2017 Remedial Suggested Answer
September 14, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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IGDW QKDF[ EWRKPX BFR G^FI RGZKG]GRP FDH @FPG HKMGPXP ‘ BFR V & F, RGIGHKFC CF] ‘ PWMMGPXGH FDP]GRP XL XNG 216= BFR G^FIKDFXKLD VWGPXKLDP KD RGIGHKFC CF] WQ Cfw @lipcgx FWMWPX 8, 216; K.
]nft trkfc `lurt lutskhg Igtrl Ifdkcf nfs gx`cuskvg lrkmkdfc eurkshk`ld lvgr tng jlcclwkdm `fsgs< Gxpcfkd brkgy ylur fdswgrs.
(f) Fd f`ld cgh ld Dlvgibgr 60, 216= tl rg`lvgr tng plssgsskld lj fd fpfrtigdt udkt bgkdm l``upkgh by tng hgjgdhfdt by igrg tlcgrfd`g lj tng pcfkd, pcfkd, fgr tng jlrigr kmdlrgh tng cfst hgifdh tl vf`ftg tnft wfs hucy sgrvgh upld-fdh rg`gkvgh by nki ld Eucy :, 216:.(2.7%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR5
(f) Kt hgpgdhs. Xng kdstfdt f`ld ks fd f``kld pubck`kfdf `ldskhgrkdm tnft ilrg tnfd f ygfr nfs cfpsgh jrli tng hftg lj cfst hgifdh (Dftfckf Rgfcty, Kd`. v. v. @F, M.R. Dl. 62:8:2, Dlvgibgr 62, 2112? Qgdtf Qf`k` Rgfcty @lrplrfld v. v. Cgy @ldstru`ld fdh Hgvgclpigdt @lrplrf ld, M.R. Dl. 6:67>;, Dlvgibgr 28, 2168). Xnus, kj tng fssgssgh vfcug lj tng fpfrtigdt udkt hlgs dlt gx`ggh Q21,111.11, tng Iudk`kpfc Xrkfc Xrkfc @lurt nfs tng gx`cuskvg lrkmkdfc eurkshk`ld lvgr tng f`ld (Qgdtf Qf`k` Rgfcty @lrplrfld, suprf? BQ Bkm. 62;. Pg`. 6).
Ld tng ltngr nfdh, kj tng fssgssgh vfcug lj tng fpfrtigdt udkt gx`gghs Q21,111.11, tng Rgmkldfc X Xrkfc rkfc @lurt nfs tng gx`cuskvg lrkmkdfc eurkshk`ld lvgr tng f`ld (Qgdtf Qf`k` Rgfcty @lrplrfld, @lrplrfld, suprf? BQ Bcm. 62;, Pg`. 6;). Xng fccgmfld lj tng fssgssgh vfcug lj tng fpfrtigdt udkt iust bg jludh kd tng `lipcfkdt, ltngrwksg tng f`ld snluch bg hksikssgh jlr cf`o lj eurkshk`ld bg`fusg tng trkfc `lurt ks dlt tngrgby flrhgh tng igfds lj hgtgrikdkdm jrli tng fccgmflds lj tng pcgfhkdm ]ngtngr eurkshk`ld lvgr tng subeg`t ifgr lj tng f`ld pgrtfkds tl kt lr tl fdltngr `lurt (Qgdtf (Qgdtf Qf`k` Rgfcty @lrplrfld, suprf).
FCXGRDFXKZG FDP]GR5
(b) F `lipcfkdt kd wnk`n tng prkd`kpfc rgckgj slumnt ks tng gdjlr`gigdt lj f sgccgr sgccgr‛s ‛s `ldtrf`tufc `ldtrf`tufc rkmnt tl rgpur`nfsg f clt wktn fd fssgssgh vfcug lj Q67,111.115 (2.7%).
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
6. (b) Xng Rgmkldfc Xrkfc Xrkfc @lurt nfs tng eurkshk`ld lvgr fd f`ld kd wnk`n tng prkd`kpfc rgckgj slumnt ks tng gdjlr`gigdt lj f sgccgr‛s sgccgr ‛s `ldtr `ldtrf`tufc f`tufc rkmnt tl rgpur`nfsg f clt. Pkd`g sfkh f`ld ks ldg jlr spg`k` pgrjlrifd`g tl gdjlr`g f `ldtrf`tufc rkmnt, kt ks kd`fpfbcg lj pg`udkfry gsifld g sifld fdh tngrgjlrg tngrgjlrg `lmdkzfbcg by tng Rgmkldfc Xrkfc @lurt (Purvkvkdm Ngkrs lj Bfustf v. Ckdhl? M.R. Dl. 21>202, Ifr`n 61, 2168? BQ Bcm. 62;, Pg` 6;).
KK.
Pfdtf cgh fmfkdst Grf kd tng RX@ lj Vugzld @kty fd f`ld jlr spg`k` pgrjlrifd`g prfykdm jlr tng hgckvgry lj f pfr`gc lj cfdh subeg`t lj tngkr `ldtrf`t lj sfcg. Wdodlwd tl tng pfrgs, tng `fsg wfs kdfhvgrtgdtcy kdfhvgrtgdtc y rfgh tl fd RX@ hgskmdftgh fs f spg`kfc `liigr`kfc `lurt. Cftgr, tng RX@ rgdhgrgh euhmigdt fhvgrsg tl Grf, Grf, wnl, upld rgfckzkdm rgfckzkdm tnft tng trkfc `lurt wfs dlt dlt f rgmucfr RX@, fppr fpprlf`ngs lf`ngs ylu fdh wfdts ylu tl cg f pgld tl nfvg tng euhmgigdt fdduccgh jlr cf`o lj eurkshk`ld.’ eurkshk`ld.’
]nft fhvk`g wluch ylu mkvg tl Grf< Gxpcfkd ylur fdswgr. (8%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR5
K wkcc fhvksg Grf tnft f pgld tl nfvg tng euhmigdt fdduccgh jlr cf`o lj eurkshk`ld nfs dl bfsks. Kd Mldzfcgs v. v. MEN Cfdh, Kd`. (M.R. DL. 212::8 Dlvgibgr 61, 2167), tng Puprgig @lurt rucgh tnft tng jf`t tnft f pfr`ucfr brfd`n wnk`n trfs bggd hgskmdftgh fs f Ppg`kfc @liigr`kfc, @lurt hlgs dlt sngh tng RX@‛s mgdgrfc eurkshk`ld lvgr lrhkdfry `kvkc `fsgs udhgr tng kiprkiftur lj stftutlry cfw cfw,, C.G. Bftfs Qfibfdsf Bcm. 62;. Xng hgskmdfld lj Ppg`kfc @liigr`kfc @lurt wfs igrgcy kdtgdhgh fs f prl`ghurfc
tllc tl gxpghktg tng rgslculd lj `liigr`kfc `fsgs kd ckdg wktn tng `lurt‛s `lurt ‛s gx gxgr`ksg gr`ksg lj eurkshk`ld. Xnks hgskmdfld wfs dlt ifhg by stftutg but ldcy by fd kdtgrdfc Puprgig @lurt rucg udhgr kts futnlrkty tl prliucmftg prliucmf tg rucgs mlvgrdkdm ifgrs lj prl`ghurg fdh kts `ldstuldfc ifdhftg tl supgrvksg clwgr `lurts.
FCXGRDFXKZG FDP]GR5
K wkcc fhvksg Grf tnft f pgld jlr fdducigdt lj euhmigdt ks udtgdfbcg, K wkcc tgcc Grf tnft tng fvfkcfbcg plst-euhmigdt plst-euhmi gdt rgighkgs `luch bg fdy lj tng jlcclwkdm hgpgdhkdm upld tng hftg lj nks rg`gkpt lj tng euhmigdt5 Illd jlr jlr Rg`ldskhgrfld, Rg`ldskhgrfld, Fppgfc, Qgld jlr Rgckgj Rgckgj jrli Euhmigdt, lr @grlrfrk. @grlrfrk.
Xng Rgmkldfc Xrkfc @lurt, hgspktg kts nfvkdm bggd hgskmdftgh fs Ppg`kfc @liigr`kfc @lurt rgifkds plssgssgh lj futnlrkty fs f `lurt lj mgdgrfc eurkshk`ld tl pfss upld fcc okdhs lj `fsgs, wngtngr `kvkc lr `rkikdfc. Xng @ldstuld vgsts dlt ldcy kd tng Puprgig @lurt, but kd fcc Rgmkldfc Xrkfc Xrkfc @lurts, tng euhk`kfc plwgr tl hgtgrikdg hgtgrikdg wnft frg tng vfckh fdh bkdhkdm bkdhkdm cfws by tng `rktgrkld `rktgrkld lj tngkr `ldjlrikty ttl l tng judhfigdtfc cfw (Egsus @. Mfr`kf v. Xng Nld. Ofy Fcfd X. X. Hrkcld, MR Dl 6=;2:=, Eudg 27, 2160). Xng hgskmdfld lj tng `lurt fs f spg`kfc `liigr`kfc `lurt ks fd kdtgrdfc frrfdmgigdt jlr clwgr `lurts-tnft `luch bg fcclwgh by tng Puprgig @lurt, wktn tng L`g lj tng @lurt Fhikdkstrf tlr fs tng kipcgigddm fri, wktn tng purplsg lj mkvkdm prklrkty tl `li igr`kfc `fsgs ld tlp lj tng trkfc `lurt‛s rgmucfr `fsgs.
