2019 Balance Energetico Negativo

 

J@A@ENF J@A@ ENF FEFZCÏRONM EFC@ROYM EFC@ROYF FEFZC_ J@A@ENF

*Fbw`r Dufrt`s Y`rc`s *Fstubo`etf bf Gfbonoe` Yftfroe`ro` y [mmtfneo` Veovfrsob`b Nmmpfr`tov` bf Nmamgjo`, ^fbf Yoaa`vonfenom

ZF^VGFE Fa j`a`enf fefrcïtonm efc`tovm (JFE), fs uem bf ams i`ntmrfs quf gàs rfpfrnutf fe a`s v`n`s fe pfrombm pmstp`rtm y` quf pmr a` prmbunnoþe bf afndf fa mrc`eosgm efnfsot` c`st`r gàs fefrcç` quf a` quf nmesugf p`r` pmbfr s`tosi`nfr a`s efnfsob`bfs eutronome`afs bfa tfrefrm. Fa j`a`enf fefrcïtonm efc`tovm sf pufbf mjsfrv`r gfbo`etf a` fsn`a` bf nmebonoþe nmrpmr`a y` quf fe pfrombm bf a`nt`eno` a`s v`n`s pofrbfe nmebonoþe nmrpmr`a. Rfeofebm fe nufet` quf a` bfsnmgpfes`noþe bf goefr`afs fsfeno`afs p`r` quf sf aafvf ` n`jm fa prmnfsm rfprmbuntovm bf n`b` `eog`a fs prànton`gfetf `ifnt`b` y v` bf a` g`em bfa JFE, bmebf sf v`e ` mjtfefr prmjafg`s rfprmbuntovms.

X`a`jr`s na`vf; J`a`enf, fefrcïtonm, efc`tovm, v`n`s, afndf, nmebonoþe, eutronoþe, goefr`afs, fefrcç`.

 

@J^RZ@NR

Rdf efc`tovf fefrcy j`a`enf (JFE) os mef mi tdf i`ntmrs td`t gmst `iifnts nmws oe tdf pmst-p`rtug pfromb jfn`usf goal prmbuntome rfquorfs tdf jmby tm spfeb gmrf fefrcy td`e ot nmesugfs tm s`tosiy tdf eutrotome`a effbs mi tdf n`ai. Rdos efc`tovf fefrcy j`a`enf n`e jf mjsfrvfb jy gf`es mi tdf nmrpmr`a nmebotome sn`af soenf buroec a`nt`tome tdf nmws amsf jmby nmebotome. Rdf uej`a`enf mi fssfeto`a goefr`as imr n`rryoec mut tdf rfprmbuntovf prmnfss mi f`nd `eog`a os pr`nton`aay `iifntfb `eb cmfs d`eb oe d`eb wotd tdf JFE, wdfrf tdfy woaa cft rfprmbuntovf prmjafgs.

Lfywmrbs; Efc`tovf, fefrcy, j`a`enf, nmws, goal prmbuntome, nmebotome, eutrotome, goefr`as, fefrcy

 

OERZMBVNNOÞE

Fa j`a`enf fefrcïtonm efc`tovm (JFE) d` sobm bfioeobm nmgm fa bïionot bf fefrcç` fetrf fa nmesugm bf fefrcç` pmr p`rtf bfa `eog`a y a` fefrcç` rfqufrob` p`r` fa g`etfeogofetm y a` prfðfz (fe a` v`n` cfst`etf) y fa g`etfeogofetm y a` a`nt`noþe (fe a` v`n` a`nt`etf) (GnE`g`r` y nmas., :88>). Bur`etf a` vob` bf a` v`n` afndfr` fs efnfs`rom quf p`sf pmr boifrfetfs prmnfsms, e`nogofetm, bfstftf y p`rtm (D`ifz y D`ifz, :80>), pfrm bf tmbms fstms prmnfsms, fs fa pfrombm bf tr`esonoþe `smno`bm `a p`rtm, fa gàs ogpmrt`etf pmr pm r tmb`s a`s ogpaon`nomefs quf tofef smjrf a` prfsfet`noþe bf bovfrs`s bosiuenomefs gft`jþaon`s, prmbuntov`s, rfprmbuntov`s y s`eot`ro`s quf pufbfe pmefr fe rofscm a` vob` gosg` bfa `eog`a (Nmrrf`, :882). Fa JFE fs ue ueovfrs`a ovfrs`a fe a`s v`n`s af afndfr`s ndfr`s bur`etf a`s progfr`s sfg`e`s bf a`nt`eno`, rfsuat`ebm quf a` g`ymrç` bf faa`s am smpmrt`e soe bfs`rrmaa`r feifrgfb`bfs bfa pfrop`rtm, soe fgj`rcm, a`s v`n`s afndfr`s (Jms t`urus) bf `at` prmbunnoþe, bfsbf fa prfp`rtm pr fp`rtm d`st` a` mnt`v` sfg`e` pmsp`rtm prfsfet`e JFE em nmgpfes`bm bfjobm ` a` bosgoeunoþe bfa nmesugm bf g`tfro` sfn` fe fa prfp`rtm y `a oenrfgfetm fe a` bfg`eb` fefrcïton` p`r` a` prmbunnoþe bf afndf fe fa pmsp`rtm, quf nmeaafv` ` ue` gmvoaoz`noþe aopçbon` p`r` supaor sus rfqufrogofetms fefrcïtonms (N`rbmsm, :884) (Jutafr, :88>). Ams g`ymrfs n`gjoms mnurrfe bur`etf ue pfrombm nmgprfebobm fetrf a`s trfs sfg`e`s `etfs y trfs sfg`e`s bfspuïs bfa p`rtm, fstms n`gjoms sme ` eovfa gft`jþaonm, eutronome`a y febmnroem< ` fstf pfrombm sf af bfemgoe` pfrombm bf tr`esonoþe (Nmrrf`, :882). A`s v`n`s bur`etf fa progfr p`rtm prfsfet`e ue` boionuat`b g`ymr p`r` rfnupfr`rsf bfa JFE, `ifnnoþe quf sf pufbf mjsfrv`r ` tr`vïs bf pfrioafs gft`jþaonms y febmnroems gàs bfsj`a`enf`bms f çebonfs rfprmbuntovms gàs j`kms quf a`s v`n`s guatçp`r`s (@brofe, :80:), fstf prmnfsm sug`bm `a fstrïs bf a` progfr` a`nt`eno` y ` a` bosgoeunoþe fe fa nmesugm bf g`tfro` sfn` `cr`v`e pfrg`efetfgfetf ams nu`brms bf JFE (Ndoaojrmstf, :80:).

 

Fe nmebonomefs bfa trþponm, a` eutronoþe bf ams `eog`afs fstà j`s`b` fe p`stur`s bf j`k` n`aob`b eutronome`a quf aogot`e fa nmesugm bf g`tfro` sfn`, `a ocu`a quf a` prfsoþe pmr fstrïs n`aþronm, sug`bm ` fstm, a`s nmebonomefs bf g`efkm y a` cr`e v`ro`joaob`b cfeïton`, prmvmn`e quf a` nmebonoþe nmrpmr`a bf a`s v`n`s sf` bf pmr sç j`k`, oenausovf `etfs bfa p`rtm, nmgm rfsuat`bm, ams `eog`afs fe pfrombm bf tr`esonoþe prfsfet`e prmnfsms bf gmvoaoz`noþe bf tfkobms cr`sms p`r` nujror sus rfqufrogofetms fefrcïtonms, fst` gmvoaoz`noþe prfsfet` boifrfetfs cr`bms bf oetfesob`b y `ifnt` a` dmgfmst`sos bfa `eog`a (Bmgoecufz y nmas, :883). Fa usm bf prfnursmrfs bf fefrcç` fefr cç` t`afs nmgm prmpoafecaonma, sugoeostr`bms fe smaunomefs mr`afs bur`etf fa pfrombm bf tr`esonoþe, rfbunfe a` nmenfetr`noþe bf ànobms cr`sms em fstfroion`bms y nufrpms nftþeonms, `ugfet`e a` oesuaoe` y a` caunms` fe fa pa`sg` s`ecuçefm (Jfaa, 0??6), am quf af pfrgotf `a `eog`a gmstr`r fa nmgpmrt`gofetm prmbuntovm y rfprmbuntovm bf `nufrbm ` su pmtfeno`a cfeïtonm soe sfr `ifnt`bm pmr fa bfsj`a`enf eutronome`a. Fa fstubom bf rfspufst`s iosomaþcon`s ` bond` supafgfet`noþe, em sþam gufstr` boifrfetfs `atfre`tov`s fe a` eutronoþe bfa c`e`bm afndfrm, soem quf pufbf `yub`r ` rf`aoz`r ue `bfnu`bm j`a`enf fefrcïtonm bf a` boft` bfa d`tm (Nmetrfr`s, :800). Vem bf ams i`ntmrfs ogpmrt`etfs p`r` fa ïxotm m fa ir`n`sm bf a` a`nt`eno` y a` rfprmbunnoþe fs a` n`p`nob`b bf a` v`n` p`r` nmetrma`r a` oecfst` y a` bfg`eb` fefrcïton`s bur`etf fa pfrombm bf tr`esonoþe. tr`e sonoþe. Ve` jufe` `b`pt`noþe `a nmgofezm bf a` a`nt`eno` y `a JFE rfsuat`etf pufbf `sfcur`r ue` a`nt`eno` s`aub`jaf y prmbuntov`, gofetr`s quf ue` g`a` rfspufst` `b`pt`tov` pufbf aafv`r ` bostoetms prmjafg`s oenauyfebm feifrgfb`b naçeon` y `atfr`noþe bf a` prmbunnoþe bf afndf (Buiiofab y nmas, :88?).

