20120612110646212_Constitutional Rights and Social Demands-Bernas
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ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS •
1
ARTICLE III BILL OF RIGHTS SECTION 1. NO PERSON SHALL BE DEPRIVED OF LIFE, LIBERTY OR PROPERTY WITHOUT DUE PROCESS OF LAW, NOR SHALL ANY PERSON BE DENIED THE EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAWS.
has been Chief Justice Shaw’s classic statement which calls police power “[t]he power vested in the legislature by the constitution to make, ordain, and establish all manner of wholesome and reasonable laws, statutes, and ordinances, either with penalties or without, not repugnant to the constitution, as they shall judge to be for the good and welfare of the commonwealth, and of the subjects of the same.” Ermita-Malate Hotel and Motel Operators Association, Inc. v. Mayor of Manila, L-24693, July 31, 1967.
1. Purpose of Bill of Rights. Government is powerful. When unlimited, it becomes tyrannical. The Bill of Rights is a guarantee that there are certain areas of a person’s life, life, liberty and property which governmental power may not touch. The totality of governmental power is contained in three great powers: police power, power of eminent domain, and power of taxation. These belong to the very essence of government and without them no government can exist. They are inherent powers and they belong to government as much as spirit and mind belong to the essence of man. A constitution can only define and delimit them and allocate their exercise among various government agencies.
Police power rests upon public necessity and upon the right of the State and of the public to self-protection. For this reason, its scope expands and contracts with changing needs. “The numerous attempts which have been made to limit by definition the scope of the police power are only interesting as illustrations of its rapid extension within comparatively recent years to points heretofore deemed entirely within the field of private liberty and property rights.” Churchill v. Rafferty, 32 Phil. 580, 602-603 (1915).
The guarantees in the Bill of Rights are selfimplementing, i.e., they can be appealed to even in the absence of implementing legislation. On the other hand, the social and economic rights guaranteed in Article XIII require implementing legislation.
3. The seat of police power.
2. Police power.
A. MMDA v. Bel Air Village G.R. No. 135962, March 27, 2000
Police power has been characterized as “the most essential, insistent and the least limitable of powers, extending as it does to all the great public needs.” Negatively, it has been defined as “that inherent and plenary power in the State which enables it to prohibit all that is hurtful to the comfort, safety, and welfare of society.” The most frequently cited definition, however,
PUNO, J.: Petitioner MMDA is a government agency tasked with the delivery of basic services in Metro Manila. Respondent Bel-Air Village Association, Inc. (BAVA) is a non-stock, non-profit 1
2
•
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND SOCIAL DEMANDS
corporation whose members are homeowners in Bel-Air Village, a private subdivision in Makati City. Respondent BAVA is the registered owner of Neptune Street, a road beside Bel-Air Village. On December 30, 1995, respondent received from petitioner, through its Chairman, a notice dated December 22, 1995 requesting respondent to open Neptune Street to public vehicular traffic starting January 2, 1996. . . ….. On January 28, 1997, the appellate court rendered a Decision on the merits of the case finding that the MMDA has no authority to order the opening of Neptune Street, a private subdivision road and cause the demolition of its perimeter walls. It held that the authority is lodged in the City Council of Makati by ordinance.1 Petitioner MMDA raises the following questions: “I HAS THE METROPOLITAN MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (MMDA) THE MANDATE TO OPEN NEPTUNE STREET TO PUBLIC TRAFFIC PURSUANT TO ITS REGULATORY AND POLICE POWERS? ..... It bears stressing that police power is lodged primarily in the National Legislature. It cannot be exercised by any group or body of individuals not possessing legislative power. The National Legislature, however, may delegate this power to the President and administrative boards as well as the lawmaking bodies of municipal corporations or local government units. Once delegated, the agents can exercise only such legislative powers as are conferred on them by the national lawmaking body. A local government is a “political subdivision of a nation or state which is constituted by law and has substantial control of local affairs.” The Local Government Code of 1991 defines a local government unit as a “body politic and corporate” — one endowed with powers as a political subdivision of the National Government and as 1
G.R. No. 135962, March 27, 2000.
a corporate entity representing the inhabitants of its territory. Local government units are the provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays. They are also the territorial and political subdivisions of the state. Our Congress delegated police power to the local government units in the Local Government Code of 1991. This delegation is found in Section 16 of the same Code, known as the general welfare clause . . . Local government units exercise police power through their respective legislative bodies. The legislative body of the provincial government is the sangguniang panlalawigan, that of the city government is the sangguniang panlungsod, that of the municipal government is the sangguniang bayan, and that of the barangay is the sangguniang barangay. The Local Government Code of 1991 empowers the sangguniang panlalawigan, sangguniang panlungsod and sangguniang bayan to “enact ordinances, approve resolutions and appropriate funds for the general welfare of the [province, city or municipality, as the case may be], and its inhabitants pursuant to Section 16 of the Code and in the proper exercise of the corporate powers of the [province, city municipality] provided under the Code . . .” The same Code gives the sangguniang barangay the power to “enact ordinances as may be necessary to discharge the responsibilities conferred upon it by law or ordinance and to promote the general welfare of the inhabitants thereon.” Metropolitan or Metro Manila is a body composed of several local government units — i.e., twelve (12) cities and five (5) municipalities, namely, the cities of Caloocan, Manila, Mandaluyong, Makati, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon, Muntinlupa, Las Piñas, Marikina, Parañaque and Valenzuela, and the municipalities of Malabon, Navotas, Pateros, San Juan and Taguig. With the passage of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 7924 in 1995, Metropolitan Manila was declared as a “special development and administrative region” and the Administration of “metro-wide” basic services affecting the region placed under “a development authority” referred to as the MMDA. ..... The governing board of the MMDA is the Metro Manila Council. The Council is composed
ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS •
of the mayors of the component 12 cities and 5 municipalities, the president of the Metro Manila Vice-Mayors’ League and the president of the Metro Manila Councilors’ League. The Council is headed by a Chairman who is appointed by the President and vested with the rank of cabinet member. As the policy-making body of the MMDA, the Metro Manila Council approves metro-wide plans, programs and projects, and issues the necessary rules and regulations for the implementation of said plans; it approves the annual budget of the MMDA and promulgates the rules and regulations for the delivery of basic services, collection of service and regulatory fees, fines and penalties. . . . . ..... It will be noted that the powers of the MMDA are limited to the following acts: formulation, coordination, regulation, implementation, preparation, management, monitoring, setting of policies, installation of a system and administration. There is no syllable in R.A. No. 7924 that grants the MMDA police power, let alone legislative power. . . . 4. Life, liberty, property. The constitutional protection of the right to life is not just a protection of the right to be alive or to the security of one’s limb against physical harm. The right to life is the right to a good life. The emphasis on the quality of living is found in Article II where Section 6 commands the State to promote a life of “dignity” and where Section 7 guarantees “a decent standard of living.” Article II, Section 12 extends the protection even to the unborn. Protected property includes all kinds of property found in the Civil Code. It has been deemed to include vested rights such as a perfected mining claim, or a perfected homestead, or a final judgment. It also includes the right to work and the right to earn a living. A license to operate a cockpit is not considered protected property. It is deemed merely a privilege withdrawable when public interest requires its withdrawal. In like manner it has been ruled that a certificate of public convenience granted to a transportation company confers no property right on the route covered thereby.