KKK.
Fdswgr tng jlcclwkdm brkgy
(f) ]nft gcgigdts snluch `ldĉur jlr `kr`uistfdfc gvkhgd`g tl bg su`kgdt jlr `ldvk`ld< (2%).
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR5
(f) Jlr `kr`uistfdfc gvkhgd`g tl wfrrfdt tng `ldvk`ld lj tng f``usgh, tng jlcclwkdm gcgigdts snluch `ld`ur5
6. Xngrg ks ilrg tnfd ldg `kr`uistfd`g?
2. Xng jf`ts jrli wnk`n tng `kr`uist `kr`uistfd`gs fd`gs frlsg frg hucy gstfbcksngh kd `lurt? fdh
0. Xng `kr`uistfd`gs jlri tng udbrlogd `nfkd lj gvgdts cgfhkdm k tl tng `ld`cuskld lj tng `ucpfbkckty lj tng f``usgh jlr tng `rkig jlr wnk`n ng ks `ldvk`tgh (Bf`lclh v. v. Qglpcg, M.R. Dl. 21:20:, Eucy 67, 2160).
(b) ]ngd ks bfkc f ifgr lj euhk`kfc hks`rgld< (2%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GRP
(b) Wdhgr Pg`ld 7, Rucg 668 lj tng t ng Rucgs lj @lurt bfkc ks f ifgr lj euhk`kfc hks`rgld udhgr tng jlcclwkdm jlcclwkd m `kr`uistfd`gs5 `kr`uistfd`gs5
6. Bgjlrg `ldvk`ld? kd `fsgs wngrg tng lgdsg `nfrmgh ks pudksnfbcg by rg`cuskld‛ pgrpgtuf? fdh
2. Fgr f``usgh‛s `ldvk`ld by tng Rgmkldfc Xrkfc Xrkfc @lurt lj fd lgdsg dlt pudksnfbcg by hgftn, rg`cuskld pgrpgtuf lr ckjg kiprksldigdt.
Kd Qglpcg5 Cgvkstg Cgvkstg (M.R. Dl5 6>;622, Ifr`n 6=, 2161), tng Puprgig @lurt rucgh tnft tng fbsgd`g lj tng `kr`uistfd`gs igdldgh igdldgh kd tng tnkrh pfrfmrfpn lj Pg`ld 7, Rucě 668 lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt hlgs dlt futlif`fccy rgsuct kd tng mrfdt lj bfkc, Pu`n dhkdm wkcc w kcc skipcy futnlrkzg tng `lurt tl usg tng cgss strkdmgdt sludh hks`rgld fpprlf`n.
(`) Mkvg ft cgfst twl kdstfd`gs wngd f pgf`g l`gr lr f prkvftg pgrsld ify ifog f vfckh wfrrfdtcgss frrgst (2%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
(`) Wdhgr Pg`ld 7, Rucg 660 lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt? f pgf`g l`gr lr f prkvftg pgrsld ify ifog ifog f vfckh wfrrfdgss frrgst kd tng jlc clwkdm kdstfd`gs5
6. ]ngd, kd nks prgsgd`g, tng pgrsld tl bg frrgstgh nfs `liikt tgh, ks f`tufccy `liikdm, lr ks fgipdm tl `liikt fd lgdsg?
2. ]ngd fd lgdsg nfs eust bggd `liikgh, fdh ng nfs prlbfbcg `fusg tl bgckgvg bfsgh ld pgrsldfc odlwcghmg lj jf`ts lr `kr`uistfd`gs tnft tng pgrsld tl bg frrgstgh nfs `liikgh kt? fdh
0. ]ngd tng pgrsld tl bg frrgstgh ks f prksldgr wnl nfs gs`fpgh jrli f pgdfc gstfbcksnigd gstfbcksnigdtt lr pcf`g wngrg ng ks sgrvkdm dfc euhmigdt lr ks tgiplrfrkcy `lddgh wnkcg nks `fsg ks pgdhkdm, lr nfs gs`fpgh wnkcg bgkdm trfdsjgrrgh jrli ldg `lddgigdt tl fdltngr.
(h) ]nft ks f tgdhgr lj gx`cuhgh gvkhgd`g< (2%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GRP
(h) Xgdhgr Xgdhgr lj gx`cuhgh gvkhgd`g ks f rgighy giblhkgh udhgr Pg`ld 81. Rucg 602 lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt, wnk`n stftgs tnft –kj hl`uigdts lr tnkdms lgrgh kd gvkhgd`g frg gx`cuhgh by tng `lurt, tng lgrlr ify nfvg tng sfig ff`ngh tl lr ifhg pfrt lj tng rg`lrh. Kj tng gvkhgd`g gx`cuhgh ks lrfc, tng lgrlr ify stftg jlr tng rg`lrh tng dfig fdh ltngr pgrsldfc `kr`uistfd`gs `kr`uistfd`gs lj tng wktdgss fdh tng substfd`g lj tng prlplsgh tgsildy.
Kd @ruz-Frgvfcl v. v. Vugrubkd-Cfylsf (F.I. Dl. RX. RX.-1:-2117, Eucy 68, 211:), tng Puprgig @lurt rucgh tnft tnks prl`ghurg, fcsl odlwd fs lgr lj prllj, prllj, ks ifhg jlr purplsgs lj fppgfc. Kj fd fhvgrsg euhmigdt ks gvgdtufccy rgdhgrgh fmfkdst fmfkdst tng lgrlr lgrlr,, ng ify kd nks fppgfc fsskmd fs grrlr tng rgeg`ld lj tng gx`cuhgh gvkhgd`g. Xng fppgccftg `lurt wkcc bggr udhgrstfdh fdh fpprg`kftg tng fsskmdigdt lj grrlr kj tng gvkhgd`g kdvlcvgh ks kd`cuhgh kd tng rg`lrh lj tng `fsg.
KZ KZ..
Mkvg brkgj fdswgrs tl tng jlcclwkdm5
]nft ks tng hl`trkdg lj nkgrfr`ny lj `lurts< (2%) PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
(f) Xng hl`trkdg lj nkgrfr`ny lj `lurts, fs f rucg, rgqukrgs tnft rg`lursg iust bg rst ifhg tl tng clwgrrfdogh rfdo gh `lurts gxgr`kskdm `ld`urrgdt `ld`urrgdt eurkshk`ld wktn f nkmngr `lurt (Hkl v. Pubk` Bfy Ifrkdg Gxpclrfld, Kd`., M.R. Dl. 6>;702. Eudg 66, 2168).
(b) ]nft ks tng Nfricgss Grrlr Rucg kd rgcfld tl fppgfcs< (2%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR5
(b) Wdhgr Rucg 76, Pg`ld lr lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt tng Nfricgss Grrlr Rucg stftgs tnft dl grrlr kd gktngr tng fhiksskld lr tng gx`cuskld lj gvkhgd`g fdh dl grrlr lr hgjg`t kd fdy ruckdm lr lrhgr lr kd fdytnkdm hldg lr likgh by tng trkfc `lurt lr by fdy lj tng pfrgs ks f mrludh m rludh jlr mrfd mrfddm dm f dgw trkfc lr jlr sgdm fskhg, ilhkjykdm, lr ltngrwksg hksturbkdm f euhmigdt lr lrhgr lrhgr,, udcgss rgjusfc tl tfog su`n f`ld fppgfrs tl tng `lurt tl bg kd`ldskstgdt kd`ldskstgdt wktn substfdfc eus`g. Xng `lurt ft gvgry stfmg lj tng prl`gghkdm iust hksrgmfrh hksrgmfrh fdy grrlr lr hgjg`t wnk`n hlgs dlt fg`t tng substfdfc rkmnts lj tng pfrgs.
(`) ‐ ]ngd hlgs f pubck` prlsg`utlr `ldhu`t fd kdqugst kdstgfh 5 lj f prgckikdfry kdvgs kdvgsmfld< mfld< (2%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
(`) Wdhgr Rucg5 662, Pg`ld = lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt, f pubck` prlsg`utlr `ldhu`ts fqugst kdstgfh lj f prgckikdfry kdvgsmfld kdvgsmfld wngd f pgrsld ks cfwjuccy frrgstgh wktnlut fd frrgst wfrrfdt kdvlcvkdm fd lgdsg wnk`n rgqukrgs f prgckikdfry kdvgsmfld.
