jlfu`nin` njnanm Zest cbr Al`enrlty. Njnpu` mnsla ugl al`enrltns je`fn` oeodn`jl`fin` rntn-rntn iejun vnrlndea jnpnt jlalmnt pnjn tndea jl dnwnm l`l. Xnjn tndea 6 tersedut `lanl slf`lclin`sl al`enrlty njnanm 8.888 jn` `lanl slf`lclin`sl jnrl jevlntlb` crbo al`enrlty njnanm 8,886. Mnsla tersedut oe`u`guiin` dnmwn iejun vnrlndea v nrlndea tersedut dermudu`fn` seknrn al`enr. Zndea 6 Ugl Al`enrltns

;5 >

Oen` [qunre 6>.=;3 =4:.588

4.5:3 4

.888 .888

;:

:

.886

[uo bc [qunres jc (Kbodl`ej) 45>:.434 Guoanm Lopuase Detwee` Duyl`f * Guoanm Frbups Al`enrlty =4:.588 Xe`ffu`nn` Jevlntlb` crbo >3=8;=;.;4< Zbtna >4= .45;**  Kbrreantlb` [lf. (4-tnlaej) .888  @ :8: :8: Xenrsb` .45;**  > Kbrreantlb` [lf. (4-tnlaej) .888  @ :8: :8:

  Gur`na Tlset Dls`ls jn` L`vestnsl Sba. 6, @b. >, Nprla 484> X-L[[@ 4:38-=4>> E-L[[@ 43=:-683]

54

 

 N`nalsls Ibeclsle` Ibeclsle` Jeterol`nsl  @lanl yn`f jlmnslain` jnrl permltu`fn` ibeclsle` jeterol`nsl jnpnt oe`ffnodnrin` desnr pe`fnrum vnrlndea pe`ffu`nn` pnyanter  termnjnp  termnjnp vnrlndea lopuase duyl`f. Zndea < oerupnin` mnsla permltu`fn` ibeclsle` jeterol`nsl. Xnjn tndea < jlietnmul dnmwn `lanl T 4 yn`f jlmnslain` njnanm 8,83: ntnu 3,:%. Mna tersedut dernrtl dnmwn vnrlndea pe`ffu`nn`  pnyanter  derpe`fnrum  derpe`fnrum sedesnr 3,:% termnjnp perlaniu  Lopuase Duyl`f. [ejn`fin` .45;   .83: .834 5.:=8 n. Xrejlktbrs7 (Kb`stn`t), GUOANM XE@FFU@NN@ XN\ANZET  d. Jepe`je`t Snrlndae7 GUOANM LOXUA[E DU\L@F

Ugl Mlpbtesls Xe`fugln` mlpbtesls yn`f jlaniuin` oe`ffu`nin` Ugl Z. Mlpbtesls jnano pe`ealtln` l`l njnanm7 M8  7 Xe`ffu`nn` pnyanter  tljni  tljni derpe`fnrum termnjnp perlaniu lopuase duyl`f M>  7 Xe`ffu`nn` pnyanter  derpe`fnrum  derpe`fnrum termnjnp perlaniu lopuase duyl`f Xnjn tndea >8 jlietnmul `lanl t mltu`f njnanm 5,4:8. [ejn`fin` `lanl t tndea je`fn` jc (`-i) sedn`yni :84 jn` `lanl slf`lclin`sl 5% njnanm sedesnr >,,8 Mnsla Z Mltu`f U`stn`jnrjlzej Kbecclkle`ts D [tj. Errbr .663

Objea > (Kb`stn`t) GUOANM XE@FFU@NN@ .>>8.888 .45;

