2017_curso-basico-de-qgis

CURSO BÁSICO DE QGIS Curso destinado a la formación de competencias de uso de Sistemas de Información Georreferenciada (Qgis para la !unicipalidad de "ergamino  Palabras claves #

Curso$ Sistemas de Información Geogr%fica$ Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales$ GIS$ SIG$ IDE$ !unicipalidad de "ergamino$ QGIS$ Open Source$ Soft&are 'ire)

Secretaría Secretaría de Planificación y Control Control de Gestión Subsecretaría de Modernización Dirección de Sistemas de Información Georreferenciada Georreferenciada Autor: MM !ederico "avier Gazaba #icencia: Creative Commons $%&SA '()

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Curso Básico de Qgis | Municipalidad de Pergamino

Introducción Este curso está orientado -en principio- a funcionarios y agentes de la Municipalidad de Pergamino, con el objeto de la capacitación interna dentro del marco del proyecto de implementación y uso de la Infraestructu Infraestructura ra de Datos Espaciales Espaciales de la Municipalid Municipalidad ad de Pergamino Pergamino.. Sin embargo, embargo, el mismo puede utiliarse en otros marcos de capacitación, para cual!uier organismo, p"blico o pri#ado. Deberá tenerse en cuenta !ue fue pensado y dise$ado con el objeto de capacitar por ni#eles a los distintos agentes del municipio, de acuerdo al grado o ni#el !ue se desee alcanar. Por esto el curso está di#idido en ni#eles con orden de complejidad creciente. Más allá de lo antedic%o, la complejidad del curso no es ele#ada, y solo cubre conocimiento en el uso y manejo de Sistemas de Información &eográfica de manera básica, como un conjunto de %erramientas !ue permiten desen#ol#erse en las tareas !ue pueden implementarse dentro de un organismo como es un Municipio. Se %a elegido el uso de la %erramientas &eomática libre como '&IS, ya !ue apostamos por el Soft Soft(ar (aree )ibr )ibree *+pe *+penn Sour Source ce ue uent ntes es bier bierta tas/ s/ como como una una form formaa de logr lograr ar inde indepe pend nden encia cia tecnológica dentro del ámbito de la gestión p"blica. Part Partee del del mater material ial a!u0 a!u0 e1pu e1puest estoo surg surgee de disti distint ntas as lectu lecturas ras y capaci capacitac tacio ione nes, s, entr entree las !ue !ue destacamos son parte del material de consulta de IDE2 *Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales de la 2ep"blica rgentina/ e IDE3 *Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales de la Pro#incia de 3uenos ires/. Esperamos !ue sea de su agrado y permita al lector capacitarse -al menos de forma básica- en el mundo de los Sistemas de Información &eográfica y las Infraestructuras de Datos Espaciales.

Licencia de uso El presente material fue producido inicialmente por MM+ ederico &aaba para su uso en la Muni Munici cipa pali lida dadd de Per Pergami gamino no bajo bajo la lice licenc ncia ia de uso uso 4rea 4reati ti#e #e 4omm 4ommon onss 5.6 5.6 37-S 37-S  *%ttps8creati#ecommons.orglicensesby-sa5.6 %ttps8creati#ecommons.orglicensesby-sa5.6/. /. 4ual!uier sugerencia respecto a los contenidos dirigirse por mail a federico.gaaba9pergamino.gob.ar federico.gaaba9pergamino.gob.ar..