Z.
Fgr wlrokdm jlr 27 ygfrs kd tng Ikhhcg Gfst, Gvfd rgturdgh tl tng Qnkckppkdgs tl rgrg kd Ifdkcf, tng pcf`g lj nks bkrtn fdh `nkchnllh. X Xgd gd ygfrs bgjlrg nks rgrgigdt, ng blumnt jlr `fsn kd nks dfig f nlusg fdh clt kd Ifcftg, Ifdkcf. Pkx ildtns fgr nks rgturd, ng cgfrdgh tnft nks nlusg fdh clt wgrg tng subeg`t lj jlrg`clsurg prl`gghkdms `liigd`gh by FB@ Bfdo ld tng bfsks lj f prliksslry dltg fdh f hggh lj rgfc gstætg ilrtmfmg ng nfh fccgmghcy gxg`utgh kd jfvlr lj FB@ Bfdo vg ygfrs gfrckgr. gfrckgr.
Odlwkdm tnft ng wfs dlt kd tng `ludtry ft tng ig tng prliksslry dltg fdh hggh lj ilrtmfmg wgrg supplsghcy gxg`utgh, Gvfd jlrtnwktn jlrtnwktn kdkftgh f `lipcfkdt kd tng RX@ lj Ifdkcf prfykdm tnft tng subeg`t hl`uigdts bg hg`cfrgh ducc fdh vlkh.
FB@ Bfdo cgh f illd tl hksikss Gvfd‛s Gvfd‛s `lipcfkdt ld tng mrludh lj kiprlpgr vgdug ld tng bfsks lj f spucfld kd bltn hl`uigdts hgskmdfdm Vugzld @kty fs tng gx`cuskvg vgdug kd tng gvgdt lj ckmfld bgtwggd tng pfrgs frkskdm lut lj tng clfd fdh ilrtmfmg.
Pnluch tng illd tl hksikss lj FB@ Bfdo bg m mrfdt rfdtgh< gh< Gxpcfkd ylur fdswgr(7%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR.
Dl. FB@ Bfdo‛s illd tl hksikss snluch bg hgdkgh kd Brkldgs @lurt lj Fppgfcs (M.R. Dl. 218888, Efdufry 68, 2167), tng Puprgig @lurt rucgh tnft f `lipcfkdt hkrg`tcy fssfkckdm tng vfckhkty lj tng wrkgd kdstruigdt ktsgcj snluch dlt bg bludh by tng gx`cuskv gx`cuskvg g vgdug spucfld `ldtfkdgh `ldtfkdgh tngrgkd fdh snluch bg cgh kd f``lrhfd`g wktn tng mgdgrfc rucgs ld vgdug. Xng Puprgig @lurt rucgh tnft kt wluch bg kdngrgdtcy kd`ldskstgdt kd`ldskstgdt jlr f `lipcfkdt lj tnks dfturg tl rg`lmdkzg tng gx`cuskvg vgdug spucfld wngd kt, kd jf`t, prg`ksgcy fssfkcs tng vfckhkty lj tng kdstruigdt kd wnk`n su`n spucfld ks `ldtfkdgh.
Kd tnks `fsg, Gvfd‛s Gvfd‛s `lipcfkdt hkrg`tcy fssfkcs tng vfckhkty lj tng prliksslry dltg fdh hggh lj ilrtmfmg, wnk`n `ldtfkds sfkh vgdug spucfld? ngd`g, sfkh vgdug spucfld ks dlt bkdhkdm ld nki. Gvfd `lrrg`tcy cgh nks `lipcfkdt wktn tng Ifdkcf RX@ pursufdt tl Rucg lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt.
ZK.
Nfddf, f rgskhgdt lj Ifdkcf, cgh f `lipcfkdt jlr tng pfrld lj f cfrmg trf`t lj cfdh cl`ftgh kd Lrkgdtfc Ikdhlrl. Png kipcgfhgh ngr twl brltngrs Elnd fdh Fhrkfd fs hgjgdhfd hgjgdhfdts ts but hkh dlt kipcgfh Cgk`f fdh Fmftnf, ngr twl skstgrs wnl wgrg pgrifdgdt rgskhgdts lj Fustrfckf.
Frmukdm tnft tngrg `luch bg dl dfc hgtgrikdfld lj tng `fsg wktnlut kipcgfhkdm fcc kdhkspgdsfbcg pfrgs, Elnd fdh Fhrkfd ilvgh tl hksikss tng `lipcfkdt.
Hlgs tng trkfc `lurt nfvg f rgfsld tl hgdy tng illd< Gxpcfkd ylur fdswgr (8%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR.
[gs, tng trkfc `lurt nfs rgfsld tl hgdy tng illd. Pg`ld 66, Rucg 0 Rucgs lj @lurt stftgs tnft dgktngr ikselkdhgr dlr dld-elkdhgr lj5 pfrgs ks f mrludh jlr tng hksikssfc lj fd f`ld. Xng pgldgr `fd scc figdh nks kdkftlry pcgfhkdm kd lrhgr tl kipcgfh Cgk`f Cg k`f fdh Fmftnf, jlr udhgr tng sfig rucg, su`n figdhigdt tl kipcgfh fd kdhkspgdsfbcg pfrty ify bg ifhg ld illd lj fdy pfrty lr ld tng trkfc `lurt‛s lwd kdkfvg ft fdy stfmg lj tng f`ld fdh ld su`n tgris fs frg eust (Fbcfzf v v.. Rgput. ck`? M.R. Dl. 67>2;>, Fumust 66, 2161).
ZKK.
Gcksg lbtfkdgh f clfd lj Q0 Ikcckld jrli Igr`nfdt Bfdo. Fskhg jrli gxg`udm f prliksslry dltg kd jfvlr lj Igr`nfdt Bfdo, sng gxg`utgh f hggh lj rgfc gstftg ilrtmfmg lvgr ngr nlusg fdh clt fs sg`urkty jlr ngr lbckmfld.
Xng clfd jgcc hug but rgifkdgh udpfkh? ngd`g, Igr`nfdt Bfdo cgh fd f`ld fmfkdst Gcksg tl jlrg`clsg tng rgfc gstftg ilrtmfmg. F ildtn fgr, fdh wnkcg tng jlrg`clsurg sukt wfs pgdhkdm, Igr`nfdt Bfdo fcsl cgh fd f`ld tl rg`lvgr tng prkd`kpfc sui lj Q0 Ikcckld fmfkds fmfkdstt Gcksg bfsgh ld tng sfig prliksslry dltg prgvkluscy gxg`utgh by tng cfgr. cfgr. Kd lpplskdm tng illd lj Gcksg tl hksikss tng sg`ldh f`ld ld tng mrludh lj spckdm lj f skdmcg `fusg lj f`ld, Igr`nfdt Bfdo frmugh tnft tng mrludh rgckgh upld by
Gcksg wfs hgvlkh lj fdy cgmfc bfsks `ldskhgrkdm tnft tng twl f`lds wgrg bfsgh ld sgpfrftg `ldtrf`ts, dfigcy,, tng `ldtrf`t lj clfd gvkhgd`gh by tng prliksslry dltg, fdh tng hggh lj rgfc gstftg ilrtmfmg. dfigcy
Ks tngrg f spckdm lj f skdmcg `fusg lj f`ld< Gxpcfkd ylur fdswgr fdswgr.. (8%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
[gs, tngrg ks spckdm lj f `fusg lj f`ld. F `rghktlr `fddlt cg f `kvkc f`ld fmfkdst tng hgbtlr jlr `lccg`ld lj tng hgbt fdh subsgqugdtcy cg fd f`ld tl jlrg`clsg tng ilrtmfmg5 Xnks ks fd gxfipcg lj spckdm lj f skdmcg `fusg lj f`ld, f prf``g tnft ks vgxfl vgxflus us fdh lpprgsskvg (Hudfl v. @lurt lj Fppgfcs, M.R. Dl. C-8>2=:, Eudg :, 2116).
ZKKK.
F.
Cfurf wfs tng cgssgg lj fd fpfrtigdt udkt lwdgh by Clukg. ]ngd tng cgfsg gxpkrgh, Cfurf rgjusgh tl vf`ftg tng prlpgrty. prlpgrty. Ngr rgjusfc prliptgh Clukg tl cg fd f`ld jlr udcfwjuc hgtfkdgr fmfkdst Cfurf wnl jfkcgh tl fdswgr tng `lipcfkdt wktnkd tng rgmcgigdtfry pgrklh.
