2-Proceso y Equipos de Compactacion

 

www.fmqudkmrdmphsm`ms.ilf

IM^ÆPXCL :. ^ZLIHYL T H]XD^LY @H ILF^MIPMIDÙK

Cls fmthrdmchs ohltäikdils ’suhcls y rlims- slk cls prdkidpmchs ilfplkhkths `h cls prlyhitls `h imrrhthrms. Yh usmk pmrm slplrtmr cls pmvdfhktls pmrm imrrhthrms y pdstms `h mthrrdzmgh `h mhrlpuhrtls, ilk imroms `dkífdims. Mcoukls suhcls puh`hk shr mprlpdm`ls pmrm usmrsh hk hstm`l kmturmc, phrl hk imrrhthrms plr cl ohkhrmc `hjhk hximvmrsh, prlihsmrsh y ilfpmitmrsh pmrm ilkshoudr cls rhquhrdfdhktls täikdils. M`didlkmcfhkth, tmktl cls `hpùsdtls `h morhom`ls kmturmchs l `h fmthrdmc rlilsl ilkstdtuyhk mprlxdfm`mfhkth hc 48% hk phsl `hc ilkirhtl mseíctdil y hc ?8% `hc ilkirhtl bd`ríucdil. Hs dk`dsphksmjch quh cms phrslkms mslidm`ms mc `dshýl l ilkstruiidùk `h imrrhthrms ilklzimk cms prlpdh`m`hs, imrmithræstdims y ilfplrtmfdhktl `h cls `dehrhkths tdpls `h suhcls y morhom`ls. Iumk`l cls fmthrdmchs `dsplkdjchs hk cm zlkm kl rh÷khk cls rhquhrdfdhktls täikdils khihsmrdls plr cm dkohkdhræm, hs khihsmrdl fl`dedimrcls m uk ilstl hedidhkth pmrm cchomr m iujrdr cms `hfmk`ms `hc prlyhitl. Hsth prlihsmfdhktl puh`h shr tmk sdfpch ilfl mgustmr su ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m`, ilfpmitmrcls l fhzicmrcls ilk ltrls fmthrdmchs. Ilfl bmy ukm rhcmidùk `drhitm hktrh hc dkirhfhktl `h cm `hksd`m`, hc dkirhfhktl `h cm rhsdsthkidm y cm impmid`m` plrtmkth, cms prlpdh`m`hs `h mcoukls suhcls puh`hk fhglrmrsh sdfpchfhkth plr ilfpmitmidùk. Hk hsth impætucl sh trmtmrí sljrh cms prdkidpmchs prlpdh`m`hs `h cls fmthrdmchs ohltäikdils y cls prlihsls `h ilfpmitmidùk. Mukquh cls fmthrdmchs `h cms impms `h rl`m`urm tmfjdäk sh ilfpmitmk, ästls sh `hsmrrlccmk hk ltrl impætucl. :.=.  Ilfplrtmfdhktl `hc suhcl Hc suhcl, plr su ilk`didùk kmturmc, hs bhthrloäkhl. Hk su hstm`l kmturmc, fuy rmrms vhihs hs ukdelrfh y sùcl sh puh`h trmjmgmr sd ym sh bm thkd`l hxphrdhkidm prhvdm ilk fmthrdmchs sdfdcmrhs. ^mrm clormr hstl, ilkvdhkh bmihr ukm icmsdedimidùk prhvdm. Cls suhcls puh`hk icmsdedimrsh `h miuhr`l mc tmfmýl `h cms pmrtæiucms `h cms iumchs hstík ilfpuhstls, plr sus prlpdh`m`hs eæsdims l plr su ilfplrtmfdhktl ilk cms vmrdmidlkhs `h bufh`m`. Bmy idkil tdpls prdkidpmchs `h suhcl, m smjhr7 ormvm, mrhkm, cdfl, mridccm y fmthrdmc lroíkdil y ukm ilfjdkmidùk `h hccls. Cms hsphidedimidlkhs `h icmsdedimidùk l imrmithrdzmidùk `h im`m ukl `h hccls slk `dvhrsls. ^lr hghfpcl, cm Mfhrdimk Ylidhty elr Phstdko Fmthrdmcs (MYPF) `hedkh hstm icmsdedimidùk hk jmsh(YXIY). m cæfdths hk hc tmfmýl `h ormkls, fh`dmkth hc Ydsthfm Xkdedim`l `h Icmsdedimidùk `h Yuhcls Hk hsth sdsthfm cm ormvm  (O) sh `hedkh ilfl hc fmthrdmc quh tdhkh pmrtæiucms `h rlim rh`lk`hm`ms l shfdrh`lk`hm`ms, quh pmsmk cm fmccm `h 9‖ y slk rhthkd`ms plr cm fmccm `h : ff. Cms pmrtæiucms fmylrhs `h =>‖ sh ccmfmk imktls rl`m`ls. Cm m rhkm (Y) hs ilksd`hrm`m plr cm MYPF ilfl cm rlim `hsdkthorm`m, iuyms pmrtæiucms vmræmk hktrh uk cæfdth dkehrdlr `h cm ormvm :.> ff y >.>?0 ff, icmsdediík`lcm hk mrhkm oruhsm l edkm, `hphk`dhk`l `hc tmfmýl `h cls ormkls. Fdhktrms quh cm mrhkm hs uk fmthrdmc ormkucmr kl ilbhsdvl iuyms pmrtæiucms tdhkhk uk elrfm `hedkd`m, pmrm cm MYPF hc c dfl (F) hs uk fmthrdmc fís edkl quh cm mrhkm y, plr tmktl, sus pmrtæiucms slk fís phquhýms `h >.>?0 ff phrl fmylrhs m >.>>8 ff. Hs uk fmthrdmc kl ilbhsdvl y tdhkh plim l kdkoukm rhsdsthkidm, ilk plim impmid`m` `h ilfpmitmidùk. Cm mridccm (I) hs `hedkd`m tmfjdäk plr cm MYPF ilfl uk fmthrdmc ilbhsdvl iuyms pmrtæiucms tdhkhk fhkls `h >.>>8 ff. Hstm ilbhsdùk hktrh pmrtæiucms ch `m m cm mridccm ukm mctm rhsdsthkidm iumk`l sh shim y hs fuy susihptdjch m cls imfjdls `h vlcufhk ilk cms vmrdmidlkhs `h

 

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^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

bufh`m`. Yu pcmstdid`m` sh rhcmidlkm ilk uk `hthrfdkm`l rmkol `h bufh`m` y sus pmrtæiucms tdhkhk elrfm cmfdkmr, ilfl cífdkms `h wmehr l omcchtms. Edkmcfhkth cm `hedkdidùk quh ch `m cm MYPF mc fmthrdmc lroíkdil  (L) hs uk ilkguktl `h fmthrdmc vhohtmc `hsilfpuhstl, `h hstruiturm hsplkglsm h dkhstmjch quh ilktdkumrí `hsilfplkdäk`lsh y hs quæfdimfhkth rhmitdvm. Yd sh hkiuhktrm prhshkth hk uk suhcl quh vm m shr usm`ls ilk edkhs `h ilkstruiidùk, `hjh rhflvhrsh y rhhfpcmzmrsh ilk uk suhcl fís mprlpdm`l. Ilfl sh fhkidlkù mkthrdlrfhkth, suhcls shklhkiuhktrmk sh hkiuhktrmk jmgl hstms `h icmsdedimidùk hk cm kmturmchzm. ^lr clclsohkhrmc, fhzicm`ls hktrhilk`didlkhs sæ, plr cl quh bmih emctm mfpcdmr cm icmsdedimidùk. ^uh`hk bmjhr mrhkms ilk ilkthkd`l sdokdedimtdvls `h mridccm1 mridccms ilk ilkthkd`l sdokdedimtdvls `h ormvms. Hstms suj`dvdsdlkhs sh bmk lromkdzm`l hk uk sdsthfm `h icmsdedimidùk `hklfdkm YXIY, Ydsthfm ukdedim`l `h icmsdedimidùk `h suhcls, quh tlfm hk iuhktm cms prlplridlkhs hk quh sh fhzicmk cls tdpls prdkidpmchs `h suhcls fhkidlkm`ls. Hk cm Pmjcm :.= sh fuhstrm uk rhsufhk `h hsth sdsthfm `h icms icmsdedimidùk. dedimidùk. Ilfl cls suhcls hk su ilk`didùk kmturmc kl ilktdhkhk cms imktd`m`hs `h im`m tdpl `h fmthrdmc khihsmrdms pmrm prl`uidr cms prlpdh`m`hs rhquhrd`ms pmrm cm ilkstruiidùk, sh puh`hk ljthkhr suhcls `h `dstdktms euhkths y fhzicmrcls pmrm usmrcls hk uk rhcchkl. Ltrms vhihs hc fmthrdmc sh prhshktm hk impms `h `dehrhkths tdpls y icmsdedimidùk, ilk imrmithræstdims `dstdktms im`m ukm m cms hsphidedimidlkhs `h uk prlyhitl. Hk hsth imsl sh puh`h usmr hqudpl pmrm hximvmr vhrtdimcfhkth m trmväs `h cms impms y emidcdtmr cm fhzicm `h tl`l hc ilkguktl.

Pmjcm :.= Ydsthfm `h icmsdedimidùk ukdedim`l (YXIY). Yæfjlcl @hsirdpidùk O_ Ormvms jdhk orm`um`ms, ilk plils l kdko÷k edkl. O^ Ormvms pljrhfhkth orm`um`ms, ilk plils l kdko÷k edkl. OF Ormvms ilk cdfls, pljrhfhkth orm`um`ms. OI Ormvms ilk mridccms, pljrhfhkth orm`um`ms Y_ Mrhkm jdhk orm`um`m, ilk plils l kdko÷k edkl. Y^ Mrhkm pljrhfhkth orm`um`ms, ilk plils l kdko÷k edkl. YF Mrhkm ilk cdfls, pljrhfhkth orm`um`ms. YI Mrhkm ilk mridccms, pljrhfhkth orm`um`ms FC Cdfl dklroíkdil, `h jmgm pcmstdid`m`. IC Mridccm dklroíkdim, `h jmgm pcmstdid`m`. LC Cdfl l mridccm lroíkdils, `h jmgm pcmstdid`m`. FB Cdfl dklroíkdil, `h mctm pcmstdid`m`. IB Mridccm dklroíkdim, `h mctm pcmstdid`m`. LB Cdfl l mridccm lroíkdils, `h mctm pcmstdid`m`. Euhkth7 ^hurdely y Yibhxkmy`hr (:>>:). Ilkstruitdlk ^cmkkdko, Hqudpfhkt mk` Fhtbl`s. Ltrms hsphidedimidlkhs rhcmidlkmk ukm `hthrfdkm`m orm`midùk `hc fmthrdmc y vmclrhs fíxdfls `h cæfdths `h ilksdsthkidm. Hc sdsthfm `h icmsdedimidùk `h suhcls `h cm Mslidmidùk Mfhrdimkm `h Ledidmchs Hstmtmchs `h Imrrhthrms y Prmksplrth (MMYBPL), hs hc fís usm`l hk cm ilkstruiidùk `h imrrhthrms y rhcmidlkm mfjls pmrífhtrls. Hk cm Pmjcm :.: sh fuhstrm cm icmsdedimidùk prlpuhstm plr hsth sdsthfm. Hc sdsthfm `h icmsdedimidùk MMYBPL sh jmsm hk hc pmrífhtrl `hklfdkm`l Æk`dih `h Orupl, quh sh imciucm hk eukidùk `hc tmfmýl `h pmrtæiucms, hc cæfdth cæqud`l y hc æk`dih pcmstdid`m`. Hc æk`dih `h orupl hs ukm fh`d`m `h cm ilkvhkdhkidm `hc fmthrdmc pmrm cm ilkstruiidùk `h uk

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

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rhcchkl. Xk æk`dih `h orupl doumc m ihrl dk`dim quh hc fmthrdmc hs fuy juhkl y uk vmclr `h :>, quh hs fuy pljrh l `hedidhkth. Bmy quh micmrmr quh uk fmthrdmc ormkucmr, `hedkd`l ilfl tmc jmgl hc sdsthfm `h icmsdedimidùk MMYBPL kl ildkid`drí khihsmrdmfhkth ilk cm fdsfm `hklfdkmidùk hk hc sdsthfm YXIY, ym quh pmrm MMYBPL puh`h thkhr uk ilkthkd`l mctl `h edkls ilk pcmstdid`m` mctm. Cls sdsthfms MYPF y MMYBPL sdrvhk pmrm imrmithrdzmr hc fmthrdmc ilk edkhs `h `dshýl. ^mrm hstmjchihr iíciucls `h prl`uiidùk y fh`d`ms `h pmol hk flvdfdhktl `h tdhrrms sh usm ukm icmsdedimidùk `dstdktm, ilfl sh hxpcdim hk hc kufhrmc =.8.9.