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Curso Básico de Qgis | Municipalidad de Pergamino

Índice de contenidos Introducción............................................ n................................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ................................................7 .........................7 ¿Qué es un Sistema de Informaci ón Geográfica/Georreferenciada?...............................................7 ¿Qué es una IDE?................................... IDE?.......................................................... .............................................. ......................................................... .................................. .......10 ....... 10 ¿Por qué utilizar un SIG y/o una IDE?............ I DE?................................... .............................................. ...................................................... ............................... .11 Consultor................................... Consultor.......................................................... .............................................. .............................................. .................................................... ............................. .......12 Sistemas de Referencia de Coordenadas y Proyecciones............................... Proyecciones.............................................................. ............................... 13 Instalación, Interfaz y configuraciones generales de QGIS....................................... QGIS...........................................................16 ....................16 Instalación.......................................... n................................................................. .............................................. ................................................................16 .........................................16 Interfaz................................... Interfaz.......................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ............................................... ..............................16 ......16 Configuraciones generales............................. generales.................................................... .............................................. ................................................... ............................ .17 Abrir y guardar un proyecto nuevo............................................. nuevo.................................................................... ...................................................18 ............................18 Formatos de archivos de un SIG........................................ SIG............................................................... .............................................. .....................................19 ..............19 Agregado de capas vectoriales.............................. vectoriales..................................................... .............................................. ..................................................20 ...........................20 Consultas espaciales b ásicas.................................. sicas......................................................... .............................................. .................................................22 ..........................22 Agregado de capas Raster.................................... Raster........................................................... .............................................. ...................................................24 ............................24 Ordenamiento de capas............................... capas...................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ..................................... ..............25 25 Manejo de complementos...................... complementos............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..................................... ...................26 .....26 Agregado de capas Openlayers............................ Openlayers................................................... .............................................. ...................................................26 ............................26 Agrupamiento de capas............................ capas................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ........................................28 .................28 Agregado de capas WMS.............................................. WMS..................................................................... ......................................................... .................................. .......29 ....... 29 Propiedades de la capa................................ capa....................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ..................................... ..............32 32 Estilos básicos................................. sicos........................................................ .............................................. ............................................... .................................................34 .........................34 Estilo..................................... Estilo............................................................ .............................................. .............................................. ............................................ ............................... ..........34 34 Etiquetas................................ Etiquetas....................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ......................................................36 ...............................36 Guardar y cargar estilos...................................................... estilos............................................................................. .......................................... ............................... ............37 37 Tabla de atributos.................................. atributos......................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ...........................................38 ....................38 Información de la tabla.................................... tabla........................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ............................38 .....38 Filtros de tabla.................................... tabla........................................................... .............................................. ................................................................ ......................................... ....42 Estadí sticas sticas básicas................................ sicas....................................................... .............................................. .............................................. .......................................... ................... 43 Medición de distancia, área y ángulos............................... ngulos...................................................... ............................................................44 .....................................44 Guardado de vista gr áfica a distintos formatos para uso en otras aplicaciones.............................45 Ilustraciones........................... Ilustraciones.................................................. .............................................. .............................................. ............................................... ..............................45 ......45 Marcadores y Anotaciones........................ Anotaciones............................................... .............................................. .............................................. .......................................46 ................46 Marcadores............................ Marcadores................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ......................................................46 ...............................46 Anotaciones........................ Anotaciones............................................... .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..................................46 ...........46 Avisos de mapa...................................... mapa............................................................. .............................................. ............................................................ ..................................... 46 Editor................. 48