5.4:8.888

 Xeodnmnsn` Derjnsnrin` mnsla n`nalsls jeobfrncl, 5:,6% respb`je` jnano pe`ealtln` l`l ntnu sedn`yni 44> brn`f respb`je` per`nm oe`ffu`nin` pnyanter  u`tui  u`tui trn`snisl b`al`e aedlm jnrl alon inal. Mna tersedut tersedu t dernrtl sednfln` desnr respb`je` jnano pe`ealtln` l`l deruan`f inal oe`ffu`nin` pnyanter seteanm pe`ffu`nn`  pertnon`yn. [edesnr =>,:% respb`je` ntnu sedn`yni ;4< brn`f respb`je` derge`ls ieanol`  pereopun`. Oe`ur Oe`urut ut mnslaoeolalil pe`ealtln` pe`ealtln`aedlm @lsndn`yni (48>;) pereopun` aedlm serl`f dean`gn jldn`jl`fin`  prln seanl` ltu pereopun` cnitbr pe`juiu`f jldn`jl`fin` je`fn` prln prln.. je`fn` Te`tn` usln sednfln` desnr respb`je` njnanm >6 ml`ffn 45 tnmu`, yni`l seiltnr 6 brn`f je`fn` stntus sednfnl peangnr ntnu onmnslswn. Mnsla n`nalsls jntn oe`u`guin` dnmwn pe`ffu`nn`  pnyanter oeoderlin` pe`fnrum iepnjn  perlaniu lopuase duyl`f. Oerugui pnjn tndea LS.>:, derjnsnrin` mnsla ugl Z mlpbtesls yn`f jlterlon njnanm M> ynltu pe`ffu`nn` pnyanter  derpe`fnrum  derpe`fnrum termnjnp perlaniu lopuase duyl`f ib`suoe` pnjn ekbooerke  jl L`jb`esln. Xe`ffu`nn`  pnyanter   l`l derpe`fnrum sedesnr 3,:% (Zndea LS.>;) termnjnp  perlaniu lopuase duyl`f. Vnanupu` pe`fnrum jnrl pe`ffu`nn` pnyanter  termnjnp  termnjnp lopuase duyl`f kuiup sejlilt, `nou` pe`fnrum`yn oe`u`guiin` nrnm yn`f pbsltlc (Zndea LS.>4) seml`ffn setlnp njn  pe`nodnmn` pe`ffu`nn` pnyanter  sedesnr  sedesnr > onin perlaniu lopuase duyl`f pu` nin` dertnodnm se`lanl 8,>, Nprla 484> X-L[[@ 4:38-=4>> E-L[[@ 43=:-683]

5;

 

Ieslopuan` Derjnsnr pnjn mnsla pe`fbanmn` jntn sertn n`nalsls yn`f teanm jlaniuin`, onin jnpnt jlnodla ieslopuan` yn`f seinalfus oe`gnwnd peruousn` onsnanm jnrl pe`ealtln` l`l. Xertnon, pe`ffu`nn` tei`babfl  pnyanter  dernjn pnjn intefbrl sn`fnt dnli. Mna tersedut dernrtl dnmwn tei`babfl  pnyanter   yn`f oerupnin` sedunm tei`babfl dnru jnano peodnynrn` jlfltna jlfu`nin` je`fn` sn`fnt dnli baem  pe`ffu`n e-kbooerke jl L`jb`esln. Iejun, perlaniu lopuase duyl`f  jnrl pe`ffu`n  pnyanter jl L`jb`esln dernjn pnjn intefbrl kuiup tl`ffl. Nrtl`yn dnmwn pe`ffu`n pnyanter  ke`jeru`f  ke`jeru`f onslm serl`f oeaniuin` lopuase duyl`f  jnano dean`gn b`al`e pnjn e-kbooerke. Ietlfn, pe`ffu`nn`  pnyanter   lopuase duyl`f. Xe`fnrum tersedut 3,:% oeoderlin` pe`fnrum yn`f pbsltlc termnjnp perlaniubaem yn`f jlderlin` sedesnr sejn`fin` 5). Npalinsl Zekm`babfy Nkkeptn`ke Objea termnjnp Xe`ffu`n Anyn`n` L`ter`et Dn`il`f. Gur`na Dls`ls jn` Ibou`linsl, 4 (>), 54 - 3;. Nirno, U., Mul, X., Inaeeo Imn`, O., Zn`veer, \., Oemobbj, I., & Nmonj, V. (48>=).  Mbw Vedslte ^unalty Nccekts B`al`e Lopuase Duyl`f. Nsln Xnklclk Gbur`na Bc Onrietl`f N`j Abflstlks, ;8(>), 4;5 ‛ 453. 453. jbl7>8.>>8=/npgoa-8:-48>6-886; jbl7>8.>>8=/npgoa-8:-48>6-886; Nobs, K., Mbaoes, F.T. n`j Ie`esb`, V.K. (48>:), ‑ N Oetn-N`naysls Bc Kb`suoer Lopuaslve  Duyl`f‟, Gbur`na Bc Tetnlal`f N`j Kb`suoer [ervlkes [ervlkes,, Sba. 4> @b. 4, pp. =3-. jbl7>8.>8>3/s8844-:;53/s8844-:;58=/>83344:8=>846=; jbl7>8.>>8=/>83344:8=>846=; Dujlnslm, \n`tl. (48>4). [tntlstli Jesirlptlc u`tui Eib`bol jn` Dls`ls. Zn`fern`f7 Geangnm @usn Kmnccey, J. (4884). E-Dusl`ess n`j E-kbooerke E-kbooerke On`nfeoe`t . Mnrabw7 Xenrsb` Ejukntlb` Aloltej.  Nkkeptn`ke bc L`cbrontlb` Jnvls, C. J. (>8.4;86/4:8tm Ejltlb`. Noerlin [erlint7 [butm-Vester` Kbaaefe Xud. Cnirl, Nmonj. (48>3). Xe`fnrum B`al`e Kustboer Tevlew  Jn`  Tntl`f  Zermnjnp Ieperknynn` Jn` Ol`nt Xeodealn` Xnjn B`al`e Onrietpanke Jl L`jb`esln. [urndnyn7 L`stltut Zei`babfl [epuaum  @bpeoder. Cenrb`, K., Xmlalp, F. (>3. mttps7//jbl.brf/>8.>856/pnafrnve.egls.;8884=6 Fmbznal, Lono. 48>;. Npalinsl N`nalsls Ouatlvnrlnte je`fn` prbfrno LDO [X[[ 4>. [eonrn`f7 Dnjn` Xe`erdlt U`lversltns Jlpb`efbrb.   Gur`na Tlset Dls`ls jn` L`vestnsl Sba. 6, @b. >, Nprla 484> X-L[[@ 4:38-=4>> E-L[[@ 43=:-683]

