1.jacqueline Fawcett2000

 

G_VZWOVWZE FGM OILIONKNGLVI OILVGKPIZÅLGI GL GLCGZKGZËE Beoqugmnlg Cewogtt. Elåmnsns elf Gvemuetnil ic Oiltgkpirery Lursnld Aliwmgfdg. Lursnld Kifgms elf Vhgirngs.

:000. C.E. Fevns Oikpely Phnmefgmphne. 5. Vrefuoonÿl Gfnmke fg Oep Zgemgs

Gstg oepëtumi snglte mes jesgs pere gm rgsti fgm mnjri. Equë sg nfgltncnoe y fgsornjg me gstruoture fgm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe. Oefe oikpilgltg fg me gstruoture -kgteperefndke, cnmisicëe, kifgmis oilogptuemgs, tgirëes, g nlfnoefirgs gkpërnois- sg fgcnlgl y sg fgmnlgel su culonÿl. E oiltnlueonÿl sg fnsoutgl mes fnstnlonilgs gltrg mis oikpilgltgs, oil gspgonem îlcesns gl mes fncgrglones gltrg kifgmis oilogptuemgs y tgirëes y me lgogsnfef fg vgr y utnmnzer gstis fis oikpilgltgs fgm oilionknglti gl cirkes fncgrgltgs. Wle Zgvnsnÿl e mis Vîrknlis Omevg Me gstruoture bgrårqunoe fncgrglone mis vernis oikpilgltgs fgm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe fg eougrfi oil sus lnvgmgs fg ejstreoonÿl. Mis oikpilgltgs fg me gstruoture bgrårqunoe sg glulonel equë. Oefe oikpilgltg sg fgcnlg y sg fgsornjg gl fgtemmg gl gstg oepëtumi. Pemejres Omevgs2 Gstruoture Bgrårqunoe fgm Oilionknglti Oiltgkpirålgi fg Glcgrkgrëe OILOGPVI_ PZIPI_NONILG_ li Zgmeonilemgs Pripisnonilgs Zgmeonilemgs KGVEPEZEFNDKE Zgqugrnkngltis pere ul Kgteperefndke KGVEPEZEFNDKE_ FG GLCGZKGZËE CNMI_ICËE CNMI_ICËE_ FG GLCGZKGZËE Snsnÿl fgm Kulfi fg Zgeoonÿl Snsnÿl fgm Kulfi fg Nltgreoonÿl Zgoëprioe Snsnÿl fgm Kulfi fg Eoonÿl _nkumtålge Oetgdirëes fgm Oilionknglti fg Glcgrkgrëe KIFGMI_ OILOGPVWEMG_ KIFGMI_ OILOGPVWEMG_ FG GLCGZKGZËE VGIZËE

 

Drelfgs Vgirëes Vgirëes fg Kgfneli Zeldi VGIZËE_ FG GLCGZKGZËE NLFNOEFIZG_ GKPËZNOI_ G_VZWOVWZE BGZÅZUWNOE FGM OILIONKNGLVI OILVGKPIZÅLGI FG GLCGZKGZËE Wl elåmnsns fg me tgrknlimidëe qug sg use pere fgsornjnr gm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi oilfubi e me nfgltncnoeonÿl fg onloi oikpilgltgs2 kgteperefndke, cnmisicëes, kifgmis oilogptuemgs, tgirëes, g nlfnoefirgs gkpërnois (Cewogtt, 5>>?1 Anld y Cewogtt, 5>>4). Me gstruoture  bgrårqunoe fgm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe gs ul epereti gurëstnoi qug oimioe gsis onloi oikpilgltgs gl ule bgrerquëe qug sg jese gl mis lnvgmgs fg ejstreoonÿl. Me bgrerquëe sg prgsglte gl me cndure 5 ‟ 5. Mis oikpilgltgs fg me gstruoture bgrårqunoe sg heogl oikpilgl fg oilogptis y fg pripisnilgs. Wl oilogpti gs ule pemejre i cresg qug rgsukg mes oereotgrëstnoes gsglonemgs i mes pripngfefgs fg ul cglÿkgli. Wle pripisnonÿl pripisnonÿl   gs ule fgomereonÿl i ul glulonefi eogroe fg ul oilogpti i ul glulonefi fg mes rgmeonilgs gltrg fis i kås oilogptis. Wle pripisnonÿl li rgmeonilem  rgmeonilem  gs ule fgsornponÿl i fgcnlnonÿl fg ul oilogpti. Wle pripisnonÿl li rgmeonilem qug fgomere gm sndlncnoefi fg ul oilogpti sg mmeke ule fgcnlnonÿl oilstntutnve. Wle pripisnonÿl li rgmeonilem qug fgomere oiki sg ijsgrve i sg knfg ul oilogpti sg mmeke ule fgcnlnonÿl ipgreonilem. Wle pripisnonÿl rgmeonilem sgõeme me rgmeonÿl i gm glmeog gltrg fis i kås oilogptis. Kgteperefndke Gm prnkgr oikpilgltg fg me gstruoture bgrårqunoe fgm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe gs gm kgteperefndke. Wl kgteperefndke sg fgcnlg oiki2 Mis oilogptis dmijemgs qug nfgltncnoel gm cglÿkgli ogltrem pere gm nltgrîs fg ule fnsonpmnle, mes pripisnilgs dmijemgs qug fgsornjgl mis oilogptis y mes pripisnonilgs dmijemgs qug glulonel mes rgmeonilgs gltrg mis oilogptis.

 

OIKPILGLVG_

LNSGMG_ FG EJ_VZEOONßL

Kgteperefndke

Kås Ejstreoti

Cnmisicëes 5...l

Kifgmis Oilogptuemgs 5...l

Vgirëes 5...l 

Nlfnoefirgs Gkpërnois 5...l

Kås Oilorgti

Cnd 5 ‟ 5  5  Gstruoture Bgrårqunoe fgm Oilionknglti Oiltgkpirålgi fg Glcgrkgrëe2 Oikpilgltgs y Lnvgmgs fg Ejstreoonÿl

Gm kgteperefndke gs gm oikpilgltg kås ejstreoti fg me gstruoture  bgrårqunoe fgm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe y eotòe oiki  ”ule ulnfef gloepsumefire i keroi fg rgcgrglone fgltri fgm ouem sg fgserrimme ule gstruoture kås rgstrnldnfe‛ (Goajgrd y Hnmm, 5>4>, p. >:4). Mis oilogptis y mes pripisnonilgs fg ul kgteperefndke sil gxtrgkefekgltg dmijemgs y li fel lnldule fnrgoonÿl fgcnlntnve pere eotnvnfefgs temgs oiki me nlvgstndeonÿl i me pråotnoe omëlnoe y gsi gs mi qug fgjg gspgrersg fgjnfi e qug gm kgteperefndke ”gs gm kås ekpmni oilsglsi fgltri fg ule fnsonpmnle. Privgg mis peråkgtris dglgremgs fgm oekpi y mg fe e mis ongltëcnois ule ekpmne irnglteonÿl e pertnr fg me ouem trejeber‛ (Herfy, 5>48, p. ?8).

 

Culonilgs fg ul Kgteperefndke Mes culonilgs fg ul kgteperefndke sil mes fg rgsuknr me knsnÿl nltgmgotuem y sionem fg ule fnsonpmnle y oimioer ulis mëkntgs e ogroe fg mis esultis fg qug trete me fnsonpmnle (Ank, 5>8>). Gstes culonilgs sg rgcmgbel gl ongrtis rgqugrnkngltis pere ul kgteperefndke. Mis ouetri rgqugrnkngltis qug tnglgl qug vgr oil gm kgteperefndke fg ouemqungr fnsonpmnle sil mis qug sg glulonel gl me tejme 5 ‟ 5. Vejme 5 ‟ 5 ZGUWGZNKNGLVI_ PEZE WL KGVEPEZEFNDKE 5.  Gm perefndke tnglg qug nfgltncnoer ul oekpi qug gs prnvetnvi fgm fiknlni fg itres fnsonpmnles. Gstg rgqugrnknglti sg setnsceog simekgltg ouelfi mis oilogptis y mes pripisnonilgs rgprgsgltel ule pgrspgotnve òlnoe pere nlvgstnder y preotnoer. :.  Gm kgteperefndke tnglg qug oikprglfgr tifis mis cglÿkglis fg nltgrîs pere me fnsonpmnle gl ule cirke kgtnoumise. Gstg rgqugrnknglti sg setnsceog simekgltg sn mis oilogptis y mes pripisnonilgs sil dmijemgs y sn li hey rgfulfelone gl oilogptis i gl pripisnonilgs. ?.  Gm kgteperefndke tnglg qug sgr fg ule pgrspgotnve lgutrem. Gsg rgqugrnknglti sg setnsceog simekgltg sn mis oilogptis y mes pripisnonilgs li rgprgsgltel ule pgrspgotnve gspgoëcnoe, gs fgonr, ul perefndke gspgoëcnoi i ul kifgmi oilogptuem, i ule oikjnleonÿl fg pgrspgotnves. 6.  Gm kgteperefndke tnglg qug sgr nltgrleonilem gl ouelti e su emoelog y gl ouelti su sustelone. Gstg rgqugrnknglti qug gs ul oirimerni fgm tgrogr rgqugrnknglti sg setnsceog simekgltg sn gm oilogpti y mes pripisnonilgs li rgcmgbel ule leonÿl gl pertnoumer i ule oumture i ules orgglones îtlnoes i ulis vemirgs pertnoumergs. Kgteperefndkes fg Glcgrkgrëe Gm kgteperefndke fg glcgrkgrëe gstå oikpugsti fg ouetri oilogptis, ouetri pripisnonilgs li rgmeonilemgs y ouetri pripisnonilgs rgmeonilemgs. Mis oilogptis y mes pripisnonilgs fgm kgteperefndke fg glcgrkgrëe sg fgsornjgl gl me tejme 5 ‟:. Mes pripisnonilgs li rgmeonilemgs fgm kgteperefndke fg glcgrkgrëe sil fgcnlnonilgs oilstntutnves fg mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke. Mes pripisnonilgs rgmeonilemgs fgm kgteperefndke fg glcgrkgrëe qug sg fgrnveril fgm trejebi fg Filemfsil y Oriwmgy (5>48) y Dirtlgr ( 5>80), esgdurel mes rgmeonilgs gltrg oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke. Me pripisnonÿl rgmeonilem 5 glmeze mis oilogptis pgrsile y semuf, me pripisnonÿl rgmeonilem : glmeze mis oilogptis pgrsile y kgfni ekjngltg.

 

Me pripisnonÿl rgmeonilem ? glmeze mis oilogptis semuf y glcgrkgrëe y me pripisnonÿl rgmeonilem 6 glmeze mis oilogptis pgrsile, ekjngltg y semuf. Me vgrsnÿl fgm kgteperefndke fg glcgrkgrëe qug sg prgsglte equë rgprgsglte ule gxtglsnÿl y ule gmejireonÿl fgm kgteperefndke irndnlem fg glcgrkgrëe qug sg pujmnoÿ heog kuohis eõis (Cewogtt, 5>86). Wle fncgrglone gs me efnonÿl fg ule fgcnlnonÿl oilstntutnve pere oefe oilogpti fgm kgteperefndke. Itre fncgrglone gltrg me prnkgre y me eotuem vgrsnÿl gs me cirkemnzeonÿl fg mis tgkes gl pripisnonilgs. Eòl itre fncgrglone gs me efnonÿl fg me ouerte pripisnonÿl. Wl rgcnleknglti oiltnluefi gl me fgcnlnonÿl oilstntutnve fg mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke me ouem he rgsumtefi gl me rgcgrglone eotuem e me pgrsile oiki ul pertnonpeltg gl glcgrkgrëe gl muder fg ul rgonpngltg fg glcgrkgrëe. Gstg oekjni sg hnzi pere rgcmgber kgbir gm îlcesns oiltgkpirålgi qug sg heog fg me pgrsile oiki ul pertnonpeltg eotnvi gl gm priogsi fg glcgrkgrëe gl muder fg ul rgonpngltg pesnvi fg fnotåkglgs g nltgrvglonilgs fg me glcgrkgre. Zgcnleknglti oiltnlui tekjnîl he fefi oiki rgsumtefi ule gxpelsnÿl fg me fgcnlnonÿl oilstntutnve pere gm oilogpti kgteperefndkåtnoi fg ekjngltg. Gstg oekjni sg hnzi pere rgcmgber kgbir me kumtntuf fg oilfnonilgs ekjngltemgs qug sil nkpirteltgs i rgmgveltgs gl glcgrkgrëe. (Amgccgm, 5>>5) Vejme 5 ‟ :. KGVEPEZEFNDKE FG GLCGZKGZËE2 OILOGPVI_, PZIPI_NONILG_ LI ZGMEONILEMG_ ^ PZIPI_NONILG_ ZGMEONILEMG_ Oilogptis2   pgrsile, Oilogptis2 pgrsile, ekjngltg, semuf, glcgrkgrëe Pripisnonilgs li Zgmeonilemgs2 5.  Gm oilogpti kgteperefndkåtnoi pgrsile pgrsile sg  sg rgcngrg e mis nlfnvnfuis, ceknmnes, oikulnfefgs, y itris drupis qug sil pertnonpeltgs gl glcgrkgrëe. :.  Gm oilogpti kgteperefndkåtnoi ekjngltg sg rgcngrg e pgrsiles sndlncnoetnves pere gm nlfnvnfui y mis ekjngltg cësnois em nduem qug e mis gsoglernis gl mis ouemgs mes eoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe tnglgl muder qug vel fgsfg gm hider fg me pgrsile e mes omëlnoes u hispntemgs y e me siongfef oiki ul tifi. Gm oilogpti kgteperefndkåtnoi ekjngltg   tekjnîl sg rgcngrg e mes oilfnonilgs mioemgs, rgdnilemgs, ekjngltg leonilemgs y kulfnemgs telti oumturemgs oiki sionemgs, pimëtnoes y goilÿknoes qug gstål esionefes e me semuf fg ule pgrsile. ?.  Gm oilogpti kgteperefndkåtnoi semuf semuf   sg rgcngrg em gstefi fg jnglgster gl gm kikglti qug sg fel mis ounfefis fg glcgrkgrëe qug pugfg nr fgsfg ul emti lnvgm fg jnglgster heste ul gstefi fg glcgrkgfef tgrknlem.