IO^OMAMCO@ BFA J@A@ENF _ GFR@JMAO^GM BF A@^ FEFZCÇ@^ X`r` d`ja`r bfa gft`jmaosgm fefrcïtonm, sf bfjf bf d`nfr rfifrfeno` ` su sust`eno` gàs ogpmrt`etf fa @RX (@bfemsoe Rroimsi`tm) fen`rc`b` bf nrf`r fefrcç`, y aufcm bf nrf`ra`, sf nmevofrtf fe @BX (@bfemsoe Boimsi`tm) y prmbunf `cu`. Fa  @RX prmbunobm sf utoaoz` p`r` fa nr nrfnogofetm, fnogofetm, a` prmaoifr`noþe nfaua`r, a` `jsmrnoþe y a` nmenfetr`noþe oetr`nfaua`r y a` nmetr`nnoþe gusnua`r, pfrm a` g`ymr p`rtf bf a`

 

fefrcç` sf pofrbf nmgm fefrcç` tïrgon`. Ve` sfrof bf prmnfsms p`r` nmesugor a` fefrcç` pmr a` prmbunnoþe bfa @RX nmevortofebm eutrofetfs, sf bfemgoe` gft`jmaosgm fefrcïtonm (N`stfkþe, 0?3?).

Xrmbunnoþe bf @RX Fa @RX sf prmbunf fe ams prmnfsms gft`jþaonms bf a` nïaua` y fxostfe trfs prmnfsms; nonam bfa ànobm nçtronm, fa prmnfsm bf bfsnmgpmsonoþe bf a` caunms` (caunþaosos) y a` n`bfe` rfspor`tmro`. Fa Nonam bfa ànobm nçtronm sf aafv` ` n`jm fe a` gotmnmebro` bf a` nïaua`, p`r` sugoeostr`r a` fefrcç` p`r` a` prmbunnoþe bf @RX. Fst` fs a` vç` gft`jþaon` bf nçrnuam quf fa ànobm `nïtonm fe fa fst`bm `ntovm sf bfsnmgpmef fe `zûn`rfs y ànobms cr`sms, ueoïebmsf nme fa ànobm nçtronm y nmevortoïebmsf fe mx`am`nft`tm, aufcm gofetr`s sf prmbunf fa n`gjom ` bovfrsms ànobms mrcàeonms, mrocoe` fa boþxobm bf n`rjmem, fa `cu` y a` fefrcç`, d`st` ûatog`gfetf rftmre`r `a mx`am`nft`tm. Fe a` caunþaosos, fa @RX fs prmbunobm pmr ams prmnfsms gft`jþaonms bf a` caunms` oenmrpmr`b` fe a`s nïaua`s quf sf bfsnmgpmefe fe ànobm porûvonm. Bur`etf fa gft`jmaosgm quf sf prmbunf fe a` gfgjr`e` gotmnmebro`a oetfre`. A` n`bfe` rfspor`tmro` p`r` cfefr`r fa @RX fe fa prmnfsm bf dobrþcfem, fs fa `cu` kuetm nme fa mxçcfem tmg`bm bfsbf fa fxtfromr pmr a` rfspor`noþe (N`stfkþe, 0?3?).

N@V^@^ BFA J@A@ENF FEFZCÏRONM EFC@ROYM FE JMYOEM^ Ams g`gçifrms rugo`etfs, y fspfno`agfetf a` v`n` afndfr` bf `at` prmbunnoþe, suirfe ue jrusnm oenrfgfetm bf a`s efnfsob`bfs eutrotov`s `a ioe`a bf a` cfst`noþe, rfa`nome`bm nme fa bfs`rrmaam ift`a y fa fst`jafnogofetm bf a` a`nt`noþe, sfcuobm bf ue `ugfetm rfpfetoem bf a` prmbunnoþe bf afndf. Fstf oenrfgfetm bf a` bfg`eb` bf eutrofetfs em pufbf sfr nujofrtm, fe su tmt`aob`b, nme a` oecfst` bf `aogfetms pmr am quf cfefr` ue bïionot bf eutrofetfs (bïionot bf fefrcç`) quf a` v`n` tr`t` bf nujror gmvoaoz`ebm sus rfsfrv`s nmrpmr`afs, iueb`gfet`agfetf tfkobm cr`sm y tfkobm gusnua`r. Xmr t`etm, a` v`n` bur`etf fa pfrombm bf tr`esonoþe (trfs sfg`e`s `etfs y trfs sfg`e`s bfspuïs bfa p`rtm), em nmesocuf g`etfefr ue fquoaojrom fetrf a` fefrcç` oecfrob` nme a` boft` y a` fefrcç` nmesugob`. X`r` nmgpfes`r a` i`at` bf eutrofetfs y `aovo`r fa JFE, a` v`n` fxpfrogfet` ue` sfrof bf n`gjoms dmgfmrrïtonms quf af

 

pfrgotfe g`etfefr a` dmgfmst`sos y pmr t`etm d`nfr fa bïionot fefrcïtonm nmgp`tojaf nme a` vob`. Fstms n`gjoms dmgfmrrïtonms nmgprfebfe; ue `ugfetm bf a` efmcaunmcïefsos dfpàton` bfsbf mtrms eutrofetfs mrcàeonms (prmpome`tm y `goemànobms), ue` bosgoeunoþe fe a` utoaoz`noþe bf a` caunms` pmr ams tfkobms pfroiïronms (rfsostfeno` ` a` oesuaoe`) y ue` g`ymr gmvoaoz`noþe bf ànobms cr`sms bfsbf fa tfkobm `bopmsm. Fa ûeo ûeonm nm mjkftovm fs prmpmrnome`r suiono suionofetf fetf caunms` p`r` fa iftm (bur`etf a` cfst`noþe) y p`r` a` sçetfsos bf a` a`ntms` bfstoe`b` ` a` prmbunnoþe bf afndf. Fstms n`gjoms sme pmsojafs cr`no`s, t`etm ` gmboion`nomefs fe ams eovfafs mrcàeonms bf a`s proenop`afs dmrgme`s gft`jþaon`s, nmgm ` a` v`ro`noþe fe a` sfesojoaob`b bf ams boifrfetfs tfkobms bf a`s gosg`s.

ZF^FZY@^ NMZXMZ@AF^ _ FEFZCÏRON@^ FE JMYOEM^   A` nmrrfnt` fstog`noþe bf a`s rfsfrv`s nmrpmr`afs bfjf d`nfrsf ` tr`vïs bf a` gfbonoþe bfa fst`bm nmrpmr`a (FN) fe imrg` vosu`a y pmr p`ap`noþe utoaoz`ebm ue` fsn`a` bf 0 ` 6 (0 7 ia`n`, 6 7 cmrb`). ^u bftfrgoe`noþe fs p`rtonua`rgfetf ogpmrt`etf fe gmgfetms na`vfs nmgm fa sfn`bm, fa oecrfsm `a prfp`rtm, fa p`rtm y fa ponm bf prmbunnoþe. Fa pfsm vovm em fs ue jufe oebon`bmr bf a`s rfsfrv`s nmrpmr`afs y` quf v`n`s bf ue gosgm pfsm, pfrm bf boifrfetf b oifrfetf nmeimrg`noþe, pufbfe prfsfet`r boifrfetfs eovfafs bf fecr`s`gofetm. Fa FN `a p`rtm `ifnt` a` s`aub, a` fionofeno` rfprmbuntov` y a` prmbunnoþe bf afndf fe a` iutur` a`nt`eno`. Fstm fs fspfno`agfetf ogpmrt`etf fe sostfg`s bf prmbunnoþe p`stmroafs b`bm quf, fa nmesugm bf g`tfro` sfn` (G^) fe oeonom bf a`nt`eno` sufaf vfrsf nmgprmgftobm, pmr am quf a` fefrcç` mjtfeob` ` p`rtor bf a`s rfsfrv`s gmvoaoz`b`s `bquofrf fspfno`a ogpmrt`eno` (Crocfr` y J`rcm, :886).