5:

 

Fbyna, Olttna. (4886). Fe`jer l`caue`ke b` smbppl`f e`gbyoe`t   ‚ n` n` eoplrlkna stujy. L`j. On`nfe. [tuj. G. >> (4886), >8; ‛ >>3. >>3. JBLUTA 7mttp7//jx.jbl.brf/>8.>==:;/lgos/ 7mttp7//jx.jbl.brf/>8.>==:;/lgos/v5l;(5)/84 v5l;(5)/84 Fu`njml, @bvy. (48>4). Cnitbr-Cnitbr yn`f Oeope`fnruml Lopuase   Duyl`f  pnjn Knrrecbur jl [urndnyn. [urndnyn7 L`stltut Zei`babfl [epuaum @bpeoder. Mn`ffb`b, Njltyn Nrle. Mn`jnyn`l, [ltl Tnfla. [uslab, Meru. (48>5). N`nalsls Ntns Xrnitei ZNO (Zekm`babfy Nkkeptn`ke Objea) Jnano Oe`juiu`f Dls`ls B`al`e Je`fn` Oeon`cnntin` Gegnrl`f [bslna L`stnfrno. Onan`f7 U`lversltns Drnwlgnyn. Mnrl`najl. (4885). Xrl`slp-Xrl`slp [tntlstli U`tui Zei`li jn` [nl`s. Gninrtn7 Eran`ffn.  Lopuaslve Duyl`f Xnjn Cnsmlb` Dusl`ess Jl Ibtn Mnrob` & @bvln. (48>3).Xbaltei`li Cnitbr Xe`e`tu Dn`ju`f. Dn`ju`f7 @eferlXerlaniu Dn`ju`f. Me`jrn, G., & Lsin`jnr T, N. (48>3). Npalinsl Objea ZNO Zermnjnp Xe`ffu`n Anyn`n` L`ter`et Dn`il`f jl In`tbr Dn`i Gntlo Kndn`f [ltudb`jb. [ltud b`jb. Gur`na Laolnm Laolnm Ekbduss, :(>), :8 - :=. Tetrlevej crbo mttps7//egbur`na.upo.nk.lj/l`jex.pmp/ekbduss/nrtlkae/vlew/48; Mbkm, [. G., & Abewe`stel`, F. C. (>6(:), :8.>8=3/48=56; Lstlnr`l, X. T. J., & Mnjlprnglt`b, X. D. (48>:). N`nalsls Xe`fnrum Xersepsl On`cnnt, Ieoujnmn` Xe`ffu`nn` Jn` Irejldlaltns Zermnjnp Ol`nt Xe`ffu`nn` Deruan`f L`ter`et Dn`il`f Je`fn` [linp Xe`ffu`nn` [ednfnl Snrlndea L`terve`l`f ([tujl Eoplrls7 @nsndnm Anyn`n` L`ter`et Dn`il`f jl L`jb`esln). Jlpb`efbrb Gbur`na bc Nkkbu`tl`f, ;(4), ===-=55 mttps7//egbur`na;.u`jlp.nk.lj/l`jex.pmp/nkkbu`tl`f/nrtlkae/vlew/3>55 Ibtaer, X., & Ieaaer, I. A. (48>4).  Onrietl`f On`nfeoe`t . Upper [njjae Tlver, @.G7 Xenrsb` Xre`tlke Mnaa. Ius`nwn`, Nfus. [lanswnr`n, Jln`n. N`jy. Zgb`f, [ecu`f. (48>:).  E-kbooerke7 dusl`ess, dusl`ess, tekm`babfy, sbklety te`tm ejltlb`. @ew Gersey7 Xenrsb` Ejukntlb`, L`k., Aee, M. (48>=). L`trl`slk n`j extrl`slk obtlvntlb`s nccektl`f lopuase-duyl`f te`je`ky l` obdlae smbppl`f. [bklna  Demnvlbr n`j Xersb`nalty7 N` L`ter`ntlb`na Gbur`na, :3(:), 3=; ‛  38.444:/sdp.338.>>8=/s>838.>>8=/s>83:>. >8.>>8=/86;3;6385>85 >8.>>8=/86;3;6385>85>8=/843;:588=>8=;). On`jlrl Deangnr N`nalsls Jntn je`fn` [X[[. \bfyninrtn7 Oejlnibo.