3
It is recognized that “one’s employment, profession, or trade or calling is a ‘property right’, and the wrongful interference therewith is an actionable wrong.” Thus, an order of preventive suspension without opportunity for hearing at all violates property rights. Crespo v. Provincial Board, 160 SCRA 66 (1988). Thus, too, in Century Textile Mills, Inc. v. National Labor Relations, 161 SCRA 528 (1988), the Court reprobated the preventive suspension and eventual dismissal of an employee without giving him the opportunity to affirm or refute the charges preferred against him. 5. Hierarchy of Rights. A. Philippine Blooming Mills Employees Organization v. Philippine Blooming Mills Co., Inc. 50 SCRA 189, 202-3 (1973) MAKASIAR, J.: ..... (4) The rights of free expression, free assembly and petition, are not only civil rights but also political rights essential to man’s enjoyment of his life, to his happiness and to his full and complete fulfillment. Thru these freedoms the citizens can participate not merely in the periodic establishment of the government through their suffrage but also in the administration of public affairs as well as in the discipline of abusive public officers. The citizen is accorded these rights so that he can appeal to the appropriate governmental officers or agencies for redress and protection as well as for the imposition of the lawful sanctions on erring public officers and employees. (5) While the Bill of Rights also protects property rights, the primacy of human rights over property rights is recognized.2 Because these freedoms are “delicate and vulnerable, as well as supremely precious in our society” and the “threat of sanctions may deter their exercise almost as potently as the actual application of sanctions,” they “need breathing space to surMarsh v. Alabama, 326 U.S. 501, 509; Tucker v. Texas, 326 U.S. 517, 519-520. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS Article III: Bill of Rights ..............................................................................................................
1
Section 1 .............................................................................................................................
1
1. Purpose of Bill of Rights ....................................................................................
1
2. Police power. .......................................................................................................
1
3. The seat of police power .....................................................................................
1
A.
MMDA V. BEL AIR VILLAGE .................................................................
1
4. Life, liberty, property. .......................................................................................
3
5. Hierarchy of Rights. ...........................................................................................
3
A.
PHILIPPINE BLOOMING MILLS EMPLOYEES ORGANIZATION V. PHILIPPINE BLOOMING MILLS CO., INC. ....................................
3
B.
DUNCAN ASSOCIATION V. GLAXO WELLCOME PHILIPPINES ...
4
C.
STAR PAPER CORPORATION V. SIMBOL ...........................................
8
6. Procedural due process: judicial and administrative. ......................................
9
A.
BANCO ESPAÑOL FILIPINO V. PALANCA .........................................
9
B.
FABELLA V. COURT OF APPEALS .......................................................
10
C.
NON V. JUDGE DAMES ..........................................................................
11
D.
LAO GI ALIAS CHIA, JR. V. COURT OF APPEALS .............................
11
E.
PEOPLE V. NAZARIO ..............................................................................
12
F.
CORONA V. UNITED HARBOR PILOTS ...............................................
15
G.
ARMY AND NAVY CLUB V. COURT OF APPEALS .............................
18
H.
SUMMARY DISMISSAL BOARD V. TORCITA .....................................
19
I.
ESTRADA V. SANDIGANBAYAN ...........................................................
20
J.
GONZALES V. NLRC AND ATENEO DE DAVAO ................................
23
NOTE: Need of Publication as Requisite of Due Process. ...............................
24
7. Substantive due process. ...................................................................................
24
A.
UNITED STATES V. TORIBIO................................................................
25
B.
YNOT V. INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS ...............................
27
C.
CHURCHILL V. RAFFERTY ...................................................................
32
D.
PEOPLE V. FAJARDO .............................................................................
35
E.
ACEBEDO OPTICAL CO. V. COURT OF APPEALS .............................
36
F.
LAWRENCE, ET AL. V. TEXAS ..............................................................
37
G.
ERMITA-MALATE HOTEL AND MOTEL OPERATORS V. CITY OF MANILA ....................................................................................
39
iii
H.
CITY OF MANILA V. JUDGE LAGUIO ..................................................
46
I.
WHITE LIGHT CORPORATION V. CITY OF MANILA ........................
49
J.
BALACUIT V. CFI ....................................................................................
55
K.
MAGTAJAS V. PRYCE PROPERTIES ....................................................
58
L.
BENNIS V. MICHIGAN ...........................................................................
58
M.
CRUZAN V. DIRECTOR, MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, ET AL. ......................................................................................
62
N.
BELTRAN V. SECRETARY OF HEALTH ..............................................
64
O.
MANALO V. PNP CHIEF .........................................................................
69
P.
LUCENA GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, INC. V. JAC LINER, INC. ......................................................................................
71
8. Equal protection of law. .....................................................................................
74
A.
PEOPLE V. CAYAT ..................................................................................
74
B.
DUMLAO V. COMELEC ..........................................................................
77
C.
GOESART V. CLEARY .............................................................................
81
D.
ORMOC SUGAR CENTRAL V. ORMOC CITY .......................................
83
E.
SISON, JR. V. ANCHETA ........................................................................
84
F.
HIMAGAN V. PEOPLE ............................................................................
87
G.
PHIL. JUDGES ASS’N V. PRADO ...........................................................
89
H.
TIU V. COURT OF APPEALS ..................................................................
92
I.
DE GUZMAN, JR., ET AL. V. COMELEC...............................................