Zfsfrv`s nmrpmr`afs bur`etf fa p`rtm Fa FN `a p`rtm y a` oetfesob`b nme a` quf ams `eog`afs pofrbfe fst`bm fst`b m fe oeonom bf a`nt`eno` tofefe ogpaon`eno`s borfnt`s smjrf a` prmbunnoþe bf afndf, fa bfsfgpfðm rfprmbuntovm bfa rmbfm y a` oenobfeno` bf feifrgfb`bfs gft`jþaon`s bur`etf ams progfrms gfsfs bf a`nt`eno`. Fe sostfg`s bf prmbunnoþe nme `atms eovfafs bf oetfesoion`noþe, fa proenop`a prmjafg` fs a` smjrf`aogfet`noþe y fa nmesfnufetf fxnfsm bf cmrbur` `a p`rtm. A`s v`n`s quf p`rfe nme nmebonomefs

 

nmrpmr`afs supfromrfs ` a`s bfsf`b`s, prfsfet`e g`ymrfs rfstronnomefs `a nmesugm bf `aogfetms fe oeonom bf a`nt`eno` `cuboz`ebm su JFE. Fstm oebunf ue` g`ymr gmvoaoz`noþe bf cr`s`s nmrpmr`afs quf em pufbfe sfr nmgpaft`gfetf gft`jmaoz`b`s pmr fa dçc`bm. Fa iuenome`gofetm dfpàtonm sufaf vfrsf `ifnt`bm `ugfet`ebm a`s pmsojoaob`bfs bf nftmsos naçeon` m sujnaçeon`. Fe fstms n`sms a`s rfnmgfeb`nomefs sme fvot`r fst`bms nmrpmr`afs supfromrfs ` >,6 `a p`rtm p`r` p`r ` fvot`r p`rtms bostþnonms, prmjafg`s bf nftmsos y p`tmamcç`s rfprmbuntov`s. Nme fa mjkftovm bf fvot`r fxnfsovms FN `a p`rtm (E`tome`a Zfsf`rnd Nmuenoa, :880). ^f rfnmgofeb` mirfnfr bur`etf ams progfrms >8 bç`s bf sfn`bm boft`s j`a`enf`b`s, pfrm bf gmbfr`b` bfesob`b fefrcïton` (0,:6 Gn`a FEA/lc G^) gofetr`s quf bur`etf ams ûatogms :8 bç`s `etfs bfa p`rtm sf rfnmgofeb` `ugfet`r a` bfesob`b fefrcïton` bf a` boft` (0,62 ` 0,6: Gn`a FEA/ lc G^) nme fa ioe bf `nmstugjr`r ` ams `eog`afs ` a`s boft`s bf oeonom bf a`nt`eno`. Fe sostfg`s bf prmbunnoþe nme boft`s tmt`agfetf gfzna`b`s y nme ue` ogpmrt`etf p`rtonop`noþe bf nmenfetr`bms fe a` boft`, sf rfnmgofeb` ue FN `a p`rtm bf >,8 fe auc`r bf ams >,6 puetms tr`bonome`agfetf `nmesfk`bms, kustoion`bm pmr a` g`ymr rfstronnoþe `a nmesugm fe oeonom bf a`nt`eno` fe a` gfbob` quf fa FN `a p`rtm `ugfet`. `u gfet`. J`km fst`s nmebonomefs bf `aogfet`noþe ue FN `a p`rtm gmbfr`b`gfetf j`km p`rfnfrç` tfefr rfspufst`s pmsotov`s smjrf a` s`aub y a` prmbunnoþe bf afndf fe oeonom bf a`nt`eno`, sofgprf y nu`ebm aufcm bfa p`rtm sf amcrfe `atms nmesugms bf `aogfetms bf `at` n`aob`b. Boiçnoagfetf pufb` mirfnfrsf fstf topm bf `aogfet`noþe fe sostfg`s bf prmbunnoþe p`stmroafs, bfjobm ` a`s aogot`etfs `a nmesugm quf ogpmef fa j`km pmrnfet`kf bf G^ bfa imrr`kf irfsnm y ` su gfemr bfesob`b fefrcïton` nme rfa`noþe ` boft`s j`s`b`s fe nmenfetr`bms (^tmnlb`af, :880).   Gmvoaoz`noþe bf rfsfrv`s

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Bur`etf fa pfrombm bf tr`esonoþe, a`s v`n`s afndfr`s fetr`e fe fst`bm bf j`a`enf fefrcïtonm efc`tovm, bftfrgoe`bm pmr trfs r`zmefs; `ugfetm fe a` bfg`eb` bf fefrcç` `a p`rtm, bosgoeunoþe fe fa nmesugm bf g`tfro` sfn` (NG^) `etfs bfa p`rtm, y `atms rfqufrogofetms bf eutrofetfs fe fa pmsp`rtm tfgpr`em p`r` aafc`r `a ponm bf prmbunnoþe (Mspoe` y nmas., :808).

 

Fa rfqufrogofetm fefrcïtonm bf ue` v`n` `ugfet` bf 0 Lc/bç` bf caunms` bur`etf fa ioe`a bf a` cfst`noþe ` :.6 Lc/bç` bur`etf a`s trfs progfr`s sfg`e`s pmsp`rtm, am nu`a prmvmn` ue` fxtfes` gmvoaoz`noþe bf tfkobm nmrpmr`a, proenop`agfetf rfsfrv`s cr`s`s, pfrm t`gjoïe `goemànobms, goefr`afs y vot`goe`s nme a` ioe`aob`b bf supaor a` bfg`eb` bf eutrofetfs bf a` caàebua` g`g`ro` p`r` sçetfsos bf afndf (Josoemttm y nmas., :80:). A` gmvoaoz`noþe bf rfsfrv`s nmrpmr`afs bur`etf fa pfrombm bf tr`esonoþe fstà nmmrboe`b` pmr a` vç` bf sfð`aoz`noþe dmrgme` bf nrfnogofetm (CD)  „  Oesuaoe`  „  I`ntmr bf nrfnogofetm oesuaçeonm topm 0 (OCI-0)  „  Caunms`. A` `atfr`noþe bfa gft`jmaosgm fefrcïtonm pufbf cfefr`r rfsostfeno` oesuaçeon`,

`ifnt`ebm

proenop`agfetf ams tfkobms `bopmsm y gusnua`r am quf oenobf fe a` n`pt`noþe pfroiïron` p froiïron` bf caunms` y `sfcur` g`ymr tràesotm bf fstf gft`jmaotm ` a` caàebua` g`g`ro` (Fspmsotm y nmas., :802).   Fst`bm bf eutrofetfs pmstp`rtm

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Bfspuïs bfa p`rtm a` bfg`eb` bf eutrofetfs p`r` a` prmbunnoþe bf afndf, `ugfet` mstfesojafgfetf, fenmetràebmsf quf fa i`ntmr rfspmes`jaf bf ams tr`stmrems rfprmbuntovms fe fst` ft`p` fe p`rtonua`r fs a` g`ceotub bf a` sfnrfnoþe bf fefrcç` eft` fe a` afndf (Zucfafs, :880), am quf prfnos` `ugfet`r fa `pmrtf bf g`tfro` sfn` (G^). Fa pmnm `pmrtf bf fefrcç` m JFE, `ifnt` `acuems prmnfsms rfprmbuntovms nmgm fa bfs`rrmaam bf ams imaçnuams y fa pmtfeno`a bf ams mvmnotms p`r` bfs`rrmaa`r fgjromefs (Bf Lruoi y nmas., :884). R`gjoïe mn`some` ue` t`rb`ez` fe a` progfr` mvua`noþe pmsp`rtm, nme ue` n`çb` fe a`s nmenfetr`nomefs sïron`s bf prmcfstfrme` bur`etf fa sfcuebm y tfrnfr nonam pmsp`rtm, am quf pufbf `ifnt`r a` supfrvovfeno` bfa fgjroþe (Cmez`afs, :884), bf `aaç a` ogpmrt`eno` bf jroeb`r `aogfetms nme ue` fafv`b` prmpmrnoþe fefrcïtonmprmtfon` pufs fe fst` ft`p` a`s v`n`s rfbunfe su n`p`nob`b bf oecfstoþe pfrm `a gosgm tofgpm sus efnfsob`bfs eutrotov`s sme a`s gàs fafv`b`s bur`etf tmbm fa pfrombm rfprmbuntovm (Aþpfz y Àav`rfz, :886), y` quf a` fefrcç` quf af sugoeostr` a` `aogfet`noþe em fs suionofetf p`r` su g`eutfenoþe y a` prmbunnoþe bf afndf (^`rtmro, :883).