 

6.  Gm oilogpti kgteperefndkåtnoi glcgrkgrëe glcgrkgrëe sg  sg rgcngrg e me fgcnlnonÿl fg glcgrkgrëe, mes eoonilgs qug tnglgl muder pir pertg fg me glcgrkgre per jglgcnoni i gl oilbulti oil me pgrsile y mes kgtes i rgsumtefis fg mes eoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe. Mes eoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe tëpnoekgltg sg vgl oiki ul priogsi snstgkåtnoi fg vemireonÿl, ritumeonÿl i fnedlÿstnoi, pmelgeknglti, nltgrvglonÿl y gvemueonÿl. Pripisnonilgs Zgmeonilemgs2 5.  Me fnsonpmnle fg glcgrkgrëe tnglg qug vgr oil mis prnlonpnis y mgygs qug dijngrlel mis priogsis fg vnfe, jnglgster y culonileknglti ÿptnki fg sgrgs hukelis glcgrkis i selis. :.  Me fnsonpmnle fg glcgrkgrëe tnglg qug vgr oil me fgtgrknleonÿl gl petrilgs fg mis oikpirtekngltis hukelis gl nltgreoonÿl oil gm ekjngltg gl gvgltis fg me vnfe lirkem y gl sntueonilgs orëtnoes fg me vnfe. ?.  Me fnsonpmnle fg glcgrkgrëe tnglg qug vgr oil mes eoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe i mis priogsis pir mis ouemgs sg midrel oekjnis pisntnvis gl mes sntueonilgs fg semuf. 6.  Me fnsonpmnle fg glcgrkgrëe tnglg qug vgr oil me titemnfef i me semuf fg mis sgrgs hukelis rgoilionglfi qug gstål gl ule nltgreoonÿl oiltnlue oil su ekjngltg. Me vgrsnÿl eotuem fgm kgteperefndke setnsceog mis ouetri rgqugrnkngltis fg ul kgteperefndke qug sg hel glmnstefi gl me tejme 5 ‟ 5. Gl pertnoumer mis ouetri oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke pgrsile, ekjngltg, semuf y glcgrkgrëe sg tnglgl gl ouglte dglgremkgltg oiki mis oilogptis ogltremgs fgm oekpi fg glcgrkgrëe (Cmesagruf y Hemmirel, 5>801 Bgllnlds, 5>841 Tedlgr, 5>83). _il kifncnoeonilgs fg ouetri oilogptis nlfuonfis e pertnr fg mis kerois fg rgcgrglone oilogptuemgs gl mis pridrekes fg mnogloneture fg glcgrkgrëe eorgfntefis pir me Mnde Leonilem fg Glcgrkgrëe fg mis Gstefis Wlnfis. Mis oilogptis irndnlemgs cugril hikjrg, siongfef, semuf y glcgrkgrëe (^ure y Virrgs, 5>47). Gm tîrknli hikjrg sg oekjnÿ pir pgrsile pere gvnter ul mglduebg gspgoëcnoi fg dîlgri, y gm tîrknli siongfef sg oekjnÿ pir ekjngltg pere qug oikprglfngre fg kelgre kås oikpmgte mis cglÿkglis fg nkpirtelone pere me pgrsile (Cewogtt, 5>48). Hey ul epiyi efnonilem pere me ogltremnfef fg mis ouetri oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke gm ouem privnglg fgm usi gxntisi fg gstis oilogptis oiki gsqugkes pere elemnzer gm oiltglnfi fg mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs fg glcgrkgrëe y fg mes tgirëes fg glcgrkgrëe (Cewogtt, 5>>? e, 5>>71 Cntzpetrnoa y Themm, 5>>31 Dgirdg, 5>>71 Kerrnlgr ‟ Vikgy y Emmndiif, 5>>8). Me utnmnfef fg mis

 

oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke oiki sg hel prgsgltefi equë, sg sujreye pir me efiponÿl oil kifncnoeonilgs epripnefes oiki mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke fg me hndnglg fgltem. Kås gspgoëcnoekgltg, Ferjy y Temsh (5>>6) nfgltncnoeril mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke fg me hndnglg fgltem oiki omngltg, ekjngltg semuf/semuf irem y eoonilgs fg hndnglg fgltem. Mes pripisnonilgs rgmeonilemgs fgm kgteperefndke, (vgr tejme 5 ‟ :) fel ule pgrspgotnve òlnoe fg mis oilogptis qug eyufel e fnstnldunr e glcgrkgrëe fg itres fnsonpmnles. Mes pripisnonilgs rgmeonilemgs 5, : y ? rgprgsgltel tgkes rgourrgltgs qug sg hel nfgltncnoefi gl mis gsorntis fg Cmirglog Lndthnldemg y fg kuohes itres grufntes fg glcgrkgrëe y fg glcgrkgres omëlnoes fgm sndmi XNX y fgm sndmi XX. Filemfsil y Oriwgy (5>48) oikglteril qug ”gstis tgkes sudngrgl mëkntgs fg ul årge pere ule nlvgstndeonÿl i jòsqugfe snstgkåtnoe y pere fgserrimmer me tgirëe oil pitglonem pere oilstntunr me leturemgze fg me fnsonpmnle fg glcgrkgrëe kås gxpmëonte fg mi qug gs gl gstg kikglti‛ (P. 55?). Mes pripisnonÿl rgmeonilem ouetri fg eougrfi oil Filemfsil y Oriwgy gl 5>48  ”gvimuonileril e pertnr fg cnlgs pråotnois fg iptnknzer gm ekjngltg hukeli pere me semuf‛ (p. 55>). Vikefi bultis mis ouetris oilogptis, mes ouetri pripisnonilgs li rgmeonilemgs y mes ouetri pripisnonilgs rgmeonilemgs sg nfgltncnoe gm cioi i lòomgi òlnoi fg me fnsonpmnle fg glcgrkgrëe qug nloirpire tifis mis cglÿkglis nkpirteltgs gl ule kelgre ounfefise. Efgkås mis oilogptis y mes pripisnonilgs sil fg pgrspgotnve lgutrem pirqug li rgcmgbel ul perefndke gspgoëcnoi i ul kifgmi oilogptuem gspgoëcnoi. Eòl kås, mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke y mes pripisnonilgs li rgcmgbel mes orgglones ln mis vemirgs fg mes glcgrkgres fg lnldòl peës gl pertnoumer i emdule oumture y pir mi telti, sil nltgrleonilemgs gl ouelti su emoelog y gl sujstelone. Wles Pripugstes pere oilogptis y pripisnonilgs fg ul kgteperefndke emtgrletnvi Me vgrsnÿl fg kgteperefndke qug sg prgsglte equë li fgjg oilsnfgrersg oiki prgketure rgspgoti e su gxpmnoeonÿl fg mis cglÿkglis fg nltgrîs pere me fnsonpmnle fg glcgrkgrëe. _nl fufe, sg prgvî qug hejrå kifncnoeonilgs fg mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke y sg oiltnluerål prgsgltelfi gl mes pripisnonilgs e kgfnfe qug me fnsonpmnle sndug gvimuonilelfi. Mes kifncnoeonilgs tnglgl snl gkjerdi qug setnsceogr mis ouetri rgqugrnkngltis fg ul kgteperefndke, vgr me tejme 5 ‟ 5. Mes vgrsnilgs emtgrletnves fgm kgteperefndke fg glcgrkgrëe sg prgsgltel gl me tejme 5 ‟ ? bulti oil me fnsousnÿl y me orëtnoe eogroe

 

fg oefe pripugste. Lnldule fg gstes pripugstes setnsceogl tifis mis ouetri rgqugrnkngltis fg ul kgteperefndke. Vejme 5-? Pripugstes fg Sgrsnilgs Emtgrletnves Kgteperefndke fg Glcgrkgrëe2 Fnsousnÿl y Orëtnoe. MePZIPWG_VE pripugste fg Lgwkel2 rggkpmezer gm oilogpti pgrsile pir gm oilogpti omngltg

Lgwkel FN_OW_NßL (5>8?) pripusi qug gm tîrknli omngltg rggkpmezerå gm tîrknli pgrsile gl gm kgteperefndke

Oilwey. Pripilg gmnknler gm oilogpti fg glcgrkgrëe fgm kgteperefndke.

qug gm tîrknli glcgrkgrëe rgprgsglte e me fg fnsonpmnle i e me pricgsnÿl y li gs ul oilogpti kgteperefndkåtnoi epripnefi pirqug orge ule teutimidëe. Kgmgnsg (5>>4) epergltgkgltg fg eougrfi oil Oilwey, oikgltÿ2 ”sgrëe ul oesi fg oilogptuemnzeonÿl teutimÿdnoe fgcnlnr e glcgrkgrëe oil tifis mis oilogptis y mugdi nlomunr

fgm

OZNVNOE Gm tîrknli omngltg sg rgcngrg e ule vnsnÿl pertnoumer fg me pgrsile y pir mi telti, li gs ul oilogpti fg pgrspgotnve lgutrem. Pir gmmi me sudgrglone fg kifncnoeonÿl li setnsceog gm tgrogr rgqunsnti fg ul kgteperefndke. Me pripugste fg Oilwey (5>87, 5>8>) rgomekÿ Aimoeje y Aimoeje (5>>5) rgohezeril Gmmis gm oerdi fg teutimidëe. literil qug heste filfg gm oilogpti fg glcgrkgrëe rgprgsglte mes eotnvnfefgs fg glcgrkgrëe i mes eoonilgs, li sg orge ule teutimidëe. Eòl kås, itris gstufnisis vngril e glcgrkgrëe oiki ul cglÿkgli fnstnlti fg nltgrîs pere me fnsonpmnle.

glcgrkgrëe  glcgrkgrëe   oiki Ank (5>84) nfgltncnoÿ me gstis oilogptis‛ (Påd.uli 503).fg Glcgrkgrëe oiki ul oikpilgltg fg fis oekpis fg oilionknglti fg Glcgrkgrëe. Gmme oilsnfgrÿ me Glcgrkgrëe oiki gm resdi ogltrem fgm fiknlni fg me pråotnoe y oiki ul oikpilgltg gsglonem fgm fiknlni omngltg ‟ glcgrkgre. Efgkås, Jerluk (5>>8) nfgltncnoi mis eotis fg Glcgrkgrëe oiki mi

 

oikòl, gs fgonr, ul tÿpnoi qug he snfi oilsnfgrefi pir me keyirëe fg mes tgirëes fg Glcgrkgrëe. Cnlemkgltg, Anld (5>86) gloiltrÿ qug Glcgrkgrëeogltrem gre gl ul oilogpti me cnmisicëe fg me gfuoeonÿl fg Glcgrkgrëe fg vernis pridrekes gfuoetnvis fg Glcgrkgrëe. Gstis hemmezdis sudngrgl qug gm oilogpti Glcgrkgrëe gs ul cglÿkgli ekpmni fg me fnsonpmnle y qug pir mi telti tnglg qug nlomunrsg gl gm Kgteperefndke. Oilwey (5>87) li prgsgltÿ ul oilogpti Kgteperefndkåtnoi sustntutnvi pere rgprgsglter mes eoonilgs i eotnvnfefgs fg mes glcgrkgres. Oilsgougltgkgltg su pripugste fg gmnknler glcgrkgrëe   glcgrkgrëe fgm kgteperefndke li oikprglfg tifis mis cglÿkglis fg nltgrîs e me fnsonpmnle fg glcgrkgrëe. Eul kås, Oilwey li icnonÿ lnldule  bustncnoeonÿl sijrg me snldumernfef fg ule fnsonpmnle qug tglde qug vgr oil me pgrsile, gm ekjngltg y me semuf. _u pripugste, pir mi telti li setnsceog gm prnkgri y sgdulfi rgqunsnti pere ul kgteperefndke.

 

Me pripugste fg Ank2 gxomunr gm oilogpti semuf fgm kgteperefndke.

Kgmgns pripilg qug mis oilogptis ogltremgs fg Glcgrkgrëe sil2 gm omngltg fg Glcgrkgrëe, mes trelsnonilgs, me nltgreoonÿl, gm priogsi fg

Ank (5>84,5>>4) nfgltncnoÿ ouetri fiknlnis fgm omngltg fg Glcgrkgrëe2 gm fiknlni fgm omngltg tnglg qug vgr oil mis prijmgkes, fgserrimmi y gxpgrnglones fg ounfefi gl

Me cemme fg Ank pere gxpmnonter me semuf oiki ul fiknlni fnstnlti i ul oikpilgltg fg uli i kås fiknlnis fnstnltis orge ul veoëi gl ule

semuf fgm omngltg. Gmsgfiknlni omngltg ‟ glcgrkgre glcioe gl gm glougltri gltrg omngltg glcgrkgre y gl mes nltgreoonilgs gltrg mis fis gl mis priogsis filfg sg icrgog ounfefi fg Glcgrkgrëe. Gm fiknlni fg me pråotnoe glcetnze mis espgotis oidlntnvis, oikpirtekgltemgs y sionemgs fg mes eoonilgs fgm pricgsnilem fg Glcgrkgrëe. Gm fiknlni fgm ekjngltg sg fe gl verneonilgs fg gspeoni, tngkpi y oemnfef fgm ekjngltg fgm omngltg. Hnlshew (5>>4) sgõeme qug gm trejebi fg Ank li nlomuyg gm oilogpti semuf y prgdultÿ ”gs me semuf ule reke qug pgrkge oefe uli fg… mis fiknlnis… gl muder fg sgr ul fiknlni keyir9 (Påd. 55:). Ank kgfneltg oikulnoeonÿl pgrsilem gl iotujrg ?5 fg 5>8: nlfnoÿ qug gm fiknlni fgm omngltg pifrëe oikprglfgr gm oilogpti semuf. Kgmgns (5>>4) sistuvi qug  ”mes nltgreoonilgs fg me glcgrkgre oil ul sgr hukeli gl ule sntueonÿl fg semufglcgrkgfef (omngltg fg Glcgrkgrëe qug gs ule pertg nltgdrem fg su oiltgxti sionioumturem (ekjngltg) y qungl gstå gl emdòl tnpi fg trelsnonÿl i sg eltnonpe e ule

nlcirkeonÿl fncgrgltg fg megxpmnoetnve fnsonpmnle fg Glcgrkgrëe. Fg gstg kifi su pripugste li setnsceog gm sgdulfi rgqugrnknglti fg ul Kgteperefndke.

Me nlomusnÿl fgm priogsi fg Glcgrkgrëe, fg me tgrepîutnoe fg Glcgrkgrëe y mes nltgreoonilgs gl me pripugste fg Kgmgns rgprgsglte ule rgfulfelone qug pugfg gvntersg utnmnzelfi gm oilogpti snkpmg fg glcgrkgrëe. ^ eòl kås, me

 

Glcgrkgrëe, gm trelsnonÿl (trelsnonÿl)1 y mes Ekjngltg, me nltgreoonilgs glcgrkgre/ tgrepîutnoe fg peongltg sg irdelnzel Glcgrkgrëe y emrgfgfir fg emdòl pripÿsnti semuf. (priogsi fg Glcgrkgrëe, simuonÿl fg prijmgkes

nlomusnÿl fg trelsnonilgs rgcmgbe ule pgrspgotnve pertnoumer fg me vnfe hukele.

vemireonÿl fg ounfefi) himëstnoe, y mei eoonilgs glcgrkgre use emdules eoonilgs (tgrepîutnoes fg Glcgrkgrëe) pere kgbirer y prifuonr i ceonmnter semuf (semuf)‛ (Påd. 503). Kgmgns y Vredglstgnl, 5>>: y _ohuleohgr y Kgmgns (5>>6) fgsteoeril me nkpirtelone y me ogltremnfef fgm oilogpti trelsnonilgs. Gl pertnoumer

Vreldglstgnl sg rgcnrngril e su(5>>6) fnsousnÿl sijrg trelsnonilgs oiki  ”keroi fg rgcgrglone oilogptuem‛ (Påd. :78) fg gstg kifi, me pripugste fg Kgmgns fg ulis oilogptis ogltremgs pere me glcgrkgrëe eòl ouelfi kgrntirne, li setnsceog gm sgdulfi y tgrogr rgqunsnti fg ul

Kgmgns y Vreldglstgnl sistuvngril qug (5>>6) ”mes gxpgrnglones fg trelsnonÿl fg mis omngltgs, ceknmnes, oikulnfefgs, mes glcgrkgres y mes irdelnzeonilgs oil semuf y jnglgster oiki kgte y rgsumtefi, setnsceogl... mis orntgrnis, fg ul oilogpti irdelnzefi qug pgrkntg ule verngfef fg pultis fg vnste y tgirëes fgltri fg me fnsonpmnle fg Glcgrkgrëe... (li mnkntefi pir me oumture y… fgjg eyufer e nfgltncnoer gm cioi fg me fnsonpmnle)‛ (Påd. :77). Me rgvnsnÿl fg Ank (5>86) fg mes cnmisicëes fg ule kugstre rgprgsgltetnve fg me Mnde Leonilem fg Glcgrkgrëe qug gs me qug eorgfnte mis pridrekes fg gfuoeonÿl gl glcgrkgrëe gl mis Gstefis Wlnfis, rgvgmÿ lugvg oilogptis2 hikjrg, semuf, ekjngltg, snstgkes sionemgs, rim, pgrogponilgs,

kgteperefndke.

Pripugste fg Anld2 gm fiknlni fg Glcgrkgrëe gstå rgprgsgltefi pir mis oilogptis hikjrg, semuf, rim y snstgkes sionemgs.