93
J.
PHILIPPINE TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CO. V. NLRC ...........
94
K.
INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE V. QUISUMBING ................................
94
L.
PARREÑO V. COA ....................................................................................
96
M.
CENTRAL BANK EMPLOYEES V. BANGKO CENTRAL ....................
99
N.
SERRANO V. GALLANT MARITIME SERVICES .................................
101
O.
BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACO V. CAMACHO ....................................
104
P.
QUINTO AND TOLENTINO V. COMELEC ...........................................
107
9. Alienage as basis of classification. ....................................................................
111
10.
Equal protection and the political process........................................................
115
11.
Equality in the criminal process. ......................................................................
117
.............................................................................................................................
118
1. Protecting the privacy and dignity of a person.................................................
118
2. Search warrants and warrants of arrest. .........................................................
118
3. Allowable warrantless searches. .......................................................................
119
4. Warrantless arrests. ..........................................................................................
119
5. When intrusion is a “search.” ............................................................................
119
Sec. 2.
A.
VALMONTE V. GENERAL DE VILLA ...................................................
119
B.
PEOPLE V. ESCANO ...............................................................................
121
iv
6. Cases: Requisites of a valid warrant.................................................................
122
A.
ALVAREZ V. CFI ......................................................................................
122
B.
PEOPLE V. VELOSO ................................................................................
126
C.
SOLIVEN V. MAKASIAR .........................................................................
131
D.
PLACER V. VILLANUEVA ......................................................................
132
E.
STONEHILL V. DIOKNO.........................................................................
133
F.
CENTRAL BANK V. MORFE...................................................................
136
G.
COLUMBIA PICTURES V. COURT OF APPEALS................................
139
H.
BURGOS, SR. V. CHIEF OF STAFF, AFP ..............................................
141
NOTE: Particularity of Description ..................................................................
143
I.
PEOPLE V. TEE........................................................................................
143
J.
PEOPLE V. DEL NORTE .........................................................................
143
7. Exclusionary rule. ..............................................................................................
144
8. Bank secrecy. ......................................................................................................
144
A.
MARQUEZ V. HON. ANIANO A. DESIERTO ........................................
144
9. Warrantless searches .........................................................................................
146
10.
11.
A.
PEOPLE V. ARUTA ..................................................................................
146
B.
NOLASCO V. PAÑO .................................................................................
146
C.
PAPA V. MAGO .........................................................................................
148
D.
PEOPLE V. CFI .........................................................................................
150
E.
PEOPLE V. LO HO WING .......................................................................
161
F.
CABALLES V. COURT OF APPEALS.....................................................
164
G.
OBRA V. COURT OF APPEALS ..............................................................
166
H.
PEOPLE V. MALMSTEDT .......................................................................
167
I.
ROAN V. GONZALES ...............................................................................
174
J.
PEOPLE V. TABAR ..................................................................................
177
K.
AÑIAG, JR. V. COMELEC .......................................................................
178
L.
PEOPLE V. TUDTUD ...............................................................................
181
M.
VERNONIA SCH. DIST. 47J V. ACTON .................................................
183
N.
PEOPLE V. COMPACION........................................................................
188
O.
PEOPLE V. VALDEZ ................................................................................
191
P.
PEOPLE V. DE GRACIA ..........................................................................
191
Q.
BOARD OF EDUCATION V. EARLS, ET AL. ........................................
194
R.
SOCIAL JUSTICE SOCIETY V. DANGEROUS DRUGS BOARD ........
197
Searches and seizures “of whatever nature and for whatever purpose.” ........
205
A.
MATERIAL DISTRIBUTORS V. NATIVIDAD .......................................
205
B.
CAMARA V. MUNICIPAL COURT .........................................................
206
Warrantless arrests. ..........................................................................................
209
A.
209
IN RE: UMIL, ET AL. V. RAMOS ............................................................ v
B.
PEOPLE V. DE LA CRUZ ........................................................................
210
C.
PEOPLE V. AMINUDIN ...........................................................................
211
D.
HARVEY V. DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO ....................................................
212
E.
PEOPLE V. SUCRO ..................................................................................
217
F.
PEOPLE V. RODRIGUEZA ......................................................................
219
G.
PEOPLE V. BAGISTA ..............................................................................
221
H.
PEOPLE V. MENGOTE ............................................................................
223
I.
GO V. COURT OF APPEALS ...................................................................
225
J.
PEOPLE V. MANLULU............................................................................
227
K.
PEOPLE V. BOLASA ................................................................................
227
L.
PEOPLE V. ESCORDIAL .........................................................................
229
M.
PEOPLE V. JAYSON ................................................................................
229
N.
PEOPLE V. SALVATIERRA ....................................................................
230
O.
PEOPLE V. HERNANDEZ .......................................................................
231
Entrapment ........................................................................................................
231
A.
PEOPLE V. DORIA ...................................................................................
231
Cases: “Stop and frisk”.......................................................................................
235
A.
TERRY V. OHIO........................................................................................
235
B.
MALACAT V. COURT OF APPEALS ......................................................
237
C.
PEOPLE V. CHUA ....................................................................................
240
.............................................................................................................................
243
1. Privacy of communication..................................................................................
243
2. Exclusionary rule. ..............................................................................................
244
12. 13.
Sec. 3.
A.
PEOPLE V. MARTI ...................................................................................
244
B.
RAMIREZ V. COURT OF APPEALS .......................................................
247
C.
SILAHIS INTERNATIONAL V. SOLUTA ..............................................
249
Waiver of rights under Secs. 2 and 3. ...............................................................
252
A.
PEOPLE V. DAMASO ...............................................................................
252
B.
SPOUSES VEROY V. LAYAGUE ............................................................
253
C.
PEOPLE V. EVARISTO ............................................................................
255
D.
OKABE V. JUDGE ....................................................................................
257
Sec. 4.
.............................................................................................................................
258
1.
Freedom of Speech and Press: prior restraint and subsequent punishment.........................................................................................................
258
Prior restraint. ...................................................................................................
259
A.
NEAR V. MINNESSOTA ..........................................................................
259
B.
NEW YORK TIMES CO. V. UNITED STATES ......................................
264
C.
FREEDMAN V. MARYLAND...................................................................
272
NOTE: The Iglesia Ni Kristo Case ...................................................................
275
3.
2.
vi
3.