 

A` oe`bfnu`b` eutronoþe nmetrojuyf ` `efstrm pmsp`rtm prmamec`bm, smjrf tmbm fe a`s v`n`s fe p`stur`s trmpon`afs, y tofef ue` rfa`noþe borfnt` nme i`ntmrfs efc`tovms nmgm ams cfeïtonms, `gjofet`afs m bf gosgm g`efkm (Gmetofa y @duk`, :886), pmr faam `acuems `utmrfs rfnmgofeb`e a` supafgfet`noþe nme prmtfçe` nrub` y gfa`z`, p`r` supaor fstms bïionots (Xïrfz-Dfreàebfz y nmas., :88:), pmr supufstm, nme fa fst`jafnogofetm bf `acuems prmtmnmams bf `g`g`et`gofetm rfstroecobm pmr p`rtf bfa jfnfrrm (Irùjfrc y nmas., :883).

FYMAVNOÞE BF A@^ ZF^FZY@^ NMZXMZ@AF^ BVZ@ERF A@ A@NR@ENO@ FE JMYOEM^ Aufcm bfa p`rtm, fa nmesugm vmauet`rom bf G^ em fs suionofetf p`r` nujror ams rfqufrogofetms fefrcïtonms bf v`n`s afndfr`s bf gfbo` y `at` prmbunnoþe, pmr am nu`a ams `eog`afs fetr`e fe JFE. Fe fst`s sotu`nomefs, a` fefrcç` efnfs`ro` p`r` a` prmbunnoþe bf afndf sf mjtofef ` p`rtor bfa `aogfetm nmesugobm y bf a` gmvoaoz`noþe bf rfsfrv`s nmrpmr`afs. Gàs bfa 28 % bf a` cr`s` jutorms` bf a` afndf prmbunob` prmb unob` fe ams progfrms bç`s bf a`nt`eno` fs soetftoz`b` ` p`rtor bf a`s rfsfrv`s cr`s`s gmvoaoz`b`s (Jfaa, 0??6). A` gmvoaoz`noþe bf rfsfrv`s, y a` pïrbob` pïrb ob` bf FN, pfrgotf smstfefr gàs bfa >8 >8 % bf a` prmbunnoþe bur`etf fa progfr gfs bf a`nt`eno`, y su utoaoz`noþe sf fxtofebf d`st` quf a` prmbunnoþe sf rfbunf `a 48 % bf a` amcr`b` fe fa ponm. A` gmvoaoz`noþe bf rfsfrv`s fe fa oeonom bf a` a`nt`eno` em fs g`a`< fa fxnfsm bf gmvoaoz`noþe bf rfsfrv`s sç am fs (C`aam y nmas., 0??9). A` g`ceotub bf a` n`çb` fe FN fe oeonom bf a`nt`eno` bfpfebf em sþam bfa eovfa bf `aogfet`noþe soem t`gjoïe bfa eovfa bf prmbunnoþe y bfa FN `a p`rtm. A`s v`n`s bf `at` prmbunnoþe emrg`agfetf pofrbfe gàs fst`bm bfjobm ` JFE gàs `cubm fe nmgp`r`noþe nme `eog`afs bf gfemr gïrotm cfeïtonm, fspfno`agfetf so p`rfe nme jufe FN. Xmr fa nmetr`rom, a`s v`n`s quf p`rfe nme gfemr FN pfrm quf sme `aogfet`b`s nme boft`s `at`s fe nmenfetr`bms y jofe j`a`enf`b`s, gufstr`e gfemr v`ro`noþe fe su FN fe oeonom bf a`nt`eno`. Fa FN pufbf fv`au`rsf utoaoz`ebm boifrfetfs fsn`a`s (Zmndf y nmas., :882). A` fsn`a` gàs nmgûegfetf utoaoz`b` fs a` FF.VV. bf 0 ` 6 puetms (0 7 ia`n`, 6 7 cmrb`) (Ifrcusme y nmas., 0??2).

 

 @a p`rtm a` nmebonoþe nmrpmr`a þptog` bfjf sfr bf >,6 y ams `eog`afs em bfjfrç`e pfrbfr gàs bf ue puetm fe ams progfrms 98 bç`s bf a`nt`eno`. A`s emvoaa`s bfjfe nmetoeu`r su ft`p` bf nrfnogofetm bur`etf a` a`nt`eno` pmr am quf a` rfnmgfeb`noþe fs amcr`r ue FN `a p`rtm bf >,6 ` >,3. Fe a` gfbob` quf ams `eog`afs v`e rfnupfr`ebm su n`p`nob`b bf nmesugm, bfk`e bf pfrbfr fst`bm y prmcrfsov` gfetf nmgofez`e ` rfnupfr`r rfsfrv`s. @a sfn`bm bfjfrç` `an`ez`rsf ue FN bf >,:6 ` >,68 p`r` tfrgoe`r bf amcr`r, fe n`sm bf sfr efnfs`rom, fa FN mjkftovm `a p`rtm (>,6) bur`etf ams progfrms >8 bç`s bfa pfrçmbm bf sfn`bm. Fst` rfnupfr`noþe bf rfsfrv`s nmrpmr`afs sf amcr` `aogfet`ebm fa d`tm pmr fenog` bf sus rfqufrogofetms fe a`nt`eno` t`rbç` y/m progfr gfs bf sfn`bm nme fa mjkftovm bf nrf`r rfsfrv`s p`r` a` prþxog` a`nt`eno` (Mvfrtme y S`abrme, :882). Rr`j`kms rfnofetfs rfnmgofeb`e amcr`r fa FN mjkftovm `a p`rtm fe fa gmgfetm bfa sfn`bm, bfjobm ` quf a` rfnupfr`noþe bf rfsfrv`s bur`etf a` progfr` ft`p` bfa pfrçmbm bf sfn`s, pufbf cfefr`r sfð`afs febmnroe`s bur`etf ams ûatogms bç`s prfp`rtm, quf nmebonome`rç`e efc`tov`gfetf a` s`aub y nmesfnufetfgfetf, a` iutur` prmbunnoþe bf afndf. Bur`etf fa ûatogm gfs bf cfst`noþe fa nmesugm bf G^ sf rfbunf y a`s v`n`s borfnnome`e ue` prmpmrnoþe ogpmrt`etf bf eutrofetfs d`no` a` caàebua` g`g`ro` y fa tfrefrm fe bfs`rrmaam, pmr am quf em ms fa gmgfetm gàs fionofetf p`r` sfcuor rfnupfr`ebm fst`bm (C`aam y nmas., 0??9).

BFIONOFENO@^ BF GOEFZ@AF^ @ N@V^@ BFA JFE A`s `ntovob`bfs iosomaþcon`s `smno`b`s ` a` rfprmbunnoþe nmgm prfsfeno` bf nonam fstr`afs cfst`noþe, a`nt`noþe y nrfnogofetm sme fxocfetfs bfsbf fa puetm bf vost` goefr`a y rfquofrfe ue sugoeostrm nmest`etf y `bfnu`bm bf ams gosgms. Fstms prmnfsms fst`jafnfe a` efnfsob`b bf nu`etoion`r ams goefr`afs rfqufrobms y` quf nmebonomefs bf sujeutronoþe `ifnt`e nmesobfr`jafgfetf a` rfspufst` `eog`a (C`rgfebo`, :889).    Oevmaunoþe utfroe` rft`rb`b`

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A` oevmaunoþe utfroe` rft`rb`b` fs ue tr`stmrem rfprmbuntovm p`rno`agfetf mn`some`bm pmr prmjafg`s bf eutronoþe. Ioe`aoz`bms ams gfn`eosgms bfa p`rtm, ams

 

þrc`ems cfeot`afs v`e ` vfr `ifnt`bm su t`g`ðm, su pfsm y su imrg`, faams rfbunfe bf t`g`ðm d`st` su emrg`aoz`noþe, ` fstm sf nmemnf nmgm oevmaunoþe Vtfroe`, su bur`noþe pufbf msnoa`r fetrf a`s nu`trm ` mndm sfg`e`s, `uequf obf`agfetf bfjf `an`ez`rsf ` ams >8 bç`s (A`eb`ft` y nmas., :882). ^f s`jf quf a`s bfionofeno`s bf `acuems ` acuems goefr`afs, fetrf faams n`anom, iþsimr iþsimrm, m, nmj`atm, nmjrf, ymbm, g`ec`efsm y sfafeom y ams fxnfsms bf gmaojbfem `ifnt`e a` rfprmbunnoþe (Gmen`b`, :880). ^us bfionofeno`s nmrrfe p`r`afa`s nme `atfr`nomefs bfa fkf dopmtàa`gm-dopþiosos-mv`rom. @a sfr fa n`anom oebospfes`jaf fe a` nmetr`ntojoaob`b bfa ûtfrm, su bïionot fe a` boft` pmbrç` sfr rfspmes`jaf bf ue` oevmaunoþe utfroe` oe`bfnu`b` (Zucfafs, :880).   Gmrt`aob`b fgjrome`ro`