Pmjcm :.: Ydsthfm MMYBPL `h icmsdedimidùk `h suhcls pmrm pmvdfhktls. Icmsdedimidùk ohkhrmc Orupl % quh pmsm cm fmccm Ermiidùk quh Æk`dih pmsm cm fmccm `h Orupl Kl. 0> Kl. => Kl. 0> Kl. :>> CC D^ M-=-m 3 8> 3 9> 3 =8 --35 > Fmthrdmc ormkucmr (fhkls `hc 98% pmsm cm M-=-j --3 8> 3 :8 --35 > fmccm Kl. :>>) M-:-0 ----3 98 3 0> 3 => > M-:-8 ----3 98 ; 0= 3 => > M-:-5 ----3 98 3 0> ; == 30 M-:-? ----3 98 ; 0= ; == 30 M-9 --; 8= 3 => --K^ > ----; 95 3 0> 3 => 32 Fmthrdmc cdfl-mridcclsl M-0 (fís `hc 98% pmsm cm M-8 ----; 95 ; 0= 3 => 3 =: fmccm Kl. :>>) M-5 ----; 95 3 0> ; == 3 =5 M-?-8 ----; 95 ; 0= ; == 3 :> M-?-5 ----; 95 ; 0= ; == 3 :> Euhkth7 ^hurdely y Yibhxkmy`hr (:>>:). Ilkstruitdlk ^cmkkdko, ^c mkkdko, Hqudpfhkt mk` Fhtbl`s. Cms rlims elrfmk ukm imtholræm mpmrth hk hstm icmsdedimidùk. Cls prlihsls `h elrfmidùk `h cms rlims mehitmk cls trmjmgls `h hximvmidùk y fmkdpucmidùk. Hstls prlihsls `h elrfmidùk lrdodkmk trhs tdpls `h rlim7 cms rlims æokhms quh sh slcd`dedimrlk m pmrtdr `h fmsms cæqud`ms1 cms rlims sh`dfhktmrdms quh sh elrfmrlk hk impms mshktm`ms plr hc trmksplrth plr moum l plr vdhktl1 y cms rlims fhtmfùredims, elrfm`ms m pmrtdr `h cm trmkselrfmidùk `h cls `ls fmthrdmchs mkthrdlrhs ilk imclr l prhsdùk. :.=.=.  Zhcmidlkhs vlcufhk-phsl `hc suhcl Xkm fmsm `h suhcl hk cm ilk`didùk kmturmc puh`h hstmr ilfpuhstm plr trhs emshs7 mdrh, moum y suhcl prlpdmfhkth `dibl. Hk cm Edourm :.= sh fuhstrm uk hsquhfm `h uk trlzl `h suhcl, ilk cms prdkidpmchs rhcmidlkhs `h vlcufhk y phsl. Yd sh `hedkhk cls tärfdkls phsl tltmc `hc jclquh `h suhcl (_), phsl `h moum (_w), phsl `h suhcl (_s), vlcufhk tltmc `hc jclquh `h suhcl (U), vlcufhk `h mdrh (Um), vlcufhk `h moum (Uw) y vlcufhk `h cms pmrtæiucms sùcd`ms `hc suhcl (Us), hs plsdjch hstmjchihr ukm shrdh `h rhcmidlkhs `h phsl y vlcufhk hktrh hccls. Hc phsl ukdtmrdl sh `hedkh ilfl hc ilidhkth hktrh hc phsl tltmc `h cm fmsm `h suhcl y su vlcufhk.

 

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^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm. _ 

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U   

Hi. :.=

_m6> Um

Mdrh

Uv U

_w Uw

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Moum _s

Us

Yuhcl

Edourm :.= Zhcmidlkhs hktrh hc phsl y hc vlcufhk hk ukm fmsm `h suhcl. Yd sh `hedkhk cls tärfdkls phsl tltmc `hc jclquh `h suhcl (_), phsl `h moum (_w), phsl `h suhcl (_s), vlcufhk tltmc `hc jclquh `h suhcl (U), vlcufhk `h mdrh (Um), vlcufhk `h moum (Uw) y vlcufhk `h cms pmrtæiucms sùcd`ms `hc suhcl (Us), hs plsdjch hstmjchihr ukm shrdh `h rhcmidlkhs `h phsl y vlcufhk hktrh hccls. Hc phsl ukdtmrdl sh `hedkh ilfl hc ilidhkth hktrh hc phsl tltmc `h cm fmsm `h suhcl y su vlcufhk. _ 

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Hi. :.: Yd m hstm fmsm `h suhcl, sdk fl`dedimr su vlcufhk, sh ch hxtrmh hc moum, hc phsl tltmc hs doumc mc phsl `h suhcl, cl iumc `hedkh hc phsl ukdtmrdl shil. ι  `   6

_ s U   

Hi. :.9 Cm imktd`m` `h moum quh ilktdhkhk cm fmsm `h suhcl sh puh`h rhcmidlkmr ilk hc phsl `h suhcl m trmväs `hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m`, ilk7 w 6

_ w _ s  

Hi. :.0 Hc vlcufhk quh liupm hc mdrh y hc moum hk cm fmsm `h suhcl sh rhcmidlkmk ilk hc vlcufhk `h cms pmrtæiucms sùcd`ms m trmväs `h cm rhcmidùk `h vmiæls, ilk7 h  6

U v U s

 

Hi. :.8

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

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Cm hxprhsdùk mkthrdlr rhcmidlkm cls vmiæls rhsphitl m cm fmsm `h suhcl tltmc m trmväs `h cm plrlsd`m`, ilk cm Hi. :.57 ο 6

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Hi. :.5 Ltrm rhcmidùk hs hc phsl ukdtmrdl `h cls sùcd`ls (Os), quh hxprhsm hc phsl ukdtmrdl sùcl `h cms pmrtæiucms sùcd`ms. OY  6

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U Y  ι  w  

Hi. :.? Yh puh`hk `hrdvmr fís eùrfucms m pmrtdr `h hstms rhcmidlkhs jísdims, phrl cm fís ÷tdc hs cm quh rhcmidlkm hc phsl `hc suhcl y cm bufh`m`, ilfl sh hxprhsm hk cm eùrfucm `h cm Hi. :.2. Hc phsl `hc suhcl shil hs doumc mc phsl tltmc `hc suhcl `dvd`d`l hktrh cm sufm `h cm ukd`m` y cm bufh`m`. _ s 6

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=+ w  

Hi. :.2 ^mrm ukm fdsfm ukm fmsm `h suhcl liupmhchcmoum fdsfl vlcufhk mukquhplr sùcl imfjdh `h bufh`m`. Clsilk`didùk, hspmidls vmiæls quh mkths liupmjm mblrm slk liupm`ls mdrh. Yd cm Hi. :.2 sh `dvd`h hktrh hc vlcufhk tltmc, sh ljtdhkh cm Hi. :.4 quh rhprhshktm cm fdsfm rhcmidùk mkthrdlr hxprhsm`m hk tärfdkls `h phsls ukdtmrdls. ι  ` 

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Hi. :.4 @lk`h ι  hs   hs hc phsl ukdtmrdl tltmc l b÷fh`l, ι ` hs hc phsl ukdtmrdl shil y w hs hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m`. Kùthsh quh ι   y ι ` `hjhk hstmr hk cm fdsfm ilk`didùk `h ilfpmitmidùk, ym shm hk hstm`l kmturmc, suhctl l ilfpmitm`l. Cm hxprhsdùk `h cm hiumidùk Hi. :.4 sùcl rhcmidlkm ilkthkd`ls `h bufh`m` phrl hc suhcl kl bm imfjdm`l `h vlcufhk. Xk suhcl hsklplsdjch puh`hthkhr imrmithrdzmrsh plr su bufh`m`. ^mrm`h ukm `hthrfdkm`m bufh`m`, dkedkd`m` `h÷kdimfhkth hstm`ls `hphk`dhk`l `hc vlcufhk mdrh ilkthkd`l hk hc suhcl y im`m hstm`l plr cl ohkhrmc sh d`hktdedim plr su `hksd`m` shim (`hksd`m` shim hk jmkil, `hksd`m` shim ilfpmitm`m, `hksd`m` shim suhctm, hti.). Hc phsl ukdtmrdl shil y hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` slk cms prlpdh`m`hs `hc suhcl quh fís sh mpcdimk hk flvdfdhktl `h tdhrrms. ^lr hghfpcl, hk cls prlihsls `h ilfpmitmidùk, cms hsphidedimidlkhs puh`hk hxdodr cm hxtrmiidùk l m`didùk `h moum m cm fmsm `h suhcl pmrm fl`dedimr hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` y hc iíciucl `hc moum khihsmrdm sh clorm mgustmk`l hc vlcufhk `h rhcchkl hk ilk`didùk kmturmc l suhctm m cm ilk`didùk ilfpmitm`m y hstdfmk`l cm `dehrhkidm `h bufh`m` hktrh hccms. :.=.:.  Cæfdths `h pcmstdid`m` `hc suhcl Cm pcmstdid`m` hs ukm imrmithræstdim quh ch ilkedhrh mc suhcl uk ilfplrtmfdhktl `dehrhkidmc. ^lr hccl sh bmk `hsmrrlccm`l mcoukls cæfdths `h ilksdsthkidm `hc suhcl ’cæfdth cæqud`l, cæfdth pcístdil- ilk hc edk `h `dehrhkidmr cls fmthrdmchs ilk mctm y fh`dm pcmstdid`m` bmstm cls quh kl cm plshhk.

 

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^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

Hc cæfdth cæqud`l (CC) rhprhshktm hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` pmrm hc iumc hc suhcl pmsm `hc hstm`l pcístdil mc hstm`l cæqud`l. Xkls vmclrhs mctls `h CC hstík mslidm`ls ilk cls suhcls `h mctm ilfprhsdjdcd`m`. ^lr hghfpcl, cms mridccms tdhkhk vmclrhs `h CC mctls1 cls suhcls mrhklsls tdhkhk vmclrhs jmgls. Hc cæfdth pcístdil (C^)  rhprhshktm hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` pmrm hc iumc hc suhcl pmsm `hc hstm`l pcístdil mc shfdsùcd`l. Eæsdimfhkth, ilrrhsplk`h mc fækdfl ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` ilk hc iumc uk suhcl puh`h hkrlccmrsh ilk 9.: ff (=/2‖) `h `dífhtrl sdk rlfphrsh. Hc æk`dih `h pcmstdid`m` (D^) hs cm `dehrhkidm kufärdim hktrh hc cæfdth cæqud`l `h uk suhcl y su cæfdth pcístdil (D^ 6 CC - C^). Cls suhcls quh tdhkhk uk æk`dih `h pcmstdid`m` mctl slk uk plil ilfprhsdjchs y tdhkhk mctm ilbhsdùk.

:.:.  Hsphidedimidlkhs y ilktrlc `h ilfpmitmidùk Mkths `h prhpmrmr cms hsphidedimidlkhs pmrm uk prlyhitl, sh `hjhk rhilohr fuhstrms `h suhcl rhprhshktmtdvms y hksmymrcms hk hc cmjlrmtlrdl pmrm `hthrfdkmr su prlpdh`m`hs. Klrfmcfhkth cms pruhjms slk mkícdsds ormkuclfätrdils, ym quh hc tmfmýl `h ormkls y su `dstrdjuidùk slk prlpdh`m`hs dfplrtmkths quh mehitmk cm utdcd`m` `hc suhcl. Ltrl hksmyl `hidsdvl hk cm ilkstruiidùk `h ukm imrrhthrm hs cm iurvm `h ilfpmitmidùk `h cmjlrmtlrdl. M pmrtdr `h `dibm iurvm, sh puh`h `hthrfdkmr hc fíxdfl phsl ukdtmrdl shil (fíxdfm `hksd`m` shim) y hc plrihktmgh `h moum rhquhrd`m pmrm ilkshoudr hsm fíxdfm `hksd`m`. Hsthhkhroæm plrihktmgh `h moum quh ilrrhsplk`h m cm fíxdfm `hksd`m` shim (pmrm ukm `hthrfdkm`m `h ilfpmitmidùk) sh ilklih ilfl ilkthkd`l ùptdfl `h bufh`m` l bufh`m` ùptdfm y hs cm imktd`m` `h moum rhquhrd`m pmrm quh uk `hthrfdkm`l suhcl mcimkih su fíxdfm `hksd`m`. Hk hc prlihsl `h ilfpmitmidùk sh jusim `dsfdkudr hc vlcufhk `h cm fmsm `h suhcl mihrimk`l cms pmrtæiucms cl fís plsdjch. Yd hc suhcl hstí fuy shil, hs `deæidc clormr hstm mprlxdfmidùk y sd hstí fuy b÷fh`l, cms pmrtæiucms sh `hspcmzmk sdk mshktmrsh. Hc puktl ùptdfl `h bufh`m` phrfdth hc fhglr mrrhocl pmrm clormr c lormr hc fækdfl vlcufhk, y plr tmktl, cm fíxdfm `hksd`m`. Cm Edourm :.: fuhstrm `ls iurvms `h ilfpmitmidùk ljthkd`ms ilk `dstdktls kdvhchs `h hkhroæm `h ilfpmitmidùk. Cms iurvms sh bmk `djugm`l hk phsl shil (ao/f 9) vhrsus ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` (%). Im`m ukm `h hccms dcustrm hc hehitl `h cm vmrdmidùk `hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` sljrh cm `hksd`m` `h uk suhcl slfhtd`l m ukm `hthrfdkm`m hkhroæm `h ilfpmitmidùk. Cls `ls kdvhchs `h ilfpmitmidùk `djugm`ls ilrrhsplk`hk m cls hksmyls ^rùitlr Hstík`mr y Fl`dedim`l, rhsphitdvmfhkth. Yh kltm quh hc ^rùitlr Fl`dedim`l (fmylr hkhroæm) prlplridlkm ukm fmylr `hksd`m` m uk fhklr ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` quh hc hksmyl hstík`mr. ^mrm hc fmthrdmc rhprhshktm`l hk cms iurvms `h cm Edourm :.:, cm bufh`m` ùptdfm ilk hc ^rùitlr Hstík`mr hs =0% ilktrm =:% `hc ^rùitlr Fl`dedim`l. Hstm `dehrhkidm hk hc ùptdfl ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` hs uk rhsuctm`l `h rhhfpcmzmr cm miidùk cujrdimkth `hc moum `urmkth hc prlihsl `h `hksdedimidùk plr hkhroæm fhiíkdim. Hc ilktrmtdstm quh trmjmgm ilk ukm hsphidedimidùk ^rùitlr Fl`dedim`m (quh sh rhmcdzm ilk ukm fmylr hkhroæm `h ilfpmitmidùk) thk`rí quh pcmkdedimr hk hc prlyhitl uk fmylr k÷fhrl `h pmsm`ms ilk hc hqudpl `h ilfpmitmidùk l usmr uk hqudpl fís phsm`l. ^hrl mc fdsfl tdhfpl, sh ilfphksm ilk cm khihsd`m` `h ukm fhklr imktd`m` `h moum.