4.
5.
D.
AYER PRODUCTIONS PTY. LTD. V. JUDGE CAPULONG.................
275
E.
EASTERN BROADCASTING V. DANS, JR. ...........................................
282
F.
ALEXANDER V. UNITED STATES ........................................................
284
G.
NEWSOUNDS BROADCASTING V. DY.................................................
286
Subsequent Punishment. ...................................................................................
293
A.
GONZALES V. COMELEC .......................................................................
293
B.
PEOPLE V. PEREZ ...................................................................................
295
C.
DENNIS V. UNITED STATES .................................................................
298
D.
UNITED STATES V. O’BRIEN ................................................................
303
E.
BLUE RIBBON COMMITTEE V. HON. JOSE B. MAJADUCON.........
305
Speech and the electoral process. ......................................................................
308
A.
GONZALES V. COMELEC .......................................................................
308
B.
SANIDAD V. COMELEC ..........................................................................
316
C.
NATIONAL PRESS CLUB V. COMELEC...............................................
319
D.
ADIONG V. COMELEC ............................................................................
319
E.
ABS-CBN BROADCASTING CORPORATION V. COMELEC ..............
325
F.
SOCIAL WEATHER STATIONS V. COMELEC .....................................
328
NOTE: Freedom to Campaign...........................................................................
332
Commercial speech. ...........................................................................................
332
A.
6.
CENTRAL HUDSON GAS & ELEC. CORP. V. PUBLIC SERVICE COMM’N ..................................................................................
332
B.
PHARMACEUTICAL V. SECRETARY OF HEALTH ............................
333
C.
CITY OF LADUE V. GILLEO ..................................................................
334
Speech and the judicial process. ........................................................................
335
A.
7.
8.
RE: REQUEST RADIO-TV COVERAGE OF THE TRIAL IN THE SANDIGANBAYAN OF THE PLUNDER CASES AGAINST THE FORMER PRESIDENT JOSEPH E. ESTRADA .....................................
335
B.
IN RE: PETITION TO ANNUL 98-7-02 SC .............................................
336
C.
UNITED STATES V. GRACE...................................................................
337
Libel. ...................................................................................................................
338
A.
POLICARPIO V. MANILA TIMES ..........................................................
338
B.
LOPEZ V. COURT OF APPEALS ............................................................
340
C.
NEW YORK TIMES CO. V. SULLIVAN .................................................
345
D.
BORJAL V. COURT OF APPEALS..........................................................
347
E.
VASQUEZ V. COURT OF APPEALS.......................................................
353
F.
TIME, INC. V. FIRESTONE ....................................................................
353
G.
HUSTLER MAGAZINE V. FALWELL ....................................................
354
H.
JAL V. SIMANGAN ..................................................................................
355
Obscenity and indecency. ..................................................................................
356
A.
356
MILLER V. CALIFORNIA ........................................................................ vii
B.
GONZALES V. KALAW KATIGBAK .......................................................
361
C.
SORIANO V. LAGUARDIA ......................................................................
365
D.
BARNES V. GLEN THEATER .................................................................
371
E.
F.C.C. V. PACIFICA FOUNDATION.......................................................
375
F.
RENTON V. PLAYTIME THEATERS .....................................................
382
G.
BETHEL SCH. DIST. V. FRASER ...........................................................
386
H.
HAZELWOOD SCHOOL DISTRICT V. KUHLMEIER NO. 86-836 ......
390
I.
RENO V. AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION ................................
394
J.
ASHCROFT V. FREE SPEECH COALITION.........................................
396
K.
UNITED STATES, ET AL. V. AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, INC., ET AL. ..............................................................................................
399
Assembly and petition. ......................................................................................
401
A.
NAVARRO V. VILLEGAS.........................................................................
402
B.
PBM EMPLOYEES V. PBM .....................................................................
403
C.
JBL REYES V. MAYOR BAGATSING ....................................................
408
D.
MALABANAN V. RAMENTO ..................................................................
414
E.
BAYAN V. ERMITA ..................................................................................
419
Sec. 5.
.............................................................................................................................
433
1.
Jurisprudence before the 1935 Constitution. ...................................................
434
2.
Non-establishment of religion. ..........................................................................
435
A.
AGLIPAY V. RUIZ ....................................................................................
435
B.
TARUC V. BISHOP ...................................................................................
438
C.
GARCES V. ESTENZO .............................................................................
440
D.
SCHOOL DISTRICT V. SCHEMPP .........................................................
442
E.
LEMON V. KURTZMAN ..........................................................................
442
F.
TILTON V. RICHARDSON ......................................................................
447
G.
ZOBREST, ET AL. V. CATALINA FOOTHILLS SCHOOL DISTRICT .................................................................................
450
H.
AGOSTINI, ET AL. V. FELTON, ET AL. ................................................
451
I.
MITCHELL, ET AL. V. HELMS, ET AL. ................................................
453
J.
ZELMAN, SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION OF OHIO, ET AL. V. SIMMONS-HARRIS, ET AL. ......................................
456
COUNTY OF ALLEGHENY V. AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION..................................................................................
457
CAPITOL SQUARE REVIEW AND ADVISORY BOARD, ET AL. V. PINETTE, ET AL..................................................................................
460
ISLAMIC DA’WAH COUNCIL V. OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY .............................................................................................
462
SORIANO V. LAGUARDIA ......................................................................
464
Religion in the public schools. ...........................................................................
464
9.
K. L. M. N. 3.
viii
4.
Intramural religious disputes. ..........................................................................
464
NOTE: Other provision on non-establishment. ...............................................
466
Free exercise of religion. ....................................................................................
466
A.
CANTWELL V. CONNECTICUT .............................................................
467
B.
UNITED STATES V. BALLARD ..............................................................
470
C.
AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY V. CITY OF MANILA ............................
473
D.
ANG LADLAD V. COMELEC ..................................................................
476
E.
EBRALINAG V. SUPERINTENDENT ....................................................
487
F.
EMPLOYMENT DIVISION V. SMITH....................................................
490
G.
LONG AND ALMERIA V. BASA, ET AL. ...............................................
491
H.
AUSTRIA V. NLRC ...................................................................................
492
I.
CENTENO V. VILLALON-PORNILLOS .................................................
495
J.
WISCONSIN V. YODER ...........................................................................
497
K.