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A` gmrt`aob`b fgjrome`ro` (GF), fs ue tr`stmrem rfprmbuntovm rfspmes`jaf pmr nfrn` bfa 06% bf a`s i`aa`s bf a` cfst`noþe. Fe sç, a` GF pufbf bovoborsf fe bms cr`ebfs crupms, a` GF tfgpr`e` quf sunfbf fe ams progfrms bç`s bf a` cfst`noþe, pmr prmjafg`s fspfnçionms bf rfnmemnogofetm g`tfrem fgjrome`rom, quf em cfefr`e `atfr`noþe soceoion`tov` bfa nonam fstr`a, y` quf, em sf `ifnt` fa nufrpm aûtfm, (Jmebur`et, :883), y a` GF t`rbç`, `atfr` fa nonam fstr`a y sf prfsfet` pmr rfnd`zm bf a` ogpa`et`noþe fe sus progfr`s i`sfs, usu`agfetf sf prfsfet` pr fsfet` fetrf fa bç` :6 y 28 pmst sfrvonom. Fxostfe gûatopafs n`us`s `smno`b`s ` a` GF, fetrf fst`s n`us`s sf aost`e prmjafg`s bf rfnd`zm oeguemaþconm, `usfeno` bf i`ntmrfs bf rfnmemnogofetm g`tfrem-ift`a, prmjafg`s oeifnnomsms, fstrïs y bfionofeno`s eutronome`afs (Cf`ry, :886). Eovfafs fxnfsovms bf prmtfçe` fe a` boft` quf nmebuzn`e ` `atms eovfafs bf urf` fe a` s`ecrf, rfbunfe fa pD utfroem nme am quf sf fstogua` a` pr prmbunnoþe mbunnoþe bf a` prmst`ca`eboe` I: `ai` (XCI:-ΰ) a` quf, ` su vfz fstogua` a` nmetr`ntojoaob`b utfroe` y rfbunf a` vo`joaob`b bf ogpa`et`noþe bfa fgjroþe. @sç gosgm, sf d` d` mjsfrv`bm quf `at`s nmenfetr`nomefs bf urf` fe s`ecrf rfbunfe a` imrg`noþe bf prmcfstfrme`, fe `gjms n`sms sf `atfr` a` `ntovob`b rfprmbuntov` (Nmrrf`, :880).   Nufrpm aûtfm pfrsostfetf

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Fst` `atfr`noþe iuenome`a bf a` fstruntur` mvàron`, fstà rfa`nome`b` nme ue` aosos oenmgpaft` bfa nufrpm aûtfm, aafv`ebm ` a` prfsfeno` bf eovfafs sujemrg`afs sujemr g`afs bf prmcfstfrme` jamquf`ebm a` nonaonob`b mvàron` `a irfe`r a` rftrm`aogfet`noþe p`r` a` `nnoþe bf ams fstrþcfems bur`etf fa prmfstrm y fa fstrm. Ams proenop`afs i`ntmrfs `smno`bms ` su prfsfet`noþe sme afsomefs bfa febmgftrom quf jamquf`e a` prmbunnoþe bf prmst`ca`eboe`s y bfionofeno`s eutronome`afs (Ir`zfr, :886). A` bfionofeno` bf g`ec`efsm fe v`n`s `aogfet`b`s nme r`nomefs quf nmetfec`e gfems bf :: gc bf Ge Lc-¿ G^. p`rfnf n`us`r `efstrm m nfams soafenomsms, rftr`sm fe a` mvua`noþe, y nufrpms aûtfms a ûtfms pfrsostfetfs. A` oeifrtoaob`b sf prfsfet` iueb`gfet`agfetf fe ams `eog`afs quf nmesugfe p`stms quf nrfnfe fe tfrrfems bfionofetfs fe g`ec`efsm m `jme`bms nme cr`e n`etob`b bf n`anot`, m quf rfnojfe supafgfetms quf nmetofefe n`etob`bfs fxnfsov`s bf n`anom (Cmrbme, :882). 

  Puostfs mvàronms Ams quostfs sme n`vob`bfs `emrg`afs quf `acue`s vfnfs pmsffe nmetfeobm bf iauobm jomaþconm, m pufbfe sfr n`vob`bfs dufn`s, nme p`rfbfs sþaob`s rfir`nt`ro`s ` a` g`ymrç` bf nmgpufstms febþcfems. ^f imrg`e nmgm `atfr`noþe p`tmaþcon` bf a`s nïaua`s autf`afs m imaonua`rfs bfa fstrmg` mvàronm. A` prfsfeno` bf quostfs `atfr` fa nonam fstr`a y mjaoc` ` tr`t`gofetms fxþcfems p`r` rftor`r fa quostf y rf`eub`r a` `ntovob`b nçnaon` bf a` cþe`b` (D`tafr y nmas., :889). :889) .  Nmgpufstms vfcft`afs nmgm pa`et`s nme `atms nmetfeobms bf ia`vmemobfs fstrmcïeonms, sf fenufetr`e fe imrg` bf caunþsobms, y tofefe n`p`nob`b bf gmboion`r prmnfsms rfprmbuntovms pmr su sogoaotub nme eûnafms fstfrmobfs bf dmrgme`s ifgfeoe`s, sme sust`eno`s fstruntur`afs y iuenome`agfetf sogoa`rfs `a 0303 Ý fstr`boma m quf prmbunf fifntms fstrmcïeonms (Gfebmz`, :880).  @aogfetms j`kms fe ymbm, mn`some`e fe `eog`afs nfams soafetfs y `ugfet`e a` prfsfeno` bf quostfs mvàronms. Fa ymbm d`nf p`rtf fstruntur`a bf a` tormxoe` quf fstogua` a` prmbunnoþe bf @RX fe a` gotmnmebro`. ^u bfionofeno` rfbunf a` n`pt`noþe bf mxocfem quf cfefr` ue bfsnfesm fe fa gft`jmaosgm fefrcïtonm. Fe a` tormobfs fxostf ue nmgpafkm bf prmtfçe`-ymbm, prmtfçe`- ymbm, aa`g`bm tormcamjuaoe`. A` g`ymrç` bfa ymbm fs

 

rfbunobm ` ymbm oemrcàeonm fe fa tr`ntm c`strmoetfstoe`a y su `jsmrnoþe fs oegfbo`t`. A` iuenoþe proenop`a bf a` tormobfs fs `nugua`r ymbm y iok`ram imrg`ebm dmrgme`s tormobf`s j`km fa nmetrma bf a` `bfemdopþiosos gfbo`etf a` sfnrfnoþe bf (R^D) (Ironlf y ^d`vfr, :880). 

  @jmrtms Fa `jmrtm fs a` fxpuasoþe oevmauet`ro` bfa prmbuntm bf a` cfst`noþe fetrf ams 26 bç`s bf cfst`noþe y ams :68 bç`s. Fa `jmrtm, tofef boifrfetfs mrçcfefs, ams gàs irfnufetfs bf topm oeifnnomsm, bf `quç, a` pmn` `tfenoþe prfst`b` ` ams `jmrtms bf mtrm mrocfe, fe fspfno`a ams n`us`bms pmr prmjafg`s eutronome`afs. ^f nmesobfr` fa `jmrtm nmgm ue` sfð`a oefquçvmn` bf ue nmgpafkm gund`s vfnfs bf mrocfe guatoi`ntmro`a (Gmen`b`, :880) Ve `cfetf ftomaþconm rfa`nome`bm nme `jmrtm eutronome`a sme ams `aogfetms nmet`goe`bms pmr gonmtmxoe`s, ïst`s sme fafgfetms tþxonms prmbunobms pmr dmecms quf nrfnfe fe pa`et`s, dfems, soams, cr`ems, sujprmbuntms y mtrms `aogfetms `ag`nfe`bms< fxostfe boifrfetfs topms bf gonmtmxoe`s, fetrf fstms sf pufbfe nmet`r, pmr fkfgpam, a`s @ia`tmxoe`s, gft`jmaotms tþxonms prmbunobms pmr @spfrcoaaus y Xfeonoaaoug. ^me bfrov`bms boiur`emnug`rçeonms. @tr`vofs`e a` j`rrfr` pa`nfet`ro` prmvmn`ebm norrmsos dfpàton`< R`gjoïe, prmbunfe n`gjoms fe a` nm`cua`noþe s`ecuçef` pmr `atfr`nomefs bf a` prmtrmgjoe`, I`ntmr YOO y T, y pmsojafgfetf t`gjoïe fa I`ntmr OT, oetfriofrfe fe fa gft`jmaosgm bf a` sçetfsos bf a`s prmtfçe`s bfjobm ` quf mnurrf ue` gmboion`noþe fe fa @BE p`trþe y ZE@ pmaogfr`s` fe a` i`sf bf tr`esa`noþe, y ànobms eunafonms. Fetrf ams proenop`afs `cfetfs rfa`nome`bms sf fenufetr`e;

[f`r`afeme`; prmbunob` pmr Ius`roug cr`goef`rug, rmsfug y mtrms, prmbunf pïrbob` bf pfsm, fxub`bm v`coe`a, gufrtfs fgjrome`ro`s y `jmrtms y` quf a`s afsomefs fstàe nmeioe`b`s `a `p`r`tm rfprmbuntmr, sf prfsfet` fbfg` f dopfrpa`so` bfa ûtfrm y `trmio` bf mv`rom.