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

9=

:.>> =.4> .4>

    .2>     =.2>           =.?>              =.5> .5>           =.8>           =.0> .0>            .9>    =.9>       .:>    =.:>

Cækhm `h ùptdfl

Ihrl

^rùitlr Fl`dedim`l ^rùitlr Hstík`mr

=.=> =.>> .>> >.>>

8.>>

=>.>>

=8.>>

:>.>>

:8.>>

Ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` (w,%)

  Edourm :.: Iurvms `h ilfpmitmidùk hstík`mr y fl`dedim`m (Euhkth7 ^hurdely (:>>:) Ilkstruitdlk ^cmkkdko, Hqudpfhkt mk` Fhtbl`s, pío. 24). :.9.  Hksmyls `h ilfpmitmidùk Hc hksmyl `h ilfpmitmidùk `h cmjlrmtlrdl mihptm`l plr cm fmylræm `h cms hktd`m`hs quh ilkstruyhk imrrhthrms hs hc hksmyl ^rùitlr. ^mrm hsth hksmyl sh usm ukm fuhstrm `h suhcl ilfpuhstm plr fmthrdmc fhklr m ³‖. Cm fuhstrm sh ilclim hk uk flc`h fhtícdil hk trhs impms doumchs. Hc flc`h idcæk`rdil `h mihrl tdhkh `hktrl uk `dífhtrl `h => if (0‖) y ukm mcturm `h ==.5 if (0.84‖). Hk hc hksmyl hstík`mr, im`m ukm `h cms impms sh ilfpmitmk ilk cm imæ`m `h uk fmrtdccl `h =:.= ao (8.8 cdjrms) quh olcphm hc fmthrdmc :8 vhihs `hs`h ukm mcturm `h =: pucom`ms sljrh cm fuhstrm (vhr Edourm :.9). Hc hspäidfhk sh rhfuhvh `hc flc`h y sh phsm. Cuhol, sh tlfm ukm fuhstrm `hc idcdk`rl y sh phsm. Hsm fuhstrm sh shim bmstm hcdfdkmr tl`m cm bufh`m` y sh phsm `h kuhvl, `h fl`l quh sh puh`m `hthrfdkmr hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m`. Ilk cm dkelrfmidùk `hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` ym hs plsdjch imciucmr hc phsl shil `hc fmthrdmc. Hc hksmyl sh rhpdth, ohkhrmcfhkth vmrdmk`l hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` im`m vhz y sh ormedim pmrm `hthrfdkmr hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` ùptdfl. Hsth hksmyl hstí `hsdokm`l plr MYPF @542, MMYBPL P44 ù KP^ 994-=0:. Hc hksmyl prùitlr fl`dedim`l hstí `hsdokm`l plr MYPF @-=88?, MMYBPL P =2> l KP^ 994-=0=. Yh rhmcdzm `h cm fdsfm fmkhrm, mpcdimk`l ukm fmylr hkhroæm ilk uk fmrtdccl `h :.: ao (=> cdjrms), ukm mcturm `h imæ`m `h 08 if (=2‖) y uk tltmc `h idkil impms doumchs (vhr Edourm :.9).

 

9:

^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

::.> ao

=:.= ao

:8 if. Impm 9 Impm : Impm =

08 if.

Impm 8 Impm 0 Impm 9 Impm : Impm =

Edourm :.9 Hksmyls `h ilfpmitmidùk hstík`mr y fl`dedim`l. :.0. 

Ilktrlc `h ilfpmitmidùk hk hc imfpl

Cms hsphidedimidlkhs pmrm uk prlyhitl puh`hk rhquhrdr quh uk ilktrmtdstm ilfpmith hc suhcl mc =>>% `h su `hksd`m` fíxdfm, jmsm`m hk hc hksmyl ^rùitlr Hstík`mr l hk hksmyls `h cmjlrmtlrdl ilk uk kdvhc `h hkhroæm sdfdcmr. Yd cm fíxdfm `hksd`m` shim `hc suhcl hk cmjlrmtlrdl sh `hthrfdkm quh hs :.:> ao/f 9, hc ilktrmtdstm `hjhrí ilfpmitmr hc suhcl hk hc imfpl bmstm clormr ukm `hksd`m` `h :.:> ao/f9. ^mrm vhrdedimr hk hc imfpl quh sh bm clorm`l cm ilfpmitmidùk sh puh`hk rhmcdzmr hksmyls ilfl hc ilkl `h mrhkm, hc jmcùk `h moum l hc hksmyl kuichmr. Cls prdfhrls `ls fätl`ls slk hksmyls `hstruitdvls quh ilksdsthk hk hximvmr uk buhil hk hc fmthrdmc ilfpmitm`l y phsmr hc fmthrdmc hxtrmæ`l, fh`dr hc vlcufhk `hc moughrl rhsuctmkth usmk`l mrhkm l uk jmcùk `h moum, `hthrfdkmr cuhol hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` `hc fmthrdmc hximvm`l y imciucmr cm `hksd`m` usmk`l hc phsl tltmc ljthkd`l, cm bufh`m` y hc vlcufhk `hc moughrl. Cm ilkvhrsdùk m `hksd`m` shim sh puh`h bmihr ormidms mc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` ilklid`l. Cms `hsvhktmgms `h hstls fätl`ls slk quh (=) ilksufh `hfmsdm`l tdhfpl rhmcdzmr suedidhkths hksmyls pmrm uk mkícdsds hstm`æstdil ilfpchtl, (:) bmy prljchfms ilk cms pmrtæiucms `h ormk tmfmýl, y (9) sh `hflrm hk `hthrfdkmr hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m`. Ilfl hk im`m ukm `h cms impms ilclim`ms sh rhmcdzm uk hksmyl, iumcqudhr `hflrm hk cls hksmyls l hk su mihptmidùk plr pmrth `h cm suphrvdsdùk puh`h `hflrmr tmfjdäk hc prlihsl ilkstruitdvl. :.0.=.  Hksmyl `h ilfpmitmidùk Kuichmr Cls fätl`ls kuichmrhs sh usmk mfpcdmfhkth pmrm `hthrfdkmr hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` y cm `hksd`m` `h cls suhcls. Hc dkstrufhktmc rhquhrd`l pmrm hsth hksmyl puh`h trmksplrtmrsh y ilclimrsh eíidcfhkth mc rhcchkl hk cm ujdimidùk quh sh `hshh, y hk ukls plils fdkutls, sh puh`hk chhr cls rhsuctm`ls `drhitmfhkth `h ukm pmktmccm `dodtmc. Hsth sdsthfm usm hc hehitl Ilfptlk `h cls rmyls omffm pmrm `hthrfdkmr cm `hksd`m` y cm thrfmcdzmidùk bd`rùohkm `h cm vhclid`m` `h cls khutrlkhs pmrm cms `hthrfdkmidlkhs `h bufh`m`. Cls rmyls hfdtd`ls dkorhsmk hk hc thrrhkl, `lk`h ukm pmrth hs mjslrjd`m y cm ltrm rhechgm`m. Cls rmyls rhechgm`ls pmsmk m trmväs `h ukls tujls Ohdohr-Fócchr hk cm suphredidh `hc hqudpl. Cls rmyls rhechgm`ls sh iuhktmk im`m fdkutl y sh chhk `drhitmfhkth hk hc hqudpl y sh rhcmidlkmk ilk iurvms imcdjrm`ms `h bufh`m` y `hksd`m`.

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

99

Cms vhktmgms `h hsth fätl`l kuichmr ilk cls ltrls fätl`ls slk cm `dsfdkuidùk `hc tdhfpl rhquhrd`l pmrm im`m hksmyl. @h uk `æm quh tmr`mk cls ltrls fätl`ls, ästh rhqudhrh `h mcoukls fdkutls, hcdfdkmk`l m`hfís cms `hflrms hxihsdvms `urmkth cm ilkstruiidùk. Ilfl sh puh`hk tlfmr fís fuhstrms plr ukd`m` `h tdhfpl, hc dkohkdhrl puh`h imrmithrdzmr fhglr cm `hksd`m` clorm`m. Ltrm vhktmgm hs quh hs uk hksmyl kl `hstruitdvl, quh kl rhqudhrh rhflvhr cms fuhstrms `h suhcl `hc cuomr `h cls hksmyls1 prlplridlkm rhsuctm`ls hk suhcls ilk morhom`ls `h ormk tmfmýl y rh`uih l hcdfdkm -sdhfprh quh hstä jdhk imcdjrm`l hc hqudpl y sh ush ilrrhitmfhkth- hc plsdjch hrrlr hk cm lphrmidùk `hc phrslkmc. Cls rhsuctm`ls hrrítdils puh`hk vhrdedimrsh `h fmkhrm eíidc y rípd`m. Ilfl hstls hksmyls sh rhmcdzmk ilk dkstrufhktls quh prhshktmk ukm euhkth plthkidmc `h rm`dmidùk, hc lphrm`lr `hjh hstmr ihrtdedim`l y `hjhk tlfmrsh fh`d`ms hsphidmchs pmrm omrmktdzmr quh kl sh prl`uzimk `mýls mc usmr cls dkstrufhktls. Ydoudhk`l cms dkstruiidlkhs `hc hqudpl y thkdhk`l suedidhkth iud`m`l, sh puh`h mshourmr quh cm hxplsdidùk m fmthrdmchs rm`dmitdvls sh fmkthkom m kdvhchs plr `hjmgl `h cls cæfdths dk`dim`ls. Hk cls pmæshs `lk`h sh usm sh rhqudhrh ukm cdihkidm pmrm plshhr l usmr hstls dkstrufhktls. :.0.:.  Hksmyl OhlOmuoh Ltrl hksmyl kl `hstruitdvl quh kl rhqudhrh rhflvhr fuhstrms `h suhcl hk hc imfpl hs hc OhlOmuoh. Hsth rhiursl hs fuy kuhvl hk hc fhrim`l. Hk =440 hc @hpmrtmfhktl `h Prmksplrths `h Fdkkhsltm hksmyù hc prdfhr fl`hcl `h prltltdpl hk uk prlormfm muspdidm`l plr cm M`fdkdstrmidùk Eh`hrmc `h Imrrhthrms `h Hstm`ls Xkd`ls (EB_M). Mitumcfhkth hstík `dsplkdjchs fuibls fl`hcls y im`m mýl fís mohkidms `h hsh pmæs `drdohk hvmcumidlkhs `h imfpl `hc fätl`l. Hc OhlOmuoh hs uk dkstrufhktl plrtítdc quh prlplridlkm uk fhimkdsfl sdfpch, rípd`l y prhidsl `h fh`didùk `drhitm `h cm sumvd`m` `h cms impms y hc fù`ucl `hc suhcl, quh `m `mtls sljrh cm `hksd`m` `hc suhcl. Hc dkstrufhktl mpcdim `hspcmzmfdhktls fuy phquhýls `hc suhcl (fhklrhs m =.:?x=>-5 f. ù >.>>>>8‖) hk :8 erhiuhkidms hstmjchid`ms hktrh =>> y =45 Bz. Yh `hthrfdkm cm sumvd`m` pmrm im`m erhiuhkidm y sh fuhstrm hc prlfh`dl. Hc prlihsl ilfpchtl tlfm mcrh`h`lr `h = fdkutl. Yd sh msufh uk Fù`ucl `h ^ldsslk y sh ilklihk cms `dfhksdlkhs eæsdims `hc fltlr, sh puh`hk `hrdvmr hc fù`ucl `h ilrth y hc fù`ucl `h Tluko. Hc fltlr phsm mcrh`h`lr `h => Ao, tdhkh :2 if `h `dífhtrl y :8.0 if `h mctl y `hsimksm sljrh uk slplrth hk elrfm `h mkdccl. Cm hkhroæm cm prlplridlkmk cms jmthræms shims ilkvhkidlkmchs.

 

90

^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

Edourm :.0 Hqudpl OhlOmuoh fís usm`l y `dsplkdjch hk hc fhrim`l=. :.0.9.  Hkhroæm `h ilfpmitmidùk hk hc imfpl Cm fíxdfm `hksd`m` shim hs sùcl uk fíxdfl quh sh clorm pmrm uk `hthrfdkm`l kdvhc `h hkhroæm `h ilfpmitmidùk mpcdim`m y hc fätl`l `h mpcdimidùk. Hs eíidc ilkshoudr hk hc imfpl ukm hkhroæm `h ilfpmitmidùk sdfdcmr l fmylr m cm mpcdim`m hk hc cmjlrmtlrdl ilk hc hqudpl m`hium`l. Yd sh mpcdim hk hc imfpl ukm fmylr hkhroæm `h ilfpmitmidùk, sh puh`h clormr ukm `hksd`m` fmylr mc =>>% `hc vmclr ljthkd`l hk hc cmjlrmtlrdl. Im`m fmthrdmc tdhkh ukm iurvm `h ilfpmitmidùk y tmfjdäk vmclrhs fíxdfls `dstdktls pmrm ukm fdsfm hkhroæm mpcdim`m. ^lr hghfpcl, hc fmthrdmc medrfm`l (fhzicm `h mridccm, mrhkm y ormvm ilkslcd`m`l kmturmcfhkth) tdhkh ukm `hksd`m` shim hktrh :.: or/if9  y :.5 or/if9  ilk bufh`m`hs ùptdfms hktrh 5% y 2% iumk`l hs `h juhkm imcd`m`, fdhktrms quh hc fdsfl fmthrdmc `h fmcm imcd`m` mcimkzm `hksd`m`hs fhklrhs m :.: or/if 9. Cms mrhkms cdflsms plr hghfpcl tdhkhk `hksd`m`hs fíxdfms hktrh =.? or/if 9  y =.8 or/if9  ilk bufh`m`hs ùptdfms hktrh =>% y =:%. Cms mrhkms jdhk orm`um`ms tdhkhk ukm `hksd`m` shim fmylr quh cls suhcls ukdelrfhs. Iumk`l cm pcmstdid`m` sh dkirhfhktm, cm `hksd`m` shim `h cls suhcls mridcclsls `dsfdkuyh. Hk cm Edourm :.: sh `hjh ljshrvmr tmfjdäk cls ilkthkd`ls `h bufh`m` fmylrhs mc ùptdfl prl`uihk ukm `dsfdkuidùk `h cm `hksd`m`. Hstl sh hxpcdim plrquh, dkdidmcfhkth, hc moum sdrvh `h cujrdimkth pmrm hc milfl`l `h cls ormkls `h suhcl y myu`m pmrm quh cm ilfpmitmidùk fhiíkdim cls fuhvm bmstm clormr uk mrrhocl eæsdil ilfpmitl. ^hrl cm `hksd`m` `hc moum hs fhklr quh cm `h cms pmrtæiucms `h suhcl, y hk pmrm uk ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` plr hkidfm `hc ùptdfl, hc moum hstí rhhfpcmzmk`l cls ormkls `h suhcl `h cm fmtrdz. Yd sh rhmcdzm cm ilfpmitmidùk ilk uk ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` quh shm fuibl fmylr mc ùptdfl, kdko÷k hseuhrzl clormræm cchomr m cm fíxdfm `hksd`m`1 tl`l hseuhrzl `h ilfpmitmidùk shræm ukm pär`d`m `h hseuhrzl. Hstls suhcls hstík –sljrhilfpmitm`ls‖ y tdhkhk hk su dkthrdlr pcmkls `h ilrth quh rh`uih fuibl su rhsdsthkidm. :.8.  ^rlihsmfdhktl `hc suhcl Hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` ùptdfl pmrm cm ilfpmitmidùk vmræm hktrh => m :8% pmrm suhcls `h ormkl edkl y hktrh 5% y =:% pmrm suhcls ormkucmrhs jdhk orm`um`ls. Ilfl hs `deæidc clormr y =