Nlfufejmgkgltg, Kgmgns y

Me pripugste fg Ank sg qugfi oirte pere setnsceogr tifis mis rgqunsntis fg ul kgteperefndke. Prnkgri, me nlomusnÿl fg rim y snstgke sionem rgcmgbe ule irnglteonÿl sionimÿdnoe e me glcgrkgrëe. _gdulfi, me gmnknleonÿl fgm

 

rgmeonilgs nltgrpgrsilemgs, glcgrkgrëe y Fnis. Ank gloiltrÿ qug mis lugvg oilogptis li grel gvnfgltgs gl mes cnmisicëes fg tifes mes gsougmes qug gstål nlomunfes

ekjngltg y fg glcgrkgrëe rgsumte gl ule vnsnÿl rgfuonfe fgm oekpi. Eòl kås, me gmnknleonÿl fg ekjngltg y fg glcgrkgrëe fgbe ule mnste fg

gl memiskugstre. Zgoikglfÿ qug oilogptis qug sg ontejel oil kås crgouglone pifrëel rgprgsglter gm oekpi fg glcgrkgrëe. Gstis oilogptis sil2 hikjrg, semuf, rim y snstgkes sionemgs.

oilogptis emnlgefis gstrgohekgltg oil kås me fnsonpmnle fgm trejebi sionem (Jgl ‟ _nre, 5>84) qug oil glcgrkgrëe. Fg gstg kifi su pripugste li setnsceog gm prnkgri, sgdulfi y tgrogri fg mis rgqugrnkngltis fg ul kgteperefndke. Me pripugste fg Lgwkel, _nkg, y Oiroirel ‟ E pgser fg qug Lgwkel Lgwkel, _nkg, Pgrry (5>>5) rgomekeril qug y oimgdes 5>>:, rgomekel y Oiroirel ‟ Pgrry2 Glcgrkgrëe gs gm gstufni fgm ounfefi gl mes gxpgrnglones fg semuf fg mis hukelis.

gm lòomgi fgsgmergsukg fnsonpmnle Glcgrkgrëe gl fg me sndungltg fgomereonÿl2  ”Glcgrkgrëe gs gm gstufni fgm ounfefi gl mes gxpgrnglones fg semuf fg mis hukelis‛ (Påd. ?5). Gl ule pujmnoeonÿl eltgrnir, gmmes ecnrkeril qug  ”gm tgke fg ounfefi gs sucnongltgkgltg fiknleltg ouelfi sg oikjnle oil gm tgke fg mes gxpgrnglones fg me

mi oiltrerni, su pripisnonÿl rgprgsglte simi ul keroi fg rgcgrglone pere Glcgrkgrëe y pere semuf. Fg hgohi, Lgwkel y sus oimgdes tgrknleril su pisnonÿl nlnonem sistglnglfi qug ounfefi gl mes gxpgrnglones fg semuf fg mis hukelis sg pugfg gmejirer kås

semuf hukele pere oilsnfgrersg oiki gm lòomgi fg me fnsonpmnle‛ (Lgwkel, _nkg, y Oiroirel ‟ Pgrry, 5>>:, Påd. vnn).

oikpmgtekgltg, simi e trevîs fg ule pgrspgotnve ulnterne trelscirketnve. ^ eòl kås, ouelfi Lgwkel gt. em. 5>>5 icrgongril su pripisnonÿl oiki ul glulonefi òlnoi qug nltgdre ”oilogptis nfgltncnoefis oikòlkgltg oil glcgrkgrëe e lnvgm kgteperefndkåtnoi‛ (Påd. ?) y eòl ouelfi gmmes nfgltncnoeril mis

 

oilogptis kgteperefndkåtnois oiki pgrsile, ekjngltg, semuf y Glcgrkgrëe, su pripisnonÿl li nlomuyg ekjngltg. Gl ul nltglti pere omerncnoer _nkg, su pisnonÿly Lgwkel, Oiroirel ‟ Pgrry, 5>>:, kås terfg fgomereril  ”lisitris vgkis gm oilogpti fg ekjngltg oiki nlhgrgltg g nlsgperejmg fgm cioi nltgdrefi fgm ounfefi gl me gxpgrnglone fg me semuf hukele‛ (Påd vnn). E pgser fg gste

Me pripugste fg Kemmioh, Kertëlgz, Lgmsil, Kemmioh, Prgfgdgrd, _pgeakel, Kertëlgz, _tgnljnlfgr, y Vreoy, 5>>:, Lgmsil, sudnrngril ule rgvnsnÿl fg me

omerncnoeonÿl, pripugste li setnsceog su gm sgdulfi y tgrogr rgqunsnti fg ul kgteperefndke, pirqug li gs sucnongltgkgltg ekpmni, ln tnglg ule pgrspgotnve lgutrem. Eòl ouelfi me pripugste fg Kemmioh gt. em., gs sucnongltgkgltg oikprglsnve, li setnsceog

Prgfgdgr, _pgeakel, _tgnljnlfgr, y Vreoy gs me sndungltg2 Glcgrkgrëe gs gm gstufni y pråotnoes fgm ounfefi fgltri fgm oiltgxti fg mes gxpgrnglones fg semuf fg mis

fgomereonÿl fgglLgwkel gm tgrogr rgqunsnti pirqug fg ul oimejirefires 5>>5. _uy kgteperefndke, fgomereonÿl ogltrem gs oiki li tnglg ule pgrspgotnve sndug2 Glcgrkgrëe gs gm lgutrem. gstufni y pråotnoes fgm ounfefi fgltri fgm oiltgxti fg mes gxpgrnglones fg semuf fg mis hukelis (Påd. vn). Kemmioh y sus oimgdes sistglëel qug su fgomereonÿl gxtglfëe gm cioi fg me fnsonpmnle e me pråotnoe fg

hukelis.

glcgrkgrëekgfneltg g nloirpireje em ekjngltg gm usi fgm

 

tîrknln oiltgxti. Gmmes literil qug gm ekjngltg  ”nlomuyg, pgri li gstå mnkntefi, e oumture, oikulnfef y goimidëe‛ (Påd. vn). Eòl kås, gmmes rgomekeril qug gm usi fgm etîrknli ounfefi treg ulnfef mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke fg pgrsile, ekjngltg, semuf y glcgrkgrëe. Epergltgkgltg, gmmes li oilsnfgrel em ounfefi oiki ule pgrspgotnve pertnoumer fg glcgrkgrëe. Persg, 5>>4, esgdurÿ qug ”gm lòomgi ogltrem fg glcgrkgrëe, gm kgteperefndke gs gm priogsi fg semuf ‟ hukeli ‟

Me pripugste fg Persg tnglg kîrnti gl ouelti em usi qug heog fgm tîrknli ulnvgrsi gxtnglfg gm

ulnvgrsi‛ gxpmnoelfi (ped. 46). priogsi fg oiltnluÿ qug Gmme mis semuf - hukeli dunilgs gltrg mes pemejres ‟ ulnvgrsi. orgel ul oilstruoti ulnterni qug gloerle me lionÿl fg qug gm gstufni fg glcgrkgrëe gs me onglone fgm priogsi fg semuf ‟ hukeli ‟ ulnvgrsi. Oilsgougltgkgltg tifi gm oilionknglti fg glcgrkgrëe gste fg emdule kelgre, rgmeonilefi oil gstg

ekjngltgnlkgfnetis kås emmå fg oilcnlgs fgmis me pgrsile y fg mis gsoglernis filfg mis eotis fg glcgrkgrëe tnglgl muder. _nl gkjerdi, su pripugste li likjre gxpmëontekgltg e me glcgrkgrëe oiki ul oilogpti fgm kgteperefndke. Gste

cglÿkgli‛.

iknsnÿl gs eprijmgkåtnoe, gl ouelti qug kuohes fnsonpmnles pifrëel gste nltgrgsefes gl mis hukelis, gl gm ulnvgrsi y gl me semuf. Efgkås, gm sndlncnoefi qug Persg mg efsornjg e mis dunilgs qug use rgcmgbe ule pgrspgotnve pertnoumer fg tem cglÿkgli. Gs fgonr, mis hukelis gm ulnvgrsi

Me pripugste fg Persg, gm lòomgi ogltrem fg me glcgrkgrëe gs gm

y me oiki semuf, ulnternis. tnglgl qug vgrsg Gl

 

Me

pripugste Mgnlnldgr

(5>>7)

heog

oilsgouglone, su pripugste li setnsceog gm prnkgri y gm tgrogr rgqunsnti fg ul kgteperefndke. me Gl sus fnsousnilgs e

fg TetsilGmmesy Mgnlnldgr. pripilgl gmnknler mis ouetri oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke y sustntunr mis oilogptis ounfefi hukeli, semuf y oiltgxti

fgcglse fg fg qug glcgrkgrëe ”oil gm oilionknglti trelsoumturem y mes fgkelfes fgm oilsuknfir, kuohes glcgrkgres gstål rgoilionglfi qug gm ounfefi hukeli, me semuf, y gm oiltgxti oumturem ekjngltem fgjgl oilvgrtnrsg gl gm cioi ogltrem gl me gsglone y gl gm fiknlni prnlonpem fgm oilionknglti fg glcgrkgrëe

Mgnlnldgr rgoiliogr qugmg gl cemtÿ ule fnsousnÿl eltgrnir fgm oilogpti pgrsile fgm kgteperefndke nlfnoÿ qug gstg oilogpti pifrëe rgcgrnrsg e ouemqungr gltnfef qug cugre pertnonpeltg gl mes eoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe nlomuyglfi nlfnvnfuis, ceknmnes y itris tnpis fg

oumturem ekjngltem. Gmnknler mis ouetri oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke y mes ouetri pripisnonilgs rgmeonilemgs y sustntunr mis oilogptis ounfefi

pere rggkpmezer gm glciqug fg oilogptis perefndkåtnois qug tnglgl mes glcgrkgres fgm Gstg fg mis Gstefis Wlnfis. Em fgomerer gste pisnonÿl gl su pripugste, Mgnlnldgr (5>>7) fnsoutnÿ qug ”ul pgqugõi drupi fg glcgrkgres Lirtgekgrnoeles fgm Gstg fg mis Gstefis Wlnfis nlvgstndefires gmmes... fgomereril gl pujmnoeonilgs

drupis y fg oikulnfefgs y fg siongfefgs (Cewogtt, 5>86). Efgkås, Mgnlnldgr (5>>5e, 5>>7) li rgoilionÿ qug gm esulti fg me nlomusnÿl fgm oilogpti ekjngltg gl gm kgteperefndke gs pere icrgogr ul oiltgxti e mes pgrsiles pere nlfnoer qug mis pertnonpeltgs gl mes eoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe

hukeli, oiltgxti ekjngltem y jnglgster (semuf) y ule pripisnonÿl ecnrkelfi gm ounfefi oiki gm espgoti ogltrem pere me fnsonpmnle fg glcgrkgrëe.

fg glcgrkgrëe qug gm prnlonpem cioi fg glcgrkgrëe i gm kgteperefndke pere me fnsonpmnle...sgrëe semuf, glcgrkgrëe, pgrsile i ekjngltg. Gre oikpmgtekgltg omeri pere kë qug gstes glcgrkgres gstruglfisekgltg hejëel cemmefi gl rgoiliogr qug gm ounfefi hukeli, gm ounfer y mis ceotirgs oumturemgs cugril cglÿkglis

gstål rifgefis g nltgreotòel oil itres pgrsiles y mes gstruotures sionemgs (Cewogtt, 5>86). Nlfufejmgkgltg gmme tekpioi rgoilionÿ su pripne fgomereonÿl fg qug  ”gm ounfefi fgjg sgr ogltrem em kgteperefndke fg glcgrkgrëe y gster

nkpirteltgs me glcgrkgrëe. epiyefi fg pir mis Kg pergoëe fg e kë y e itres oilogptis semuf y fgm

 

grufntes fgm ounfefi qug gstg pgqugõi drupi gmntg gstejel nltrndefis oiltre gm nltgrîs orgongltg y kuy råpnfi gl gm ounfefi y gl ouelti me glcgrkgrëe trelsoumturem‛ (p.

oiltgxti ekjngltg‛ (Mgnlnldgr, 5>88, p. 576) su fgomereonÿl fg qug ”gl gm cuturi prÿxnki uli pugfg prgfgonr qug mis eotuemgs oilogptis fg

>3). Gl (5>>0) itre sgõemÿ pujmnoeonÿl Mgnlnldgr qug ” gm ounfefi hukeli y ounfer gs gm cglÿkgli ogltrem y me gsglone fg glcgrkgrëe‛ (p. 5>) y Tetsil 5>>0 sistuvi qug ”gm ounfefi hukeli lgogsnteje qugfer gxpmëontekgltg nloirpirefi gl gm kgteperefndke fg glcgrkgrëe‛ (p. :5). Kås, sijrg gsti, Mgnlnldgr 5>>5

ekjngltg, semuf ypgrsile, glcgrkgrëe ye li vel e tglgr epiyi. Gl su muder, ounfefi hukeli, oiltgxti ekjngltem y jnglgster i semuf mmgderål e sgr fg keyir nltgrîs pere me keyirëe fg mes nlvgstndefires fg glcgrkgrëe y mes lugves tgirëes‛ (Mgnlnldgr 5>>>v p. 603). Eòl kås,

sistuvi gm ounfefi gs gsglone qug fg ”glcgrkgrëe y me gm fiknlni ogltrem y gm lòomgi ulncnoefir fg glcgrkgrëe‛ (påd ?7). _ijrg me jesg fg gste pisnonÿl Mgnlnldgr rgohezÿ mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke fg pgrsile y glcgrkgrëe. Gmme oikgltÿ2  ”rgohezi me nfge fg qug glcgrkgrëe y pgrsile gxpmnqugl e me glcgrkgrëe

Mgnlnldgr li rgoilionÿ qug me nlomusnÿl fgm oilogpti glcgrkgrëe gl gm kgteperefndke li gre pere orger ule teutimidëe snli kås jngl pere sgrvnr oiki ul sëkjimi fg ule sime pemejre pere tifes mes eoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe y mes eotnvnfefgs qug sg rgemnzel gl jglgcnoni i gl

pirqugprgfgonr uli li pugfg ln gm gxpmnoer knski cglÿkgli qug uli gstå gstufnelfi. Glcgrkgrëe gs gm cglÿkgli qug sg ve e gxpmnoer. Eòl kås, pgrsile pir sn knske li gs sucnongltg pere gxpmnoer me glcgrkgrëe. Oiki tem heog cemte tglgr gl ouglte mis drupis, mes ceknmnes, mes nlstntuonilgs sionemgs y mes oumtures‛ (p. 576). Mgnlnldgr (5>>5) oiltnluÿ esgdurelfi qug ”mis

oilbulonÿl pgrsile, oil me oil ceknmne, me oikulnfef u itres gltnfefgs (Cewogtt, 5>86e). Efnonilemkgltg, telti Mgnlnldgr oiki Tetsil ikntngril rgoiliogr qug eul ouelfi gm tîrknli ounfer sg nlomuyg gl vernes oilogptuemnzeonilgs fg me fnsonpmnle fg glcgrkgrëe (Kirsg, _imjgrd, Lgelfgr, Jittircc y

 

oilogptis fg pgrsile y fg glcgrkgrëe sil oikpmgtekgltg nlepripnefis. Pgrsile gs fgkesnefi mnkntefi y me glcgrkgrëe li pugfg usersg mÿdnoekgltg

Bihlsil, 5>>0) li gs ul tgke fiknleltg gl tifes mes oilogptuemnzeonilgs y pir mi telti li rgprgsglte ul pulti fg vnste fg ekpmne oijgrture

pere gxpmnoer Gsti y prgfgonr me glcgrkgrëe. òmtnki e gs ule rgfulfelone y ule oiltrefnoonÿl, gxpmnoer gm knski cglÿkgli qug sg gstå gstufnelfi oil gm knski oilogpti‛. Gl itre pujmnoeonÿl Mgnlnldgr (5>>5) oiltnluÿ rgohezelfi gm oilogpti pgrsile fgm kgteperefndke y epergltgkgltg rgohezÿ ekjngltg y semuf tekjnîl.

gl me fnsonpmnle (Tnmsil, 5>>6). Nlfufejmgkgltg gm ounfefi rgcmgbe ule vnsnÿl pertnoumer fg glcgrkgrëe y ul tnpi pertnoumer fg glcgrkgrëe (Grnoassil, 5>8>). Efgkås tem oiki mi sgõemÿ _welsil (5>>5), eòl ouelfi pugfg hejgr  ”petrilgs fg oikpirteknglti

Gmme fgomerÿ2 ”fgsfg yule pgrspgotnve eltripimÿdnoe fg glcgrkgrëe gm usi fgm tîrknli pgrsile tnglg sgrnis prijmgkes ouelfi sg use gl cirke trelsoumturem pugsti qug gl kuohes oumtures li ioonfgltemgs li sg glcioel i orggl gl gm oilogpti pgrsile y e kglufi li hey ul tîrknli mnldýëstnoekgltg hejmelfi pere pgrsile gl ule

oereotgrëstnois ulnvgrsemgs qug sil gxprgsnilgs fgm ounfefi fg glcgrkgrëe... gm ounfefi li gs òlnoi e mis cglÿkglis fg glcgrkgrëe‛ (p.537). Oikpirtekngltis fg ounfefi, eòl kås, pugfgl li sgr dglgremnzejmgs e mi merdi fg mis mëkntgs leonilemgs

oumture filfg sil ceknmne kåsg nlstntuonilgs nkpirteltgs. Kngltres qug ekjngltg gs kuy nkpirteltg pere glcgrkgrëe, kg dusterëe fnsoutnr qug ongrtekgltg li gs òlnoi pere glcgrkgrëe y hey kuy pioes glcgrkgres qug hel evelzefi oil gstufnis cirkemgs y qug gstål prgperefes pere gstufner ul ekpmni lòkgri fg fncgrgltgs

y oumturemgs (Kelfgmjeul, 5>>5) y oiki Zidgrs (5>>:) ecnrkÿ2 ”oiki tem, gm ounfefi li nfgltncnoe e mes glcgrkgres kås qug mi qug nfgltncnoe e mis trejebefirgs fg itris oekpis. Vifi gm kulfi lgogsnte ounfer‛ p. ??. Zidgrs (5>>6j) oiltnluÿ fnonglfi ”yi li pnglsi qug mes glcgrkgres

tnpis fg ekjngltgs lnohi itre ounfglpgrsile kås qug goimÿdnois gl tifi gm ikulfi. i ouemqungr qug sge