 

Rrondmtfnfems; prmbunob`s fspfno`agfetf pmr Ius`roug tronoetug, tofef `nnoþe notmtþxon` fe tfkobms bf ràpobm nrfnogofetm y nme ràpobm rfn`gjom, nmgm a` gïbua` þsf`, cþe`b`s y tfkobm aoeiàtonm. ^me tfr`tþcfe`s y fgjromtþxon`s. fg jromtþxon`s.

Mndr`tmxoe`; fs fgjromtþxon`, prmvmn`ebm `jmrtms fe v`n`s afndfr`s. Fa trïjma ja`enm y fe gfemr n`etob`b fa trïjma `g`roaam pmsff nug`roe`, quf j`km a` `nnoþe bf nofrtms dmecms sf tr`esimrg` fe bonug`roe`, sust`eno` nme `nnoþe `etonm`cua`etf y tþxon` quf ogpobf a` imrg`noþe bf prmtrmgjoe` m I`ntmr OO fe fa dçc`bm< bfjobm ` su nmgpftfeno` nme a` vot`goe` L a` nu`a oetfrvofef fe a` sçetfsos bf a` prmtrmgjoe`, `tr`vofs` a` j`rrfr` pa`nfet`ro`, prfsfetàebmsf e`nogofetms bf `eog`afs nme dfgmrr`co`s i`t`afs fe fenç`s y mgjaocms. Mtrm i`ntmr ogpmrt`etf fe a` prfsfet`noþe bf `jmrtms fs, a` bfionofeno` bf g`ec`efsm, oedojf a` nm`cua`noþe s`ecuçef` bfjobm ` quf a` prmtmgjoe` y mtr`s prmtfçe`s `smno`b`s nme fa ifeþgfem sme caunmprmtfoe`s quf rfquofrfe caonfrmatr`esifr`s`, a` nu`a nmetofef g`ec`efsm, p`r` su sçetfsos. Fa g`ec`efsm, imrg` p`rtf progmrbo`a bf a` supfrþxobm bosgut`s`, fezog` ujon`b` ` eovfa gotmnmebro`a. A` fezog` fxdojf cr`e `ntovob`b `etomxob`etf bfetrm bf ams mrc`eosgms, `ugfet` su `ntovob`b p`r`afa`gfetf nme a` prmbunnoþe bf prmcfstfrme` fe fa nufrpm aûtfm bf ams g`gçifrms r`zþe pmr a` nu`a, sf nmesobfr` quf fkfrnf ue p`pfa iueb`gfet`a fe fa g`etfeogofetm bf a` iuenoþe bf smstfeogofetm bf a` cfst`noþe, fstfrmobmcfeïsos f oetfcrob`b bf fst` fstruntur` fe gund`s fspfnofs `eog`afs (N`gpms-C`me` y Dfre`ebfz. :884).

I@AA@^ ZFXZMBVNROY@^ FE FA G@ G@NDM NDM Bfcfefr`noþe tfstonua`r, fs ue` n`us` ogpmrt`etf bf oeifrtoaob`b fe ams g`ndms bf tmb`s a`s fspfnofs. Fetrf a`s n`us`s pufbfe nmesobfr`rsf fafv`noþe bf a` tfgpfr`tur` tfstonua`r, oeifnnomefs, i`ntmrfs eutronome`afs, afsomefs v`snua`rfs, afsomefs mjstruntov`s. Fa tfstçnuam nme bfcfefr`noþe gufstr` bosgoeunoþe bf t`g`ðm, iojrmsos, `atfr`nomefs fe a` fspfrg`tmcïefsos, `ugfetm bf fspfrg` oeg`burm m `emrg`a y `zmmspfrgo` fe n`sms sfvfrms (Cmrbme, :882). A`s bfionofeno`s eutronome`afs rft`rb`e fa oeonom bf a` pujfrt`b y bfprogfe a` prmbunnoþe prm bunnoþe y n`r`ntfrçston`s bfa sfgfe. Ams fifntms bf a` g`a` eutronoþe pufbfe nmrrfcorsf fe

 

`eog`afs g`burms, gofetr`s quf fs gfems fxotmsm fe `eog`afs kþvfefs bfjobm `a b`ðm pfrg`efetf quf sf n`us` fe fa f a fpotfaom cfrgoe`a bfa tfstçnuam (Ir`zfr, :886). A` bfionofeno` bf vot`goe` F, oeiauyf smjrf a` g`bur`noþe fspfrgàton` y a` bfcfefr`noþe bfa fpotfaom cfrgoe`a bf ams tûjuams sfgoeçifrms bfjobm ` quf fst` prmtfcf bf a` mxob`noþe fvot`ebm fa bftfromrm bf a` pfrmxob`s` smjrf ams imsimaçpobms pmaooes`tur`bms bf a` gfgjr`e` fspfrgàton`. A` bfionofeno` bf vot`goe` F t`gjoïe fvot` fa nrfnogofetm `emrg`a. Fe `usfeno` bf vot`goe` F, a` n`etob`b bf cr`s`s oes`tur`b`s bfetrm bf a`s nïaua`s bosgoeuyfe, n`us`ebm `emg`aç`s fstruntur`afs y iuenome`afs bf a`s mrc`efa`s gotmnmebro`afs, aosmsmg`s f oenausm fe a` gfgjr`e` nfaua`r, so sf `nfetû` fst` i`at` bf vot`goe` F fe fa `buatm sf prmbunf a` bfcfefr`noþe prfnmz bfa fpotfaom cfrgoe`a, am quf `ifnt`, fe progfr auc`r, ` a`s nïaua`s gàs fvmaunome`b`s; ams fspfrg`tmzmobfs, nuy` gmvoaob`b sf pofrbf y su imrg`noþe sf d`nf n`b` vfz gàs r`r`, d`st` aafc`r ` a` fstfroaob`b nmgpaft`. Fa g`ec`efsm fs ue goefr`a bf cr`e `ioeob`b pmr fa `p`r`tm rfprmbuntmr. Ve` n`rfeno` fe fstf fafgfetm prmbunf bosgoeunoþe bf a` ifrtoaob`b, rftr`sm fe fa bfs`rrmaam tfstonua`r y bosgoeunoþe bf a` fspfrg`tmcïefsos. ^o d`y `trmio` bf ams tfstçnuams, a` prmbunnoþe bf fspfrg`tmzmobfs sf vfrà rfbunob` y pmr febf sf `ifnt`rà a` ifrtoaob`b (Jfnmeo y nmas., 0??0).   @zmmspfrgo`

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A` pïrbob` tmt`a bf a` n`p`nob`b bf imrg`noþe bf fspfrg`tmzmobfs pmr fa fpotfaom tfstonua`r y pmr t`etm a` `usfeno` bf fspfrg`tmzmobfs vo`jafs m em fe fa fy`nua`bm sf bfemgoe` nmgm `zmmspfrgo`. Ve g`ndm j`km fst`s nmebonomefs bfjf sfr oegfbo`t`gfetf rftor`bm bf ams prmnfsms prmbuntovms. Fa mrocfe bf a` n`us`, pufbfe sfr sotu`nomefs bf topm eutronome`a, fe prmnfsms nrþeonms sfvfrms sf aafc` ` `zmmspfrgo` ` vfnfs rfvfrsojaf, so fs bo`cemston`b` y nmrrfcob` fe imrg` mpmrtue` (Y`refr y nmas., :888). Nu`ebm ams eovfafs bf sfafeom fe a` boft` sme bfionofetfs, sf prfsfet`e i`aa`s fe a` imrg`noþe y g`bur`noþe fspfrgàton`. Fa sfafeom gufstr` ue` cr`e oeiaufeno` fe a` ifrtoaob`b bfa g`ndm `ifnt`ebm ` a` n`aob`b bfa sfgfe, fa pa`sg` sfgoe`a nmetofef fafv`b`s n`etob`bfs bf C^D-px, nuy` iuenoþe fs prmtfcfr prmtf cfr ` a` gfgjr`e`

 

bfa fspfrg`tmzmobf bfa `t`quf pfrmxob`tovm< `bfgàs, fe a` nma` bfa c`gftm g`snuaoem d`y ue sfafempïptobm quf d`nf quf `etf ue` bfionofeno` bf sfafeom sf prmbuzn` ue` ir`ntur` fe got`b bf a` nma` bfa fspfrg`tmzmobf Fa fspfrg` bf ams `eog`afs nme bfionofeno` bf ^f prfsfet` pmjrf gmtoaob`b nme n`r`ntfrçston`s bf bfs`rrmaam `emrg`a fe a` nma` bfa fspfrg`. ^f d` bfgmstr`bm quf a` bfionofeno` bf ^fr, em sma`gfetf prfnopot` fa prmjafg` fe vfrr`nms, vfrr `nms, soem quf fa fspfrg` bfimr bfimrgf, gf, iuf gfems fifntovm fe a` sujsfnufetf ifrtoaoz`noþe bfa Mmnotm mvua`bm, (D`wlfs y Rurfl, :880).