 bttp7//www.bufjlc`tfeo.ilf/p`e=/4:.p`e

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

98

fmkthkhr hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` ùptdfl ilk hxmitdtu` hk hc imfpl, cm príitdim klrfmc suodhrh trmjmgmr `hktrl `h uk rmkol mihptmjch. Hsth rmkol hstí usumcfhkth hktrh ½:% `hc ùptdfl y sh phrfdth clormr ukm `hksd`m` cl fís ihrimkm plsdjch m cm fíxdfm ilk hc fækdfl hseuhrzl `h ilfpmitmidùk. Yd hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` `hc suhcl hstí plr `hjmgl `hc rmkol ùptdfl, `hjh mým`drsh moum mkths `h dkdidmr cm ilfpmitmidùk. ^mrm hccl hs khihsmrdl hstdfmr cm imktd`m` `h moum rhquhrd`m, cm vhclid`m` `h mpcdimidùk, hc fätl`l `h mpcdimidùk, mpcdim idùk, cls hehitls `hc icdfm y hc tdhfpl. Hc moum puh`h mým`drsh mc suhcl hk cm zlkm `h hxtrmiidùk (imkthrm) l hk ljrm (hk cm zlkm `h ilkstruiidùk) l sd hs cm sujrmsmkth, hk hc thrrhkl kmturmc `h cm ljrm. Iumk`l sh prlihsmk fmthrdmchs ormkucmrhs, cls fhglrhs rhsuctm`ls sh ljtdhkhk ohkhrmcfhkth mým`dhk`l hc moum hk ljrm. @hspuäs `h mým`dr hc moum, sh `hjh fhzicmr fhz icmr ukdelrfhfhkth ilk hc suhcl.

:.8.=.  Imktd`m` `h moum rhquhrd`m Hs hshkidmc `hthrfdkmr cm imktd`m` `h moum rhquhrd`m pmrm clormr hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` `hktrl `hc rmkol mihptmjch pmrm cm ilfpmitmidùk. Hk cls prlihsls ilkstruitdvls, cms hsphidedimidlkhs puh`hk rhquhrdr hxtrmhr l mým`dr moum m cm fmsm `h suhcl. ^lr hghfpcl, sd uk fmthrdmc `h prästmfl trmjmgm`l hk imkthrm tdhkh ukm bufh`m` `h =8.8% y cm bufh`m` ùptdfm quh dk`dimk cms hsphidedimidlkhs täikdims `hc prlyhitl hs `h =2.9%, hc ilktrmtdstm rhquhrdrí mým`dr moum pmrm hchvmr hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` `h =8.8% m =2.9%. Hk imrrhthrms, cm imktd`m` `h moum quh `hjh mým`drsh l qudtmrsh sh imciucm klrfmcfhkth hk fhtrls i÷jdils, cdtrls l omclkhs. Cls iíciucls hstík jmsm`ls hk hc phsl shil `hc suhcl y hc vlcufhk ilfpmitm`l. Cm eùrfucm `h cm Hi. :.=> puh`h usmrsh pmrm imciucmr cm imktd`m` `h moum tltmc quh `hjh morhomrsh l qudtmrsh qudtmrs h `hc suhcl hk ilk`didùk ilfpmitm`l7 ]w 6

ι  `  τ  edkmc  

√ τ dkdidmc U I  ι  w  

Hi. :.=> @lk`h7 ]w hs cm imktd`m` `h moum, hk f9. Yd hc vlcufhk `h moum sh rhqudhrh hk omclkhs l cdtrls, sh mpcdimk cms ilkvhrsdlkhs ilrrhsplk`dhkths. 9

ι ` hs cm `hksd`m` shim `hc fmthrdmc hk ilk`didùk ilfpmitm`m, hk ao/f . wedkmc  hs hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` m cm quh sh qudhrh cchomr. wdkdidmc hs hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` quh tdhkh mc flfhktl `h bmihr bmi hr hc prlihsl. UI hs hc vlcufhk `h fmthrdmc hk ilk`didùk ilfpmitm`m. m oum, hk ao/f9. ι w hs cm `hksd`m` `hc moum, Cms ilk`didlkhs icdfítdims mehitmk sustmkidmcfhkth cm bufh`m` `hc suhcl. Hc eræl, cm ccuvdm, cm kujlsd`m` y cm mushkidm `h vdhktls puh`hk phrfdtdr rhthkhr hc moum. ^lr hc ilktrmrdl, hc imclr, cm mushkidm `h ccuvdms, hc euhrth slc y cls euhrths vdhktls prlfuhvhk hc shim`l `hc suhcl. Hk uk icdfm `hsärtdil, cm hvmplrmidùk rhicmfm ukm ormk imktd`m` `h moum `h cm impm suphredidmc. ^lr hccl, pmrm uk prlyhitl hk zlkms `hsärtdims, hc dkohkdhrl `hjhræm dkirhfhktmr hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` bmstm uk 5% plr hkidfm `hc vmclr ùptdfl `urmkth cls iíciucls `h cm tmsm `h mpcdimidùk y fätl`l `h mpcdimidùk, `h tmc fl`l quh hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` `dsfdkuym bmstm

vmclrhs fuy ihrimkls mc `hshm`l iumk`l hc fmthrdmc fmt hrdmc sh ilclquh y vmym m shr s hr ilfpmitm`l. Iumk`l sh thkom quh m`didlkmr moum hs ukm juhkm príitdim mgustmr hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` `hshm`l uk :% plr hkidfm `hc vmclr ùptdfl, phrl hsl `hphk`h `h cms ilk`didlkhs mfjdhktmchs

 

95

^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

(thfphrmturm y vdhktl) y hc tdpl `h suhcl. Xkm rhspuhstm khomtdvm dk`dim quh hc moum `hjh rhflvhrsh `hc fmthrdmc `h prästmfl mkths `h ilfpmitmrcl. Cls iíciucls plr cl ohkhrmc sh jmsmk hk ilk`didlkhs ilfpmitm`ms plrquh cm m`didùk `hc moum sh rhmcdzm iumk`l hc fmthrdmc ym sh bm ilclim hk ljrm y sh prlih`h m cm mpcdimidùk `h hkhroæm fhiíkdim ilk hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk. ^hrl ltrms vhihs, hc fmthrdmc sh m`didlkm hk hstm`l kmturmc, ilfl hs hc imsl `h cm m`didùk hk imkthrm l iumk`l sh hstí trmjmgmk`l cm sujrmsmkth. Hk tmchs ilk`didlkhs, cls iíciucls ilk cm Hi. :.=> `hjhræmk usmr hc vlcufhk kmturmc l hk jmkil y cm `hksd`m` shim hk hstm`l kmturmc ilrrhsplk`dhkth.

:.8.:.  Pmsm `h mpcdimidùk Xkm vhz imciucm`m cm imktd`m` `h moum, sh `hjh `hthrfdkmr cm vhclid`m` ilk quh sh `hjhrí m`didlkmr hc moum l tmsm `h mpcdimidùk. Klrfmcfhkth, cm tmsm `h mpcdimidùk (P w) sh imciucm hk omclkhs plr hstmidùk, omclkhs plr ukd`m` `h clkodtu` l cdtrls plr fhtrl ium`rm`l, usmk`l cm eùrfucm `h`uid`m m pmrtdr `h cm Hi. :.=> mkthrdlr. Yd sh `hshm cm imktd`m` `h moum plr hstmidùk, sh usmrí ilfl U I cls fhtrls i÷jdils ilkthkd`ls hk uk trmfl hktrh hstmidlkhs (f 9 /hstmidùk)1 sd sh `hshm plr ukd`m` `h clkodtu`, shrí hc vlcufhk `h fmthrdmc ilkthkd`l hk uk fhtrl `h clkodtu` `h imrrhthrm (f 9 /f)1 sd sh rhqudhrh plr írhm, shrí hc vlcufhk ilkthkd`l hk uk fhtrl ium`rm`l `h imrrhthrm i mrrhthrm (f 9 /f:). :.8.9.  Fätl`ls `h mpcdimidùk Xkm vhz imciucm`m cm tmsm `h mpcdimidùk, sh `hjh `hthrfdkmr cm elrfm `h mpcdimidùk, puhs hs dfplrtmkth mshourmr quh cm tmsm imciucm`m y quh hc moum sh `dstrdjuym hk elrfm ukdelrfh. Cls fätl`ls fís ilfukhs slk hc `dstrdjud`lr `h moum y hc fätl`l `h smturmidùk. smt urmidùk. :.8.9.=.  @dstrdjud`lr `h moum Hk cls prlyhitls `h ilkstruiidùk, hc fätl`l fís ilf÷k pmrm mým`dr moum mc suhcl hs fh`dmkth uk `dstrdjud`lr `h moum. Cls `dstrdjud`lrhs `h moum hstík `dshým`ls pmrm `dstrdjudr ilrrhitmfhkth hc moum sljrh hc thrrhkl. Hstls `dstrdjud`lrhs slk ilfl imfdlkhs idsthrkm (fuibls `h hccls cl slk) `dshým`ls pmrm `dstrdjudr hc moum jmgl `dehrhkths prhsdlkhs l plr ormvh`m`. Ltrls hstík hqudpm`ls ilk uk jmrrm plsthrdlr `h msphrsdùk. Hc lphrm`lr hktlkihs puh`h fmkthkhr cm tmsm `h mpcdimidùk `hc moum ilktrlcmk`l cm vhclid`m` `hc vhbæiucl. :.8.9.:.  Ymturmidùk Iumk`l bmy suedidhkth tdhfpl y moum, ästm sh puh`h mým`dr mc suhcl, smturmk`l hc írhm rhquhrd`m bmstm quh hc moum phkhtrh ukm `hthrfdkm`m prleuk`d`m`. Ilfl sh fhkidlkù hk hc kufhrmc :.:, uk hxihsl `h moum puh`h `dediuctmr hc milfl`l `h cms pmrtæiucms y `dediuctmr hc clorl `h cm `hksd`m` `hshm`m. Hs hsls imsls, `hjh tlfmrsh fh`d`ms pmrm rh`uidr hk ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` `hktrl `hc rmkol rhquhrd`l. :.8.0.  Fätl`ls `h shim`l Ilfl sh fhkidlkù mkths, hc fätl`l `h smturmidùk lrdodkm uk hxihsl `h bufh`m` hk hc suhcl. Ltrms vhihs, cms ilk`didlkhs icdfítdims bmihk quh cm ccuvdm smturh hc fmthrdmc l sdfpchfhkth su prlxdfd`m` mc moum erhítdim hs cm imusm. ^mrm hsls imsls cm slcuidùk hs rh`uidr hc moum bmstm cchomr m cms ilk`didlkhs hsphidedim`ms.

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

9?

Cms miidlkhs `h shim`l puh`hk shr tmk sdfpchs ilfl hsphrmr m quh sh shquh hc suhcl plr sdfpch mdrhmidùk, l tmk ilfpcdim`ms ilfl mým`dr mc suhcl uk mohkth hstmjdcdzm`lr quh hk rhmcd`m` imfjdm cms prlpdh`m`hs eæsdims `hc suhcl. Hstm hs ukm príitdim fuy ilf÷k hk cms zlkms trlpdimchs `h cm shcvm phrumkm, `lk`h cms ilk`didlkhs `h ccuvdm imsd phrfmkhkth dfplsdjdcdtmk hc shim`l `hc suhcl. Cm imc y hc iclrurl `h sl`dl slk cls mohkths hstmjdcdzm`lrhs tæpdils `h cls suhcls `h ormkl edkl. Yd uk kdvhc erhítdil mctl hs hc imusmkth `hc hxihsl `h bufh`m`, cm slcuidùk rhquhrdrí ukm elrfm `h `rhkmgh sujsuphredidmc mkths `h prlih`hr m rh`uidr hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` `hc suhcl. Cl fís erhiuhkth pmrm rh`uidr cm bufh`m` hs hsimrdedimr hc suhcl mkths `h ilfpmitmrcl. Hstl sh clorm ilk cms uýms hsimrdedim`lrms (hc rdpphr) `h cm fltlkdvhcm`lrm l mrmk`l hc suhcl. Xkm fltlkdvhcm`lrm puh`h usmr m`hfís su iuibdccm pmrm mjrdr hc suhcl y `hgmr fís fmthrdmc hxpuhstl mc shim`l.

:.8.8.  Fhzicm y jmtd`l Hc fätl`l `h prhpmrmidùk `hc suhcl prhvdm m cm ilfpmitmidùk hs uk emitlr fuy dfplrtmkth quh tdhkh ukm ormk dkecuhkidm hk cls rhsuctm`ls, phrl quh kl bm sd`l mprhidm`m icmrmfhkth. Tm shm quh sh morhouh moum mc suhcl pmrm dkirhfhktmr hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` l sh morhouh uk mohkth `h shim`l pmrm rh`uidrcm, hs hshkidmc fhzicmr hc moum l hc mohkth hstmjdcdzmkth vdolrlsm y ukdelrfhfhkth ilk hc suhcl. Cm fhzicm `hc fmthrdmc hximvm`l pmrm clormr ukm ilfplsdidùk blfloäkhm y uk ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` ukdelrfh `urmkth cm ilclimidùk `h cms impms hs tmfjdäk fuy dfplrtmkth. M÷k iumk`l kl sh rhqudhrm moum m`didlkmc, cm fhzicm hs khihsmrdm pmrm mshourmr cm `dstrdjuidùk ukdelrfh `h cm bufh`m` hxdsthkth. Cm fhzicm sh clorm ilk cms fltlkdvhcm`lrms, trmitlrhs moræilcms l ilshibm`lrms rltmtlrdms. Cm fltlkdvhcm`lrms ilkvhkidlkmchs puh`hk usmrsh pmrm fhzicmr l jmtdr uk m`dtdvl `h suhcl (moum l mohkth hstmjdcdzmkth) hfpugmk`l hc fmthrdmc `h uk cm`l m ltrl hk ukm ermkgm `h trmjmgl.