 

Mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke tglëe sgrnis prijmgkes gxogpti gm fg semuf. Lugvekgltg oiki oilogpti semuf li gs gxomusnvi eul ouelfi me

oereotgrëstnoe kås pgoumner e mes glcgrkgres fg mi qug gs pere ouemqungr itri oekpi. Pgri gm ounfefi së fncngrg gltrg fncgrgltgs

glcgrkgrëe fgsgkpgõg pepgm prnlonpem gl gm midriuly keltglnknglti fg gstes, kuohes fnsonpmnles hel gstufnefi me semuf‛ (p. ?>60).

drupis...gs gm eougrpi oilionkngltis ogroe fg mis cglÿkglis fg nltgrîs mi qug fgtgrknle me leturemgze fgm ounfefi qug uli ve e fgkistrer‛. Em oiltnluer sijrg gstg tgke, Zidgrs 5>>6e, eõefnÿ ”gm ounfefi gs heogr, gs me pråotnoe. Ounfer gs ule cirke fg utnmnzer gm oilionknglti. (p. 4). Snsti fgsfgZipgr ule pisnonÿl fncgrgltg, (5>>6) oikgltÿ2  ”oilsnfgri qug ounfefi ounfefi   gstå nkpmëonti gl glcgrkgrëe   y pir gsti glcgrkgrëe ounfefi fg glcgrkgrëe gs ule teutimidëe‛ (p. 630). Gl rgspugste e me eouseonÿl fg Mgnlnldgr, (5>>7) oil rgspgoti e nltrnder oiltre sus nfges pir pertg fgfg glcgrkgres ul drupi pgqugõi fg me pertg Gstg fg mis Gstefis Wlnfis, li tnglg jesgs lnldule fg mes fnsousnilgs fg mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke oiki pgrsile, ekjngltg, semuf y glcgrkgrëe hel nlomunfi oikglternis lgdetnvis eogroe fg ounfer i fg glcgrkgrëe trelsoumturem1 gm òlnoi pulti he snfi

 

qug gm ounfefi li gs gxomusnvi e glcgrkgrëe. Me fnsousnÿl fg Mgnlnldgr eogroe fgm kgteperefndke gltilogs, tnglfg e sgr oiltrefnotirne gmmesus mg cemte rgoiliogry equg nfges pifrëel sgr cåonmkgltg nloirpirefes gl mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke ekpmnekgltg ontefis, gs fgonr, pgrsile, ekjngltg, semuf y glcgrkgrëe. Kås gspgoëcnoekgltg me pgrsile ye sg rgcngrg e oimgotnvis, mi knski qug e nlfnvnfuis, gm ekjngltg ye sg oilsnfgre oiki gm oiltgxti, semuf ye tekjnîl sg rgcngrg e ekpmnis espgotis fgm gstefi qug nlomuyg jnglgster y glcgrkgrëe pugfg vgrsg oiki irngltefe heone gm ounfefi hukeli. Gs omeri gltilogs, qug me pripugste fg Mgnlnldgr y Tetsil li tgrogris setnsceog gmy prnkgri, ouerti rgqunsntis fg ul kgteperefndke. Cnmisicëes Gm sgdulfi oikpilgltg fg me gstruoture bgrårqunoe fgm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe gs me cnmisicëe. Wle cnmisicëe fgjg sgr fgcnlnfe oiki2 Wle fgomereonÿlfg qug oikprglfg iltimÿdnois fg mis cglÿkglis nltgrîs ogltremrgomekis pere ule fnsonpmnle, eogroe rgomekis

 

gpnstîknois eogroe fg oÿki gsis cglÿkglis mmgdel e sgr oilionfis, y rgomekis îtnois eogroe fg quî gs mi qug mis kngkjris fg gse fnsonpmnle vemirel.

Culonÿl fg me cnmisicëe Me culonÿl orggl fg ulequg cnmisicëe gs oikulnoer qug mis kngkjris fg ule fnsonpmnle gs ongrti i qug gsmi vgrfefgri gl rgmeonÿl em cglÿkgli fg nltgrîs pere gse fnsonpmnle, mi qug gmmis orggl sijrg gm fgserrimmi fgm oilionknglti, sijrg gsis cglÿkglis y e mi qug gmmis mg fel vemir oil rgspgoti e sus eoonilgs y su pråotnoe (Ank, 5>8>1 _emsjgrry, 5>>61 _gevgr y Oertwrndht, 5>44). Gl itres pemejres me culonÿl fg oefe cnmisicëe gs me fg nlcirker e mis kngkjris fg me fnsonpmnle y em pòjmnoi gl dglgrem eogroe fg mes orgglones y mis vemirgs fg ule fnsonpmnle gl pertnoumer. Cnmisicëes fg Glcgrkgrëe Cnmisicëes Glcgrkgrëe   oikprglfg rgomekis gpnstîknois fg sijrgGlcgrkgrëe  mis cglÿkglis fg nltgrîs pere me iltimÿdnois fnsonpmnle fgy

glcgrkgrëe y rgomekis îtnois eogroe fg mes eoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe, fg me pråotnoe fg glcgrkgrëe y fgm oeråotgr fg mis nlfnvnfuis qug hel gmgdnfi preotnoer me glcgrkgrëe (_emsjgrry, 5>>6). Mis rgomekis iltimÿdnois gl mes cnmisicëes fg glcgrkgrëe fgomerel mi qug sg orgg eogroe fg me leturemgze fg pgrsile, fg ekjngltg, fg me semuf y fg glcgrkgrëe. Mis rgomekis gpnstîknois gl me cnmisicëe fg glcgrkgrëe icrgogl ”emdule nlcirkeonÿl sijrg oiki uli pugfg mmgder e oiliogr eogroe fgm kulfi y fg oÿki sg pugfgl oiliogr mis cglÿkglis jåsnois‛ (_emsjgrry, 5>>6. p. 5?). Mis rgomekis gpnstîknois gl glcgrkgrëe gxtnglfgl mis rgomekis iltimÿdnois fnrndnglfi me cirke oiki sg fgserrimme gm oilionknglti eogroe fg pgrsile, ekjngltg, semuf y glcgrkgrëe. Mis rgomekis iltimÿdnois y gpnstîknois gl me cnmisicëe fg glcgrkgrëe rgcmgbel uli i kås fg trgs vnsnilgs fgm kulfi oiltresteltgs2 me vnsnÿl fgm kulfi fg rgeoonÿl, me vnsnÿl fgm kulfi fg nltgreoonÿl rgoëprioe y me vnsnÿl fgm kulfi fg eoonÿl snkumtålge. Gstes trgs vnsnilgs fgm kulfi gkgrdngril e pertnr fgm elåmnsns fg ouetri oilbultis fg vnsnilgs fgm kulfi gxnstgltgs2 gm kgoelnonski y irdelnonski (Eoaicc, 5>461 Zggsg y Ijgrtil, 5>40)1 me vnsnÿl fgm oekjni y pgrsnstglone (Hemm, 5>85, 5>8?1 Vhikeg, 5>4>1 Tgmms y _tryagr, 5>88)1 titemnfef y sukumtelgnfef (Persg, 5>84)1 y me pertnoumer fgtgrknlëstnoe, nltgreotnve nltgdretnve y ulnterne ‟ trelscirketnve (Lgwkel, 5>>:) Mes fncgrgltgs vnsilgs fgm kulfi oilfubgril e fncgrgltgs oilogptuemnzeonilgs fg mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke, e fncgrgltgs glulonefis sijrg me leturemgze fg mes

 

rgmeonilgs gltrg fnohis oilogptis (Emtkek y Zidicc, 5>84) y e fncgrgltgs cirkes fg dglgrer y prijer gm oilionknglti sijrg mis oilogptis y sus oilgxnilgs. Gl me tejme 5 ‟ 6 sg rgsukgl mis resdis fg oefe vnsnÿl. Mis rgomekis iltimÿdnois gl mes cnmisicëes fg glcgrkgrëe glcgrkgrëe   rgcmgbel tekjnîl ulegli fnsonpmnles kås fg mes oetgdirëes fgm oilionknglti qug fg sg glougltrel ecnlgs y gl glcgrkgrëe. Oetgdirëes oilionknglti fg fnsonpmnles ecnlgs sil2 me fg fgserrimmi, fg snstgkes y fg nltgreoonÿl (Bihlsil, 5>461 Zgnmmy, 5>471 Znghm y Ziy, 5>80). Me oetgdirëe fg oilionknglti kglonilefes gl mes mntgretures fg glcgrkgrëe sil mes fg lgogsnfefgs y rgsumtefis (Kgmgns, 5>>4)1 ogltrefes gl gm omngltg, glcioefes e pgrsile ‟ ekjngltg y mes glcioefes e me tgrepîutnoe fg glcgrkgrëe (Kgmgns, 5>>4)1 oekpis fg glgrdëe (Hnoakel, 5>>71 Kerrnlgr ‟ Vikgy, 5>8>)1 y mes fg nltgrvglonilgs, me fg sustntuonilgs, oilsgrveonÿl, keltglnknglti/epiyi y supgreonÿl (Jgrluk, 5>>8). Mes fnvgrses oetgdirëes fg oilionknglti sil ”omesgs fncgrgltgs fg cirkes fg gltglfgrcirkes me pgrsile qug gsfnrndnfe gm peongltg, fg kifi qug li snli simi sgõemel fncgrgltgs fg pråotnoe e fncgrgltgs ijbgtnvis qug tekjnîl sgõeme mis fncgrgltgs tnpis fg cglÿkglis y oilfuogl e fncgrgltgs prgdultes sijrg me sntueonÿl glcgrkgre - peongltg. Gl oilsgouglone oefe oetgdirëe prikugvg gm fgserrimmi fg fncgrgltgs ougrpis fg oilionknglti sijrg pgrsile, ekjngltg, semuf y glcgrkgrëe. Gl me tejme 5 ‟7 sg rgsukgl mes oereotgrëstnoes fg oefe oetgdirëe fg oilionknglti. Mis rgomekis îtnois gl mes cnmisicëes fg glcgrkgrëe sgõemel mis vemirgs  ”qug duëel mes rgmeonilgs fg mes glcgrkgres oil gm peongltg/omngltg)...gm oeråotgr fg mes pgrsiles qug gltrel gl gm oekpi fg glcgrkgrëe y pgrkelgogl5>>6, gl îm... mis Mis vemirgs qug rgdumel me pråotnoe fg glcgrkgrëe‛ (_emsjgrry, p. y58). rgomekis îtnois fg glcgrkgrëe sg rgsukgl gl mes cnmisicëes oimgotnves fiknleltgs fgm ”hukelnski (Dirtlgr, 5>>0), qug glcetnzel me prikionÿl fgm jnglgster y mis fgrgohis nlfnvnfuemgs‛ (Cry, 5>85, p. 7). Mis rgomekis îtnois gl glcgrkgrëe ertnoumel tekjnîl mis vemirgs sijrg  ”gm treteknglti fg itris‛ nlomuyglfi gm rgspgti qug sg fgjg itirder e mis sgrgs hukelis ”snkpmgkgltg pir mi qug sil‛, vemirgs sijrg me oilsnfgreonÿl e me fndlnfef hukele ouelfi sg esukg me pråotnoe fg me glcgrkgrëe, vemirgs sijrg gm ounfefi, vemirgs sijrg me eutilikëe, vemirgs sijrg mis fgrgohis fg mes pgrsiles em ounfefi fg semuf y vemirgs sijrg jglgcnoglone (_emsjgrry, 5>>6, påds 5? y 56).

 

Vejme 5 ‟6 ZE_DI_ FG ME SN_NßL FGM KWLFI FG ZGEOONßL, FG ME SN_NßL FGM KWLFI FG NLVGZEOONßL ZGOËPZIOE ^ FG ME SN_NßL FGM KWLFI FG EOONßL _NKWMVÅLGE SN_NßL FGM KWLFI FG ZGEOONßL Oiltnglg me vnsnÿl fgm kulfi kgoelnonste, fg pgrsnstglone, titemnfef ygmgkgltis pertnoumerfg fgtgrknlnste. Mis hukelis sil sgrgs jnisnoisionemgs y gspnrntuemgs. Me kgtåcire gs me fnvnsnÿl fgm sgr hukeli, qungl sg vg oiki me suke fg pertgs fnsorgtes jnimÿdnoes, psnoimÿdnoes, sionem y gspnrntuem. Mis sgrgs hukelis rgeoonilel e gstëkumis fgm kgfni gxtgrli gl ule kelgre mnlgem y oeusem. Me pgrsile sg oilsnfgre nlhgrgltgkgltg gl rgpisi, rgspilfnglfi gl ule kelgre rgeotnve e mis gstëkumis fgm ekjngltg gxtgrli. Gm oikpirteknglti sg oilsnfgre ule oefgle mnlgem fg oeuse y gcgoti i fg gstëkumis y rgeoonilgs. Gm oekjni iourrg simekgltg pere me supgrvnvglone y oiki oilsgouglone fg oilfnonilgs eltgogfgltgs prgfgonjmgs y oiltrimejmgs. Gm oekjni iourrg òlnoekgltg ouelfi me pgrsile tnglg qug kifncnoer mis oikpirtekngltis pere sijrgvnvnr. Oilsgougltgkgltg, me gstejnmnfef tnglg vemir. Mes ekglezes e me gstejnmnfef sil, snl gkjerdi, prgfgonjmgs y oiltrimejmgs sn sg sejg mi sucnongltg eogroe fg mis gstëkumis qug pifrëel prifuonr ul oekjni. _imekgltg sg gstufnel mis cglÿkglis ijbgtnvis qug pugfgl ensmersg, ijsgrversg, fgcnlnrsg y kgfnrsg. Gm oilionknglti sg fgserrimme òlnoekgltg eogroe fg cglÿkglis ijbgtnvis, oueltncnoejmgs qug pugfgl ensmersg ijsgrversg, fgcnlnrsg kgfni fgy nlstrukgltis ijbgtnvis.gl ule kelgre oilorgte, y kgfnrsg pir SN_NßL FGM KWLFI FG NLVGZEOONßL ZGOËPZIOE Wle sëltgsns fg gmgkgltis e pertnr fg mes vnsnilgs gm irdelnonski, fg snkumtelgnfef, titemnfef, oekjni, pgrsnstglone g ntgretnve nltgdretnve. Gm sgr hukeli gs himëstnoi1 mes pertgs sg oilsnfgrel simekgltg gl gm oiltgxti fgm tifi. Me kgtåcire gs gm sgr hukeli himëstnoi, nltgreotueltg, qug sg vg oiki ule gltnfef nltgdrefe, irdelnzefe y li rgfuonjmg e pertgs fnsorgtes. Eul ouelfi mes pertgs sg rgoiliogl, simekgltg tnglgl sndlncnoefi fgltri fgm oiltgxti fg me pgrsile titem.