 

NMENAV^OMEF^

  Vem bf ams ams i`ntmrfs gàs prfbospmefetfs fe fa JFE fs em `pmrt`r ams v`amrfs

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eutronome`afs efnfs`roms p`r` fa `eog`a fe fa prf-p`rtm y pmst-p`rtm   Ams i` i`ntmrfs ntmrfs quf ems oebo oebon`e n`e quf sf fstà aafv`ebm ue JFE fe dfgjr`s pmst-

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p`rtm fs su fst`bm nmrpmr`a.   Bfjobm ` u ue` e` bfio bfionofeno` nofeno` bf goefr`afs f fsfeno`afs sfeno`afs nu`ebm sf fstà aafv`ebm `

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n`jm fa JFE fe dfgjr`s pmst-p`rtm ems fstà `ifnt`ebm ue` prmet` rfprmbunnoþe bf fst` dfgjr`.   A` su supafgfet`noþe pafgfet`noþe b bf f ue` boft` jofe j`a`enf`b` y nme nme jufems eovfafs bf

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fefrcç` fvot`gms quf sf prfsfetf fa JFE   Vem bf ams ams i`ntmrfs gàs ogpmrt`etfs fe a` rfprmbunnoþe fe aams ms g`ndm g`ndmss fs a`

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eutronoþe soe ue þptogm j`a`enf, sf prfsfet`e prmjafg`s fe su bfsfgpfðm.

 

ZFIFZFENO@^ ZFIFZFENO@ ^ JOJAOMCZÀION@ JOJAOMCZÀION@^ ^

 @brofe, G. G. (:80 (:80:). :). Eutrotome`a rfcua`tome mi jmby nmebotome snm snmrf rf `t tdf oeoto`tome mi tdf tr`esotome pfromb oe progop`rmus `eb guatop`rmus g uatop`rmus b`ory nmws uebfr cr`zoec nmebotomes; goal prmbuntome, rfsugptome mi pmst-p`rtug mv`ro`e nynaonoty `eb gft`jmaon p`r`gftfrs. @eog`a , :?:-:??.  Jfnmeo, G. R., @iir`endoem, G. @., ^nd`ec, A. G., & Jfmrafcuo, E. J. (0??0). Oeiaufenf mi `etomxob`ets me ^MB `ntovoty oe jmvoef spfrg. Jomndfgostry oetfre`tome`a, :>(>), 62666>. Jfaa, @. (0??6). Zfcua`tome mi mrc`eon eutrofet gft`jmaosg gft`jm aosg jmaosg buroec tr`esotome irmg a`tf prfce`eny tm f`ray a`nt`tome. Kmure`a mi @eog`a ^nofenf, 3>;:482-:40?. Josoemttm, Z. ^., Crfnm, A. I., Zojform, F. ^., G`rtoefz, E., Aog`, I. ^., ^t`pafs, N. Z., . . . y ^`etmes, K. F. (:80:). Oeiaufenfs mi eutrotome `eb gft`jmaosg me ifrtoaoty mi b`ory nmws.  @eog`a Zfprmbuntome Zfprmbuntome, ? (>); :98-:3:. JmeBur`et, Z. D. (:883). ^fafntfb bosf`sfs `eb nmebotomes `ssmno`tfb wotd jmvoef nmenfptus amss oe tdf iorst trogfstfr. Rdfromcfemamcy, 94(>), 290-23>. 29 0-23>. Jutafr, S. (:88>). Fefrcy j`a`enf rfa`tomesdops wdot imaaonua`r bfvfampgfet mvua`tome `eb ifrtoaoty oe pmstp`rtug b`ory nmws. Aovfstmnl Xrmbuntome ^nofenf, 4>;:00-:04. N`gpms C`me`, Z., & Dfreàebfz, Ï. @. (:884). Zfa`noþe eutronoþe ifrtoaob`b fe Jmvoems; ue feimquf jomquçgonm y iosomaþconm. Veovfrsob`b E`nome`a bf Nmamgjo` N`rbmsm, I. (:884). Oebon`bmrfs dfg`tmaþconms, jomquçgonms f rugoe`os em bo`ceþstonm bm bfsamn`gfetm bf `jmg`sm è fsqufrb` fg v`n`s afotfor`s bm ^ua bm Jr`soa. J r`soa. Xfsquos` `crmpfnu`ro` jr`soafor`. 2>;020-023. N`stfkþe, I. K. (0?3?). Iueb`gfetms bf Iosomamcç` @eog`a. Fbonomefs Veovfrsob`b E`v`rr`, ^.@. X`gpame`, 69:. Ndoaojrmstf, X. ^. (:80:). Fstr`tfco`s bf `aogfet`noþe ` aogfet`noþe fe ^ostfg`s bf Xrmbunnoþe bf Afndf bf j`sf p`stmroa. X`stur`s :80:; D`no` ue` c`e`bfrç` nmgpftotov` y sustfet`jaf. J`an`rnf; OER@, pp., ?0-088. Nmetrfr`s, @. (:800). Aopob gmjoaoz`tome `eb oeia`gg`tmry rfspmesf buroec tdf tr`esotome pfromb mi b`ory nmws. Kmure`a mi @eog`a ^nofenf , >2;:40-:4?. Nmrrf`, N. D. (:880). Fa Gft`jmaosgm Bfa Eotrþcfem _ ^u Zfa`noþe Nme A`s @atfr`nomefs Zfprmbuntov`s Fe Y`n`s Bf @at` Xrmbunnoþe dttp;//www.`crm.ue`agfb.fbu.nm/bfp`rt`gfetms/p`eog`a/bmns/gft`jmaosgmE:.pbi Nmrrf`, D. Y. (:882). A` v`n` fe tr`esonoþe; gft`jmaosgm y g`efkm eutronome`a. ^fgoe`rom E`nome`a bf afndfrç` fspfno`aoz`b`; J`sfs Eutronome`afs y su ogp`ntm fe a` prmbuntovob`b. Fvfetms y @sfsmro`s @crmpfnu`ro`s , 020-06:. E`tome`a Zfsf`rnd Nmuenoa. (:880). Eutrofet rfquorfgfets mi b`ory n`ttaf; :880. E`tome`a  @n`bfgofs Xrfss. Bf Lruoi, @., Afrmy, K., & Mpsmgfr, Mpsm gfr, C. (:884). Zfprmbuntovf pfrimrg`enf oe docd prmbunoec b`ory nmws; pr`nton`a ogpaon`tomes. Oe 2. Afopzocfr Rofrârztflmecrfss (Yma. >9, Em. suppa. 0, pp. :?->>).

 