:.5.  Fätl`ls y hqudpl `h ilfpmitmidùk Ilk tdhfpl, cls fmthrdmchs sh msdhktmk l sh ilfpmitmk plr sæ fdsfls, `h fmkhrm kmturmc. Mukquh hsth prlihsl kl hs prlpdmfhkth ukm ilfpmitmidùk sdkl ukm ilkslcd`midùk, hs ilkvhkdhkth micmrmr quh hc ljghtdvl `h cm ilfpmitmidùk hs clormr cm `hksd`m` rhquhrd`m `h fmkhrm Hc fätl`l `h ilfpmitmidùk mktdoul sh ilklih hstí hk cls rhodstrlsfuy `h cmrípd`m. ilkstruiidùk `h imfdkls `hc Dfphrdlfís Zlfmkl. Clsquh rlfmkls sh `dhrlk iuhktm quh cm ilfpmitmidùk pl`æm fhglrmr cms prlpdh`m`hs dkohkdhrdchs `h cls suhcls y pmrm hccl usmjmk ormk`hs rl`dccls bhibls `h idcdk`rls `h pdh`rm pmrm clormr cm `hksdedimidùk fhiíkdim `h cms jmshs `h sus imrrhthrms. ^hrl cm `hksd`m` quh sh jusim ilk cm ilfpmitmidùk kl hs hc ljghtdvl ÷ctdfl, sdkl quh hs hc fh`dl pmrm hsphidedimr ukm `hthrfdkm`m ilk`didùk `hc fmthrdmc quh sh rhqudhrh plr su emidcd`m` `h fh`didùk hk imfpl. ^lr cl ohkhrmc, imsd tl`ms cms prlpdh`m`hs `hc suhcl sh puh`hk rhcmidlkmr ilk hccm y cls `liufhktls ilktrmitumchs dk`dimk hc clorl `h ukm `hksd`m` hsphidedim`m hk ljrm, m÷k iumk`l slk ltrms cms prlpdh`m`hs quh sh tdhkhk ilfl ljghtdvl iruidmc pmrm cm imcd`m` `hc prlyhitl. ^lr hghfpcl, sh puh`h jusimr cm rh`uiidùk l prhvhkidùk `h mshktmfdhktls, hc dkirhfhktl `h cm rhsdsthkidm, cm fhglrm `h cm impmid`m` plrtmkth, hc ilktrlc `h cls imfjdls `h vlcufhk, cm `dsfdkuidùk `h cm phrfhmjdcd`m`, hti. ^uh`h bmjhr ltrls fätl`ls pmrm ilkshoudr cms prlpdh`m`hs `hshm`ms `hc suhcl, phrl hc fätl`l fís usm`l pmrm rhelrzmr hc suhcl hs hc `h cm ilfpmitmidùk m ukm bufh`m` ùptdfm. Cls jhkhedidls `h ukm m`hium`m ilfpmitmidùk slk hklrfhs, ilksd`hrmk`l m`hfís sus ilstls.

 

92

^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

Cm ilfpmitmidùk hk hc imfpl sh clorm bmidhk`l pmsmr sljrh uk suhcl uk hqudpl phsm`l uk `hthrfdkm`l k÷fhrl `h vhihs. Hstl rhprhshktmrí ukm `hthrfdkm`m hkhroæm `h ilfpmitmidùk hk ljrm. ^lr hghfpcl, ukm impm ukdelrfh `h suhcl `h => m 9> ihktæfhtrls `h hsphslr sh ilfpmitm ilk vmrdms pmsm`ms `h uk hqudpl `h ilfpmitmidùk fhimkdzm`l. fhimkdz m`l. Cls fätl`ls fís ilklid`ls `h mpcdimidùk `h hkhroæm slk plr dfpmitl l olcphs, plr prhsdùk usmk`l uk phsl hstítdil, plr vdjrmidùk smiu`dhk`l cms pmrtæiucms y plr mfmsm`l, fmkdpucmk`l l rhmilfl`ík`lcms. Cm hedidhkidm `h cls `dstdktls fätl`ls `h ilfpmitmidùk `hphk`h `hc tdpl `h suhcl quhhkshcmfmkdpucm. d`hktdedimk Pmjcm :.9.Cls fätl`ls mprlpdm`ls `h ilfpmitmidùk sho÷k hc tdpl `h suhcl sh Kl sh puh`h `hidr quh hxdstm uk hqudpl quh ilrrhsplk`m m ukl slcl `h cls fätl`ls `h ilfpmitmidùk. Cls emjrdimkths bmk `hsmrrlccm`l `dstdktls ilfpmitm`lrhs quh dkilrplrmk hk sus impmid`m`hs `h eukidlkmfdhktl mc fhkls ukl `h cls fätl`ls `h ilfpmitmidùk fhkidlkm`ls y hk mcoukls imsls, fís `h ukl. Mcoukls `h hstls hqudpls `dsplkdjchs hk hc fhrim`l slk cls rl`dccls `h pdslkhs:, cls rl`dccls cdsls vdjrmtlrdls, cls ilfpmitm`lrhs `h pdslkhs vdjrmtlrdl, cls rl`dccls khufítdils, hktrh cls fís plpucmrhs.

Pmjcm :.9 Fätl`l `h ilfpmitmidùk sho÷k hc tdpl `h suhcl9. Fmthrdmc Dfpmitl ^rhsdùk Udjrmidùk Mfmsm`l Ormvm ^ljrh Kl Juhkl Fuy juhkl Mrhkm ^ljrh Kl Hxihchkth Hxihchkth Juhkl Cdfl Juhkl Juhkl ^ljrh Mridccm Hxihchkth ilk ilkedkmfdhktl Fuy juhkl Kl Juhkl Euhkth7 ^hurdely, Z. Ilkstruitdlk ^cmkkdko, Hqudpfhkt mk` Fhtbl`s. :>>:. ^ío. 44. Hk cm Pmjcm :.0 sh rhcmidlkmk cls fätl`ls `h ilfpmitmidùk ilk vmrdls tdpls `h ilfpmitm`lrhs. M`hfís, hxdsthk ltrls rl`dccls cdsls ilfl sh hxpcdim hk hc kufhrmc :.5.8 Cls rl`dccls vdjrmtlrdls slk fís hedidhkths quh cls rl`dccls cdsls, cls iumchs bmk sd`l imsd tltmcfhkth `hspcmzm`ls hk hc fhrim`l.

Pmjcm :.0 Fätl`ls `h ilfpmitmidùk usm`ls plr cls c ls hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk. Pdpl `h ilfpmitm`lr Dfpmitl ^rhsdùk Udjrmidùk Mfmsm`l ^mtm `h imjrm R ^dslkhs R R Zl`dccl cdsl R Zl`dccl cdsl vdjrmtlrdl R R Zl`dccl `h pdslkhs vdjrmtlrdl R R Khufítdil R R Euhkth7 ^hurdely, Z. Ilkstruitdlk ^cmkkdko, Hqudpfhkt mk` Fhtbl`s. :>>:. ^ío. =>>.

:

  Cls rl`dccls `h pdslkhs quh sh usmk hk Cmtdklmfärdim slk ilklid`ls ilfl cls rl`dccls pmtm `h imjrm. Ydk hfjmrol, hk cm cdthrmturm mfhrdimkm, cls rl`dccls pmtm `h imjrm tdhkhk sus prlpdms imrmithræstdims, fuy `dstdktms m cls rl`dccls `h pdslkhs, mukquh hc prdkidpdl `h eukidlkmfdhktl hs sdfdcmr. 9  ^hurdely/Yibhxkmy`hr (:>>:). Ilkstruitdlk pcmkkdko, hqudpfhkt mk` fhtbl`s. Fi Ormw-Bdcc. XYM. ^ío. 44.

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

94

Hk mcoukls prlyhitls puh`h shr `hshmjch usmr fís `h uk tdpl `h ilfpmitm`lr pmrm clormr cls rhsuctm`ls `hshm`ls ilk cm fmylr hilklfæm. Hc ljghtdvl edkmc hs ilkstrudr uk rhcchkl `h imcd`m` hk hc fhklr tdhfpl plsdjch y mc fhklr ilstl, y hstl sdokdedim quh hc hqudpl `h ilfpmitmidùk `hjh shr hc m`hium`l pmrm trmjmgmr ilk hc fmthrdmc. ^lr cl tmktl, hc trmjmgl `hjh hxmfdkmrsh fuy `h ihrim y tlfmrsh fuhstrms `h fmthrdmc `h cm hximvmidùk y `hc fmthrdmc `h prästmfl. Kl sh puh`h shchiidlkmr hc hqudpl `h hximvmidùk y ilfpmitmidùk mprlpdm`l bmstm quh kl sh d`hktdedquhk ilrrhitmfhkth cls suhcls. :.8 prlplridlkm ouæmshpmrm cm shchiidùk hqudpl `h ilfpmitmidùk jmsm`l hk hc Cm tdplPmjcm `h fmthrdmc m trmjmgmr.ukm Ilfl vh hk hstm tmjcm,`hc sd kl sh ilksdouh cm `hksd`m` rhquhrd`m ilk 0 ÷ 2 pmsm`ms `hc hqudpl, `hjhræm ilksd`hrmrsh hc usl `h ltrl hqudpl fís phsm`l ÷ ltrl fätl`l. Hc iud`m`l `h hspmridr hc fmthrdmc hk ukm impm ukdelrfh hs vdtmc pmrm clormr cm `hksd`m` `urmkth hc prlihsl `h ilfpmitmidùk. ^lr hghfpcl, cls rhcchkls `h rlim sh hspmrihk ohkhrmcfhkth hk impms `h =2‖ m 02‖. Xk hspmrid`l ilksdsthkth myu`m m rhcchkmr cls vmiæls y lrdhktmr m cm rlim `h fmkhrm quh prlplridlkm mc hqudpl `h ilfpmitmidùk ukm suphredidh m`hium`m pmrm su `hspcmzmfdhktl. ^mrm cms impms fís prleuk`ms `hc rhcchkl sh usmk cls rl`dccls cdsls vdjrmtlrdls fís ormk`hs plsdjchs.

Pmjcm :.8 Hqudpl `h ilfpmitmidùk mprlpdm`l sho÷k hc tdpl td pl `h fmthrdmc. Fmthrdmc Ormvm

Hsphslr `h impm (pucom`ms) 2-=:

^msm`ms 9-8

Mrhkm

2-=>

9-8

Cdfl

5-2

0-2

Mridccm

0-5

0-5

Pdpl `h ilfpmitm`lr ^dslkhs vdjrmtlrdl Cdsl vdjrmtlrdl Khufítdil ^mtm `h imjrm ^dslkhs vdjrmtlrdl Cdsl vdjrmtlrdl Khufítdil Cdsl hstítdil ^dslkhs vdjrmtlrdl ^dslkhs Khufítdil ^mtm `h imjrm ^dslkhs vdjrmtlrdl ^dslkhs ^mtm `h imjrm

Euhkth7 ^hurdely, Z. Ilkstruitdlk ^cmkkdko, Hqudpfhkt mk` Fhtbl`s. :>>:. ^ío. =>>. Cls emjrdimkths suhchk prlplridlkmr oríedils pmrm `hthrfdkmr hc rmkol `h mpcdimidùk `h sus hqudpls. Hk cm Edourm :.8 sh fuhstrm `h fmkhrm `htmccm`m cls rmkols `h usl `h im`m tdpl `h ilfpmitm`lr hk rhcmidùk ilk hc tdpl `h suhcl.

 

0>

^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

Edourm :.8 Hqudpl `h ilfpmitmidùk m`hium`l sho÷k hc tdpl `h suhcl. :.5.=. 

Zl`dccl cdsl

Cls rl`dccls cdsls prlvdhkhk `hc `dshýl lrdodkmc rlfmkl quh ilksdstæm hk uk idcdk`rl `h pdh`rm bmcm`l plr trmiidùk mkdfmc. Hc rl`dccl cdsl ilksdsth hk uk idcdk`rl `h mihrl ilk uk `hthrfdkm`l phsl quh ilfpmitm hc fmthrdmc plr prhsdùk (Uhr Edourm :.5). Dkdidmcfhkth, hc idcdk`rl hrm cchvm`l plr uk trmitlr ÷ ltrl hqudpl mutlfltrdz, bmstm quh sh `dshýù hc mitumc fl`hcl mutlprlpucsm`l.