PAMIL V. TELERON ................................................................................
498
L.
MCDANIEL V. PATY ................................................................................
504
M.
GOLDMAN V. WEINBERGER ................................................................
505
N.
LEE, ET AL. V. WEISMAN ......................................................................
508
O.
CHURCH OF THE LUKUMI BABALU AYE, INC., ET AL. V. CITY OF HIALEAH .............................................................................
509
LAMB’S CHAPEL, ET AL. V. CENTER MORICHES UNION FREE SCHOOL DISTRICT ......................................................................
511
Q.
IGLESIA NI KRISTO V. COURT OF APPEALS ....................................
511
R.
ESTRADA V. ESCRITOR .........................................................................
520
NOTE: Conflict of obligations. ..........................................................................
528
Sec. 6.
.............................................................................................................................
530
1.
Liberties of abode and of travel. ........................................................................
530
A.
530
5.
P.
MARCOS V. MANGLAPUS ......................................................................
NOTE:
...........................................................................................................
537
Sec. 7.
.............................................................................................................................
537
1.
Right to information. .........................................................................................
537
A.
LEGASPI V. CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION .......................................
537
B.
VALMONTE V. BELMONTE, JR. ...........................................................
542
C.
AQUINO-SARMIENTO V. MORATO ......................................................
547
D.
GONZALES V. NARVASA........................................................................
553
E.
CHAVEZ V. PUBLIC ESTATES AUTHORITY.......................................
554
F.
HILADO V. JUDGE REYES.....................................................................
556
G.
BA-RA 7941 V. COMELEC .......................................................................
559
NOTE: Exceptions .............................................................................................
561
H.
562
GUINGONA, JR. V. COMELEC...............................................................
ix
Sec. 8.
.............................................................................................................................
568
1.
The right to form associations. ..........................................................................
568
A.
UNITED PEPSI COLA SUPERVISORY UNION V. LAGUESMA ........
568
Government employees. .....................................................................................
578
A.
TUCP V. NHC............................................................................................
578
B.
SSS EMPLOYEES V. COURT OF APPEALS .........................................
579
C.
MANILA PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS V. LAGUIO, JR. ..................
583
3.
Subversive organizations. ..................................................................................
588
Sec. 9.
.............................................................................................................................
589
1.
Eminent domain. ................................................................................................
589
2.
Eminent domain: Definition, nature. ................................................................
589
A.
BARDILLON V. BARANGAU MASILI....................................................
591
B.
ESTATE OF JBL REYES V. CITY OF MANILA ....................................
592
NOTE: Municipal property ...............................................................................
595
Elements of taking. ............................................................................................
595
A.
REPUBLIC V. VDA. DE CASTELLVI .....................................................
595
B.
CITY GOVERNMENT V. JUDGE ERICTA ............................................
598
C.
UNITED STATES V. CAUSBY ................................................................
601
D.
PEOPLE V. FAJARDO .............................................................................
604
E.
REPUBLIC V. PLDT .................................................................................
604
F.
NPC V. JOCSON .......................................................................................
606
G.
DIDIPIO EARTH SAVERS V. SECRETARY ..........................................
607
H.
BENNIS V. MICHIGAN ...........................................................................
615
I.
PENN CENTRAL TRANSPORTATION CO. V. NEW YORK CITY ......
615
“Public Use.” .......................................................................................................
616
A.
SUMULONG V. GUERRERO ..................................................................
616
B.
PROVINCE OF CAM. SUR V. COURT OF APPEALS ...........................
619
C.
MASIKIP V. CIY OF PASIG .....................................................................
622
D.
MACTAN CEBU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT V. LOZADA, JR. ........
624
Just compensation. ............................................................................................
629
A.
EPZA V. DULAY .......................................................................................
630
B.
CITY OF MANILA V. ESTRADA .............................................................
632
C.
MADDUMBA V. GSIS ..............................................................................
633
D.
NATIONAL POWER CORPORATION V. COURT OF APPEALS.........
635
E.
MERALCO V. PINEDA.............................................................................
636
F.
LAND BANK V. SPOUSES ORILLA .......................................................
638
Judicial review. ..................................................................................................
640
A.
DE KNECHT V. BAUTISTA ....................................................................
640
B.
REPUBLIC V. DE KNECHT ....................................................................
644
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
x
C.
MANOTOK V. NATIONAL HOUSING AUTHORITY............................
648
NOTE: Expropriation and contract .................................................................
656
NOTE: Jurisdiction............................................................................................
656
Sec. 10.
.............................................................................................................................
657
1.
The Contract Clause before the 1935 Constitution. .........................................
657
A.
HOME BUILDING AND LOAN ASS’N. V. BLAISDELL .......................
658
B.
RUTTER V. ESTEBAN .............................................................................
659
C.
ORTIGAS & CO. V. FEATI BANK ...........................................................
663
D.
JUAREZ V. COURT OF APPEALS ..........................................................
666
NOTE: Precise of some recent cases .................................................................
666
NOTE: Annulment of contract. .........................................................................
667
NOTE: Contracts, taxation, free exercise. ........................................................
668
Sec. 11.
.............................................................................................................................
668
1.
Free access to courts and other bodies. .............................................................
668
Sec. 12.
.............................................................................................................................
668
1.
Rights under Section 12: Origins and rationale. ..............................................
669
A.
MIRANDA V. ARIZONA ...........................................................................
669
B.
MAGTOTO V. MANGUERA .....................................................................
673
C.
PEOPLE V. MAHINAY .............................................................................
674
NOTE: The Miranda Rights......................................................................
674
When the rights become available. ...................................................................
675
A.
PEOPLE V. TAYLARAN...........................................................................
675
B.
PEOPLE V. MARCOS ...............................................................................
675
C.
PEOPLE V. RAPEZA ................................................................................
676
D.
PEOPLE V. JUDGE AYSON ....................................................................
679
NOTE: Is an Interview Made by Newsmen Covered by the Miranda Rule? ...........................................................................................
684
NOTE: Counsel in Administrative Investigations? .........................................
685
E.
PEOPLE V. MARRA .................................................................................
685
F.
PEOPLE V. MAQUEDA ...........................................................................
686
G.
PEOPLE V. BALISTEROS .......................................................................
687
NOTE: When the rights cease to be available. ................................................
688
Police line-ups; paraffin test; signature. ...........................................................
688
A.