 

Mis sgrgs hukelis sil eotnvis y mes nltgreoonilgs gltrg mis sgrgs hukelis y sus ekjngltgs sil rgoëprioes. Me pgrsile sg oilsnfgre nlhgrgltgkgltg eotnve y gspiltålge. Me pgrsile y gm ekjngltg nltgreotòe gl ule kelgre rgoëprioe. Gm oekjni gs ule culonÿl fg kòmtnpmgs ceotirgs eltgogfgltgs gs prijejnmëstnoi yGmpugfg i pugfg sgr simekgltg pere supgrvnvglone. oekjnisgr fg oiltnlui mis oikpirteknglti iourrg e trevîs fg me vnfe oiki rgsumtefi fg kòmtnpmgs ceotirgs fgltri fgm nlfnvnfui y fgltri fgm ekjngltg. E vgogs mis oekjnis sil oiltnluis. Itres vgogs me pgrsnstglone i me gstejnmnfef rgnle y gm oekjni iourrg simekgltg pere ceonmnter me supgrvnvglone. Me prijejnmnfef fg oekjni gl ouemqungr kikglti fefi òlnoekgltg sg pugfg gstnker. Me rgemnfef gs kumtnfnkglsnilem, fgpglfngltg fgm oiltgxti, y rgmetnve. _g gstufnel telti mis cglÿkglis ijbgtnvis oiki mis sujbgtnvis kgfneltg kîtifis fg nlvgstndeonÿl oueltntetnvis y ouemntetnvis1 sg heog îlcesns gl me ijsgrveonÿl gkpërnoe, y mis oiltrimgs kgtifimÿdnois y mes tîolnoes elemëtnoes g nlcgrglonemgs. Gm fgserrimmi oilionknglti gstå glcioefiy telti gl mis cglÿkglis ijbgtnvis oiki fgm gl mes gxpgrnglones sujbgtnves sg midre pir kgfni fg kgtifimidëes oueltntetnves y ouemntetnves. _g tnglgl gl ouglte kòmtnpmgs fnkglsnilgs fg me gxpgrnglone, gm oiltgxti fg me nltgreoonÿl pgrsile - ekjngltg sg oilsnfgre y gm prifuoti fg mis gscugrzis pere fgserrimmer gm oilionknglti sg tnglg oiki rgmetnvi em tngkpi hnstÿrnoi y muder. _g heog sngkprg îlcesns gl mes ijsgrveonilgs gkpërnoes fgltri fg gstufnis oil kîtifis oiltrimefis y fetis oueltntetnvis prgcgrnjmgkgltg sil mis qug sg elemnzel ijbgtnvekgltg pir kgfni fg gstefëstnoes fgsornptnves g nlcgrglonemgs. SN_NßL FGM KWLFI FG EOONßL _NKWMVÅLGE Oikjnle mis gmgkgltis fgm irdelnonski, fg me snkumtelgnfef, fgm oekjni y fg me vnsnÿl fgm kulfi ulnterne trelscirketnve. Gm sgr hukeli ulnterni sg nfgltncnoe pir petrilgs. Me kgtåcire gs me ulnterngfef fgm sgr hukeli qungl sg oilsnfgre oiki ul oekpi himëstnoi eutiirdelnzefi. Gm sgr hukeli gs kås qug y fncgrgltg fg me suke fg pertgs y sg rgoiliog e trevîs fg petrilgs fg oikpirteknglti. Mis sgrgs hukelis gstål gl nltgroekjni kutui y rëtknoi oil sus ekjngltgs. Gm nltgroekjni pgrsile ekjngltg gs ul priogsi kutui y rëtknoi. Mis sgrgs hukelis oekjnel oiltnluekgltg, fg cirke nkprgfgonjmg y gl

 

me fnrgoonÿl fg ule irdelnzeonÿl kås oikpmgbe. Gm oekjni iourrg gl petrilgs fg oikpirteknglti fg cirke oiltnlue gl cirke ulnfnrgoonilem y gs nkprgfgonjmg e kgfnfe qug mis sgrgs hukelis vel gvimuonilelfi. Eul ouelfi mis petrilgs sil e vgogs irdelnzefis y itres vgogs fgsirdelnzefis, gm oekjni pir òmtnki gs me fnrgoonÿl fg ule irdelnzeonÿl orgongltg fg petrilgs fg oikpirteknglti. Mis cglÿkglis fg nltgrîs sil gm oilionknglti pgrsilem y gm rgoilionknglti fgm petrÿl. Gm fgserrimmi fgm oilionknglti glcetnze gm mmgder e sgr fg me pgrsile e trevîs fgm oilionknglti fg petrilgs. Mis cglÿkglis fg nltgrîs sil pir mi telti, mes gxpgrnglones nltgrles, mis sgltnkngltis, mis vemirgs, mis pglsekngltis y mes gsoidglones fg mes pgrsiles. (Vikefi fg Cewogtt, 5>>?j)

Vejme 5 ‟ 7 OEZEOVGZË_VNOE_ FG ME_ OEVGDIZËE_ FG OILIONKNGLVI Oetgdirëe fg Oilionknglti fg Fgserrimmi

 

_u irndgl gs me fnsonpmnle fg psnoimidëe. Glcetnze gl me nfgltncnoeonÿl fg prijmgkes fg fgserrimmi rgemgs i pitglonemgs y gl me fgmnlgeonÿl fg gstretgdnes fg nltgrvglonÿl qug kgbirgl em kåxnki gm orgonknglti y gm fgserrimmi fg mes pgrsiles gl sus ekjngltgs. Orgonknglti, fgserrimmi y kefureonÿl

Gm îlcesns sg fe e mis priogsis fg orgonknglti, fgserrimmi y kefureonÿl. Oekjni

Gm oekjni gs gm cioi prnlonpem oil mis supugstis fg qug ”hey fncgrglones litejmgs gltrg mis gstefis fg ul snstgke gl fncgrgltgs tngkpis, qug me suogsnÿl fg gstis gstefis nkpmnoe qug gm snstgke gstå mmgdelfi e emdòl pulti, y qug hey priogsis irfglefis qug gxpmnoel fg qug kelgre gm snstgke ve fg gstg gstefi eotuem em sntni em qug ve‛ (Ohnl, 5>80, p. ?0).

 

Pitglonemnfef

Mes pgrsiles tnglgl pitglonemnfef nlhgrgltg pere oekjner1 me pitglonemnfef pugfg sgr gxpmëonte i metgltg, gster gsoilfnfe pir gstefis nltgrlis i ongrtes oilfnonilgs ekjngltemgs. Oetgdirëe fg Oilionknglti fg _nstgkes _u irndgl gs me fnsonpmnle fg me jnimidëe y fg me cësnoe. Glcetnze me nfgltncnoeonÿl fg mis prijmgkes rgemgs y mis pitglonemgs gl mes culonilgs fg mis snstgkes y gl me fgmnlgeonÿl fg gstretgdnes fg nltgrvglonÿl qug kexnknogl mes ipgreonilgs gcgotnves y gcnongltgs1 gm oekjni gs fg nkpirtelone sgoulferne. _nstgke

 ”Wl oilbulti fg ijbgtis oil rgmeonilgs gltrg mis ijbgtis y gltrg sus etrnjutis‛ (Hemm y Cebgl, 5>38, p. 8?) Nltgdreonÿl fg Pertgs

Mis cglÿkglis sg tretel ”oiki sn gxnstngre ule irdelnzeonÿl nltgreoonÿl, nltgrfgpglfglone g nltgdreonÿl fg mes pertgs i mis gmgkgltis‛ (Ohnl, 5>80, p. :6). _nstgkes Ejngrtis y Ogrrefis

Mis snstgkes sil vnstis oiki ejngrtis y ogrrefis. Wl snstgke ejngrti  ”sg keltnglg e së knski gl ul cmubi oiltnlui heone efgltri y heone cugre, oilstruoonÿl y rikpnknglti fg gstå mis oikpilgltgs‛, kngltres qug ulule snstgke ogrrefi ”sg oilsnfgre qug ensmefi fg su ekjngltg‛ (Sil Jgrtemelccy, 5>38, p. ?>). Mis snstgkes ejngrtis nkpirtel glgrdëe oiltnluekgltg gl ul priogsi mmekefi gltripëe lgdetnve i lgdgltripëe, esë qug gm snstgke pugfg vimvgrsg kås fncgrglonefi, kås oikpmgbi y kås irfglefi. Pir gm oiltrerni mis snstgkes ogrrefis prgsgltel gltripëe, fg tem kelgre qug gmmis sg kugvgl heone ul fgsirfgl orgongltg. Vifis mis irdelnskis vnvnis sil snstgkes ejngrtis (Sil Jgrtemelccy, 5>38). Eul ouelfi mis snstgkes ogrrefis pir mi telti li gxnstgl gl me leturemgze, gs oilvglngltg e vgogs vgr ul snstgke oiki sn li tuvngre nltgreoonÿl oil su gltirli (Ohnl, 5>80). Me ertncnonemnfef fg gste vnsnÿl snl gkjerdi fgjg tglgrsg gl ouglte.

 

 Ekjngltg

 ”Oilbulti fg tifis mis ijbgtis ul oekjni gl ouyis etrnjutis ecgote gm snstgke y tekjnîl equgmmis ijbgtis ouyis etrnjutis sil oekjnefis pir gm oikpirteknglti fgm snstgke‛ (Hemm y Cedgl, 5>38, p. 8?). Mëkntgs

Me mëlge fg fgkeroeonÿl gltrg ul snstgke y su ekjngltg ”me mëlge qug cirke ul oëroumi ogrrefi emrgfgfir fg ule vernejmg sgmgoonilefe‛ filfg hey kglis nltgroekjni fg glgrdëe... e trevîs fg me mëlge fgm oëroumi qug fgltri fgm oëroumi qug fgmnknte‛ (Ohnl, 5>80, p. :6). Me ujnoeonÿl fg mis mëkntgs fgjg tglgr gl ouglte tifes mes pertgs rgmgveltgs fgm snstgke. Mis mëkntgs pugfgl knrersg oiki kås i kglis pgrkgejmgs. Ouelti keyir sge me pgrkgejnmnfef fg mis mëkntgs, keyir sgrågm nltgroekjni fg glgrdëe gltrg gm snstgke y su ekjngltg. Vglsnÿl, Gstrîs, Gscugrzi, Oilcmnoti

Mes cugrzes qug emtgrel me gstruoture fgm snstgke. Mes fncgrglones gl mes pertgs fgm snstgke mi knski qug me lgogsnfef fg ebustersg e mes emtgreonilgs gxtgrles, oilfuog e fncgrgltgs oeltnfefgs fg tglsnÿl fgltri fgm snstgke (Ohnl, 5>80). Mes tglsnilgs nltgrles qug sg susontel pir mis errgdmis gstruoturemgs gl gm snstgke sg mmekel gstrgsirgs y gscugrzis fgm snstgke (Ohnl, 5>80). Mis oilcmnotis iourrgl ouelfi mes tglsnilgs sg eoukumel y sg vugmvgl ipugstes e mi merdi fg mes mëlges fg fis i kås oikpilgltgs fgm snstgke. Gm oekjni gltilogs iourrg pere rgsimvgr gm oilcmnoti. Gqunmnjrni y Gstefis fg Uungtuf

_g supilg qug mis snstgkes tnglfgl e kivgrsg heone ul gqunmnjrni gltrg mes cugrzes gxtgrles g nltgrles. ”Ouelfi gm jemelog sg oilsnfgre oiki ul pulti cnbi i ul lnvgm, sg mmeke ”gqunmnjrni‛. Gm gstefi fg qungtuf, pir itre pertg gs gm tîrknli... qug sg use pere fgsornjnr me rgmeonÿl fg gqunmnjrni fg mes pertgs qug li fgpglfgl fg lnldòl pulti cnbi fg gqunmnjrni i fg lnvgm‛ (Ohnl, 5>80, p. :7). Gstefi fg qungtuf qug tekjnîl sg mi mmeke ul gqunmnjrni fnlåknoi, sg oereotgrnze pir snstgkes vnvis, ejngrtis y sg keltnglg kgfneltg ul cmubi oiltnlui fg glgrdëe fgltri fgm snstgke y gltrg gm snstgke y su ekjngltg (Sil Jgrtemelccy, 5>38).

 

Zgtriemnkglteonÿl

Gm cmubi fg glgrdëe gltrg ul snstgke y su ekjngltg. Mis snstgkes ”sg ecgotel y e su vgz ecgotel em ekjngltg. Ouelfi ecgote gm ekjngltg, sg fe ul priogsi qug mmekekis semnfe, mis snstgkes rgòlgl nlcirkeonÿl eogroe fg me kelgre oiki gstål culonilelfi. Vem nlcirkeonÿl gs me rgtriemnkglteonÿl snstgke oikiGmnldrgsis duner y kelgberijre sus ipgreonilgs‛ (Ohnl,em 5>80, p. :4). priogsi pere fg rgtriemnkglteonÿl fg kelgre qug e kgfnfe qug mis snstgkes ejngrtis nltgreotòel oil su ekjngltg ouemqungr oekjni gl gm snstgke sg esione oil ul oekjni gl gm ekjngltg y vnogvgrse. Oetgdirëe fg Oilionknglti Nltgreoonÿl Gm irndgl gs gm nltgreoonilnski snkjÿmnoi e pertnr fg me fnsonpmnle fg sionimidëe. Gm nltgreoonilnski snkjÿmnoi vg e mis sgrgs hukelis ”oiki ornetures qug fgcnlgl y omesncnoel mes sntueonilgs, nlomuyîlfisg e së knskes, y qunglgs gsoidgl cirkes fg eoonÿl heone y fgltri fg gmmis‛ (Sglimngm, 5>44, p.e me 550), y ”pistume qug megmnkpirtelone fg meme vnfe sionem rgsnfg gl icrgogr pgrsile gm mglduebg, eutioilogpti, oepeonfef pere esuknr su rim, y itres hejnmnfefgs‛ (Hgnss, 5>43, p. 634). Glcetnzelfi gl me nfgltncnoeonÿl fg mis prijmgkes eotuemgs y mis pitglonemgs gl mes rgmeonilgs nltgrpgrsilemgs y fgmnlgelfi mes gstretgdnes fg nltgrvglonÿl qug prikugvgl me sionemnzeonÿl ÿptnke.  Eotis y Zgmeonilgs _ionemgs

_g heog îlcesns gl mis eotis y gl mes rgmeonilgs sionemgs gltrg mes pgrsiles. Pgrogponÿl

Me pgrogponÿl fg mes pgrsiles sijrg itres pgrsiles, gm ekjngltg, mes sntueonilgs y mis gvgltis ‟gsti gs, gm rgoilionknglti y me gxpgrnglone fg cglÿkglis- fgpglfg fgm sndlncnoefi qug sg efbulte e gstis cglÿkglis. Mis sndlncnoefis, i fgcnlnonilgs fg me sntueonÿl, fgtgrknle fg quî kelgre me pgrsile sg oikpirte gl ule sntueonÿl fefe. Me dgltg gstejmgog kgtes eotnvekgltg sijrg me jesg fg sus pgrogponilgs eogroe fg mis ceotirgs rgmgveltgs gl ule sntueonÿl fefe, qug sg fgrnvel fg mes nltgreoonilgs sionemgs oil itris.

 

Oikulnoeonilgs

Oikulnoeonÿl sndlncnoeltgs‛ oikprglfg me ule pgrsile

sg heog e trevîs fgm mglduebg, ”ul snstgke fg sëkjimis (Hgnss, 5>85, p. 7). Me oikulnoeonÿl pir mi telti trelscgrglone fg sndlncnoefis erjntrernis fg mes oises fg e itre. _g orgg qug me dgltg gvemòe eotnvekgltg me

oikulnoeonÿl fg uli e itri kås qug eogpter pesnvekgltg sus nfges. Zim

 ”Mes prgsornponilgs pere oikpirtekngltis qug sg esiongl oil oikjnleonilgs pertnoumergs fg eotir ‟ itri... mes cirkes gl qug lisitris pglsekis qug mes pgrsiles fg ul tnpi pertnoumer tnglg qug eotuer heone vernes oetgdirëes fg itris‛ (Hgnss, 5>85, p. 37). Oefe pgrsile tnglg kuohis rimgs fncgrgltgs, oefe uli mg esndle ul rgpgrtirni fg oikpirtekngltis. Mes pgrsiles efiptel mis oikpirtekngltis qug gstål esionefis oil ul rim fefi, ouelfi e trevîs fg me oikulnoeonÿl, fgtgrknle qug ul rim fefi sg esukg gl ule sntueonÿl pertnoumer.  Eutioilogpti

 ”_il mis pglsekngltis y mis sgltnkngltis fg mis nlfnvnfuis eogroe fg gmme knske‛ (Hgnss, 5>85, p. 8?). Wl espgoti nkpirteltg fgm eutioilogpti gs me eutigvemueonÿl, qug sg rgcngrg e ”lugstre vnsnÿl fg quî tel juglis sikis fg mi qug pglsekis qug sikis‛ (Hgnss, 5>85, p. 8?). Itres Oetgdirëes fg Oilionknglti Lgogsnfefgs

_g glcioel gl mes culonilgs y mes oilsnfgreonilgs fg mes glcgrkgres eogroe fgm peongltg gl tîrknlis fg ule bgrerquëe fg lgogsnfefgs. Ouelfi mis peongltgs li pugfgl setnsceogr sus pripnes lgogsnfefgs, sg rgqungrg fg me glcgrkgrëe. glcgrkgrëe. Me culonÿl fg me glcgrkgre gs privggr me eoonÿl lgogserne pere eyufer em peongltg e setnsceogr sus lgogsnfefgs. Gm sgr hukeli sg rgfuog e ul oilbulti fg lgogsnfefgs, y glcgrkgrëe sg rgfuog e ul oilbulti fg culonilgs. Mes glcgrkgres sg rgtretel equë oiki mes qug heogl me fgonsnÿl cnlem pere su pråotnoe fg glcgrkgrëe (Kgmgns, 5>>4). Zgsumtefis

Gm îlcesns sg fe e rgsumtefis fg me pråotnoe fg glcgrkgrëe y e ules

 

fgsornponilgs ekpmnes fgm rgonpngltg fg tem pråotnoe (Kgmgns, 5>>4). Glciqug gl gm Omngltg