Edourm :.5 Zl`dccl cdsl `h uk slcl hgh. ^uh`hk thkhr ukl, `ls l trhs idcdk`rls. Yh usmk plr cl ohkhrmc hk suhcls ormkucmrhs l plil pcístdils, pmrmshilkirhtl mseíctdil hk imcdhkth y pmrm tmrhmsmýls, `h mimjm`l hkhk impms `h jmsh. Cls rl`dccls cdsls utdcdzmrlk dkthksmfhkth `urmkth fuibls phrl bly `æm slcmfhkth sh usmk pmrm `mr mimjm`l m cms impms `h rl`m`urm mseíctdim `hspuäs `h ilkshoudr cm `hksd`m`

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

0=

m`hium`m ilk ltrls hqudpls. Pmfjdäk puh`hk shr usmrsh pmrm hc shccm`l `h impms. Hc hehitl `h pcmkibm`l clorm mcdsmr y hcdfdkmr cms fmrims `hgm`ms plr cls ltrls ilfpmitm`lrhs. Cls bmy tmfjdäk vdjrmtlrdls, ilk tmfjlr sdfpch l `ljch. Cls rl`dccls cdsls hstítdils bmk `hgm`l `h shr ilfhridmchs y cls ilktrmtdstms prhedhrhk m`qudrdr rl`dccls cdsls vdjrmtlrdls plr su fmylr vhrsmtdcd`m`. :.5.:.  Zl`dccls hsphidmchs ilk smcdhkths Cls rl`dccls hsphidmchs ilk smcdhkths slk ilfpmitm`lrhs quh ilksdsthk hk uk ormk tmfjlr `h mihrl, prlvdstls `h smcdhkths quh gustmfhkth ch `mk su klfjrh. Cm `dfhksdùk `h cms smcdhkths vmræm sho÷k hc emjrdimkth msæ ilfl su elrfm. Hc tmfjlr puh`h shr buhil y sh puh`h mufhktmr `h phsl morhomk`l uk cmstrh ilk hc prlpùsdtl `h prl`uidr ukm prhsdùk `h ilktmitl fmylr. Cls rl`dccls puh`hk shr ukd`m`hs dk`hphk`dhkths dfpucsm`ms ilk uk trmitlr `h lruoms l mutlprlpucsm`ls. Lrdodkmcfhkth, cls prdfhrls rl`dccls thkæmk smcdhkths ilk elrfm `h pmtm `h imjrm (sbhhpellt rlcchr) y `h mccæ kmidù hc klfjrh `h rl`dccl pmtm `h imjrm, quh hs hc klfjrh ilfl sh chs ccmfm ohkhrmcfhkth y msæ kls rhehrdrhfls m cl cmrol `hc thxtl. ^lsthrdlrfhkth sh `hsmrrlccmrlk smcdhkths ilk ltrms elrfms iùkdims l `h trlkil `h ilkl quh `dhrlk lrdohk m cls ilfpmitm`lrhs `h pdslkhs (tmfpdko ellt hk cm cdthrmturm dkochsm), quh sdk hfjmrol hk Cmtdklmfärdim sh bmk ccmfm`l usmk`l hc fdsfl tärfdkl lrdodkmc –pmtm `h imjrm‖, phrl quh kl hs cm fís m`hium`m (Uhr Edourm :.?). Cm fmylr `dehrhkidm hktrh mfjls fl`hcls rm`dim hk cm elrfm `h cms smcdhkths, cm vhclid`m` quh puh`hk cchomr m `hsmrrlccmr y su impmid`m` `h shr mutlprlpucsm`ls l  gmcm`ls plr uk trmitlr.

(m) Zl`dccl pmtm `h imjrm (j) Ilfpmitm`lr `h pdslkhs Edourm :.? Fl`hcls `h ilfpmitm`lrhs pmtm `h imjrm ilklid`ls hk Cmtdklmfärdim. Hc prdkidpdl `h eukidlkmfdhktl `h mfjls fl`hcls hs hc fdsfl. Hstls rl`dccls ilfpmitmk phkhtrmk`l hc suhcl ilk cms smcdhkths m trmväs `h cm impm suphredidmc, ilfpmitmk`l cms impms dkehrdlrhs. Im`m smcdhkth l pdh phkhtrm hc suhcl pmrm prl`uidr ukm miidùk fdxtm `h mfmsm`l y prhsdùk y ilfpmitm hc suhcl `hs`h hc elk`l bmidm cm suphredidh `h cm impm. Iumk`l hc rl`dccl rltm, cms smcdhkths smchk `hc suhcl, gmcmk y meclgmk hc fmthrdmc `hjd`l m su elrfm. Cms smcdhkths sh hktdhrrmk pmrm mfmsmr y mpdslkmr hc fmthrdmc erhsil bmidm cm impm ilfpmitm`m prhvdmfhkth, fdhktrms quh cm pmrth sùcd`m `hc ilfpmitm`lr mpcdim prhsdùk sljrh cm pmrth suphrdlr `h cm kuhvm impm. Cm mctm prhsdùk quh sh mpcdim rlfph cms jlcsms `h mdrh y cms smcdhkths phkhtrmk ihrim `h su tltmc clkodtu` dkdidmcfhkth phrl ilkelrfh sh mvmkzm hk cm ilfpmitmidùk cm prleuk`d`m` `h phkhtrmidùk `dsfdkuyh. M fh`d`m quh hc kdvhc dkehrdlr `h cm impm sh vm ilfpmitmk`l, hc ilfpmitm`lr vm pdsmk`l hk hc shkl `hc rhcchkl m kdvhchs fís y fís mctls, mc mufhktmr hc k÷fhrl `h pmsm`ms. Yh `dih

 

0:

^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

hktlkihs quh hc rl`dccl vm –imfdkmk`l‖ bmidm euhrm `hc fmthrdmc. Ilfl cms smcdhkths hstík ihrrm`ms, hc ilfpmitm`lr puh`h imfdkmr plr hkidfm `h cm impm sdk meclgmr hc suhcl. Iumk`l uk ilfpmitm`lr `h hsth tdpl kl clorm imfdkmr plr hkidfm `hc suhcl hk cm fh`d`m quh mvmkzm cm ilfpmitmidùk, puh`h shr quh hc rl`dccl shm `hfmsdm`l phsm`l l hc suhcl hstä `hfmsdm`l b÷fh`l y hc rl`dccl hstí fís jdhk –hspmridhk`l‖ –hspm ridhk`l‖ hc suhcl. ^mrm prl`uidr ukm fmsm ilbhsdvm y jdhk ilkslcd`m`m, hs fhglr kl ilfpmitmr bmstm cm suphredidh suphrdlr `h im`m impm. Yh clorm fhglr cdomzùk `h cm impm sdoudhkth iumk`l cms ÷ctdfms pucom`ms `h hc fmthrdmc uk plil `h eclgms. @hjd`l hs mc khomtdvl írhm phquhým cm imrm `h cms smcdhkths, hehitl suphredidmc `hjmgl `h suhstík prleuk`d`m` phkhtrmidùk plr cl`hquh hc hsphslr `h cms impms imp ms `hc suhcl `hjh shr uk plil fm fmylr ylr quh cm clkodtu` `h cms smcdhkths. Yh ilksd`hrm m`hium`m cm lphrmidùk iumk`l cm smcdhkth phkhtrm sùcl hktrh uk :>% m uk 8>% `h su clkodtu` tltmc, cl iumc `hphk`hrí `h cm pcmstdid`m` `hc suhcl. Hk fmthrdmchs mridcclsls jcmk`ls, sh jusimrí thkhr phkhtrmidlkhs fuibl fhklrhs quh pmrm ukm mridccm mrhklsm, puhstl quh `h hstm fmkhrm sh puh`h hvdtmr quh sh m`bdhrm hk cm smcdhkth ukm imktd`m` hxihsdvm `h fmthrdmc. Yd hstl suih`h, hc rhk`dfdhktl `h cm lphrmidùk `dsfdkuyh puhstl quh hs fhklr cm imktd`m` `h fmthrdmc quh clorm ilfpmitmr. Ilfl hstls rl`dccls tdhk`hk m mdrhmr hc suhcl ilkelrfh cl ilfpmitmk, hs mprlpdm`l trmjmgmr cls suhcls ilk uk ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` plr hkidfm `hc vmclr ùptdfl. M`hfís, ilfl kl ilfpmitmk `h fmkhrm m`hium`m cms : ù 9 ÷ctdfms pucom`ms `h cm impm suphrdlr, `hjh thrfdkmrsh cm ilfpmitmidùk ilk `ls pmsm`ms pms m`ms `h uk rl`dccl khufítdil l uk rl`dccl cdsl c dsl sd hs quh kl sh vm m ilclimr ukm impm sdoudhkth.

:.5.:.=.  Zl`dccls pmtm `h imjrm Hstls rl`dccls sh prhshktmk erhiuhkthfhkth pmrm trmjmgmr m`lsm`ls m uk trmitlr `h lruoms quh cl dfpucsm. Hc rl`dccl pmtm `h imjrm hs mprlpdm`l pmrm ilfpmitmr tl`ls cls fmthrdmchs `h ormkl edkl, hsphidmcfhkth iumk`l hc D^ hs fuy ormk`h, fmylr `h =2% bmstm 8>%. Ohkhrmcfhkth hstls suhcls pcístdils ilk uk mctl ilkthkd`l `h mridccm l mrhklsls ilk mcol `h jmrrl ihfhktmkth.

Edourm :.2 Udstm `h cms smcdhkths `h uk ilfpmitm`lr pmtm `h imjrm.

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

09

Cms pmtms klrfmcfhkth tdhkhk ukm clkodtu` fhklr `h :8 if y slk fuy `hcom`ms thrfdkmk`l hk uk hksmkibh `h imsd 8 if `h `dífhtrl. Hc tmfjlr puh`h shr buhil y vmrdmk`l hc phsl `hc rl`dccl plr hc usl `h uk jmcmstrl hk hc dkthrdlr sh vmræm cm prhsdùk `h ilktmitl `h cms pmtms. Xk tmfjlr shkidccl `h =.: f. `h mkibl puh`h phsmr hktrh =.8 m ? tlkhcm`ms, fdhktrms quh sd sh cchkm ilk cmstrh puh`h mpcdimr ukm imrom vhrtdimc `h ilfpmitmidùk ilfpmitmid ùk hktrh :.8 m ==.8 tlk. Cms vhclid`m`hs fíxdfms quh mcimkzmk vmk v mk `hs`h 5.0 m 4.5 Af/b. Xsumcfhkth, 5 m => pmsm`ms shrík khihsmrdms pmrm ilfpmitmr ukm impm `h :> if `h hsphslr. Cls suhcls sh trmjmgmk ilk ukm bufh`m` bmstm `hc 9% plr hkidfm `hc vmclr ùptdfl rhquhrd`l.

:.5.:.:.  Ilfpmitm`lr `h pdslkhs Cls ilfpmitm`lrhs `h pdslkhs slk rl`dccls `h ormk vhclid`m`, quh ohkhrmcfhkth slk mutlprlpucsm`ls y kl slk vdjrmtlrdls. Hstls rl`dccls usumcfhkth tdhkhk iumtrl ccmktms `h mihrl ilk smcdhkths y puh`hk hstmr hqudpm`ls ilk ukm iuibdccm phquhým pmrm myu`mr hk cm kdvhcmidùk `h cm impm (Uhr Edourm :.=>). Ydk hfjmrol, cls fl`hcls fís shkidccls y ilklid`ls hk Cmtdklmfärdim ilkstmk `h uk slcl tmfjlr idcæk`rdil hk cm pmrth mkthrdlr mutlprlpucsm`l y kl prhsidk`h `h cm iuibdccm quh sh fhkidlkm. Hc eukidlkmfdhktl hs sdfdcmr mc `hc fl`hcl mkthrdlr pmtm `h imjrm, puhstl quh mpcdim mfmsm`l y prhsdùk, ilfpmitmk`l `hs`h hc elk`l bmidm mrrdjm `h cm impm. Cm prdkidpmc `dehrhkidm rm`dim hk cm elrfm `h cms smcdhkths y cms vhclid`m`hs quh slk impmihs `h `hsmrrlccmr. Cms smcdhkths thrfdkmk hk ukm imrm lvmcm`m l rhitmkoucmr y ästm hs fhklr quh cm jmsh hk hc rl`dccl (Uhr Edourm :.4).

Edourm :.4 Elrfms imrmithræstdims `h cms smcdhkths `h uk ilfpmitm`lr `h pdslkhs. Cm vhclid`m` `h trmjmgl pmrm hstls ilfpmitm`lrhs vm `hs`h =: m =4 Af/b. Ohkhrmcfhkth slk suedidhkths `ls l trhs pmsm`ms pmrm clormr cm ilfpmitmidùk `h ukm impm `h :> if m 9> if `h hsphslr, phrl sdhfprh `hphk`hrí `h cms `dfhksdlkhs `hc rl`dccl. Hk uk cdfl pcístdil pljrhfhkth orm`um`l l mridccms fuy edkms tmc vhz hsth rhquhrdfdhktl mufhkth m iumtrl pmsm`ms.

 

00

^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

Edourm :.=> Ilfpmitm`lr `h pdslkhskdvhcm`lrm mutlprlpucsm`l, ilk trhs tmfjlrhs y iuibdccm Hsth fl`hcl `h ilfpmitm`lr hs hc fís usm`l y `dstrdjud`l hk Cmtdklmfärdim. Hs hehitdvl hk imsd tl`ls cls suhcls hxihptl hk mrhkm cdfpdm. ^mrm clormr uk trmjmgl hilkùfdil sh khihsdtm quh cms pmsm`ms shmk cmroms h dkdkthrrufpd`ms, `h fl`l quh hc ilfpmitm`lr puh`m `hsmrrlccmr cm vhclid`m` rhquhrd`m y oohkhrh hkhrh ukm mctm prl`uiidùk. Mc doumc quh uk rl`dccl pmtm `h imjrm, hc ilfpmitm`lr `h pdslkhs, kl ilfpmitm m`hium`mfhkth cms : l 9 pucom`ms suphrdlrhs `h ukm impm. ^lr cl tmktl, sd kl sh vm m ilclimr ukm impm sdoudhkth, sh `hjh iucfdkmr cm ilfpmitmidùk `h cm impm ilk uk ilfpmitm`lr `h khufítdils l uk rl`dccl cdsl pmrm ilfpchtmr cm ilfpmitmidùk `h cms pucom`ms suphrdlrhs l pmrm shccmr cm suphredidh.

:.5.9.  Zl`dccls `h rhgdccm Cls rl`dccls `h rhgdccm sh bmk vhkd`l usmk`l hk fmthrdmchs quh rhqudhrhk `dsorhomidùk ilk fuibl äxdtl. Hc fhglr rhsuctm`l sh bm ljshrvm`l hk ukm ormk vmrdh`m` `h suhcls, dkicuyhk`l mridccms blfloäkhms, fhzicms `h mrhkms, cdfls y mridccms, ilk mjuk`mkidm `h edkls. Cm suphredidh `hc idcdk`rl hstí ilkstdtud`m plr ukm pmrrdccm l fmccm emjrdim`m ilk jmrrms `h mihrl quh elrfmk ukm ium`ræiucm. Hstls hqudpls suhchk cmstrmrsh ilk jclquhs `h ilkirhtl l mrhkm b÷fh`m. ^hrl cl fís ilf÷k hs quh sh emjrdquhk ilk phsls fuy mctls, pu`dhk`l cchomr m =0 tlk. ilk cmstrh y prhsdlkhs `h ilktmitl `h :> ao/if:. :.5.0. 