GAMBOA V. JUDGE CRUZ .....................................................................
688
B.
PEOPLE V. LOVERIA ..............................................................................
689
C.
PEOPLE V. HATTON ...............................................................................
690
D.
PEOPLE V. FRAGO ..................................................................................
691
E.
PEOPLE V. GAMBOA ..............................................................................
692
F.
PEOPLE V. LINSANGAN ........................................................................
693
2.
3.
xi
G.
PEOPLE V. DE LAS MARIÑAS ...............................................................
693
H.
PEOPLE V. ENRIQUE .............................................................................
693
I.
PEOPLE V. BANDIN ................................................................................
694
Right to counsel. .................................................................................................
694
A.
ESTACIO V. SANDIGANBAYAN ............................................................
694
B.
PEOPLE V. DE JESUS .............................................................................
695
C.
PEOPLE V. BOLANOS .............................................................................
695
D.
PEOPLE V. LUCERO ...............................................................................
696
E.
PEOPLE V. PAROJINOG .........................................................................
697
F.
PEOPLE V. PAMON .................................................................................
699
G.
PEOPLE V. BAELLO ................................................................................
699
H.
PEOPLE V. AGUSTIN ..............................................................................
701
I.
PEOPLE V. BALISTEROS .......................................................................
703
J.
PEOPLE V. GUILLERMO ........................................................................
703
K.
PEOPLE V. MOJELLO .............................................................................
705
L.
PEOPLE V. SAYABOC .............................................................................
706
M.
PEOPLE V. MARLENE OLERMO ..........................................................
708
NOTE: Independent Counsel ...........................................................................
709
Right to be informed. .........................................................................................
709
A.
PEOPLE V. PINLAC .................................................................................
709
NOTE: Sundrey situations. ...............................................................................
710
Waiver.................................................................................................................
710
A.
PEOPLE V. ROUS.....................................................................................
710
Sec. 13.
.............................................................................................................................
711
1.
Nature of bail and recognizance. .......................................................................
711
2.
Right to bail or recognizance. ............................................................................
712
A.
PEOPLE V. NITCHA ................................................................................
712
B.
CARDINES V. ROSETE ...........................................................................
713
C.
PADERANGA V. COURT OF APPEALS .................................................
714
D.
YAP V. COURT OF APPEALS .................................................................
716
E.
NARCISO V. STA. ROMANA-CRUZ .......................................................
719
F.
PEOPLE V. CABRAL ................................................................................
720
G.
SERAPIO V. SANDIGANBAYAN ............................................................
720
H.
LEVISTE V. COURT OF APPEALS ........................................................
721
I.
UNITED STATES V. JUDGE PURUGANAN .........................................
725
J.
RODRIGUEZ V. JUDGE ..........................................................................
730
K.
GOVERNMENT OF HONGKONG V. JUDGE OLALIA ........................
733
Waiver of the right . ...........................................................................................
737
A.
737
4.
5.
6.
3.
PEOPLE V. JUDGE DONATO & RODOLFO SALAS ............................ xii
4.
Excessive bail. ....................................................................................................
744
A.
744
DE LA CAMARA V. ENAGE ....................................................................
NOTE:
...........................................................................................................
747
Sec. 14.
.............................................................................................................................
747
1.
Due process in criminal cases............................................................................
747
2.
Military tribunals...............................................................................................
748
A.
OLAGUER V. MILITARY COMMISSION NO. 34 ..................................
748
B.
TAN V. BARRIOS......................................................................................
752
Presumption of innocence. .................................................................................
753
A.
UNITED STATES V. LULING .................................................................
753
B.
PEOPLE V. MINGOA ...............................................................................
754
C.
DUMLAO V. COMELEC ..........................................................................
755
D.
MARQUEZ, JR. V. COMELEC .................................................................
756
NOTE: When presumption ends. ......................................................................
759
NOTE: Equipoise Rule ......................................................................................
759
Right to counsel. .................................................................................................
760
A.
PEOPLE V. HOLGADO ............................................................................
760
B.
UNITED STATES V. ASH ........................................................................
761
C.
PEOPLE V. LIWANAG .............................................................................
764
D.
PEOPLE V. LARRAÑAGA, ET AL. .........................................................
766
Right to be informed. .........................................................................................
768
A.
PEOPLE V. REGALA................................................................................
768
B.
ENRILE V. SALAZAR...............................................................................
769
C.
PEOPLE V. LEGAZPI, ET AL. .................................................................
770
D.
PEOPLE V. DE LA CRUZ ........................................................................
771
NOTE: Qualifying Circumstance..............................................................
771
E.
PEOPLE V. ESPERANZA ........................................................................
771
F.
PEOPLE V. PURAZO ................................................................................
772
G.
GARCIA V. PEOPLE.................................................................................
773
H.
PEOPLE V. DE LA CRUZ ........................................................................
773
NOTE: Qualifying Circumstance..............................................................
774
Right to speedy trial...........................................................................................
774
A.
CONDE V. RIVERA ..................................................................................
774
B.
NEPUMOCENO V. SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE .............
776
Right to an impartial trial. ................................................................................
778
A.
MATEO, JR. V. VILLALUZ ......................................................................
778
Right to a public trial. ........................................................................................
783
A.
RE OLIVER ...............................................................................................
783
B.
GARCIA V. DOMINGO .............................................................................
784
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
xiii
9.
Right to meet witness face to face. ....................................................................
785
10.
Compulsory process. ..........................................................................................
787
A.
FAJARDO V. GARCIA ..............................................................................
787
Trial in absentia; right to be present. ...............................................................
789
A.
CARREDO V. PEOPLE.............................................................................
790
NOTE: Waiver of Rights ...........................................................................
792
Sec. 15.
.............................................................................................................................
792
1.
Suspension of the privilege: seat and limits of the power under the 1935 and 1973 Constitutions. ............................................................................
792
Effect of the suspension of the privilege under the 1935 and 1973 Constitutions. .....................................................................................................
795
Sec. 16.
.............................................................................................................................
797
1.
Speedy disposition of cases. ...............................................................................
797
A.
LOPEZ, JR. V. OMBUDSMAN .................................................................
798
Sec. 17.
.............................................................................................................................
799
1.
Right against self-incrimination. ......................................................................
799
A.
UNITED STATES V. NAVARRO .............................................................
800
B.
UNITED STATES V. TAN TENG ............................................................