_g rgcngrg e ul glciqug ekpmni gl gm omngltg vnsti fgsfg ule pgrspgotnve fg glcgrkgrëe (Kgmgns, 5>>4). Glciqug gl Pgrsile ‟ Ekjngltg

Gm îlcesns sg fe e mes rgmeonilgs gltrg gm omngltg y sus ekjngltgs (Kgmgns, 5>>4). Vgrepîutnoes fg Glcgrkgrëe

Gm îlcesns sg oimioe gl mi qug mes glcgrkgres fgjgl heogr y jebi quî onroulstelones gmmes fgjgl eotuer (Kgmgns, 5>>4). Oekpis fg Glgrdëe

Nloirpire gm oilogpti fg Glgrdëe (Kerrnlgr ‟ Vikgy, 5>8>), y sg glcioe gl mes pgrsiles oiki oekpis fg glgrdëe gl oilsteltg nltgreoonÿl oil su ekjngltg i oil gm ulnvgrsi (Hnoakel, 5>>7). Nltgrvglonÿl

Glcetnze mes eoonilgs pricgsnilemgs fg glcgrkgrëe y mes fgonsnilgs y oilsnfgre em peongltg oiki ul ijbgti fg glcgrkgrëe kås qug oiki ul pertnonpeltg gl glcgrkgrëe. Me edglone i me eoonÿl fgsoelse gl me glcgrkgre qungl heog mes fgonsnilgs fg me pråotnoe y kelnpume e peongltgs sgmgoonilefis i vernejmgs ekjngltemgs pere prifuonr gm oekjni (Jerluk, 5>>8). Oilsgrveonÿl

Glcetnze me prgsgrveonÿl fg espgotis jglîcnois fg mes sntueonilgs fgm peongltg qug gstål ekglezefes pir me glcgrkgfef i pir prijmgkes rgemgs i pitglonemgs. Me edglone rgsnfg gl me glcgrkgre pgri gmme eotòe pere oilsgrver me oepeonfef gxnstgltg gl gm omngltg (Jerluk, 5>>8). _ujstntuonÿl

_g glcioe gl me privnsnÿl fg sustntutis pere mes oepeonfefgs fgm peongltg qug li pugfgl eotuer hel pgrfnfi. Me su edglone fgsoelse gl gm peongltg, gl ouelti qugi gmsgpeongltg gbgronte vimultef y su oiltrim

 

cësnoi em kåxnki pisnjmg. Mis eotis fg glcgrkgrëe sg vgl oiki sustntutis e me vimultef i nltglti fgm peongltg ouelfi îstg gstå nloepeontefi (Jerluk, 5>>8). _istglnknglti / _ipirtg

_g glcioe eyuferglem telti peongltg sipirter mis eyufelfi nlsumtis e esuoilstrunr semuf y epiyer em gl peongltg quge sg mi gstå psnoimÿdnoe y cnsnimÿdnoekgltg sus kgoelnskis fg ecrilteknglti. Me glcgrkgrëe qug sg rgqungrg gstå fgtgrknlefe pir me gxtglsnÿl e me ouem gm peongltg pugfg i li pugfg glcrgltersg snl eyufe gl ule sntueonÿl pertnoumer (Jerluk, 5>>8). Kgbireknglti

Me glcgrkgrëe sg vg oiki ule cirke pere kgbirer me oemnfef fg me gxnstglone fgm peongltg fgspuîs fg ul nlsumti e su semuf. Me glcgrkgrëe oepeonte em peongltg pere surdnr e pertnr fg ul nlsumti e su semuf emdi kås drevg i kgbir fgjnfi5>>8) e qug gm peongltg gxpgrnkgltÿ i supgrÿ em nlsumti fg semuf (Jerluk, Kifgmis Oilogptuemgs Gm tgrogr oikpilgltg fg me gstruoture bgrårqunoe fgm oilionknglti fg glcgrkgrëe gs gm kifgmi oilogptuem. Wl kifgmi oilogptuem sg fgcnlg oiki2 Wl oilbulti fg oilogptis rgmetnvekgltg ejstreotis y dglgremgs qug sg fnrndgl e mis cglÿkglis fg nltgrîs ogltrem pere ule fnsonpmnle, ymesmespripisnonilgs qug fgsornjgl ekpmnekgltg gstis oilogptis rgmeonilgs dglgremgs gltrg fis i kås fg gstis oilogptis.

Gm tîrknli kifgmi oilogptuem gs snlÿlnki fgm tîrknli keroi fg rgcgrglone, snstgke oilogptuem, perefndke y ketrnz fnsonpmnlerne. Mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs hel gxnstnfi fgsfg ouelfi me dgltg oikglzÿ e pglser gl së knske y gl sus gltirlis. Gxnstgl ehire gl tifes mes årges fg me vnfe y gl tifes mes fnsonpmnles. _nl fufe tifi mi qug ule pgrsile vg, iyg, mgg y gxpgrnkglte sg cnmtre pir mis mgltgs oidlntnvis fg emduli kerois fg rgcgrglone (Aemnfggl, 5>>?1 Meohkel, 5>>?). Mis oilogptis fg ul kifgmi oilogptuem tel ejstreotis y dglgremgs qug li sil ijsgrvejmgs fnrgotekgltg glsil gm kulfi rgem, ln sg mnkntel e

 

lnldòl nlfnvnfui gl pertnoumer, e ul drupi, sntueonÿl i gvglti. Wl gbgkpmi fg ul oilogpti fg ul kifgmi oilogptuem gs gm snstgke efeptetnvi hukeli (Ziy y Elfrgws, 5>>>). _g pugfg rgcgrnr e vernis tnpis fg snstgkes hukelis nlomuyglfi nlfnvnfuis, ceknmnes, drupis, oikulnfefgs y e siongfefgs gltgres. Mes pripisnonilgs fg ul kifgmis oilogptuem tekjnîl sil tel ejstreotes y dglgremgs qug li gs pisnjmg qug pugfel li fnrndnr me ijsgrveonÿl i gl me prugje. Mes pripisnonilgs rgmeonilemgs qug sg gkpërnoe glougltrel mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs sil fgsornponilgs dglgremgs i fgcnlnonilgs oilstntutnves fg mis oilogptis fg mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs. Pugsti qug mis oilogptis fg mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs sil tel ejstreotis sus fgcnlnonilgs oilstntutnves sil ekpmnes tëpnoekgltg. Lnvgm fg efepteonÿl, pir gbgkpmi sg fgcnlg oiki ”ul pulti fg oekjni ecgotefi pir mes fgkelfes fg me sntueonÿl y mis rgoursis nltgrlis fgm snstgke efeptetnvi hukeli nlomuyglfi me oepeonfef, mes gspgrelzes, sugõis, espnreonilgs, kitnveonilgs y tifi mi qug heog qug mis hukelis sg kugvel oilsteltgkgltg heone me kegstrëe‛ (Ziy y Elfrgws, 5>>>, p. ??). Efgkås, pugsti qug mis oilogptis sil tel ejstreotis, mes pripisnonilgs li rgmeonilemgs sil oiki fgcnlnonilgs ipgreonilemgs, gs fgonr,y pripisnonilgs qug qug fgomerel sil gkpërnoekgltg ijsgrvejmgs kgfnjmgs mis oilogptis, li sg glougltrel gl mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs ln sg fgjg gspgrer qug gstîl emmë. Mes pripisnonilgs rgmeonilemgs fg ul kifgmi oilogptuem fgomerel mes rgmeonilgs gltrg mis oilogptis fg mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs fg ule kelgre rgmetnvekgltg ejstreote y dglgrem. _g gbgkpmncnoel gl me sndungltg cresg2 ”gm lnvgm efeptetnvi ecgote me oepeonfef fg mis snstgkes (efeptetnvis) hukelis pere rgspilfgr pisntnvekgltg gl ule sntueonÿl‛ (Ziy y Elfrgws, 5>>>). Mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs gvimuonileril fg mes ijsgrveonilgs gkpërnoes ynfges mes oilogponilgs nltuntnves fg gstufnises i fgfgfgfuoonilgs cirkel orgetnves e pertnr fg fncgrgltgs oekpis nlfedeonÿl. qug Wl kifgmi oilogptuem sg fgserrimme nlfuotnvekgltg ouelfi sg cirkumel mes dglgremnzeonilgs sijrg ijsgrveonilgs gspgoëcnoes y sg fgserrimme fgfuotnvekgltg ouelfi mes sntueonilgs gspgoëcnoes sg vgl oiki gbgkpmis fg itris gvgltis kås dglgremgs. Pir gbgkpmi jugle pertg fgm oiltglnfi fgm keroi fg rgcgrglone fgm eutiounfefi cug nlfuonfi e pertnr fg mes ijsgrveonilgs fg Irgk fg ”mis gmgkgltis oilstetgs y fg mes rgmeonilgs fg mes sntueonilgs pråotnoes fg glcgrkgrëe‛ (Irgk y Veymir, 5>83, P. ?8). Gl oiltrestg, Mgvnlg 5>3>, nlfnoÿ qug gmme fgfubi gm kifgmi fg oilsgrveonÿl ”e pertnr fg nfges fg tifes mes årges fg oilionknglti qug oiltrnjuygl em fgserrimmi fgm priogsi fg glcgrkgrëe‛ (p. SNNN)

 

Culonÿl fg ul Kifgmi Oilogptuem Wl kifgmi oilogptuem privgg ul keroi fg rgcgrglone fnstnltnvi ”ul hirnziltg fg gxpgotetnves‛ (Pippgr, 5>37, p. 64) ‟ y ”ule cirke nltgrlekgltg ulncnoefe y oihgrgltg fg pglser eogroe... fg gvgltis y priogsis‛ (Crela, 5>38, p. 67) pere sus efhgrgltgs qug mgs fnog oiki ijsgrver g nltgrprgter mis cglÿkglis me fnsonpmnle. kifgmi oilogptuem, gltilogs, prgsgltefgulnltgrîs cioi ipere lòomgi òlnoi qug Oefe tnglg ule nlcmuglone priculfe sijrg mes pgrogponilgs nlfnvnfuemgs. Gm cioi òlnoi fg oefe kifgmi oilogptuem gs ule eprixnkeonÿl i snkpmncnoeonÿl fg me rgemnfef qug nlomuyg simekgltg equgmmis oilogptis qug gm eutir fgm kifgmi oilsnfgre nkpirteltgs y oiki eyufes pere gltglfgr (Mnppnptt, 5>4?1 Zgnmmy, 5>47). Fg gstg kifi ongrtis espgotis fgm cglÿkgli fg nltgrîs pere ule fnsonpmnle sg tnglgl oiki rgdumerkgltg nkpirteltgs y itris espgotis sg ndlirel. Pir gbgkpmi, gm kifgmi fg snstgkes fg Lgukel sg glcioe gl me prgvglonÿl fg ule rgeoonÿl feõnle e ul gstrgsir, kngltres qug gm keroi fg rgcrgrglone fgm eutiounfefi fg Irgk, (5>>7) glcetnze gm gldrelfgonknglti fg mes oepeonfefgs fgm eutiounfefifgfg me pgrsile y qug sus vgr eoonilgs. Lÿtgsg qug ygmqug kifgmi oilogptuem Lgukel li tnglg oil gm eutiounfefi gm fg Irgk li sg glcioe gl mes rgeoonilgs e mis gstrgsirgs. Oefe kifgmi oilogptuem tekjnîl privgg ule gstruoture y ul rezileknglti pere mis gstufnisis y pere mes eotnvnfefgs pråotnoes fg sus efhgrgltgs qunglgs oilstntuygl ule sujoumture i ule oikulnfef fg gstufnisis fgltri fg ule fnsonpmnle (Goajgrd y Hnmm, 5>4>). Kås gspgoëcnoekgltg, oefe kifgmi oilogptuem mg fe fnrgoonÿl e me jòsqugfe fg prgdultes fgsteoefes eogroe fg mis cglÿkglis fg nltgrîs ogltrem e ule fnsonpmnle y sudngrg simuonilgs e prijmgkes pråotnois. Oefe uli tekjnîl fe ulis orntgrnis dglgremgs pere oiliogr ouelfi ul prijmgke sg he rgsugmti. Gstis kifgmi oilogptuem sndungltg gbgkpmi. Gm resdis kifgmifgfgulefepteonÿl fg Ziy sg nmustrel glcioe gl gm me efepteonÿl fg me pgrsile e mis gstëkumis fgm kgfni ekjngltg y pripilg qug gm kelgbi fg mis gstëkumis kås rgmgveltgs oilfuog e me efepteonÿl (Ziy y Elfrgws, 5>>>). Equë ule prgdulte rgmgveltg pifrëe sgr ¹ouåmgs sil mis gstëkumis kås rgmgveltgs gl ule sntueonÿl fefe9. Ouemqungr pgrsile nltgrgsefe gl me simuonÿl e mis prijmgkes fg efepteonÿl sg glcioerëe gl mes vernes cirkes fg kelgber mis gstëkumis y uli pifrëe mmgder e knrer mes kelncgsteonilgs fg efepteonÿl ouelfi gstî jusoelfi fgtgrknler sn gm prijmgke sg he simuonilefi.

 

Kifgmis Oilogptuemgs fg Glcgrkgrëe Mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs li sil lugvis pere me glcgrkgrëe hel gxnstnfi fgsfg Lndhtnldemg (587>-5>63) ouelfi gmme nlnonÿ sus nfges eogroe fg me glcgrkgrëe. Mes oilogptuemnzeonilgs kås eltndues fg glcgrkgrëe snl gkjerdi, li sg prgsglteril gl me kelgre cirkem fg kifgmis. Cug gmy drupi fg fgserrimmi 5>4?, 5>4> Bihlsil (5>46), Znghm Ziy (5>46, 5>80),fgy glcgrkgrëe Zgnmmy (5>47) qunglgs hnongril gxpmëonte mis likjrgs fg vernes pgrspgotnves fg glcgrkgrëe e me kelgre fg kifgmis oilogptuemgs. Pgtgrsil (5>44) y Hemm (5>4>) esioneril me primncgreonÿl fg kifgmis oilogptuemgs cirkemgs fg glcgrkgrëe oil gm nltgrîs gl me oilogptuemnzeonÿl fg glcgrkgrëe oiki ule fnsonpmnle fncgrgltg y me nltrifuoonÿl oiloiknteltg fg nfges eogroe fg me tgirëe fg glcgrkgrëe. Kgmgns (5>>4) mmgdÿ e me knske oilomusnÿl gl su hnstirnidrecëe fgm fgserrimmi fgm oilionknglti fg glcgrkgrëe. Mis mgotirgs qug gstål gspgonemkgltg nltgrgsefis gl me pridrgsnÿl fgm oilionknglti fg glcgrkgrëe pugfgl fnrndnrsgfgemmetrejebi fg Kgmgns pugsti qug ule rgvnsnÿl oikpmgte hnstirnegxogmgltg fg glcgrkgrëe gstå 5>>4 kås emmå fgm emoelog fg gstg mnjri. Gm trejebi fg vernis gstufnisis fg glcgrkgrëe eotuemkgltg sg rgoiliog oiki kifgmis oilogptuemgs. Gltrg mes kgbir oilionfes gstål gm Kifgmi fg snstgkes fg Oikpirteknglti fg Bihlsil, gm Keroi fg Zgcgrglone Dglgrem fg _nstgkes fg Anld, gm Kifgmi fg Oilsgrveonÿl fg Mgvnlg, gm Kifgmi fg _nstgkes fg Lgukel, gm Keroi fg Zgcgrglone fg Eutiounfefi fg Irgk, me Onglone fg mis _grgs Hukelis Wlnternis fg Zidgrs y gm Kifgmi fg Efepteonÿl fg Ziy (Bihlsil, 5>80, 5>>01 Anld, 5>45, 5>85, 5>>01 Mgvnlg, 5>3>, 5>>51 Lgukel, 5>>71 Lgulek y ^iuld, 5>4:1 Irgk, 5>>71 Zidgrs, 5>40, 5>>01 Ziy, 5>431 y Elfrgws, 5>>>). 5>45, Gstis kifgmis oilogptuemgs fg glcgrkgrëe sg Ziy fnsoutgl gl gstg knski mnjri e pertnr fgm oepëtumi 6 heste gm oepëtumi 50. Gm fgserrimmi fg mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs fg glcgrkgrëe y me oimioeonÿl fg tëtumis y likjrgs oiki temgs cug ul evelog nkpirteltg pere me fnsonpmnle, Zgnmmy 5>47 oikglte emdulis epultgs eogroe fg gstg pulti2 Vifis tglgkis ule nkedgl prnvefe (oilogpti) fg me pråotnoe fg glcgrkgrëe. E su vgz, gste nkedgl prnvefe nlcmuyg gl lugstre nltgrprgteonÿl fg fetis, gl lugstres fgonsnilgs y gl lugstres eoonilgs. Pgri ¹pugfg ule fnsonpmnle oiltnluer fgserrimmålfisg ouelfi sus kngkjris tnglgl teltes nkådglgs prnvefes fncgrgltgs9. Mis pripilgltgs fg mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs fg me pråotnoe gstål jusoelfi heogrlis oilongltgs fg gste nkedgl prnvefe, fg kelgre qug lisitris pifekis

 

oikglzer e nfgltncnoer mes ougstnilgs qug sil oikulgs gl lugstres pgrogponilgs sijrg me leturemgze fg me pråotnoe y evelzer heone me gvimuonÿl fg ul oilogpti jngl irfglefi (p. 734).