Clukg tngd cgh f illd tl hg`cfrg Cfurf kd hgjfuct Pnluch tng illd bg mrfdtgh< Gxpcfkd ylur fdswgr fdswgr.. (0%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
Dl, tng illd snluch dlt bg mrfdtgh bg`fusg kt ks f prlnkbktgh pcgfhkdm Wdhgr Pg`ld 6; (n) lj tng Rucgs ld Puiifry Qrl`ghurg, f illd tl hg`cfrg hgjgdhfdt kd hgjfuct ks fildm tng pcgfhkdms tnft frg prlnkbktgh kd `fsgs `lvgrgh by sfkh Rucg5 @ldskhgrkdm tnft fd f`ld jlr udcfwjuc hgtfkdgr ks `lvgrgh by tng Rucgs ld Puiifry Qrl`ghurg, Clukg‛ Clukg‛ss illd tl hg`cfrg Cfurf kd hgjfuct ks f prlnkbktgh pcgfhkdm, fdh tnus, snluch dlt bg mrfdtgh.
B.
Fmftnf cgh f `lipcfkdt fmfkdst [fdf kd tng RX@ kd Ifof @kty tl `lccg`t Q071,111.11, èd filudt rgprgsgddm tng udpfkh bfcfd`g ld tng prk`g lj tng `fr [fdf nfh blumnt jrli Fmftnf. Rgfckzkdm f eurkshk`ldfc grrlr kd ckdm ckdm tng `lipcfkdt kd tng RX RX@, @, Fmftnf cgh f dl`g lj hksik hksikssfc ssfc bgjlrg bgjlrg sng wfs sgrvgh wktn tng fdswgr lj [fdf. [fdf. Xng RX@ kssugh fd lrhgr `ldrikdm tng hksikssfc .
Xnrgg ildtns cftgr, –Fmftnf cgh fdltngr `lipcfkdt fmfkdst [fdf bfsgh ld tng sfig `fusg lj f`ld tnks ig kd tng IgX@ lj Ifof @kty. Nlwgvgr, jlr rgfslds pgrsldfc tl ngr, Fmftnf hg`khgh tl nfvg tng `lipcfkdt hksikssgh wktnlut wktnlut prgeuhk`g by ckdm f dl`g lj hksikssfc prklr tl tng sgrvk`g lj tng fdswgr lj [fdf. Ngd`g, tng `fsg wfs hksikssgh by tng IgX@.
F ildtn cftgr, Fmftnf rgcgh tng `lipcfkdt fmfkdst [fdf kd tng sfig IgX@.
Ify [fdf su``gssjuccy kdvlog tng Xwl-Hksikssfc Rucg tl bfr Fm ftnf‛s tnkrh `lipcfkdt< Gxpcfkd ylur fdswgr (0%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
Dl, [fdf `fddlt su``gssjuccy kdvlog tng Xwl-Hksikssfc Rucg5 Kd lrhgr jlr tng Xwl-Hksikssfc Rucg tl fppcy, Rucg 6=, Pg`ld 6 lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt rgqukrgs tnft bltn hksikssfcs tnrlumn pcfkd‛s pcfkd‛s dl`gs wgrg ifhg by f `lipgtgdt `lurt. Ilrglvgr, Ilrglvgr, kd @nkdm v. @ngdm (M.R. Dl. 6=771=, L`tlbgr >, 2168), tng Puprgig @lurt rucgh tnft tng jlcclwkdm jlcclwkdm rgquksktgs snluch `ld`ur jlr tng Xwl-Hksikssfc Rucg tl fppcy5
(f) Xngrg wfs f prgvklus `fsg tnft wfs hksikssgh by f `lipgtgdt `lurts
(b) Bltn `fsgs wgrg bfsgh ld lr kd`cuhg tng sfig `cfki?
(`) Bltn dl`gs jlr hksikssfc wgrg cgh by tng pcfkd? fdh.
(h) ]ngd tng illd tl hksikss cgh by tng pcfkd wfs `ldsgdtgh tl by tng hgjgdhfdt ld tng mrludh tnft tng cfgr pfkh fdh sfsgh fcc tng `cfkis lj tng jlrigr. jlrigr.
Kd tnks `fsg, tng Ifof @kty RX@ nfh dl eurkshk`ld lvgr tng rst `lipcfkdt wnk`n wfs hksikssgh tnrlumn Fmftnf‛ss dl`g, bg`fusg kt ks bgclw kts eurkshk`ldfc filudt lj ft cgfst Q 811,111.11. Xngrgjlrg, Fmftnf‛ Xngrgjlrg, tng Xwl-Hksikssfc Xwl -Hksikssfc Rucg `fd dlt bg su``gssjuccy kdvlogh kd tnks `fsg.
K^
Fbrfnfi cgh f `lipcfkdt jlr hfifmgs kd tng filudt lj Q=71,111.11 fmfkdst Pfcvfhlr kd tng RX@ kd Vugzld @kty jlr tng cfktgr‛s fccgmgh brgf`n lj tngkr `ldtrf`t lj sgrvk`gs. Pfcvfhlr prliptcy cgh nks fdswgr, fdh kd`cuhgh f `ludtgr`cfki jlr Q271,111.11 frkskdm jrli tng fccgmghcy bfsgcgss fdh ifck`klus fdswgr, `cfkis lj Fbrfnfi tnft `lipgccgh nki tl ckmftg fdh tl gdmfmg tng sgrvk`gs lj `ludsgc, fdh tnus `fusgh nki tl sugr igdtfc fdmuksn.
Dldm tnft tng filudt lj tng `ludtgr `ludtgr`cfki `cfki wfs bgclw tng gx`cuskv gx`cuskvg g lrkmkdfc eurkshk`ld lj tng RX@, Fbrfnfi cgh f illd tl hksikss vks-f-vks tng `ludtgr`cfki ld tnft mrludh.
Pnluch tng `ludtgr`cfki lj Pfcvfhlr bg hksikssgh< Gxpcfkd ylur fdswgr5 (8%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
Dl, Pfcvfhlr‛s `ludtgr`cfki `ludtgr`cfki ks `lipucslry kd dfturg, fdh tnus snluch dlt bg hksikssgh. Pg`ld =, Rucg lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt hgdgs f `lipucslry `ludtgr`cfki fs fdy `cfki jlr ildgy lr fdy rgckgj, wnk`n f hgjgdhkdm pfrty ify nfvg fmfkdst fmfkdst fd lpplskdm pfrty, wnk`n ft tng ig lj sukt frksgs lut lj, lr ks dg`gssfrkcy `lddg`tgh wktn, tng sfig trfdsf`ld lr l``urrgd`g tnft ks tng subeg`t ifgr lj tng pcfkd‛s `lipcfkdt `lipcfkdt (Budm `fyfl v5 Jlrt Kcl`fdhkf, M.R. Dl5 6=18>0, Fprkc 6;, 2161). F `ludtgr`cfki ks `lipucslry wngrg5
6. Kt frksgs lut lj lr ks dg`gssfrkcy `lddg`tgh wktn tng trfdsf`ld lr l``urrgd`g tnft ks tng subeg`t ifgr lj tng lpplskdm pfrty‛s `cfki?
2. Kt hlgs dlt rgqukrg tng prgsgd`g lj tnkrh pfrgs lj wnli tng `lurt `fddlt f`qukrg eurkshk`ld, fdh?
0. Xng trkfc `lurt nfs eurkshk`ld tl gdtgrtfkd tng `cfki (Pplusgs Frgdfs v @F M.R. Dl 62::81, Dlvgibgr 20, 2111)
Rgmfrhkdm Rgmfrhkd m tng ttrkfc rkfc `lurt‛s eurkshk`ld, Pg`ld =, Rutg : lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt gxpck`ktcy stftgs tnft kd fd lrkmkdfc f`ld bgjlrg tng Rgmkldfc Xrkfc @lurt, tng `ludtgr`cfki ify bg `ldskhgrgh `lipucslry rgmfrhcgss lj tng filudt. Kd rgcfld tngrgtl, tng Puprgig @lurt ngch kd Fchfy v v.. JMW Kdsurfd`g @lrp. (MR Dl. 60>>22, Efdufry 20, 2116), tnft `cfkis jlr hfifmgs, fccgmghcy sugrgh fs f rgsuct lj pcfkd pcfkd‛s ‛s ckdm lj f `lipcfkdts frg `lipucslry. `lipucslry. Kd tnks `fsg, tng `lurt‛s eurkshk`ld lvgr Pfcvfhlr‛s `ludtgr`cfki, hgspktg bgkdm bgclw tng eurkshk`ldfc filudt ks gvkhgdt jrli tng jlcclwk jlcclwkdm5 dm5 Pfcvfhlr‛s `cfkis jlr ckmfld gxpgdsgs frksg lut lj Fbrfnfi‛s Fbrfnfi‛s `lipcfkdt jlr hfifmgs? Pfcvfhlr‛s `cfkis hl dlt rgqukrg tng t ng prgsgd`g lj tnkrh pfrgs, fdh bgkdm bg kdm `lipucslry kd dfturg, tng trkfc `lurt ify gxgr`ksg eurkshk`ld lvgr sfkh `cfki.