802
C.
VILLAFLOR V. SUMMERS .....................................................................
804
D.
UNITED STATES V. ONG SIU HONG ...................................................
807
E.
BELTRAN V. SAMSON ............................................................................
807
F.
BERMUDEZ V. CASTILLO ......................................................................
811
G.
CHAVEZ V. COURT OF APPEALS .........................................................
811
H.
CABAL V. KAPUNAN, JR. .......................................................................
817
I.
PASCUAL, JR. V. BOARD OF MEDICAL EXAMINERS.......................
820
Sec. 18.
.............................................................................................................................
823
1.
Freedom of political belief. ................................................................................
823
2.
Involuntary servitude. .......................................................................................
823
Sec. 19.
.............................................................................................................................
824
1.
Cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment; excessive fines. ............................
824
A.
PEOPLE V. ESTOISTA ............................................................................
825
NOTE: The measure of cruelty and excess. .....................................................
825
NOTE: Death Penalty .......................................................................................
826
2.
Abolition of death penalty. ................................................................................
827
3.
Effect of abolition on application of penal laws. ...............................................
828
A.
PEOPLE V. MUÑOZ .................................................................................
828
NOTE: R.A. And Review of Death Penalty. .....................................................
830
Restoration of the death penalty. ......................................................................
830
A.
830
11.
2.
4.
PEOPLE V. ECHEGARAY .......................................................................
xiv
B.
PEOPLE V. PURAZO ................................................................................
833
5.
Custodial cruelties and inadequate penal facilities. ........................................
840
Sec. 20.
.............................................................................................................................
841
1.
Imprisonment for debt. ......................................................................................
841
A.
LOZANO V. MARTINEZ ..........................................................................
841
B.
IN RE PETION FOR HABEAS CORPUS ................................................
844
NOTE: Meaning of “poll tax’’.............................................................................
844
Sec. 21.
.............................................................................................................................
845
1.
Attachment of jeopardy. ....................................................................................
845
A.
PEOPLE V. YLAGAN ...............................................................................
845
B.
PEOPLE V. BALISACAN .........................................................................
846
C.
PEOPLE V. ESPINOSA ............................................................................
847
Termination of jeopardy. ...................................................................................
850
A.
BULAONG V. PEOPLE ............................................................................
850
B.
BUSTAMANTE V. MACEREN ................................................................
851
C.
PEOPLE V. OBSANIA ..............................................................................
854
D.
RIVERA, JR. V. PEOPLE .........................................................................
862
E.
PEOPLE V. SANDIGANBAYAN AND VELASCO .................................
863
F.
CONDRADA V. PEOPLE .........................................................................
864
G.
PEOPLE V. LACSON................................................................................
865
H.
PEOPLE V. COURT OF APPEALS .........................................................
874
Same offense; ordinance and statute. ...............................................................
876
A.
PEOPLE V. RELOVA................................................................................
877
Rule on “supervening facts.” ..............................................................................
885
A.
MELO V. PEOPLE ....................................................................................
885
B.
PEOPLE V. BULING ................................................................................
887
5.
Appeals. ..............................................................................................................
890
Sec. 22.
.............................................................................................................................
890
1.
“Ex post facto” laws. ...........................................................................................
890
A.
LACSON V. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY .................................................
892
NOTE: No Ex Post Facto Law...........................................................................
897
Bills of attainder. ...............................................................................................
897
A.
PEOPLE V. FERRER ................................................................................
897
B.
PEOPLE V. SANDIGANBAYAN..............................................................
905
C.
CO V. COURT OF APPEALS ...................................................................
905
Article IV: Citizenship .................................................................................................................
911
Section 1. .............................................................................................................................
911
2.
3. 4.
2.
1.
Citizenship.......................................................................................................... xv
911
2.
Citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of the 1973 Constitution. ..............................................................................................
911
Children of Filipino fathers or mothers. ...........................................................
912
A.
VALLES V. COMELEC.............................................................................
913
B.
TECSON V. COMELEC ........................................................................
916
Citizens by election. ...........................................................................................
925
A.
CO V. HOUSE ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL ..............................................
927
5.
Naturalization. ...................................................................................................
936
Sec. 2.
.............................................................................................................................
938
1.
Natural-born citizen...........................................................................................
938
Sec. 3.
.............................................................................................................................
939
1.
Loss of citizenship. .............................................................................................
939
2.
Loss of citizenship. .............................................................................................
940
A.
YU V. DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO ...............................................................
940
B.
FRIVALDO V. COMELEC ........................................................................
942
C.
LABO, JR. V. COMELEC .........................................................................
946
D.
AZNAR V. OSMEÑA .................................................................................
951
Repatriation. ......................................................................................................
954
A.
BENGZON V. CRUZ .................................................................................
955
4.
R.A. 9225 — The Dual Citizenship Law. ..........................................................
959
Sec. 4.
.............................................................................................................................
960
1.
Marriage to an alien spouse. .............................................................................
960
Sec. 5.
.............................................................................................................................
961
1.
Dual allegiance. ..................................................................................................
961
Article V: Suffrage .......................................................................................................................
962
Section 1. .............................................................................................................................
962
1. Suffrage as right and duty.................................................................................
962
3.
4.
3.
A.
AKBAYAN V. COMELEC .........................................................................
963
2. The broadening of the mass base. .....................................................................
968
3. Citizenship qualification. ...................................................................................
969
4. Age qualification. ...............................................................................................
969
5. Residence qualification. .....................................................................................
969
A.
ROMUALDEZ V. REGIONAL TRIAL COURT .......................................
971
6. Absentee voting. .................................................................................................
973
A.
MACALINTAL V. COMELEC .................................................................
973
B.
NICOLAS-LEWIS V. COMELEC .............................................................
987
C.
JAPZON V. COMELEC ............................................................................
992
7. Prohibited qualifications: literacy .....................................................................
1001
xvi
8. Voting by illiterates and disabled in the 1987 Constitution............................
1002
9. Secrecy and sanctity of the ballot......................................................................
1002
10.
Prohibited qualifications: property. ..................................................................
1003
11.
Prohibited qualifications: other substantive requirements. ............................
1003
12.
Disqualifications: forfeiture of the right. ..........................................................
1004
Sec. 2. ...................................................................................................................................
1005
Article XIII: Social Justice and Human Rights ..........................................................................