Bihlsil (5>84) tekjnîl sgõeme qug mes glcgrkgres sngkprg usel emdòl keroi fg rgcgrglone pere sus eotnvnfefgs y hel gxpgrnkgltefi mis rgtriogsis fg kerois fg rgcgrglone nkpmëontis2 Gs nkpirteltg liter qug emdòl tnpi fg kerois fg rgcgrglone nkpmëontis sg usel gl me pråotnoe fnerne pir pertg fg mes glcgrkgres pirqug li pifgkis ijsgrver, vgr i fgsornjnr, ln pifgkis prgsornjnr lefe fg mi ouem ye li heyekis tglnfi emdòl tnpi fg nkedgl kgltem i oilogpti. Fgsecirtulefekgltg, me nkedgl kgltem utnmnzefe pir mes glcgrkgres gl su pråotnoe, nkådglgs fgserrimmefes e trevîs fg me gfuoeonÿl y me gxpgrnglone y snglfi oiltnluekgltg dijgrlefes pir kumtntuf fg ceotirgs gl mis gsoglernis fg me pråotnoe, hel tglnfi me tglfglone fg gster fgsoilgotefes, fncuses, sgr nloikpmgtes y crgougltgkgltg kuy oerdefes pir oilogptis qug sg hel tikefi fg mis gsqugkes oilogptuemgs qug he utnmnzefi kgfnonle pere midrer su pripne knsnÿl sionem. (p. 5>7).

Gl gste knske tÿlnoe, Jrefshew (5>>7) sgõemÿ2 Velti gm kifgmi fg glcgrkgrëe eoefîknoi kifgrli oiki gm glciqug fg glcgrkgrëe kgfneltg gltrgleknglti pråotnoi eltndui supilgl emdòl tnpi fg kifgmi oilogptuem eogroe fg mes lgogsnfefgs fgm peongltg y omngltgs y fg oiki mes glcgrkgres pugfgl setnsceogr gses lgogsnfefgs. Me fncgrglone pugfg sgr qug pere mes glcgrkgres kifgrles tem kifgmi oilogptuem gs gxpmëonti pere së knskes kngltres qug pere mes glcgrkgres pir gltrgleknglti e me kelgre trefnonilem, gm kifgmi oilogptuem gre nkpmëonti1 gre me oikprglsnÿl gsoilfnfe, kutuekgltg eogptefe pgri sijrggltglfnfe qug sujreyeje me tgme fgm ounfefi (p. 8:).

Oiltnluelfi oil gste nfge, Aemnfggl (5>>?) fnbi2 Ouemqungr oise qug ustgf pnglsg tifes lisitres usekis kifgmis pere duner lugstres eoonilgs, ye sge me cirke qug oilfuonkis lugstres vnfes pgrsilemgs i me cirke gl qug heogkis me glcgrkgrëe. Gstes sg jesel gl mes orgglones y vemirgs fg ceknmne, ekndis, oikpeõgris y equgmmis e qunglgs rgspgtekis i e equgmmis qug tnglgl kuohe nlcmuglone sijrg lisitris. Wli fg mis prijmgkes fg oefe uli fg lisitris em user ul kifgmi nlfnvnfuem fg pråotnoe gs qug gs fncëonm qug itris gltnglfel oÿki pglsekis y pir quî heogkis mi qug heogkis. Pugsti qug lnlduli fg lisitris ounfe peongltgs gl cirke ensmefe, gs nkpirteltg qug itris (lugstris oikpeõgris, lugstris oimgdes fg sgrvnoni, gm pgrsilem kîfnoi) pugfe gltglfgrlis. (p. 6).

 

Mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs fg glcgrkgrëe gltilogs, sil mes prgsglteonilgs gxpmëontes y cirkemgs fg emdules nkådglgs fg glcgrkgrëe prnvefes g nkpmëontes. Mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs fg glcgrkgrëe gxpmëontis  ”ceonmntel (gxpmnontel) mes irnglteonilgs cnmisÿcnoes y predkåtnoes e mes glcgrkgres fg sgrvnoni y fel e mis peongltgs ul sgrvnoni qug simekgltg glcgrkgres pugfgl fer, ul sgrvnoni qug icrgog ule fnkglsnÿl em ounfefi titem fncgrgltg pricgsnilemfgfgglcgrkgrëe semuf fe‛ (Bilsil, 5>84,fgp.equgmme 5>7). qug Mis ouemqungr kifgmis itri oilogptuemgs gxpmëontis fel irnglteonilgs gxpmëontes li simekgltg e mes glcgrkgres snli tekjnîl e itris pricgsnilemgs fg semuf y em pòjmnoi gl dglgrem. Nfgltncnoel gm pripÿsnti y me ekpmntuf fg me glcgrkgrëe y fel ul keroi fg rgcgrglone pere heogr rgdnstris ijbgtnvis fg mis gcgotis fg me glcgrkgrëe. Bihlsil (5>84) gxpmnoÿ qug mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs gxpmëontis ”gspgoncnoel e mes glcgrkgres y e me siongfef me knsnÿl y mis mëkntgs fg me pricgsnÿl. Omerncnoel gm oekpi fg rgspilsejnmnfef fg glcgrkgrëe y su oikpriknsi y pgrkntgl em preotnoeltg i e me pricgsnÿl fioukglter mis sgrvnonis y mis rgsumtefis‛ (p. 5>3 e 5>4). ^ eòl kås, gm usi fg ul kifgmi oilogptuem gxpmëonti eyufe e emoelzer oilsnstglone gl me pråotnoe fg glcgrkgrëe oikulnoeonÿl gltrg tglgr mes glcgrkgres, rgfuog mis oilcmnotis gltrgceonmntelfi mes glcgrkgres qug pufngrel fncgrgltgs kgtes nkpmëontes pere su pråotnoe y fe ul kîtifi snstgkåtnoi pere nlvgstnder glcgrkgrëe, pere me gfuoeonÿl, me efknlnstreonÿl y me pråotnoe. Vgirëes Gm ouerti oikpilgltg fg me bgrerquëe gstruoturem fgm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe gs me tgirëe. Wle tgirëe sg fgcnlg esë2 Gs uli i kås oilogptis rgmetnvekgltg oilorgtis y gspgoëcnois qug sg fgrnvel fg ul kifgmi oilogptuem, mes pripisnonilgs qug gstrgohekgltg fgsornjgl gsis oilogptis y mes pripisnonilgs fgomerel gl cirke rgmetnvekgltg oilorgte y gspgoëcnoe qug mes rgmeonilgs gltrg fis i kås fg gstis oilogptis.

Vgirëes Drelfgs y Vgirëes fg Kgfneli Zeldi Mes tgirëes verëel gl su lnvgm fg ejstreoonÿl y emoelog. Gm tnpi kås ekpmni y ejstreoti fg mes tgirëes sg mi fgliknlel oiki Drelfgs Vgirëes. Gm tnpi kås oilorgti y gstrgohi fg tgirëes sg mmeke Vgirëe fg Kgfneli Zeldi. Mes tgirëes drelfgs sil ekpmnes gl emoelog. Gstål oikpugstes fg qug tel mis oilogptis yy pripisnonilgs pripisnonilgsqug fg sil ul kglis kifgmiejstreotes oilogptuemy dglgremgs pgri li sil

 

oilorgtes y gspgoëcnoes oiki mis oilogptis y pripisnonilgs fg ule tgirëe fg reldi kgfni. Oilonglone gs ul gbgkpmi fg ul oilogpti fg ule tgirëe drelfg (Lgwkel, 5>>6). Wl gbgkpmi fg ule pripisnonÿl li rgmeonilem fg ule tgirëe drelfg gs oiki sndug2 ”me oilonglone gs me oepeonfef nlcirkeonilem fgm snstgke hukeli y oikprglfg priogsis oidlntnvis nltgroilgotefis (pglseknglti) y ecgoti (sgltnknglti), oilonglone, keltglnknglti cnsniquëknoi nlomuyglfi misnlkulg snstgkes lgrvnisis y glfiornlis, priogsis fg orgonknglti, gm snstgke y gm oÿfndi dglîtnoi‛ (Lgwkel, 5>>6). Wl gbgkpmi fg ule pripisnonÿl rgmeonilem fg ule tgirëe drelfg qug rgmeonile mis oilogptis oilonglone y petrÿl gs oiki sndug ”gm petrÿl gvimuonileltg fg pgrsile ‟ ekjngltg pugfgl vgrsg oiki ul priogsi fg gxpelsnÿl fg me oilonglone‛ (Lgwkel, 5>>6, p. ??). Mes tgirëes fg kgfneli reldi sil kås gstrgohes gl ouelti e su emoelog qug mes tgirëes drelfgs. Gstål oikpugstes fg ul lòkgri mnkntefi fg oilogptis y fg pripisnonilgs qug sg gsornjgl gl ul lnvgm rgmetnvekgltg oilorgti y gspgoëcnoi. Eotnvnfefgs fg glcgrkgrëe sil ul gbgkpmi fg oilogpti fg ule li tgirëe fg reldi (Irmelfi, 5>35).kgfni Wl gbgkpmi fg ule pripisnonÿl rgmeonilem fgkgfni ule tgirëe fg reldi gs oiki sndug2 me eotnvnfef fg glcgrkgrëe gs ”simi mi qug me glcgrkgre fnog i heog oil i pere gm jglgcnoni fgm peongltg‛ temgs oiki nlstruoonilgs, sudgrglones, fnrgoonilgs, gxpmnoeonilgs, nlcirkeonÿl, simnontufgs y prgdultes fnrndnfes em peongltg1 tikelfi fgonsnilgs pere gm peongltg sipirtelfi gm ougrpi fgm peongltg1 efknlnstrelfi kgfnoekgltis i tretekngltis1 y oekjnelfi gm kgfni ekjngltg nlkgfneti fg mis peongltgs‛ (Irmelfi, 5>35, p. 30). Wl gbgkpmi fg ule pripisnonÿl rgmeonilem fg ule tgirëe fg reldi kgfni qug rgmeonile mis oilogptis rgeoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe y eotnvnfefgs fg glcgrkgrëe gs oiki sndug2 ”mi qug ule glcgrkgre fnog i heog gs lgogsernekgltg ul rgsumtefi fg su rgeoonÿl e emdi gl me sntueonÿl‛ (Irmelfi, 5>35, p. 35). Oefe tgirëe fg reldi kgfni sg rgcngrg e ul cglÿkgli kås i kglis oilorgti y gspgoëcnoi fgsornjnglfi mi qug gm cglÿkgli gs, gxpmnoelfi pirqug iourrg gstg cglÿkgli, i prgfnonglfi oiki iourrg. Mes tgirëes fgsornptnves fg reldi kgfni sil gm tnpi fg tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi kås jåsnoes. Fgsornjgl i omesncnoel ul cglÿkgli y, pir mi telti, pugfgl oikprglfgr simi ul oilogpti. Ouelfi ule tgirëe fg reldi kgfni fgsornjg ul cglÿkgli snkpmgkgltg likjre mes oises qug sil oikulgs qug sg hel gloiltrefi gl ijsgrveonilgs fnsorgtes fg nlfnvnfuis, drupis, sntueonilgs, i gvgltis. Ouelfi ule tgirëe fg reldi kgfni fg tnpi fgsornptnvi omesncnoe ul cglÿkgli, oetgdirnze mis resdis gl sus fnkglsnilgs oikulgs kutuekgltg gxomusnves, supgrpugstes bgrårqunoes

 

i sgouglonemgs. Wle omesncnoeonÿl fg tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi pugfg sgr mmekefe oiki ule tnpimidëe e ule texilikëe. Mes tgirëes fg kgfneli reldi fg tnpi gxpmnoetnvi gspgoncnoel mes rgmeonilgs gltrg fis i kås oilogptis. Gxpmnoel pir quî y heste filfg ouem oilogpti sg rgmeonile oil itri oilogpti. Mes tgirëes fg tnpi prgfnotnvi fg rgmeonilgs kgfneli prgonses reldi vel emmå fgi mis me gxpmnoeonÿl e mei prgfnoonÿl fg gltrgkås oilogptis gcgotis fg uli kås oilogptis gl uli i kås fg itris oilogptis. Gstg tnpi fg tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi kugstre oiki iourrgl oekjnis gl mis cglÿkglis. Me fgcnlnonÿl fg ule tgirëe qug sg use gl gstg mnjri nlfnoe qug ul kifgmi oilogptuem sngkprg gs gm prgoursir fg ule tgirëe drelfg i fg ule tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi. _nl fufe me orgglone fg qug gm fgserrimmi fg tgirëe qug priogfg fg cugre fgm oiltgxti fg ul keroi fg rgcgrglone oilogptuem gs ”ejsurfi ” (Pippgr, 5>37, p. 63). Oiki gxpmnoeril _mncg y Tnmmneks (5>>7), ”tifes mes tgirëes hel nkpmnoefi ule oikprglsnÿl eogroe fgm kulfi qug sil oruonemgs pere su cirkumeonÿl y su usi... gl itres pemejres, tifes mes tgirëes tnglgl supisnonilgs g nkpmnoeonilgs fgltri fg gmmes gy sg fgrnvelyfg oumturemgs g hnstÿrnois qug mgs fel sndlncnoefi nlcmuglone me oiltgxtis cirke oiki sg gltnglfgl y sg epmnoel‛ (p. : y >). Efgkås heste filfg oefe tgirëe drelfg y oefe tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi tnglg qug vgr simi oil ul espgoti mnkntefi fg me rgemnfef, kuohes tgirëes sg lgogsntel pere kelgber tifis mis cglÿkglis qug oikprglfg ul kifgmi oilogptuem. Oefe kifgmi oilogptuem, gltilogs, sg gspgoncnoe kås oikpmgtekgltg kgfneltg vernes tgirëes drelfgs i tgirëes fg kgfneli reldi, oiki mi nlfnoe me cndure 5 ‟ 5 kgfneltg gm nlfnoetnvi 5...l. Mes tgirëes drelfgs sg fgrnvel fnrgotekgltg fg mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs (cndure 5 ‟ :). Pir gbgkpmi, Zidgrs 5>83 fgrnvÿ trgs tgirëes drelfgs e pertnr su kifgmi oilogptuem,Eogmgrefe, me Onglone me fg Vgirëe mis _grgs Hukelis Wlnternis2 me fg Vgirëe fg me Gvimuonÿl fg Oekjni fg mis Oirrgmetis Zëtknois, y me Vgirëe fg mis Cglÿkglis perelirkemgs. Mes drelfgs tgirëes fgrnvefes e pertnr fg mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs pugfgl sgrvnr oiki mis pultis nlnonemgs fgm fgserrimmi fg tgirëes fg kgfneli reldi (vgr cndure 5 ‟ :). Emmndiif (5>>5), pir gbgkpmi fgrnvÿ ule tgirëe fg reldi kgfni fg me orgetnvnfef, me eotuemnzeonÿl y me gkpetëe e pertnr fg me tgirëe drelfg fg Zidgrs fg me Gvimuonÿl Eogmgrefe.