^.
Ld tng bfsks lj fd fccgmgh prliksslry dltg gxg`utgh by Nfrlch kd jf vlr lj Rfild? tng cfgr cgh f `lipcfkdt jlr Q;71,111.11 fmfkdst tng jlrigr kd tng RX@ lj Hfvfl @kty, Kd fd udvgrkgh fdswgr, Nfrlch spg`k`fccy hgdkgh tng mgdukdgdgss lj tng prliksslry dltg. Hurkdm tng trkfc, Nfrlch slumnt tl lj. jgr tng tgsildkgs lj tng jlcclwkdm5 (6) tng tgsildy lj fd DBK nfdhwrkdm gxpgrt tl prlvg tng jlrmgry lj nks skmdfturg? fdh (2) tng tgsildy lj f `rghkbcg wktdgss tl prlvg tnft kj gvgr Nfrlch nfh gxg`utgh tng dltg kd jfvlr lj Rfild, tng sfig5 wfs dlt supplrtgh by f `ldskhgrfld.
Ify Rfild vfckhcy lbeg`t tl tng prlplsgh tgsildkgs< Mkvg f brkgj gxpcfdfld lj ylur fdswgr fdswgr.. (7%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR.
Rfild ify vfckhcy lbeg`t tl tng prlplsgh tgsildy lj tng DBK nfdhwrkdm gxpgrt Xng fccgmgh prliksslry dltg ff`ngh tl Rfild‛s Rfild‛s `lipcfkdt ks fd f`ldfbcg hl`uigdt skd`g kt ks f wrkgd kdstruigdt upld wnk`n fd f`ld lr hgjgdsg ks mrludhgh (Fskfd @ldstru`ld fdh Hgvgclpigdt @lrplrfld 6. Igdhlzf, M.R. Dl5 6=:;8;, Eudg 2=, 2162). F``lrhkdmcy, Nfrlch‛s Nfrlch‛s jfkcurg tl spg`k`fccy hgdy udhgr lftn tng mgdukdgdgss lj sfkh f`ldfbcg f` ldfbcg hl`uigdt filudts tl fd kipckgh fhiksskld lj kts mgdukdgdgss fdh hug gxg`uld udhgr Rucg >, Pg`ld > lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt. Nfrlch `fddlt tnus rfksg tng hgjgdsg lj jlrmgry by prgsgddm tng tgsildy lj f nfdhwrkdm gxpgrt. ]gcc-sgcgh ks tng rucg tnft tng trkfc `lurt ify rgeg`t gvkhgd`g tnft f pfrty fhhu`gs tl `ldtrfhk`t f euhk`kfc fhiksskld ng prgvkluscy ifhg skd`g su`n fhiksskld ks `ld`cuskvg fs tl nki (Gquktfbcg @frh Dgtwlro Kd`., @fpkstrfdl @fpkstrfdl?? M.R. Dl. 6>167= Jgbrufry >, 2162).
Nlwgvgr,, Rfild ify dlt vfckhcy lbeg`t tl tng tgsildy lj f `rghkbcg wktdgss tl prlvg tnft tng Nlwgvgr prliksslry dltg wfs dlt supplrtgh by f `ldskhgrfld. Xng fhiksskld lj tng mgdukdgdgss fdh hug gxg`uld lj f hl`uigdt hlgs dlt bfr tng hgjgdsg lj wfdt lj f `ldskhgrfld (Nkbbgrh v. v. Rlnhg fdh I`Ikccfdk MR Dl. C->868, Hg`gibgr ;, 6;67).
^K
Xghhy cgh fmfkdst Bubly fd f`ld jlr rgs`ksskld lj f `ldtrf`t jlr tng sfcg lj f `liigr`kfc clt, Fgr nfvkdm bggd tlch by tng wkjg lj Bubly tnft ngr nusbfdh wfs lut lj tlwd fdh wluch dlt bg bf`o udc fgr f `lupcg lj hfys tng sngrk rgqugstgh tng wkjg tl eust rg`gkvg tng suiilds kd bgnfcj lj ngr nusbfdh. Xng wkjg f``ghgh tl tng rgqugst? rg`gkvgh tng suiilds fdh f `lpy lj tng `lipcfkdt, fdh skmdgh jlr tng sfig.
(f) ]fs tngrg f vfckh sgrvk`g lj suiilds upld Bubly< Gxpcfkd ‐ ylur fdswgr brkgy. brkgy. (0%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
(f) Dl, tngrg wfs dl vfckh sgrvk`g lj suiilds kd tnks `fsg? skd`g tng suiilds wfs dlt pgrsldfccy rg`gkvgh by Bubly, Jlr substutgh sgrvk`g lj suiilds tl bg fvfkcfbcg, tngrg iust bg sgvgrfc fgipts by tng sngrk tl pgrsldfccy sgrvg tng suiilds wktnkd f rgfsldfbcg pgrklh. –Pgvgrfc fgipts5 igfds ft cgfst tnrgg trkgs, prgjgrfbcy ld ft cgfst twl hkgrgdt hftgs’ (Ifdltl` v @lurt lj Fppgfcs, MR Dl. 601;=8, Fumust 6:, 211:).
b) Kj Bubly cgs f illd tl hksikss tng `lipcfkdt bfsgh ld tng twkd mrludhs lj cf`o lj eurkshk`ld lvgr nks pgrsld fdh prgs`rkpld lj tng `fusg lj f`ld, ify ng bg hggigh tl nfvg vlcudtfrkcy subik subikgh gh nkisgcj tl tng eurkshk`ld lj tng `lurt< Gxpcfkd ylur fdswgr brkgy (0%).
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GRP
(b) Dl, tng ckdm lj tng illd tl hksikss, fssfkckdm tng eurkshk`ld lj tng `lurt lvgr nks pgrsld, tlmgtngr wktn ltngr mrludhs rfksgh tngrgkd, ks dlt f vlcudtfry subiksskld tl tng `lurt‛s eurkshk`ld (Mfr`kf v. v. Pfdhkmfdbfyfd, Pfdhkmfdbf yfd, M.R. Dl. 6=1622, L`tlbgr 62, 211;). Wdhgr Pg`ld 21. Rucg 68 lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt, tng hgjgdhfdt‛s hgjgdhfd t‛s vlcudtfry fppgfrfd`g fppgfrfd`g kd tng f`ld snfcc bg gqukvfcgdt tl sgrvk`g lj suiilds. Xng kd`cuskld kd f illd tl hksikss ld ltngr mrludhs fskhg jrli cf`o lj eurkshk`ld lvgr tng pgrsld lj tng hgjgdhfdt snfcc dlt bg hggigh f vlcudtfry fppgfrfd`g.
Xng ckdm lj f illd ks hggigh vlcudtfry subiksskld tl tng `lurt‛s eurkshk`ld ldcy wngd kt `ldstutgs fd udqufckgh vlcudtfry fppgfrfd`g fppgfrfd`g bgjlrg tng `lurt, su`n tnft tng hgjgdhfdt jfkcgh tl lbeg`t tl tng `lurt‛s eurkshk`ld lvgr nks pgrsld (QZKB . Pplusgs Hy, M.R. Dl. 6=660=, Eudg 7 211;).
B.
]nft ks tng ilhg lj fppgfc fppck`fbcg tl tng jlcclwkdm `fsgs, fdh wnft kssugs ify bg rfksgh bgjlrg tng rgvkgwkdm `lurt trkbudfc<
(f) Xng hg`kskld lr dfc lrhgr lj tng Dfldfc Cfblr Rgcflds @liiksskld (687%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GRP
(f) Ptrk`tcy, tngrg ks dl fppgfc jrli fd DCR@ hg`kskld5 Nlwgvgr, Nlwgvgr, DCR@ hg`ksklds lr dfc lrhgrs frg rgvkgwfbcg ld pgld jlr `grlrfrk udhgr Rucg :7 lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt? cgh bgjlrg tng @lurt lj Fppgfcs (P8 Ifrd Judgrfc Nligs . DCR@, M.R. Dl. 601>::, Pg Pgptgibgr ptgibgr 6:, 6;;>). Qgldgr ify rfksg
tng kssug ld wngtngr tng DCR@ f`tgh wktn mrfv m rfvg g fbusg lj hks`rgld filuddm tl cf`o lr gx`gss eurkshk`ld (Qzgr Kd`, v. v. Mfcfd, M.R. Dl. 67>8:1. Fumus Fumustt 28, 211=).
(b) Xng euhmigdt lr dfc lrhgr lj tng RX@ kd tng gxgr`ksg lj kts fppgccftg eurkshk`ld5 (6.7%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
(b) Xng ilhg lj fppgfc ks pgld jlr rgvkgw udhgr Rucg 82 lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt Qgldgr ify rfksg grrlrs lj jf`t, cfw, cfw, lr bltn Wdhgr Pg`ld 2 lj Rucg 82.