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Curso Básico de Qgis | Municipalidad de Pergamino Agregando campos en la tabla de atributos....................................................... atributos.............................................................................. ........................50 .50 Agregando nuevos objetos (puntos) a la capa........................................................ capa...........................................................................51 ...................51 Desplazando Desplazando objetos....................................... objetos.............................................................. ....................................................................... ................................................ ...52 Modificando nodos................................. nodos........................................................ .............................................. ............................................. .................................... .............. 52 Otras herramientas de edición.......................................... n................................................................. .............................................. .................................. ...........52 52 Modificando una capa de lineas................................... lineas.......................................................... .............................................. ...........................................53 ....................53 Modificando un trayecto................................... trayecto.......................................................... .............................................. ............................................. ..........................53 ....53 Agregando objetos lineales................................ lineales....................................................... .............................................. ............................................ .........................54 ....54 Autoensamblado Autoensamblado (snaping).................................. (snaping)......................................................... .............................................. ............................................... ............................55 ....55 Modificando una capa de pol í gonos..............................................................................................56 gonos..............................................................................................56 Agregando objetos poligonales........................... poligonales.................................................. .............................................. ...............................................57 ........................57 Digitalización avanzada...................... avanzada............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .............................................58 ......................58 Creación de capas vectoriales (puntos, lineas y pol í gonos)............................. gonos).................................................... ..............................60 .......60 Recomendaciones Recomendaciones para generar datos vectoriales y sus respectivos atributos.......................... atributos..........................60 60 Creando capas de dato espaciales.................................... espaciales........................................................... ............................................... .................................. ..........61 61 Capa borrador temporal...................................... temporal............................................................. ................................................................ ......................................... ......62 Diseñador..................................... ador............................................................ .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ..................................63 ...........63 Tipos de mapas................................ mapas....................................................... .............................................. ....................................................................... ................................................ 63 Propósito de un plano/mapa......................... plano/mapa................................................ .............................................. .............................................. ....................................63 .............63 Elementos básicos de un plano/mapa......................................... plano/mapa................................................................ ........................................ ............................ ...........64 64 Simbologí a..................................... a............................................................ .............................................. .............................................. ..................................................68 ...........................68 Variables visuales............................... visuales...................................................... .............................................. .................................................... ............................. ...........68 ........... 68 Enlaces........................... Enlaces.................................................. .............................................. ............................................... ............................................................ .................................... .70 Diseñador................................... ador.......................................................... .............................................. ............................................... ......................................................71 ..............................71 Propiedades de la p ágina...................................... gina............................................................. .............................................. ..............................................72 .......................72 Barras de herramientas.............................. herramientas..................................................... .............................................. .............................................. .................................. ...........73 73 Generación de un mapa................................. mapa........................................................ .............................................. .............................................. ...................................74 ............74 Vista Gráfica......................................... fica................................................................ ............................................... ............................................................ .................................... .74 Escala............................. Escala.................................................... .............................................. ............................................... ............................................................ .................................... .77 Referencias............................ Referencias................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ......................................................77 ...............................77 Norte o Rosa de los vientos................................... vientos.......................................................... .............................................. .............................................79 ......................79 Vista general.................................... general........................................................... .............................................. .......................................................... ................................... ........80 ........ 80 Rótulo y/o Carátula........................................... tula.................................................................. .............................................. ............................................. ..........................81 ....81 Exportación del mapa/plano........................... mapa/plano.................................................. .............................................. ................................................. .......................... .......83 Exportación a imagen de bit.......................................... bit................................................................. .............................................. .....................................83 ..............83 Exportación a PDF..................................... PDF............................................................ ............................................... ........................................................84 ................................84 Impresión directa.................................... directa........................................................... .............................................. .............................................. .....................................84 ..............84 Licencia de datos................................. datos........................................................ .............................................. ............................................................... ........................................ ....85 Licencias........................... Licencias.................................................. .............................................. .............................................. ................................................. .......................... .........85 ......... 85 Fuentes de datos en linea..................................... linea............................................................ .............................................. .............................................. ........................85 .85