1006
SOCIAL JUSTICE .......................................................................................................................
1006
Sec. 1.
.............................................................................................................................
1006
Sec. 2.
.............................................................................................................................
1006
1.
Towards social justice. .......................................................................................
1006
Sec. 3.
.............................................................................................................................
1007
1.
Right to strike. ...................................................................................................
1007
A.
SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM EMPLOYEES V. COURT OF APPEALS ..............................................................................
1007
AGRARIAN AND NATURAL RESOURCES REFORM ............................................................
1010
Sec. 4.
.............................................................................................................................
1010
1.
Agrarian Reform. ...............................................................................................
1011
A.
ASSOCIATION OF SMALL LANDOWNERS V. SEC. OF AGRARIAN REFORM .............................................................................
1011
MADDUMBA V. GSIS ..............................................................................
1022
NOTE: Just compensation in agrarian reform. ...............................................
1024
C.
LUZ FARMS V. SEC. OF AGRARIAN REFORM ...................................
1024
D.
DAR V. DECS ............................................................................................
1028
E.
ARCHBISHOP V. SECRETARY ..............................................................
1031
Sec. 5.
.............................................................................................................................
1036
Sec. 6.
.............................................................................................................................
1036
Sec. 7.
.............................................................................................................................
1036
Sec. 8.
.............................................................................................................................
1036
NOTE: Industrialization and Agrarian Reform ...............................................
1036
URBAN LAND REFORM AND HOUSING ...............................................................................
1036
B.
Sec. 9.
.............................................................................................................................
1036
Sec. 10.
.............................................................................................................................
1037
1.
Dealing with “squatters.”...................................................................................
1037
2.
Eviction and demolition under R.A. 7279 .........................................................
1038
POWER OF NHA...............................................................................................
1039
xvii
HEALTH
.............................................................................................................................
1039
.............................................................................................................................
1039
NOTE: “An integrated and comprehensive approach to health development.” ...........................................................................................
1039
Sec. 12.
.............................................................................................................................
1039
Sec. 13.
.............................................................................................................................
1040
WOMEN .....................................................................................................................................
1040
Sec. 11.
Sec. 14.
.............................................................................................................................
1040
ROLE AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATIONS .........................................................
1040
Sec. 15.
.............................................................................................................................
1040
Sec. 16.
.............................................................................................................................
1040
NOTE: “People’s organizations.” ......................................................................
1040
HUMAN RIGHTS ........................................................................................................................
1040
Sec. 17.
.............................................................................................................................
1040
Sec. 18.
.............................................................................................................................
1040
1.
Commission on Human Rights. .........................................................................
1041
A.
CARIÑO V. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS ................................
1041
B.
EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE AUTHORITY V. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS ...............................................................................
1047
SIMON, JR V. COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS ...........................
1050
NOTE: Commission on Human Rights. ...................................................
1058
.............................................................................................................................
1059
Article XIV: Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports .........................
1060
EDUCATION .............................................................................................................................
1060
Section 1. .............................................................................................................................
1060
C. Sec. 19.
1.
2.
The natural and primary right of parents. .......................................................
1060
A.
MEYER V. NEBRASKA ............................................................................
1060
B.
PIERCE V. SOCIETY OF SISTERS ........................................................
1063
C.
WISCONSIN V. YODER ...........................................................................
1064
D.
GINSBERG V. NEW YORK......................................................................
1072
Quality and accessibility of educational system...............................................
1074
A.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SPORTS V. SAN DIEGO ..........................................................................................
1075
B.
NON V. JUDGE DAMES ..........................................................................
1077
C.
SUPERINTENDENT V. AZARCON ........................................................
1086
xviii
Sec. 2.
.............................................................................................................................
1089
Sec. 3
.............................................................................................................................
1089
Sec. 4.
.............................................................................................................................
1090
1.
State “supervision and reasonable regution” of schools...................................
1090
2.
Filipinization of schools. ....................................................................................
1091
3.
Tax exemption. ...................................................................................................
1091
A.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE V. COURT OF APPEALS ..............................................................................
1091
Sec. 5.
.............................................................................................................................
1093
1.
Academic freedom of “institutions of higher learning.” ...................................
1094
A.
BOARD OF MEDICAL EDUCATION V. JUDGE ALFONSO AND PHILIPPINE MUSLIM-CHRISTIAN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE ........
1094
B.
CAPITOL MEDICAL CENTER V. COURT OF APPEALS ....................
1098
C.
GARCIA V. FACULTY ADMISSION COMMITTEE ..............................
1101
D.
LUPANGCO V. COURT OF APPEALS ...................................................
1105
E.
UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS V. COURT OF APPEALS..................
1107
F.
REYES V. COURT OF APPEALS ............................................................
1108
G.
MIRIAM COLLEGE V. COURT OF APPEALS ......................................
1111
H.
UP BOARD OF REGENTS V. COURT OF APPEALS ...........................
1117
I.
TAN V. COURT OF APPEALS .................................................................
1121
NOTE: Security of Tenure.................................................................................
1121
J.
PARENT TEACHERS ASSOCIATION V. METROBANK .....................
1122
NOTE: Probationary teachers...........................................................................
1123
.............................................................................................................................
1123
Sec. 6.
.............................................................................................................................
1123
Sec. 7.
.............................................................................................................................
1123
1.
“Filipino”; “Pilipino”; “National Language.” ....................................................
1123
Sec. 8.
.............................................................................................................................
1124
1.
Language of the Constitution. ...........................................................................
1124
Sec. 9.
.............................................................................................................................
1124
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................
1124
LANGUAGE
Sec. 10.
.............................................................................................................................
1124
Sec. 11.
.............................................................................................................................
1124
Sec. 12.
.............................................................................................................................
1124
Sec. 13.
.............................................................................................................................
1124
ARTS AND CULTURE ................................................................................................................
1125
Sec. 14.
............................................................................................................................. xix
1125
Sec. 15.
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Sec. 16.
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Sec. 17.
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1125
Sec. 18.
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1125
SPORTS .....................................................................................................................................
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Sec. 19.
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Article XV: The Family ................................................................................................................
1126
Section 1. .............................................................................................................................
1126
Sec. 2.
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1126
1.
Protection of marriage .......................................................................................
1126
Sec. 3.
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1126
1.
Protection of children .........................................................................................
1127
Sec. 4.
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1127
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