^KK.
Euhmigdt wfs rgdhgrgh fmfkdst hgjgdhfdt Efypgg kd fd f`ld jlr udcfwjuc hgtfkdgr hgtfkdgr.. Xng euhmigdt lrhgrgh Efypgg tl vf`ftg fdh tl pfy flrdgy‛s jggs kd jfvlr lj Bfrt, tng pcfkd. Xl prgvgdt tng kiighkftg gxg`uld lj tng euhmigdt wluch ylu fh vksg tng plsdm lj f supgrsghgfs bldh fs `ludsgc jlr Efypgg< Efypgg< Gxpcfkd ylur ylur fdswgr brkgy (2%) (2%)..
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
K wluch fhvksg Efypgg tl plst f supgrsghgfs bldh, but K wluch fcsl fhvksg nki tnft ttng ng plsdm lj f supgrsghgfs bldh fcldg hlgs dlt prgvgdt tng kiighkftg gxg`uld lj tng euhmigdt. Xl stfy tng kiighkftg gxg`uld lj tng euhmigdt kd fd geg`tigdt geg`tig dt `fsg, tng hgjgdhfdt5
6. Iust pgrjg`t fd fppgfc,
2. Jkcg f supgrsghgfs bldh? fdh
0. Qgrklhk`fccy hgplskt tng rgdtfcs bg`likdm hug hurkdm tng pgdhgd`y lj tng fppgfc?
ltngrwksg, tng wrkt lj gxg`uld wkcc kssug upld illd lj tng pcfkd (F`nfdm v v.. Nld. Cu`zld, M.R. Dl5 6:828:, Efdufry 67, 2168? Rucg =1. Pg` ld 6; lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt).
FCXGRDFXKZG FDP]GR5
Fs `ludsgc jlr Efypgg, K wluch dlt fhvksg tng plsdm lj f supgrsghgfs bldh. Xng supgrsghgfs bldh snfcc bg gqukvfcgdt tl tng udpfkh rgdtfcs, hfifmgs fdh `lsts wnk`n f``rugh hlwd tl tng ig lj tng euhmigdt (Pg`ld 6;, Rucg =1, Rucgs lj @lurt? @nuf v. v. @lurt lj Fppgfcs, M.R. Dl. 660>>:, Jgbrufry 28, 6;;>). Kd ltngr wlrhs, tng supgrsghgfs bldh `lvgrs tng ildgtfry euhmigdt lj tng clwgr `lurt? tnus, kj tng euhmigdt hlgs dlt ifog ifog fdy prldlud`gigd prldlud`gigdtt fs tl tng pg`udkfry ckfbkckty lj tng hgjgdhfdt, hgjgdhfdt, tng plsdm lj tng supgrsghgfs bldh snluch dlt bg rgqukrgh. Fl Flrdgy‛s rdgy‛s jggs frg dlt `lvgrgh by f supgrsghgfs bldhs (Ld`g v. v. Mldzfcgs, MR Dl. C-88>1:, Ifr`n 06, 6;==)
B.
F tgiplrfry rgstrfkdkdm lrhgr (XRL) wfs kssugh ld Pgptgibgr 21, 216= by tng RX@ fmfkdst hgjgdhfdt Eg gdelkdkdm nki jrli gdtgrkdm tng cfdh lj Rgmfd, tng pcfkd pcfkd..
Ld L`tlbgr ;, 216=, upld fppck`fld lj Rgmfd, tng trkfc `lurt, fccgmghcy kd tng kdtgrgst lj eus`g, gxtgdhgh tng XRL jlr fdltngr 21 hfys bfsgh ld tng sfig mrludh jlr wnk`n tng XRL wfs kssugh.
Ld L`tlbgr 67, 216=, Eg gdtgrgh tng cfdh subeg`t lj tng XRL. Ify Eg bg ckfbcg jlr `ldt `ldtgipt gipt lj `lurt< ]ny< (8%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
Dl, Eg ify dlt bg ngch ckfbcg jlr `ldtgipt. Wdhgr Rutg 7>. Pg` ld 7 lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt, f Xgiplrfry Rgstrfkdkdm Rgstrfkdkdm Lrhgr ks vfckh jlr 21 hfys. Kts gg`vkty ks dlt gxtgdhkbcg wktnlut dggh lj fdy euhk`kfc hg`cfrfld hg`cfrfld tl tnft gg`t, fdh dl `lurt snfcc snfcc nfvg futnlrkty tl g gxtgdh xtgdh lr rgdgw tng sfig ld tng sfig mrludh jlr wnk`n kt wfs kssugh, tnus, t nus, Eg `fddlt bg ngch ckfbcg jlr `ldtgipt.
^KKK
Qlck`g l`grs frrgstgh Ir. Ir. Hrummkg kd f buy-bust lpgrfld fdh `lds`ftgh jrli nki 61 sf`ngts lj snfbu fdh sgvgrfc ifrogh mgdukdg pgsl bkccs wlrtn Q7,111.11 usgh fs tng buy-bust ildgy hurkdm tng buy-bust lpgrfld.
Ft tng trkfc lj Ir Hrummkg jlr vklcfld lj RF. Dl.;6:7 (@liprgngdskvg Hfdmgrlus Hrum F`t lj 2112), tng Qrlsg`uld lgrgh kd gvkhgd`g? fildm ltngrs, pnltl`lpkgs lj tng `lds`ftgh ifrogh mgdukdg pgsl bkccs. Xng pnltl`lpkgs wgrg lgrgh tl prlvg tnft Ir. Ir. Hrummkg nfh gdmfmgh ft tng ig. lj nks frrgst kd tng kccgmfc sgcckdm lj hfdmgrlus hrums.
Kdvlokdm tng Bgst Gvkhgd`g Rucg, Fy. Fy. Ifyf Bfdm, tng hgjgdsg `ludsgc? lbeg`tgh tl tng fhiksskbkckty lj tng pnltl`lpkgs lj tng `lds`ftgh ifrogh mgdukdg pgsl bkccs.
Pnluch tng trkfc euhmg sustfkd tng lbeg`ld lbeg` ld lj tng hgjgdsg `ludsgc< ½
Brkgy gxpcfkd ylur fdswgr (7%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GRP
Dl, tng trkfc euhmg snluch dlt sustfkd tng hgjgdsg `ludsgc‛s lbeg`ld. Kd Qglpcg v. Xfdhlp (MR Dl. >1717, Hg`gibgr 8, 6;;1) tng Puprgig @lurt ngch tnft tng bgst gvkhgd`g rucg fppckgs ldcy wngd tng `ldtgdts lj tng hl`uigdt frg tng subeg`t lj kdqukry ]ngrg tng kssug ks ldcy fs tl wngtngr lr dlt su`n hl`uigdt wfs f`tufccy gxg`utgh, lr gxksts? lr tng `kr`uistfd`gs rgcgvfdt tl lr surrludhkdm kts gxg`uld, tng bgst gvkhgd`g rucg hlgs dlt fppcy fdh tgsildkfc gvkhgd`g ks fhiksskbcg.
Ngrg, tng ifrogh ildgy wfs prgsgdtgh by tng prlsg`uld slcgcy jlr tng purplsg lj gstfbcksnkdm kts gxkstgd`g fdh dlt kts `ldtgdts. Ltngr substuldfry gvkhgd`g, ckog f pnltl`lpy tngrglj, tngrglj, ks tngrgjlrg fhiksskbcg wktnlut tng dggh lj prgsgddm tng lrkmkdfc. Ngd`g, tng bgst gvkhgd`g rucg hlgs dlt fppcy kd tnks `fsg. Xng trkfc euhmg, tngrgjlrg, snluch dlt sustfkd tng hgjgdsg `ludsgc‛ `ludsgc‛ss lbeg`ld.
Fy. Ifyf Bfdm, nlwgvgr, ify lbeg`t tl tng pnltl`lpkgs lj tng `lds`ftgh ifrogh mgdukdg pgsl bkccs jlr bgkdm ngfrsfy gvkhgd`g. Pkd`g kt hlgs dlt fppgfr tnft tng prlsg`uld wfs fbcg tl gstfbcksn tnft kts sub iksskld lj pnltl`lpkgh hl`uigdts hl`uigdts ks eusgh udhgr Rutg 601, Pg`lds 0 (f), (b), fdh (h) lj tng Rucgs lj @lurt, sfkh pnltl`lpkgh hl`uigdts hl dlt nfvg fdy prlbfvg prlbfvg wgkmnt fdh snluch bg hksrgmfrhgh hksrgmfrh gh wngtngr lbeg`tgh tl lr dlt (Rgpubck` u. Iupfs, M.R. Dl. 6>6>;2, Fprkc 6;, 216:).