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Curso Básico de Qgis | Municipalidad de Pergamino Selección por localizaci ón.......................................... n................................................................. .............................................. ........................................91 .................91 Selección aleatoria dentro de subconjuntos..................................... subconjuntos.............................................................................. ......................................... 92 Filtros avanzados..................... avanzados............................................ .............................................. .............................................. ................................................. .......................... .......94 Edición masiva de atributos en tabla.................................................. tabla............................................................................................. ........................................... 96 Join de tablas (uni ón).......................................... n)................................................................. .............................................. ....................................................99 .............................99 Join de una capa vectorial y una tabla CSV....................................................... CSV..............................................................................99 .......................99 Join de una capa vectorial y una tabla del tipo planilla de c álculo.........................................102 Utilidad de la unión de tablas....................................... tablas.............................................................. .............................................. ....................................103 .............103 Geocodificación (MMQGIS).................. (MMQGIS)......................................... .............................................. .............................................. .......................................104 ................104 Geocodificando...................... Geocodificando............................................. .............................................. .............................................. ................................................. .......................... ..104 Buffer...................................... Buffer............................................................. .............................................. .............................................. .......................................................106 ................................106 Buffer simple.................................. simple......................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ...........................................106 ....................106 Disolver resultado................................. resultado........................................................ ............................................... ......................................................... ................................. ..107 Buffer con radio discriminado................................................ discriminado................................................................................................ ................................................ 108 Herramientas de geoproceso....................... geoproceso.............................................. .............................................. ..........................................................109 ...................................109 Intersección............................................ n................................................................... .............................................. .......................................................... ................................... 109 Unión.......................................... n................................................................. .............................................. .............................................. ...............................................110 ........................110 Diferencia simétrica....................................... trica.............................................................. .............................................. ............................................... ...........................110 ...110 Diferencia................................. Diferencia........................................................ ............................................... ............................................... ................................................111 .........................111 Cortar......................................................................................................................................111 Envolvente convexa............................... convexa...................................................... .............................................. .......................................................... ................................... 111 Disolver................................... Disolver.......................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ..................................................112 ...........................112 Gestión de datos.................................. datos......................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ...........................................113 ....................113 Unir atributo por localización.................................................................................................113 Dividir capa vectorial.................................... vectorial........................................................... .............................................. ...................................................114 ............................114 Combinar archivos shape en uno..................................... uno............................................................ .................................................. ........................... .....115 Geoprocesos geom étricos............................................................................................................116 Exportar/Añadir columnas de geometr í a................................................................................116 a................................................................................116 Centroides de pol í gonos.................................. gonos.......................................................... ............................................... ................................................116 .........................116 Polí gonos gonos a lí neas neas y L í neas neas a pol í gonos.................................................................................117 gonos.................................................................................117 Simplificar geometrí as............................................................................................................117 as............................................................................................................117 Multiparte a partes sencillas – Partes simples a multiparte.....................................................11 multiparte.....................................................117 7 Polí gonos gonos de Voronoi........................................ Voronoi............................................................... .............................................. ...............................................118 ........................118 Triangulación de Delaunay............................ Delaunay................................................... .............................................. ............................................... ...........................121 ...121 Estilos avanzados..................... avanzados............................................ .............................................. .............................................. ......................................................122 ...............................122 Niveles de sí mbolos................................................................................................................122 mbolos................................................................................................................122 Dimensiones determinadas por campo................................... campo.......................................................... .............................................. ..........................123 ...123 Estilos basados en reglas..................................... reglas............................................................ .............................................. .............................................125 ......................125 Vista de formularios personalizados....................... personalizados.............................................. .............................................. ..............................................128 .......................128 Complementos avanzados..................... avanzados............................................ .............................................. .............................................. .........................................131 ..................131

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Curso Básico de Qgis | Municipalidad de Pergamino Complemento de grafos de rutas.......................................... rutas................................................................. ...................................................133 ............................133 Online Routing Mapper...................................... Mapper............................................................. ............................................................. ...................................... .......134 Notas finales.................................... finales........................................................... .............................................. .............................................. .................................................. ........................... .136 Material consultado........................ consultado............................................... .............................................. .............................................. .............................................. .........................136 ..136

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Curso Básico de Qgis | Municipalidad de Pergamino

Nivel 0 Introducción ¿Qué es un Sistema de Información Geográfica/Georreferenciada? :n Sistema de Información &eográfica *SI&/ o, en ingl;s, &eograp%ic Information System *&IS/ es un conjunto de %erramientas informáticas capaces de gestionar información espacial y temática sobre una cartograf0a digital de un territorio en particular8 “La tecnología GIS (Sistemas de Información Geográfica), constituye una de las herramientas adecuadas de manejo de información, ya que usa el modelo de ase de datos georrelacional asociando un conjunto de información gráfica en forma de !lanos"ma!as con ases de datos digitales (G# $eferraris, %&&')#