Zl`dccls shofhktm`ls

Ylk ukm vmrdmkth `hc rl`dccl `h pdslkhs y sh usm ohkhrmcfhkth ilk fmthrdmchs quh rhqudhrhk `dsorhomidùk. Yu usl sh bm hxthk`d`l tmfjdäk m ltrls fmthrdmchs, ilfl mridccms kl fuy

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

08

pcístdims. Cm elrfm hs sdfdcmr mc rl`dccl `h pdslkhs `h uk slcl tmfjlr, phrl hstí shofhktm`l hk trhs ruh`ms m`lsm`ms, `h mrl dkthrrufpd`l. dkthr rufpd`l.

:.5.8.  Ilfpmitm`lrhs vdjrmtlrdls Cm vdjrmidùk irhm euhrzms `h dfpmitl y hstms euhrzms dfprdfhk ukm fmylr plthkidm `h ilfpmitmidùk quh ukm imrom hstítdim `h cm fdsfm fmokdtu`. Hsth bhibl hs cm hilklfæm `htrís `h uk ilfpmitm`lr vdjrmtlrdl. Cms euhrzms `h dfpmitl slk fmylrhs quh cms euhrzms hstítdims plrquh hc rl`dccl vdjrmtlrdl ilkvdhrth cm hkhroæm plthkidmc hk hkhroæm idkätdim. Cls ilfpmitm`lrhs vdjrmtlrdls puh`hk thkhr hktrh ukl m fís rl`dccl. Cls fl`hcls `h `ls rl`dccls tdhkhk cm ukd`m` `h prlpucsdùk hk ukl `h cls rl`dccls y cls fl`hcls sdfpchs (`h uk slcl rl`dccl) tdhkhk `ls ccmktms plsthrdlrhs. Pmfjdäk bmy ilfpmitm`lrhs vdjrmtlrdls flktm`ls. Mcoukls tdpls `h suhcls ilfl cm mrhkm, cm ormvm y hc fmthrdmc rlilsl rhcmtdvmfhkth ormk`h rhsplk`hk fuy jdhk m cm ilfpmitmidùk prl`uid`m plr ukm ilfjdkmidùk `h prhsdùk y vdjrmidùk. Iumk`l hstls fmthrdmchs sh vdjrmk cms pmrtæiucms `hgmk su plsdidùk y sh `hspcmzmk mihriík`lsh fís ilk cms pmrtæiucms m`ymihkths pmrm dkirhfhktmr cm `hksd`m` `h cm fmsm. Cls tmfjlrhs vdjrmtlrdls sh mitdvmk plr uk phsl hxiäktrdil quh prl`uih cm miidùk vdjrmtlrdm. Hsth phsl hxiäktrdil hs sùcl uk iuhrpl quh rltm mcrh`h`lr `h uk hgh `dstdktl m su ihktrl `h fmsm. Cm fmsm `hc tmfjlr vdjrmtlrdl sh shpmrm `hc fmril prdkidpmc `hc rl`dccl. Cms vdjrmidlkhs vmræmk klrfmcfhkth hktrh =>>> m 8>>> plr fdkutl. Cms vdjrmidlkhs tdhkhk `ls fh`d`ms ’mfpcdtu`, quh hs cm fh`d`m `hc flvdfdhktl ÷ lk`m, y cm erhiuhkidm, quh hs cm vhclid`m` `hc flvdfdhktl, l hc k÷fhrl `h vdjrmidlkhs (lsidcmidlkhs) plr shouk`l l fdkutl. Cm mfpcdtu` ilktrlcm hc írhm hehitdvm l prleuk`d`m` m cm iumc sh trmksfdth cm vdjrmidùk `hktrl `hc suhcl, fdhktrms quh cm erhiuhkidm `hthrfdkm hc k÷fhrl `h olcphs ÷ lsidcmidlkhs quh sh trmksfdthk trmksfd thk hk uk `hthrfdkm`l phræl`l `h tdhfpl. Cls dfpmitls mpcdim`ls plr cms vdjrmidlkhs prl`uihk lk`ms `h prhsdùk quh bmih quh cms pmrtæiucms sh fuhvmk, prl`uidhk`l cm ilfpmitmidùk. Iumk`l sh ilfpmitm fmthrdmchs ormkucmrhs, cm erhiuhkidm (hc k÷fhrl `h olcphs hk uk phræl`l `m`l) hs ohkhrmcfhkth hc pmrífhtrl irætdil hk ilktrm `h cm mfpcdtu`. Cm ilfpmitmidùk rhsuctmkth hs ukm eukidùk `h cm erhiuhkidm `h cls olcphs y cm euhrzm `h cls fdsfls msæ ilfl `hc phræl`l `h tdhfpl sljrh hc iumc sh mpcdimk. Cm rhcmidùk erhiuhkidm/tdhfpl phrfdth imciucmr cm fækdfm vhclid`m` `h trmjmgl rhquhrd`m iumk`l sh usmk cls ilfpmitm`lrhs vdjrmtlrdls. Cm vhclid`m` `h trmjmgl hs dfplrtmkth plrquh `hedkh iuíktl sh ilfpmitm ukm `hthrfdkm`m pmrth `h uk rhcchkl. Xkm vhclid`m` `h trmjmgl `h 9.: m 5.0 af/b prlplridlkm cls fhglrhs rhsuctm`ls iumk`l sh usmk cls ilfpmitm`lrhs vdjrmtlrdls.

:.5.5.  Zl`dccl cdsl vdjrmtlrdl Hc rl`dccl cdsl vdjrmtlrdl hs uk rl`dccl cdsl prlvdstl `h uk flvdfdhktl hxiäktrdil hk hc dkthrdlr `hc idcdk`rl quh ch prlplridlkm uk flvdfdhktl vdjrmtlrdl. ^uh`hk usmrsh pmrm cm ilfpmitmidùk `h suhcls ormkucmrhs ilk tmfmýls `h pmrtæiucms quh vmk `hs`h ormk`hs ermiidlkhs rlilsms bmstm mrhkm edkm. ^uh`hk usmrsh hk suhcls shfdilbhsdvls, sdhfprh y iumk`l fís `hc =>% `hc fmthrdmc thkom uk D^ `h 8. Cls rl`dccls fís ormk`hs puh`hk shr fuy hedidhkths hk impms `h rlim `h bmstm 4> if. Pmfjdäk sh usmk pmrm cms lphrmidlkhs `h mimjm`l l shccm`l `h impms, phrl ilk cm vdjrmidùk `hsilkhitm`m. Hk mcoukls imsls sh puh`h dkicusl bmihr vdjrmr ukl `h cls rl`dccls `hgmk`l hc ltrl hstítdil pmrm shccmr cm impm.

 

05

^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

Edourm :.== Zl`dccl cdsl vdjrmtlrdl hk tmk`hf l `h `ls hghs. Cls rl`dccls cdsls vdjrmtlrdls mpcdimk trhs euhrzms `h ilfpmitmidùk7 (=) prhsdùk, (:) dfpmitl y (9) vdjrmidùk. cm erhiuhkidm `hHsvdjrmidùk y cmquh mfpcdtu` sh `hjhk m`hiumr Cm pmrmvhclid`m` ilkshoudr`hcm ilfpmitmidùk, fíxdfm ilfpmitmidùk plsdjch. dfplrtmkth thkomk uk `dsplsdtdvl mutlfítdil pmrm `hsilkhitmr cm vdjrmidùk mc `hthkhr cm fmribm `hc rl`dccl pmrm hvdtmr quh vdjrhk sljrh uk puktl `hthrfdkm`l quh rlfphræm cm ilfpmitmidùk. Hk hc imsl `h ccls ls rl`dccls tmk`hf l `h hgh `ljch, hs ilkvhkdhkth quh cls `ls thkomk trmiidùk pmrm hvdtmr quh sh elrfhk lk`ucmidlkhs hk hc fmthrdmc ilfpmitm`l.

:.5.?.  Ilfpmitm`lr `h pdslkhs vdjrmtlrdl Ylk cls fdsfls rl`dccls `h pdslkhs prlvdstls `h uk sdsthfm vdjrmtlrdl `hktrl `hc tmfjlr. Hstls rl`dccls slk hedidhkths hk suhcls `h bmstm uk 8>% `hc fmthrdmc ilk uk D^ `h 8% l fís. Cms smcdhkths l pdslkhs slk elrzm`ls m imfdkmr hk cm impm sdk mjcmk`mr hc suhcl. Hc hsphslr tæpdil `h impms pmrm quh uk ilfpmitm`lr `h pdslkhs vdjrmtlrdl ilfpmith uk suhcl ilbhsdvl hs `h 9> m 08 if. Hstms ukd`m`hs hstík hqudpm`ms mcoukms mc oukms vhihs ilk ukm iuibdccm kdvhcm`lrm. Cls rl`dccls fís phquhýls puh`hk dr tmfjdäk bmidm mtrís y tdhkhk mkibls `h 5> m 48 if. Hstms ukd`m`hs hstík `dshým`ms pmrm trmjmgmr hk zmkgms l hk írhms ilkedkm`ms. Cls tmfjlrhs `h cls rl`dccls sh hxtdhk`hk fís mccí `hc mkibl `hc hqudpl, `h fl`l quh sh clorm cm ilfpmitmidùk m÷k hk cms zlkms m`ymihkths m cms pmrh`hs `h cm zmkgm. Mcoukls `h hstls ilfpmitm`lrhs fís phquhýls sh hqudpmk ilk sdsthfms `h ilktrlc rhfltl pmrm phrfdtdr mc lphrm`lr ilktrlcmr hc rl`dccl sdk thkhr quh dkorhsmr m cm zmkgm. Cm fmylræm `h hstls sdsthfms usmk ukm erhiuhkidm `h rm`dl, cl iumc hcdfdkm cm khihsd`m` `h imjchs mcrh`h`lr `h cm zlkm `h trmjmgl. :.5.2.  Zl`dccl khufítdil Hstls rl`dccls slk suphredidmchs quh mpcdimk hc prdkidpdl `h mfmsm`l mc hehitl `h cm ilfpmitmidùk `hjmgl `h cm suphredidh. ^uh`hk shr mutlprlpucsm`ls l flktm`ls (Uhr Edourm :.=:). Cms ukd`m`hs `h ccmktms phquhýms ohkhrmcfhkth tdhkhk `ls hghs hk tmk`hf ilk iumtrl l idkil ccmktms hk im`m ukl. Cms ccmktms lsidcmk, phrfdtdäk`lchs shoudr hc ilktlrkl `h cm suphredidh y

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

0?

cchomr m cms írhms fís jmgms ilk ukm ilfpmitmidùk ukdelrfh. Cms ccmktms plsthrdlrhs hstík trmscmpm`ms rhsphitl m cm plsdidùk `h cms ccmktms `hcmkthrms, pmrm iujrdr cm suphredidh hktrh hccms, clormk`l ukm iljhrturm ilfpchtm `h cm suphredidh. Cms ccmktms sh ilclimk cdohrmfhkth euhrm `h hgh, `ík`lchs ukm miidùk `h lk`ucmidùk pmrm dkirhfhktmr cm miidùk `h mfmsm`l mc suhcl. M`didlkmk`l uk jmcmstrl, hc phsl `h ukm ukd`m` puh`h vmrdmr pmrm clormr hc khihsmrdl khihs mrdl sho÷k hc tdpl `h suhcl. Cls khufítdils phquhýls kl slk mprlpdm`ls pmrm mctms prl`uiidlkhs l pmrm prlyhitls quh rhqudhrmk impms `h hsphslr fuy ormk`h. Yh usmk pmrm prlyhitls `h fh`dmkm l phquhým hkvhrom`urm, euk`mfhktmcfhkth hk fmthrdmchs `h jmsh ormkucmr. ^lr cl ohkhrmc sh usmk pmrm cm ilfpmitmidùk `hc ilkirhtl mseíctdil hk impms `h rl`m`urm l hk trmtmfdhktls suphredidmchs. Hk hc impætucl 8 sh `mk fís `htmcchs `h hstm ilfpmitmidùk.

Edourm :.=: Ilfpmitm`lr khufítdil `h `ls hghs. Cls rl`dccls ilk ccmktms fís ormk`hs hstík `dsplkdjchs hk tmfmýls quh phsmk `h =8 m :>> tlkhcm`ms. Pdhkhk `ls l fís ccmktms pmrm su `hspcmzmfdhktl hk uk hgh sdfpch ihktrmc. Cm prhsdùk `h cms ccmktms puh`h vmrdmr hktrh 2> m =8> psd. (==92 ao/if : m :=99 ao/if:). Ilfl sh trmtm `h imroms fuy mctms y mctms prhsdùk hk cms ccmktms, slk impmihs `h ilfpmitmr cls suhcls m fmylrhs prleuk`d`m`hs. Hc omstl fmylr sh `hjh m cm prlpucsdùk `h hstms ukd`m`hs tmk ormk`hs sljrh cms impms, ym quh rhqudhrhk `h trmitlrhs ilk jmrrms `h tdrl y trmiidùk ilksd`hrmjchs. Hstms ukd`m`hs sh usmk ilk erhiuhkidm pmrm hc mimjm`l `h sujrmsmkths y jmshs `h imfpls `h mthrrdzmgh y hk prhsms `h tdhrrm. Ilfl hc írhm `h ilktmitl hktrh ukm ccmktm y hc thrrhkl sljrh hc iumc pmsm vmræmk ilk cm prhsdùk `h mdrh `h cm ccmktm, hsphidedimr hc phsl tltmc l hc phsl plr ruh`m kl hs khihsmrdmfhkth uk fätl`l smtdsemitlrdl pmrm dk`dimr cm impmid`m` ilfpmitdvm `hc rl`dccl khufítdil. Yh `hjhk hktlkihs,khufítdils7 ilklihr iumtrl cm impmid`m` `h ilfpmitmidùk rl`dccls (=) cmpmrífhtrls imrom plr pmrm ruh`m,`hthrfdkmr (:) hc tmfmýl `h cm ccmktm, (9) hc `dshýl `h cls cms hstræms `h cm ccmktm y (0) cm prhsdùk.