FCXGRDFXKZG FDP]GR5
Xng pnltl`lpkgs lj tng `lds`ftgh ifrogh ildgy snluch bg gx`cuhgh fs gvkhgd`g udhgr tng Bgst Gvkhgd`g Rucg5 Xl Xl bg fhiksskbcg fs sg`ldhfry gvkhgd`g tng prlsg`uld snluch nfvg snlwd tnft tng lrkmkdfc ifrogh ildgy nfs bggd clst lr hgstrlygh, lr `fddlt bg prlhu`gh kd `lurt, lr tnft kt ks kd tng `ustlhy lj tng fhvgrsg pfrty (Qglpcg v Qfifrktl, MR Dl. 61>870, Eucy 66, 6;;8)
^KZ.
Kiighkftgcy bgjlrg bgjlrg ng hkgh lj mudsnlt wludhs tl nks `ngst, Zgdfd`kl tlch tng fgdhkdm pnysk`kfd? kd f vgry jggbcg vlk`g, tnft kt wfs Frducjl, Frducjl, nks `l-wlrogr, `l-wlrogr, wnl nfh snlt nki Zgdfd`kl fhhgh tnft kt wfs fcsl Frducjl wnl nfh snlt Zk`gdtg, tng ifd wnlsg `fhfvgr wfs cykdm ld tng bgh bgskhg nki.
Kd tng prlsg`uld lj Frducjl jlr tng `rkikdfc okcckdm lj Zgdfd`kl fdh Zk`gdtg, frg fcc tng stftgigdts lj Zgdfd`kl fhiksskbcg fs hykdm hg`cfrflds< Gxpcfkd ylur fdswgr. (7%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
Dl, dlt fcc stftgigdts lj Zgdfd`kl frg fhiksskbcg fs hykdm hg`cfrflds. F hykdm hg`cfrfld ks f stftgigdtt ifhg udhgr tng `lds`klusdgss lj fd kipgdhkdm hgftn (Rucgs lj @lurt, Rucg 601, Pg`ld 0=). stftgigd Kt ify bg rg`gkvgh kd fdy `fsg wngrgkd nks hgftn ks tng subeg`t lj kdqukry, fs gvkhgd`g lj tng `fusg fdh surrludhkdm `kr`uistfd`gs `kr`uistfd`gs lj su`n hgftn. Kd.. tnks `fsg, prgsuikdm tngrg ks gvkhgd`g tnft Zgdfd`kl wfs `lds`klus lj nks kipgdhkdm hgftn wngd ng ifhg nks stftgigdt tnft kt wfs Frducjl wnl ? snlt nki, sfkh stftgigdtt ify bg `ldskhgrgh fs f hykdm hg`cfrfld wnk`n ks fhiksskbcg kd gvkhgd`g fs fd gx`gpld tl stftgigd tng ngfrsfy rucg. Xng hgmrgg fdh sgrklusdgss lj tng mudsnlt wludhs sustfkdgh by Zgdfd`kl fdh tng jf`t
tnft hgftn supgrvgdgh tngrgfgr ify `ldstutg substfdfc gvkhgd`g lj nks `lds`klusdgss lj nks kipgdhkdm hgftn (Qglpcg v. Xfdfifd, M.R. Dl. =6=:>, Eucy 2>, 6;>=). ]nktg Zgdfd`kl‛s stftgigdt fblut tng hgftn lj Zk`gdtg ify dlt bg `ldskhgrgh fs f hykdm hg`cfrfld, kt ify scc bg fhikgh kd gvkhgd`g fs pfrt lj rgs mgstfg, wnk`n ks fcsl fd gx`gpld tl tng ngfrsfy rucg (Rucgs lj @lurt, Rucg 601, Pg`ld 82). Zgdfd`kl‛s Zgdfd`kl ‛s stftgigdt stftgigdt fblut tng okcckdm lj Zk`gdtg ify bg `ldskhgrgh tl nfvg bggd ifhg fgr tng t ng l``urrgd`g lj f stfrtckdm l``urrgd`g. Xnus, kt ify bg fhikgh kd gvkhgd`g.
^Z.
Kd fd fgipt tl hks`rghkt fdh kipgf`n5 f Qrlsg`uld wktdgss kd f ..
nlik`khg `fsg? tng hgjgdsg `ludsgc `fccgh tl tng stfdh f pgrsld wnl nfh bggd tng blynllh jrkgdh fdh dgxt-hllr dgkmnblr lj tng Qrlsg`uld wktdgss jlr 01 ygfrs. Ldg qugsld tnft tng hgjgdsg `ludsgc fsogh lj tng kipgf`nkdm wktdgss wfs5 –@fd ylu tgcc tnks5 Nldlrfbcg @lurt fblut tng mgdgrfc rgputfld lj tng prlsg`uld wktdgss kd ylur `liiudkty jlr fmmrgsskvgdgss fdh vklcgdt tgdhgd`kgs70;, Ifr`n 28, 2168), tng Puprgig @lurt rucgh tnft tng fvlwgh plck`y lj tng Ptftg fdh tng cgmkscfvg kdtgdt tl rgprgss f`ts lj pubck` l`grs fdh prkvftg pgrslds fckog, wnk`n `ldstutg mrf lr `lrrupt. prf``gs wluch bg jrustrftgh kj tng hgftn lj f pubck` l`gr wluch bfr tng prlsg`uld lj f prkvftg pgrsld wnl `ldspkrgh wktn su`n pubck` l`gr kd vklcfdm R.F. Dl. 016;. Pkd`g tng fbsgd`g lr prgsgd`g lj `ldspkrf`y ks jf`tufc kd dfturg fdh kdvlcvgs gvkhgdfry ifgrs, tng fccgmfld lj `ldspkrf`y fmfkdst Ir. Qlro @nlp ks bggr vgdcftgh bgjlrg tng trkfc `lurt hurkdm tng trkfc, wngrg ng `fd fhhu`g gvkhgd`g tl prlvg lr hksprlvg kts prgsgd`g.
^ZKK
Eufd`nl gdtgrgh f pcgf lj mukcty wngd ng wfs frrfkmdgh udhgr fd kdjlrifld kdjlrifld jlr nlik`khg5 Xl hgtgrikdg tng pgdfcty tl bg kiplsgh, tng trkfc `lurt fcclwgh Eufd`nl tl prgsgdt gvkhgd`g prlvkdm fdy ikmfdm `kr`uistfd`g kd nks jfvlr. Eufd`nl wfs fbcg tl gstfbcksn `lipcgtg sgcj-hgjgdsg. @ldvkd`gh by tng gvkhgd`g fhhu`gh by Eufd`nl, tng trkfc `lurt rgdhgrgh f vgrhk`t lj f`qukfc.Ify tng Qrlsg`uld fssfkc tng f`qukfc wktnlut kdjrkdmkdm tng t ng `ldstuldfc mufrfdtgg fmfkdst hlubcg eglpfrhy kd jfvlr lj Eufd`nl< Gxpcfkd ylur fdswgr5 (7%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR5
[gs, tng prlsg`uld ify fssfkt Eufd`nl‛s Eufd`nl‛s f`qukfc wktnlut vklcfdm nks rkmnt fmfkdst hlubcg eglpfrhy. Kd tng skikcfr `fsg lj Qglpcg v. Bfcksf`fd (MR Dl. C-2:0=:, Fumust 06, 6;::), tng Puprgig @lurt ngch tnft kj fd f``usgh wnl rst gdtgrgh f pcgf lj mukcty wfs cftgr ld fcclwgh tl prlvg fdy ikmfdm `kr`uistfd`g, `kr`uistfd`g, nks prklr pcgf ks hggigh vf`ftgh.
Xng `lurt snluch rgqukrg nki tl pcgfh fdgw ld tng `nfrmg, lr ft cgfst hkrg`t tnft f dgw pcgf lj dlt mukcty bg gdtgrgh jlr nki. Xnus kd tnks `fsg, skd`g Eufd`nl wfs fcclwgh tl prgsgdt gvkhgd`g tl prlvg ikmfdm `kr`uistfd`gs kd nks jfvlr, jfvlr, tngrg `fd bg dl hlubcg eglpfrhy wktn rgspg`t tl tng prlsg`uld‛ prlsg`uld‛ss fppgfc.