  Gur`na Tlset Dls`ls jn` L`vestnsl Sba. 6, @b. >, Nprla 484> X-L[[@ 4:38-=4>> E-L[[@ 43=:-683]

55

 

Xutrn, N. N. @fr Dnfus Onmn & Iusuon, N. N. F. Nfu`f Nrtmn. (48>:). Xe`fnrum Iekn`jun` L`ter`et, Jnyn Znrli Xrbobsl Jn` Iepeolalin` Inrtu Irejlt Zermnjnp Xerlaniu Xeodealn` Lopuaslc B`al`e. Dnal7 U`lversltns Ujnyn`n. Tnt`nsl`fno, X., & Xnvabu, X. N. (488;). Zekm`babfy Zrust l` L`ter`et-Dnsej L`terbrfn`lzntlb`na Eaektrb`lk Kbooerke. Gbur`na bc Eaektrb`lk Kbooerke l` Brfn`lzntlb`s (GEKB), >(>), >6-:>. jbl7>8.:8>=/gekb.488;8>8>84 Tlfbpbuabs, Febrfe. (48>:(4), >=8.>8=3/4885. Tbbi, J. V., & Clsmer, T. G. (>8=3/48;). Jeveabpoe`t N`j Snaljntlb` Bc Zek Zekm`babfy m`babfy Nkkeptn`ke Objeaal`f Cbr  Evnauntl`f User Nkkeptn`ke Bc N` E-Aenr`l`f Crnoewbri. E`fan`j7 Zme U`lverslty Bc Dlrol`fmno. [ujgn`n, @n`n. (4886). Zei`li N`nalsls Tefresl jn` Ibreansl. Dn`ju`f7 Znrsltb. [uflnon, N Flon. (488=). Oetbje Tlset Dls`ls jn` On`ngeoe`. Dn`ju`f7 KS. Funrjnyn L`tlonrtn. [uflyb`b. (48>;). Oetbje Xe`ealtln` On`ngeoe` Xe`jljlin` Xe`jeintn` Iun`tltntlc. Dn`ju`f7 Nacndetn. [umnrtn`tb, J. (48>:). Oetbje Tlset Xeonsnrn`. Dn`ju`f7 Nacndetn. Zn`fie, @ntnaln. (488:). N`nalsn Xe`erlonn` Xe`ernpn` Zei`li Nujlt Derdn`tun` Iboputer (ZNDI) Je`fn` Oe`ffu`nin` Zekm`babfy Nkkeptn`ke Objea (ZNO) Xnjn Dnjn` Xeoerlisn Ieun`fn` (DXI) TL. [urndnyn7 U`lversltns Irlste` Xetrn. Znrn`tn`f, Gecry & Nwwnalynm, N``lsn & Nstutl, Onualjln & Ou`nwnrbm, Oeljl`nm. (48>8.4;/gnq.v:l>.> >8.4;/gnq.v:l>.>::4. ::4. Zmbopsb`, T.N. (>886/DC8>;>8.>886/DC8>;>