Esto, sint;ticamente !uiere decir !ue los &IS tienen como caracter0stica principal !ue el manejo de la información gráfica y alfanum;rica se realia de forma integrada, dentro de un mismo sistema informático, pudiendo abordar de aspectos de alta complejidad relacionando datos de distintos or0genes.

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Curso Básico de Qgis | Municipalidad de Pergamino :n SI&&IS es una %erramienta informática compleja, distinta a cual!uier soft(are ofimático, #isualiador de mapas o de dibujo t;cnico !ue se utilice en el ámbito de una organiación como puede ser el municipio. En particular posee funciones !ue pueden encontrarse por separado en distintos tipos de aplicaciones, pero !ue en el caso de los SI& se encuentran integradas en un mismo sistema. El siguiente es!uema permite conceptualiar mejor esta idea, centrando la perspecti#a en las funciones !ue de un &IS8

Para entender mejor cómo es !ue un SI& manipula los datos y cómo ;stos son representados, podemos reducir un poco su definición al de M4?@8 “uando se dis!one de datos georreferenciados, georreferenciados, de cierta dis!oniilidad de recursos informáticos y se quiere o se tiene la necesidad de !ulicar la IG (información  georreferenciada)  georreferenciada) de la manera manera más efica* !osile, !osile, es necesario necesario contar con con una infraestructura infraestructura que !ermita com!artir, intercamiar, cominar, anali*ar y acceder a los datos geográficos de forma estándar e intero!erale# +sta infraestructura no es más que el conjunto de recursos cartográficos dis!oniles en la red, sore la que los datos mismos serán más tiles al formar   !arte de un todo todo más com!leto# com!leto#

Es decir, un SI& es necesario para disponer y organiar los datos geográficos, pero no resulta suficiente cuando necesitamos interoperar con ellos desde distintas estaciones de trabajo de una misma organiación o entre distintas organiaciones8 “+s necesario !ensar a la I$+ como la e-olución natural de un SIG

Dispon Disponer er de una IDE garant garantia ia la intero interoper perabi abilid lidad ad con datos datos espacia espaciales les en la red, por!ue se eliminan los obstáculos !ue presentan los formatos de arc%i#os y la formas indi#iduales de presentar presentar los datos. Esto es as0 por!ue una IDE implica mantener ciertos estándares estándares  mediante el compromiso institucional.

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Curso Básico de Qgis | Municipalidad de Pergamino

¿Por qué utilizar un SIG /o una IDE? )os SI&sIDEs son utiliados para resol#er multitud de problemas de planificación y gestión, desde en cual!uier ámbito y entorno. En la administración p"blica son ampliamente utiliados en áreas como la gestión de recursos naturales, patrimonio, cultura, urbanismo *catastros, administración del suelo, planificación, ser#icios sanitarios, infraestructura, etc/, medio ambiente *par!ues, impacto medioambiental de la acti#idad %umana, ecolog0a, etc/, tráfico #e%icular, control de carreteras y se$aliación. )os usos son #ariados y seguramente cual!uier lista !ue se !uiera esboar será incompleta, sin embargo %ay !ue !ue tener en cuenta !ue la literatura sobre SI&s e IDEs mencionan !ue alrededor de un A6B de la inform informació aciónn !ue manipu manipulan lan organ organism ismos os como como las munici municipal palidad idades es contie contienen nen información geográfica. Este dato se de mayor importancia, por!ue indica cuánto nos estamos perdiendo al no utiliar un &ISIDE.

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Curso Básico de Qgis | Municipalidad de Pergamino

Nivel 1 !onsultor El ni#el C, o