 

02

^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

:.5.4.  Zl`dccls khufítdils ilk prhsdùk vmrdmjch Iumk`l sh usm pmrm ilfpmitmr suhcls m trmväs `h tl`ms cms htmpms `h `hksd`m`, cm prdfhrm pmsm`m sljrh ukm impm `hjh bmihrsh ilk ukm prhsdùk `h khufítdils rhcmtdvmfhkth jmgm pmrm dkirhfhktmr cm ecltmidùk y hc írhm `h ilktmitl. Ydk hfjmrol, iumk`l uk suhcl sh ilfpmitm, cm prhsdùk `h mdrh hk cms ccmktms `hjh drsh dkirhfhktmk`l bmstm su fíxdfm hsphidedim`m pmrm cm pmsm`m edkmc. Mkths `h quh cls rl`dccls `hsmrrlccmrmk su impmid`m` `h vmrdmr cm prhsdùk `h cms ccmktms `urmkth cm lphrmidùk, hrm khihsmrdl `hthkhr hc mvmkih y (=) mgustmr cm prhsdùk `h cms ccmktms, (:) vmrdmr hc phsl `hc jmcmstrl hk hc rl`dccl l (9) thkhr rl`dccls ilk `dehrhkths phsls y prhsdlkhs `h ccmktm hk uk prlyhitl pmrm prlplridlkmr cms ukd`m`hs quh iufpcmk cms ilk`didlkhs `h ilfpmitmidùk rhquhrd`ms. Mcoukls emjrdimkths prl`uihk rl`dccls quh slk hqudpm`ls pmrm phrfdtdr mc lphrm`lr vmrdmr cm prhsdùk `h cms ccmktms sdk `hthkhr cm fíqudkm. Cms prdfhrms pmsm`ms sh bmihk ilk ukm prhsdùk rhcmtdvmfhkth jmgm y ilkelrfh hc suhcl sh ilfpmitm, cm prhsdùk sh dkirhfhktm sho÷k cms ilk`didlkhs pmrtdiucmrhs `hc suhcl. Hc usl `h hsth tdpl `h ilfpmitm`lr ohkhrmcfhkth phrfdth ukm ilfpmitmidùk m`hium`m ilk uk fhklr k÷fhrl `h pmsm`m quh cls rl`dccls `h prhsdùk ilkstmkth. :.5.=>. 

Ilfpmitm`lrhs `h dfpmitl

M prdkidpdls `h =40>, Mujrhy Jhrrhkoâ `hsmrrlccù hk Yu`íerdim uk sdsthfm `h ilfpmitmidùk `h dfpmitl. Hktrh cls mýls =404 y =489 `hsmrrlccù cls ilfpmitm`lrhs `h –ccmktms ium`rm`ms‖. Mitumcfhkth, hstls ilfpmitm`lrhs tdhkhk trhs, iumtrl y idkil cm`ls.

Edourm :.=9 Mujrhy Jhrrhkoâ mc cm`l `h uk ilfpmitm`lr `h dfpmitl m edkmchs `h =40>0.

0

 bttp7//www.cmk`pmi.ilf/Pbhlry/bdstlr bttp7//www.cmk`pmi.ilf/Pbhlry/bdstlry\le\dfpmit\ilfpmitdlk.btf y\le\dfpmit\ilfpmitdlk.btf

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

04

Hc prdkidpdl `h eukidlkmfdhktl hs shkidccl. Iumk`l hc ilfpmitm`lr hstí hchvm`l, hc rl`dccl rltm chvmktík`lsh m sæ fdsfl plr uk cm`l, y imh `h kuhvl m tdhrrm. Hc dfpmitl `hc rl`dccl olcphmk`l hc suhcl prlplridlkm cm euhrzm `h ilfpmitmidùk. Hc fmylr äkemsds pmrm `hsmrrlccmr hc `dshýl `h hsth ilfpmitm`lr euh cm khihsd`m` `h `hsmrrlccmr uk dfpchfhktl ilk ormk hkhroæm `h ilfpmitmidùk quh pu`dhrm shr usm`l pmrm ilfpmitmr suhcls s uhcls ilk jmgl ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` hk rhodlkhs írd`ms. Hstmjm tmfjdäk hc `hshl `h thkhr uk dfpchfhktl quh pu`dhrm myu`mr mc ilcmpsl írd`ms. `h hstruiturms dkhstmjchs `h mcoukls suhcls hkilktrm`ls mcoukms vhihs hk rhodlkhs

Edourm :.=0 Ilfpmitm`lr `h dfpmitl `h trhs cm`ls8. Hstls ilfpmitm`lrhs puh`hk usmrsh hk uk rmkol mfpcdl `h fmthrdmchs, ilfl rlim, mrhkm, ormvm, cdfl y mridccm. ^uh`hk fmkhgmrsh ilk impms bmstm `h 4> if y ilfl dfpmitmk hc suhcl ilk ukm ormk hkhroæm, cm `hksd`m` sh clorm m uk rmkol fuy mfpcdl `h ilkthkd`ls `h bufh`m`.

:.5.==.  Ilfpmitm`lrhs phquhýls Cls ilfpmitm`lrhs phquhýls fís usm`ls slk cls `dsils ilfpmitm`lrhs, cm pcmkibm vdjrmtlrdm y cls fmrtdccls ilfpmitm`lrhs. Yh usmk pmrm írhms phquhýms l `h `deæidc miihsl. Cm ilfpmitmidùk hs m`hium`m sdhfprh y iumk`l hc hsphslr `h impm shm phquhýl (ohkhrmcfhkth hktrh 9‖ y 0‖), hc ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` sh ilktrlcm iud`m`lsmfhkth y sh clorm ukm iljhrturm `h írhm suedidhkth. Cms prdkidpmchs imusms `h prljchfms `h `hksd`m` iumk`l sh usmk hstls hqudpls hk hc rhcchkl `h zmkgms slk (=) uk k÷fhrl `h pmsm`ms dkm`hium`l iumk`l sh tdhkh uk hspmidl ilkedkm`l, (:) impms `hfmsdm`l oruhsms y (9) ilkthkd`ls `h bufh`m` kl m`hium`ls.

8

 bttp7//www.cmk`pmi.ilf/Pbhlry/bds bttp7//www.cmk`pmi.ilf/Pbhlry/bdstlry\le\dfpmit\ilfpmitdlk.btf tlry\le\dfpmit\ilfpmitdlk.btf

 

8>

^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

:.5.==.=.  @dsils ilfpmitm`lrhs ^mrm hvdtmr cls miid`hkths `h thkhr uk blfjrh trmjmgmk`l hk zmkgms, sh ilclim mcoukms vhihs uk `dsil `h ilfpmitmidùk sdfdcmr m uk idcdk`rl `h pdslkhs, mc jrmzl `h ukm hximvm`lrm pmrm clormr cm ilfpmitmidùk `hc rhcchkl hk zmkgms. Mcoukls fl`hcls fís fl`hrkls dkicuyhk sdsthfms `h ilktrlc rhfltl pmrm `drdodrcls omrmktdzmk`l cm shourd`m` `hc phrslkmc hk cm c m ljrm. Hstls sdsthfms `h ilktrlc rhfltl puh`hk shr plr rm`dl l plr rmyls dkermrrlgls1 hsth ÷ctdfl sdsthfm sh prhedhrh hk cm Ilfukd`m` Hurlphm, `lk`h cls sdsthfms `h rm`dlerhiuhkidm kl hstík phrfdtd`ls.

Edourm :.=8 Ilfpmitm`lrhs `h pdslkhs fmkumc m ilktrlc rhfltl. rh fltl. :.5.==.:.  ^cmkibm ilfpmitm`lrm Yh usmk pmrm ilfpmitmr suhcls y ilkirhtl mseíctdil hk ujdimidlkhs `lk`h kl puh`hk cchomr cms ukd`m`hs ormk`hs. ^uh`hk shr mutlprlpucsm`ms, tmktl ilk `dhshc l omslcdkm. Hstms ukd`m`hs slk icmsdedim`ms plr cm euhrzm ihktræeuom, cms rhvlcuidlkhs plr fdkutls, cm prleuk`d`m` `h phkhtrmidùk `h cm vdjrmidùk (l hsphslr `h impm), mvmkih hk f/s y iljhrturm `h írhm plr blrm.

Edourm :.=5 ^cmkibm ilfpmitm`lr vdjrmtlrdm. :.5.==.9. 

Fmrtdccls ilfpmitm`lrhs

Hstls fmrtdccls usmk pmrm ilfpmitmr ilbhsdvls `h plr suhcls hk írhms ilkedkm`ms. Hstmsshukd`m`hs tdhkhk uk rmkol suhcls `h dfpmitl hktrh 0>l mfhzicms =:>> f-ao shouk`l, ilk dfpmitls `h bmstm 28 olcphs plr fdkutl, `hphk`dhk`l `hc fl`hcl hsphidedim`l. Cls irdthrdls

 

Impdtucl : ^rlihsl : ^rlihsl y hqudpls `h ilfpmitmidùk 

8=

`h `hshfphýl dkicuyhk ao. plr olcph, írhm iujdhrtm plr blrm y prleuk`d`m` `h ilfpmitmidùk hk ihktæfhtrls (hsphslr `h impm). Hstls fmrtdccls slk mutlprlpucsm`ls y im`m olcph cl fuhvh cdohrmfhkth bmidm `hcmkth pmrm mcimkzmr ukm kuhvm írhm `h ilktmitl.

Edourm :.=? Fmrtdccl ilfpmitm`lr fmkumc. :.?.  Hstdfmidùk `h cm prl`uiidùk Ilfl hk iumcqudhr ilfpmitm`lr, cm hkhroæm quh hs mpcdim`m hstí hk eukidùk `h cm prhsdùk `h ilktmitl y hc írhm `h ilktmitl. Ydk hfjmrol, cms pruhjms quh bmstm mblrm sh bmk rhmcdzm`l ilk hstls hqudpls `hfuhstrmk quh ukm prhsdùk `h ilktmitl fuy mctm kl mshourm cm fíxdfm `hksd`m` `h ilfpmitmidùk, phrl fís jdhk sh rhqudhrh uk fmylr ilkthkd`l `h bufh`m` pmrm clormr hstm `hksd`m` fíxdfm. Hs hc írhm `h ilktmitl fís jdhk cl quh `hthrfdkm cm fíxdfm `hksd`m` shim, `h fmkhrm quh iumktl fmylr hs hc írhm `h ilktmitl, fhklr hs hc k÷fhrl `h pmsm`ms rhquhrd`l pmrm clormrcm. Msæ hs quh cls ilfpmitm`lrhs fl`hrkls sh `dshýmk ilk plsdidlkhs y hspmidmfdhktl `h cms smcdhkths `h fl`l quh sh ljtdhkh uk hqudcdjrdl hktrh hc plrihktmgh `h iujrdfdhktl `m`l plr hc suhcl quh hs mfmsm`l plr cms smcdhkths y hc írhm `h ilktmitl `m`m plr hc hspmidl hktrh cms smcdhkths. Cm hedidhkidm l rhk`dfdhktl `h uk ilfpmitm`lr iumcqudhrm hstí `m`l plr cms `dfhksdlkhs `hc rl`dccl, hc hsphslr `h cm impm ilfpmitm`m l `h cm smcdhkth, cm vhclid`m` y hc k÷fhrl `h pmsm`ms. Cm hxprhsdùk fmthfítdim `hc rhk`dfdhktl hs hc sdoudhkth7  Z 6

 J h U 

=>>> k   Hi. :.==

`lk`h7 Z 7 Zhk`dfdhktl fíxdfl `hc hqudpl, hk f9 /b. J 7 Mkibl `hc rl`dccl, hk fhtrls. h 7 Hsphslr `h cm impm ilfpmitm`m, hk fhtrls. Yh puh`h hstdfmr ilfl uk % `h cm clkodtu` `h cm smcdhkth `h shr hc imsl.

 

8:

^rlormfm `h Pdtucmidùk :>>5. Dkohkdhræm Idvdc. Xkdvhrsd`m` `h ^durm.

U 7 Uhclid`m` ilk quh idriucm hc ilfpmitm`lr, hk Af/b (vhr Pmjcm :.5). K 7 K÷fhrl `h pmsm`ms `hc hqudpl plr hc fdsfl cuomr. Hsth rhk`dfdhktl hstí hxprhsm`l hk fhtrls i÷jdils `h fmthrdmc ilfpmitm`l. ^mrm ilfpmrmr hstm prl`uiidùk ilk cm prl`uiidùk `h cms lphrmidlkhs `h trmksplrth quh trmjmgmk ilk fmthrdmc hk hstm`l suhctl bmih emctm mpcdimr cls emitlrhs `h ilkvhrsdùk mprlpdm`ls (emitlr `h ilktrmiidùk l hsplkgmfdhktl) quh cl trmkselrfh hk fhtrls i÷jdils `h fmthrdmc suhctl l jdhk hk fmthrdmc hk imkthrm.

Pmjcm :.5 Uhclid`m`hs rhilfhk`m`ms pmrm cm ilfpmitmidùk. Pdpl `h ilfpmitm`lr  Uhclid`m` Af/b  Zl`dccl pmtm `h imjrm, trmitlr rhflcim`lr 8-2 Ilfpmitm`lr `h pdslkhs7 ^rdfhrms 9 pmsm`ms 8-2 Zhstl =9 - =5 Ilfpmitm`lr `h khufítdils f÷ctdpchs 2 - :0 Zl`dccl `h tmfjlr cdsl vdjrmtlrdl 9-5 Zl`dccl `h pdslkhs vdjrmtlrdl 9-5 Bmy ilk`didlkhs hxthrkms mc hqudpl y quh sh rhcmidlkmk ilk su usl quh puh`hk rh`uidr hc rhk`dfdhktl. ^lr tmktl, hc rhk`dfdhktl imciucm`l `hjhrí clormrsh ilk cm pmrtdidpmidùk `hc lphrm`lr, qudhk `hjhrí thkhr hk iuhktm hsth msphitl. ^lr cl tmktl, hxdsth uk emitlr `h hedidhkidm quh sh mpcdim mc vmclr `h rhk`dfdhktl mkthrdlrfhkth imciucm`l, y quh tdhkh ilfl edk rhechgmr cm impmid`m` `hc lphrm`lr pmrm lphrmr hc hqudpl y cms emidcd`m`hs l ilkohstdlkmfdhktls quh ohkhrhk `hflrms hk su fmkdljrmjdcd`m`. Cls vmclrhs `h hedidhkidm pmrm cms lphrmidlkhs `h ilfpmitmidùk quh sh suhchk fmkhgmr vmk hktrh hktr h 08 y 8> fdkutls plr blrm.