Bmgçecufz, N. F., C`rgfebo`, K., & G`rtçefz, E. (:883). Oeiaufeno` bf a` ïpmn` ï pmn` bf p`rtm, a` nmebonoþe nmrpmr`a y a` supafgfet`noþe smjrf a` `ntovob`b mvàron` pmstp`rtm bf v`n`s gfstoz`s j`km p`stmrfm goxtm fe fa emrtf bfa fst`bm Cuàronm, Yfefzufa`. Zfvost` bf a` I`nuat`b bf Nofeno`s Yftfroe`ro`s, 24(0), >3-68. Buiiofab, R. I., Aossfgmrf, L. B., GnJrobf, J. S., & Afsaof, L. F. (:88?). Ogp`nt mi dypfrlftmefgo` oe f`ray a`nt`tome b`ory nmws me df`atd `eb prmbuntome. Kmure`a mi b`ory snofenf, ?:(:), 630-648.. Fspmsotm, C., Ormes, X. N., Sfjj, F. N., & Nd`pw`ey`, @. (:802). Oetfr`ntomes jftwffe efc`tovf fefrcy j`a`enf, gft`jmaon bosf`sfs, utfroef u tfroef df`atd `eb ogguef rfspmesf oe tr`esotome b`ory nmws. @eog`a rfprmbuntome snofenf, 022(>-2), 022(> -2), 98-30.0. Ifrcusme, K. B., C`aaoc`e, B. R., & Rdmgsfe, E. (0??2). Xroenop`a bfsnroptmrs mi jmby nmebotome snmrf oe Dmastfoe nmws. Kmure`a mi b`ory snofenf, 33(?), 3 3(?), :9?6-:38>.. Ir`zfr, C. ^. (:886). Jmvoef tdfromcfemamcy. Yftfroe`ry Naoeons; Immb @eog`a Xr`ntonf, :0(:), xooo-xov. Ironlf, X. G., & ^d`vfr, Z. B. (:880). G`efk`ebm tr`stmrems rfprmbuntovms fe v`n`s afndfr`s. Oestotutm J`jnmnl. Veovfrsob`b bf Sosnmesoe. Irùjfrc, ^., @spfcrfe-Cñabmrii, @., Massme, O., G`roe, J., Jfrc, N., Dfreàebfz, N., ... & ^vfeefrstfe-^k`uek`, L. (:883). Fiifnt mi rfstrontfb sunlaoec me goal yofab, goal nmgpmsotome `eb ubbfr df`atd oe nmws `eb jfd`vomur `eb wfocdt c`oe oe n`avfs, oe bu`a-purpmsf n`ttaf oe tdf trmpons. Rrmpon`a `eog`a df`atd `eb prmbuntome, >?(0), 3040 C`aam, A., N`reofr, X., N`ss`ebrm, G., G`etmv`eo, Z., J`oameo, A., Nmetofrm, N metofrm, J., & Jott`etf, J ott`etf, C. (0??9). Nd`ecf oe jmby nmebotome snmrf mi Dmastfoe nmws `s `iifntfb jy p`roty `eb g`turf fquov`afet goal yofab. Kmure`a mi B`ory ^nofenf, 3?(9), 088?-0806.. C`rgfebo`, K. (:889). Ams goefr`afs fe a` Zfprmbunnoþe Jmvoe`. G`r`n`y, Yfefzufa`; Veovfrsob`b Nfetr`a bf Yfefzufa`, I`nuat`b bf Nofeno`s Yftfroe`ro`s. Cf`ry, R. (:886). G`e`cfgfet str`tfcofs tm rfbunfb fgjromeon amss. OE; Xrmnffboecs Rdf Z`ecf Jffi nmw ^ygpmsoug TOT, Z`pob Noty, ^mutd B`lmt`. B`lm t`. 9?-34. Cmez`afs, J. Z. A., & @v`ez`bm bf oevfstoc`noþe N`k`g`rn`, ^. (:884). N`us`s bf Oeifrtoaob`b fe Y`n`s Afndfr`s Cmrbme, O. (:882). Nmetrmaafb Zfprmbuntome oe I`rg @eog`as ^frofs; Imur Ymaugf ^ft (Nmetrmaafb Zfprmbuntome oe I`rg @eog`as, ^m2). N@J Oetfre`tome`a, . >>:. Crocfr` K y J`rcm, I. (:886). Fv`au`nome bfa fst`bm nmrpmr`a bf v`n`s afndfr`s. ^Otom  @rcfetoem bf prmbunnome `eog`a 0-?. D`ifz, F. ^. F., & D`ifz, J. (Fbs.). (:80>). Zfprmbuntome oe i`rg `eog`as. Kmde Soafy & ^mes. D`tafr, R. J., D`yfs, ^. D., @ebfrsme, A. D., & ^oavo`, S. K. (:889). Fiifnt mi ` soecaf oekfntome mi prmcfstfrmef me mv`ro`e imaaonua`r nysts oe a`nt`toec b`ory nmws. Rdf Yftfroe`ry Kmure`a, 03:(:), >:?->>>. D@SLF^, S. N., & RVZFL, X. K. (:880). Fiifnts mi boft`ry sfafeoug me spfrg gmtoaoty oe df`atdy gfe. Kmure`a mi @ebrmamcy, ::(6), 392-33:. A`eb`ft`-Dfreàebfz, @. K., Co`ecrfnm, G., Gfaïebfz, X., J`rtmamgï, K., Jfeeft, I., Z`f, B. M., ... & @rndj`ab, A. I. (:882). Fiifnt mi jomstogua`tome me utfroef oevmautome, f`ray

 

mv`ro`e `ntovoty `eb iorst pmstp`rtug fstrmus nynaf oe jffi nmws. Rdfromcfemamcy, 90(3-4), 06:0-06>:.. Aþpfz, M., & Àav`rfz, K. A. (:886). Nmesfkms pràntonms p`r` `aogfet`r y rfprmbunor jofe ` eufstr`s v`n`s afndfr`s. Zfvost` @NX@, >, >3. GnE`g`r`, ^., Gurpdy, K. K., Z`td, G., & M‟g`r`, I. X. (:88>). Fiifnts mi boiifrfet tr`esotome

bofts me fefrcy j`a`enf, jammb gft`jmaotfs `eb rfprmbuntovf pfrimrg`enf oe b`ory nmws. Aovfstmnl Xrmbuntome ^nofenf, 42(>), 0?6-:89. Gfebmz`, G. Z. (:880). X`ràgftrms rfprmbuntovms fe v`n`s Dmastfoe `aogfet`b`s nme `ai`ai` `at` fe nugfstrma. @rndovms bf [mmtfneo` [mmtfneo` vma. 60, eûg. eûg. 0?6 , >3>->39. Gmen`b`, @. D. (:880). Ogpaon`nomefs gft`jþaon`s fe fa `jmrtm jmvoem. ^fgoe`rom bf Eutronoþe, Zfprmbunnoþe y Naçeon` bf Jmvoems. Veovfrsob`b bf @etomquo`, Gfbfaaoe.   Gmetofa, I., & @duk`, N. (:886). Jmby nmebotome `eb sunlaoec `s i`ntmrs oeiaufenoec tdf bur`tome mi pmstp`rtug `efstrus oe n`ttaf; ` rfvofw. @eog`a Zfprmbuntome ^nofenf, 46(0-:), 0-:9. Mspoe`, X., Eyb`g, B., ^tmlma, R., & y Mvfrtme, R. (:808). Fv`au`tome mi emefstfroiofb i`tty `nobs `eb κ-dobrmxyjutoyr`tf oe tr`esotome b`ory n`ttaf oe tdf emrtdf`stfre Veotfb ^t`tfs; Nroton`a tdrfsdmabs imr prfbontome mi naoeon`a bosf`sfs. K. B`ory ^no , ?> (:); 629662. Mvfrtme, R. Z., & S`abrme, G. Z. (:882). Eutrotome`a G`e`cfgfet mi tr`esotome s`ory nmws; str`tfcofs tm mptogozf gft`jmaon df`atd. df` atd. Kmure`a mi B`ory ^nofenf, 43; 086-00?. Xïrfz-Dfreàebfz, X., C`rnİ`-Soebfr, G., & C`aafcms-^àendfz, K. (:88:). Xmstp`rtug `emfstrus os rfbunfb jy oenrf`soec tdf wotdoe-b`y goaloec tm sunlaoec oetfrv`a oe bu`a purpmsf nmws. @eog`a rfprmbuntome snofenf, 3>(>-2), 06?-094. Zmndf, K. Z., Boaame, X. C., ^tmnlb`af, ^tmnlb` af, N. Z., & Y`ej``af, A. D. (:882). Zfa`tomesdops `gmec oetfre`tome`a jmby nmebotome snmroec systfgs. Kmure`a mi B`ory ^nofenf, 43;>839>83?. Zûcfafs, N. (:880). Oetfrrfa`nomefs fetrf eutronoþe y ifrtoaob`b fe jmvoems. Zfvost` GY[ Nþrbmj`, :2->8.  ^`rtmro, Z. (:88?). i`ntmrfs eutronome`afs quf `ifnt`e fa bfsfgpfðm fe prmcr`g`s rfprmbuntovms fe jmvoems bf n`ref y bf afndf. afndf . ^otom `rcfetoem bf prmbunnome `eog`a. ttp;//www.prmbunnome-`eog`a.nmg.`r/oeimrg`nome]tfneon`/nro`]nmebonome]nmrpmr`a/:4eutronome`afs]rfprmbunnome.pbi  

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^tmnlb`af, N. Z. (:880). Jmby nmebotome `t n`avoec `eb tdf pfrimrg`enf mi b`ory nmws oe f`ray a`nt`tome uebfr @ustr`ao`e nmebotome.  @ustr`ao`e kmure`a mi fxpfrogfet`a `cronuaturf , 20; 4:>-4:?. Y`refr, B., Ja`end`rb, R., Jroeslm, ^., Amvf, N., R`yamr, R., (:888). (:88 8). Rfndeoqufs imr fv`au`toec sfafntfb rfprmbuntovf bosmrbfrs mi st`aaomes. @eog`a Zfprmbuntome ^nofenf, Yma. 9890. 2?2-68?.