Jurtngrilrg, tng Puprgig @lurt rucgh kd tng Bfcksf`fd `fsg tnft f pcgf lj mukcty ks fd ud`ldhkldfc fhiksskld lj mukct wktn rgspg`t tl tng lgdsg `nfrmgh. Kt jlrg`clsgs tng rkmnt tl hgjgdh ldgsgcj jrli sfkh `nfrmg fdh cgfvgs tng `lurt wktn dl fctgrdfvg but tl kiplsg tng pgdfcty xgh by hfw udhgr tng `kr`uistfd`gs. Pkd`g Eufd`nl wfs ldcy fcclwgh tl tgsjy kd lrhgr tl gstfbcksn ikmfdm `kr`uistfd`gs jlr tng purplsgs lj xkdm tng t ng pgdfcty, nks tgsild tgsildy y, tnus, `luch dlt bg tfogd fs f trkfc ld tng igrkts tl hgtgrikdg nks mukct lr kddl`gd`g. Eufd`nl‛s f`qukfc5 f`qukfc5 ks tngrgjlr tngrgjlrg g vlkh `ldskhgrkdm tnft tng prlsg`uld wfs dlt flrhgh fd lpplrtudkty tl prgsgdt kts gvkhgd`g lr gvgd tl rgbut tng tgsildy lj tng hgjgdhfdts
^ZKKK.
Xlifs wfs `rkikdfccy `nfrmgh wktn sgrklus pnysk`fc kdeurkgs fccgmghcy `liikgh fmfkdst Hfrvkd Hurkdm tng pgdhgd`y lj tng `rkikdfc `fsg, Hfrvkd cgh f sgpfrftg `kvkc f`ld jlr hfifmgs bfsgh ld tng kdeurkgs ng nfh sustfkdgh.
Xliæs cgh f illd tl hksikss tng sgpfrftg `kvkc f`ld ld tng mrludh lj cks pgdhgdf? plkddm lut tnft wngd tng `rkikdfc f`ld wfs cgh fmfkdst nki tng `kvkc f`ld tl rg`lvgr tng `kvkc ckfbkckty jrli tng lgdsg `nfrmgh wfs fcsl hggigh kdstutgh. Ng kdskstgh tnft tng bfsks lj tng sgpfrftg `kvkc f`ld wfs tng vgry sfig f`t tnft mfvg rksg tl tng `rkikdfc f`ld.
Rucg ld Xlifs‛ ilúd tl hksikss wktn brkgj rgfslds. (7%)
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GRP
Xng illd tl hksikss snluch bg hgdkgh. Hfrvkd‛ Hfr vkd‛ss `kvkc f`ld ks bfsgh ld pnysk`fc kdeurkgs, fdh ks tngrgjlrg tngrgjlr g fd kdhgpgdhgdt `kvkc f`ld f` ld wnk`n ify prl`ggh kdhgpgdhgdtcy lj tng `rkikdfc `fsg (Fr`cg 00, @kvkc @lhg)Nlwgvgr, @lhg)Nlwgvgr, Hfrvkd `fddlt rg`lvgr hfifmgs twk`g jlr tng sfig f`t lr liksskld `nfrmgh kd tng `rkikdfc f`ld (Rucg 666, Pg`ld 2, Rucgs lj @lurt).
Fs tng Puprgig @lurt rucgh kd Qglpcg v. Ckpf Ckpftf tf (M.R. Dl. 211012, Fprkc 21, 216:)? –tng kdhgpgdhgdt `kvkc f`lds kd Fr`cgs 02, 00, 08, fdh 26=:, fs wgcc fs `cfkis jrli slur`gs lj lbckmflds ltngr tnfd hgck`t, frg dlt hggigh kdstutgh wktn tng `rkikdfc f`ld but ify bg cgh sgpfrftgcy by tng lgdhgh pfrty gvgd wktnlut rgsgrvfld’
^K^.
Bly Iftld, f dgkmnblrnllh tlumn muy, wfs frrgstgh frrgstgh by f plck`g l`gr ld suspk`kld tnft ng wfs oggpkdm prlnkbktgh hrums kd nks `cut`n bfm. ]ngd Bly Iftld wfs sgfr`ngh kiighkftgcy fgr tng frrgst, tng l`gr jludh fdh rg`lvgrgh 61 sf`ngts lj snfbu dgftcy tu`ogh kd tng kddgr ckdkdms lj tng `cut`n k bfm. Ft tng ig lj nks frrgst? Bly Iftld wfs wft`nkdm f bfsogtbfcc mfig bgkdm pcfygh kd tng tlwd pcfzf, fdh ng wfs `nggrkdm jlr nks jfvlrktg tgfi. Ng wfs subsgqugdtcy `nfrmgh wktn w ktn kccgmfc plssgsskld lj hfdmgrlus hrums, fdh ng gdtgrgh f pcgf lj dlt mukcty wngd ng wfs frrfkmdgh.
Hurkdm tng trkfc, Bly Iètld ilvgh jlr tng hksikssfc lj tng kdjlrifld ld tng mrludh tnft tng jf`ts rgvgfcgh tnft ng nfh bggd kccgmfccy frrgstgh.
Ng jurtngr ilvgh jlr tng supprgsskld lj tng gvkhgd`g `lds`ftgh jrli nki fs bgkdm tng `ldsgqugd`g lj tng kccgmfc frrgst, ngd`g? tng jrukt lj tng plksldlus trgg.
Xng trkfc `lurt, kd hgdykdm tng illds lj Bly Iftld, gxpcfkdgh tnft ft tng ig tng illds wgrg cgh Bly Iftld nfh fcrgfhy wfkvgh tng rkmnt tl rfksg tng kssug lj tng cgmfckty lj tng frrgst. Xng trkfc `lurt lbsgrvgh tnft? pursufdt tl tng Rucgs lj @lurt Bly Iftld, fs tng f``usgh, snluch nfvg fssfkcgh tng vfckhkty lj tng frrgst bgjlrg gdtgrkdm nks pcgf tl tng kdjlrif kdjlrifld. ld. Ngd`g, tnkg trkfc `lurt lpkdgh tnft fdy fhvgrsg `ldsgqugd`g lj tng fccgmgh kccgmfc frrgst nfh fcsl bggd bg gd gqufccy wfkvgh.
PWMMGPXGH FDP]GR
Xng trkfc `lurt ks `lrrg`t kdsljfr fs Bly Iftlu ks `ldskhgrgh tl nfvg wfkvgh nks lbeg`lds tl tng kccgmfckty lj nks frrgst Kd Zkccfdugvf v.. v.. Qglpcg5 (MR Dl.6;;182, Dlvgibgr 6=, 2168), tng Puprgig @lurt ngch tnft lbeg`lds tl tng krrgmucfrkty lj frrgst iust bg ifhg bgjlrg nks frrfkmdigdt. Kd tnks `fsg, B Bly ly Iftld ifhg dl lbeg`ld tl tng krrgmucfrkty lj nks frrgst bgjlrg nks frrfkmdigdt. Ngd`g tng trkfc `lurt ks `lrrg`t wngd kt rucgh tnft Bly Iftld nfh fcrgfhy wfkvgh nks rkmnt tl qugsld tng kccgmfckty lj nks frrgst. Fdy krrgmucfrkty fgdhkdm tng frrgst lj fd f``usgh snluch bg igcy rfksgh kd f illd tl qufsn tng kdjlrifld kdjlrif ld ft fdy ig bgjlrg bgjlrg frrfkmdigdt? jfkckdm (kd) wnk`n, ng ks hggigh tl nfvg wfkvgh’ nks rkmnt tl qugsld tng rgmucfrkty lj nks frrgst (Qglpcg y @udfdfd, M.R. Dl. 6;>;28, Ifr`n 6:, 2167).
Nlwgvgr,, tng trkfc `lurt grrgh wngd kt rucgh tnft Bly Iftld ckogwksg wfkvgh nks rkmnt tl fssfkc tng kccgmfc Nlwgvgr sgfr`n. Kd tng Zkccfdugvf `fsg? (suprf), tng Puprgig @lurt rucgh tnft f wfkvgr lj fd kccgmfc frrgst ks dlt f wfkvgr lj fd kccgmfc sgfr`n. Kt jurtngr ngch tnft –wnkcg tng f``usgh nfs fcrgfhy wfkvgh nks rkmnt tl `ldtgst tng cgmfckty lj nks frrgst, ng ks dlt hggigh tl nfvg gqufccy wfkvgh nks rkmnt tl `ldtgst tng cgmfckty lj tng sgfr`n.’’ Xngrgjlrg, Bly Iftld ify scc ilvg jlr tng supprgsskld lj tng gvkhgd`g `lds`ftgh jrli nki sgfr`n. bgkdm tng `ldsgqugd`gs lj tng kccgmfc frrgst.
FWMWPX 8, 216; QKDF[ QK DF[EWRKPX EWRKPX BFR V & F, RGIGHKFC CF]
2 tnlumnts ld –PWMMGPXGH FDP]GRP XL XNG 216= BFR G^FIKDFXKLD VWGPXKLDP KD RGIGHKFC CF] WQ Cfw @lipcgx’ Rfcpn ifclclyld Fumust 61, 216; ft :521 pi Rgpcy Kj tng frrgst wfs cgmfckzgh by nks wfkvgr, wfkvgr, tngd tng sgfr`n bg`fig vfckh fcsl fs kt wfs f `ldsgqugd`g lj f vfckh frrgst.
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