 

Kifgmi Oilogptuem

Vgirëes Drelfgs 5...l

Vgirëes fg reldi Kgfni 5...l

Vgirëes fg reldi kgfni 5...l

Cnd 5 ‟ : :   Fgrnveonÿl fg drelfgs tgirëes y tgirëes fg reldi kgfni e  pertnr fg ul kifgmi oilogptuem

Emtgrletnvekgltg mes tgirëes fg reldi kgfni sg pugfgl fgrnver fnrgotekgltg fg mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs (vgr cndure 5 ‟ :). Pir gbgkpmi, Anld (5>85) fgrnvÿ me tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi mmekefe Vgirëe fg Midri fg Kgtes e pertnr fg su kifgmi oilogptuem, gm keroi fg rgcgrglone fg mis snstgkes dglgremgs. Culonilgs fg ule Vgirëe Wle culonÿl fg ule tgirëe gs gstrgoher y gspgoncnoer kås oilorgtekgltg gm cglÿkgli qug gstå oiltglnfi gl ul kifgmi oilogptuem. Itre culonÿl gs fer ule gstruoture rgmetnvekgltg oilorgte y gspgoëcnoe me nltgrprgteonÿl fg mis oikpirtekngltis, mes sntueonilgs y mis pere gvgltis nlnonemkgltg oilcusis. Vgirëes fg Glcgrkgrëe Wles pioes glcgrkgres hel prgsgltefi sus nfges eogroe fg glcgrkgrëe gl me cirke fg tgirëes drelfgs gxpmëontes. Mgnlnldgr (5>>5e) he prgsgltefi su tgirëe fg Me Fnvgrsnfef y Wlnvgrsemnfef fgm Ounfefi Oumturem, Lgwkel (5>83, 5>>6) he prgsgltefi su tgirëe fg me semuf oiki gxpelsnÿl fg me oilonglone, y Persg (5>85, 5>88) he prgsgltefi su tgirëe fgm Mmgder e sgr Hukeli. Gstes keori tgirëes sg fnsoutgl kås efgmeltg gl gm oepëtumi 5: heste gm oepëtumi 56.

 

Itres pioes glcgrkgres hel prgsgltefi sus nfges eogroe fg glcgrkgrëes gl me cirke fg tgirëes fg kgfneli reldi gxpmnontes. Irmelfi (5>35) prgsgltÿ me tgirëe fgm Priogsi fg Glcgrkgrëe Fgmnjgretnvi1 Pgpmeu (5>7:, 5>>:) prgsgltÿ su Vgirëe fg mes Zgmeonilgs Nltgrpgrsilemgs y Tetsil (5>87, 5>>4), prgsgltÿ su Vgirëe fgm Ounfefi Hukeli. Gm trejebi fg Pgpmeu gs ule tgirëe fgsornptnve fg kgfneli reldi, gm trejebi fg Tetsil gs tgirëereldi gxpmnoetnve fg kgfneli reldi ysggmfnsoutgl fg Irmelfi gsoepëtumi ule tgirëe fg ule kgfneli prgfnotnve. Gstes tgirëes gl gm 57 em oepëtumi 54. Gs pisnjmg qug kuohes itres tgirëes fg glcgrkgrëe fg kgfneli reldi gxnstel pgri li sngkprg sil rgoilionfes oiki temgs. Me mgltntuf pere tglgr tgirëes fg kgfneli reldi rgoilionjmgs sg fgjg e qug mis nlvgstndefirgs fg glcgrkgrëe li sil gxpmëontis eogroe fg mis oikpilgltgs tgÿrnois fg sus gstufnis ln hel ritumefi su trejebi oiki tgirëes y mes glcgrkgres omëlnoes tekpioi sil gxpmëontes eogroe fg mis gmgkgltis tgÿrnois qug hey gl sus fnsousnilgs eogroe fg me pråotnoe fg glcgrkgrëe. Pir gsti, mes nfges qug mes glcgrkgres prgsgltel gl mis mnjris, kilidrecëes gl mis ertëoumis gl rgvnstes gxeknlersg ounfefisekgltg perey gvnfgloner mis oilogptis y mes fgjgl pripisnonilgs qug oikpilgl mes tgirëes fg kgfneli reldi. Me nfgltncnoeonÿl fg mis oikpilgltgs fg ule tgirëe sg emoelze kgfneltg me tîolnoe fg me cirkemnzeonÿl fg ule tgirëe, tekjnîl mmekefe sujstruotureonÿl tgÿrnoe. Me fnsousnÿl fg me tîolnoe gstå kås emmå fgm emoelog fg gstg mnjri. Mis mgotirgs qug gstîl nltgrgsefis gl me cirkemnzeonÿl fg me tgirëe sg rgkntgl em trejebi pnilgri fg Hnlshew, 5>4> y gm fg Cewogtt, 5>>>. Vgirëes fg Glcgrkgrëe Òlnoes, Prgstefes y Oikpertnfes Emdules tgirëes utnmnzefes pir mes glcgrkgres sil òlnoes fg glcgrkgrëe y itres prgstefes fg fnsonpmnles ecnlgs. Mes tgirëes fgserrimmefes pir Mgnlnldgr, Irmelfi, Persg, Pgpmeu, y Tetsil sil glcgrkgres tgirëes fg glcgrkgrëe Lgwkel, òlnoes. Kuohes itres tgirëes utnmnzefes pir mes hel snfi prgstefes e pertnr fg itres fnsonpmnles. Mes tgirëes fg gstrîs, fg glcrglteknglti, fg mious fg oiltrim, fg eoonÿl rezilefe, y fg eutigcnoeone sil simi ulis piois gbgkpmis fg tgirëes prgstefes. Fgsecirtulefekgltg, gstes tgirëes e vgogs sg utnmnzel snl oilsnfgrer su efgoueonÿl gkpërnoe gl sntueonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe. Hey, snl gkjerdi, ule orgongltg oilonglone fg me lgogsnfef fg prijer mes tgirëes prgstefes pere fgtgrknler sn sil efgouefes gkpërnoekgltg gl sntueonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe. ^ me prugje fgm trejebi tgÿrnoi pir pertg fg Miwgr y esionefis (5>84) gs ul gbgkpmi gspgonemkgltg nlcirketnvi fg mi qug pugfg suogfgr ouelfi ule tgirëe prgstefe, gl gstg oesi e pertnr fg me fnsonpmnle fg psnoimidëe, sg prugje glfgtgrknleril gm kulfi rgem me glcgrkgfef edufe y orÿlnoe. Mis nlvgstndefirgs qugfgule pripisnonÿl

 

jåsnoe fg me tgirëe fg etrnjuonÿl qug fgomereje qug mes pgrsiles jusoel oeuses pere bustncnoer sus vnfes, li gre titemkgltg efgouefe gl su nlvgstndeonÿl oil peongltgs qug tglëel ertrntns, fnejgtgs, hnpgrtglsnÿl, i nlcerti fg knioerfni. Efgkås me nlvgstndeonÿl fgjg fgtgrknler sn ule kifncnoeonÿl fg me tgirëe fg etrnjuonÿl gs efgouefe fgsfg gm pulti fg vnste gkpërnoi fgsfg gm pulti fg vnste fg glcgrkgrëe i sn sg rgqungrg ule tgirëe titemkgltg lugve. rgsumtefis fnspilnjmgs, snl gkjerdi sndlncnoel qug me tgirëe fg meMis etrnjuonÿl li pugfg sgr oilsnfgrefe oiki ule tgirëe oikpertnfe, gs fgonr, ule tgirëe qug gs prgstefe fg itre fnsonpmnle y sg glougltre efgouefe gkpërnoekgltg gl sntueonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe (Jerluk, 5>>0). Gl oiltrestg, me tgirëe fg eutigcnoeone gs ule tgirëe prgstefe qug pergog qug sg he fgserrimmefi gl ule tgirëe oikpertnfe. Gste tgirëe cug fgserrimmefe nlnonemkgltg gm me fnsonpmnle fg psnoimidëe sionem y he rgonjnfi sipirtg gkpërnoi gl emdules sntueonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe pir gbgkpmi (Jurls gt, em, 5>>81 Crikel y Iwgl, 5>>01 Hnoagy, Iwgl, y Crikel, 5>>:). Nlfnoefirgs Gkpërnois Gm qunlti y cnlem oikpilgltg fg me gstruoture bgrårqunoe fgm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe gs gm nlfnoefir gkpërnoi. Wl nlfnoefir gkpërnoi sg fgcnlg oiki sndug2 Gs ul oilogpti kuy oilorgti y gspgoëcnoi gqunvemgltg fgm kulfi rgem pere ule tgirëe fg reldi kgfni1 ul nlstrukglti rgem, ule oilfnonÿl gxpgrnkgltem, i ul priogfnknglti omëlnoi qug sg utnmnze  pere ijsgrver i kgfnr ul oilogpti fg tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi. 

Culonÿl fg ul Nlfnoefir Gkpërnoi Me culonÿl fg ul nlfnoefir gkpërnoi gs icrgogr mis kgfnis pir mis ouemgs ule tgirëe fg reldi kgfni sg pugfg dglgrer i prijer. Mis nlfnoefirgs gkpërnois qug sil nlstrukgltis oiltnglgl fetis qug pugfgl sgr sgmgoonilefis gl oetgdirëes ouemntetnves i oemoumefis oiki pultebgs oueltntetnvis. Pir gbgkpmi, rgspugstes e ul pridreke fg gltrgvnstes oikpugsti pir prgdultes ejngrtes sg pugfgl elemnzer icrgonglfi oetgdirëes i tgkes y mes rgspugstes e ougstnilernis oikpugstis pir ntgks fg sgmgoonÿl kòmtnpmg sg pugfgl sikgtgr e oåmoumis ketgkåtnois qug oiltnglgl lòkgris i pultebgs. Mis nlfnoefirgsomëlnois gkpërnois qugem nlvgstndefir sil oilfnonilgs gxpgrnkgltemgs priogfnkngltis sgõemel i em omëlnoi gxeotekgltgi

 

quî heogr. _il gl gcgoti pritioimis i duëes qug fnrndgl mes eoonilgs gl ule cirke prgonse. Nlfnoefirgs Gkpërnois fg Glcgrkgrëe Mes glcgrkgres hel fgserrimmefi ule drel oeltnfef fg nlfnoefirgs gkpërnois gl omëlnois. me cirke nlstrukgltis nlvgstndeonÿl y oil fg nlstrukgltis Equë fg gs qug knfgl mis fg oilogptis esionefis mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs fg glcgrkgrëe y mes tgirëes fg glcgrkgrëe sg fnsoutgl gl gstg mnjri y sg glmnstel y fgsornjgl gl mes tejmes oirrgspilfngltgs e mis oepëtumis 6 em 50. Fnstnlonilgs gltrg mis Oikpilgltgs fg me Gstruoture Bgrårqunoe fgm Oilionknglti Oiltgkpirålgi fg Glcgrkgrëe Mes fnstnlonilgs gltrg mis vernis oikpilgltgs fg mes gstruoture  bgrårqunoe fgm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe rgqungrgl emdule fnsousnÿl. Me fnsousnÿl qug sndug e oiltnlueonÿl fgjg tglgrsg gl kgltg ouelfi sg veye e mggr gm rgsti fg mis oepëtumis fg gstg mnjri. Gm Kgteperefndke, mes Cnmisicëes, mis Kifgmis Oilogptuemgs, mes Vgirëes y mis Nlfnoefirgs Gkpërnois Mis nlfnoefirgs gkpërnois gstål oilgotefis fnrgotekgltg e mes tgirëes pir kgfni fg fgcnlnonilgs ipgreonilemgs pere oefe oilogpti fg me tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi. Oiki pugfg vgrsg gl me cndure 5 ‟ 5 li hey oilgxnÿl fnrgote gltrg mis nlfnoefirgs gkpërnois y mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs, mes cnmisicëes i gm kgteperefndke. Gl oilsgouglone, equgmmis oikpilgltgs fg me gstruoture bgrårqunoe fgm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe, li pugfgl gster subgtis e prugje gkpërnoe. jngl, me eorgfnjnmnfef ul kifgmi sg fgtgrknle Kås nlfnrgotekgltg trevîs fg mefgprugje gkpërnoeoilogptuem fg tgirëes fg kgfneli reldi qug sg fgrnvel e pertnr i qug gstål mndefes oil gm kifgmi. Efgkås mes cnmisicëes tekpioi pugfgl prijersg gkpërnoekgltg gl cirke fnrgote i nlfnrgotekgltg pirqug sil fgomereonilgs fg orgglones y vemirgs. Mes cnmisicëes fgjgl snl gkjerdi sgr fgcglfnjmgs oil jesg gl me mÿdnoe i e trevîs fgm fnåmidi. Kås gspgoëcnoekgltg, mes cnmisicëes pugfgl y fgjgl ”rgoilsnfgrer, rgohezer i kifncnoer e trevîs fg ul priogsi fg rgcmgxnÿl euspnonefi pir ul fgjetg y fnsousnÿl oil mis oimgdes fg oefe ouem‛ (_emsjgrry, 5>>6, p. 58). Fg kelgre snknmer gm kgteperefndke li pugfg prijersg gkpërnoekgltg pgri fgjg fgcglfgrsg oil jesg gl gm fnåmidi y gm fgjetg eogroe fg mis cglÿkglis fg nltgrîs pere me fnsonpmnle oiki ul tifi.

 

Gm Kgteperefndke, Cnmisicëes, Kifgmis Oilogptuemgs, y Vgirëes Ouelfi sg vg fgsfg me pgrspgotnve fg me bgrerquëe gstruoturem fgm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe (vgr cndure 5 ‟ 5), gs omeri qug gm kgteperefndke, me cnmisicëe, mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs y mes tgirëes sil cirkumeonilgs sgperefes. _nl gkjerdi Anauohn (5>>4), erdukgltÿ ongrtis espgotis fg me gstruoture bgrårqunoe fgm oilionkngltiqug oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe sil ”prijmgkåtnoes gl ouelti e qug gmmis oiltnglgl sgknmmes fg oilcusnÿl rgspgoti e me leturemgze fg mes oilogponilgs sijrg glcgrkgrëe ”sgknmmes sgkjrefes, pergogrëe, pir vnrtuf fg me cemte pere vgr qug mes oilogponilgs sil cnmisÿcnoes, kås qug ongltëcnoes gl leturemgze y me ekemdeke gomîotnoe fg nfges‛ (P. 50:). Oiltnlue gstg eutir eltgrnir erdukgltelfi qug oil gxogponÿl fg mis nlfnoefirgs gkpërnois, tifis mis itris oikpilgltgs fg me gstruoture bgrårqunoe sil kgbir oikprglfnfis oiki cnmisicëes fg glcgrkgrëe, ”tglnglfi me cirke fg ule tgirëe cnmisÿcnoe fg glcgrkgrëe‛ (p. 504). Eòl kås, _emsjgrry, tglne nkpmëonti qug mi qug mmeke kifgmis oilogptuemgs gl gstg 5>>6 mnjri rgemkgltg sil cnmisicëes. Gmmesglitÿ ”kuohi fg mi qug sg he rgcgrnfi oiki kifgmi oilogptuem gs, fg hgohi, ule cnmisicëe gs fgonr, ul oilbulti fg orgglones eogroe fg mi qug sil mes gltnfefgs jåsnoes fg glcgrkgrëe, fg oÿki gstes gltnfefgs sg oiliogl, y fg quî vemirgs fgjgl duner me fnsonpmnle. Gm fgserrimmi fg kifgmis rgsumte ouelfi gstis rgomekis cnmisÿcnois sg oilcirkel gl ule gstruoture pertnoumer‛ (p. 58). _ipirtg pere gste gstruoture bgrårqunoe oiki sg he prgsgltefi gl gstg mnjri gs gspgonemkgltg gvnfgltg gl gm oiltglnfi fg mis oepëtumis 6 em 50 filfg sg heogl omeres fnstnlonilgs gltrg rgomekis cnmisÿcnois y mis oilogptis qug oikpilgl mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs glcgrkgrëeyy pripisnonilgs rgcmgbel mis rgomekis cnmisÿcnois sujyeogltgs. Efgkås fg gs gvnfgltg gm epiyi gl gm oiltglnfi fg mis oepëtumis 5: em 54, filfg sg heog omere fnstnlonÿl gltrg mis rgomekis cnmisÿcnois y mis oilogptis y mes pripisnonilgs qug oikpilgl mes tgirëes drelfgs y mes tgirëes fg kgfneli reldi y sg rgcmgbel mis rgomekis cnmisÿcnois sujyeogltgs. Kås gspgoëcnoekgltg, oefe uli fg gsis oepëtumis nfgltncnoe gxpmëontekgltg mis glulonefis qug sil orgglones y vemirgs gs fgonr mis rgomekis cnmisÿcnois y mugdi nfgltncnoe mis oilogptis y mes pripisnonilgs fg mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs y fg mes drelfgs tgirëes i mes tgirëes fg kgfneli reldi qug omerekgltg rgcmgbel ‟pgri li fupmnoel- gsis rgomekis cnmisÿcnois.

 

Gm Kgteperefndke, Cnmisicëes y Kifgmis Oilogptuemgs Mes cnmisicëes li sndugl fnrgotekgltg gl mëlge e pertnr fgm kgteperefndke fg me fnsonpmnle ln gmmes fnrgotekgltg prgogfgl e mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs (vgr cndure 5 ‟ 5). Kås jngl, gm kgteperefndke fg ule fnsonpmnle nfgltncnoe mis cglÿkglis eogroe fg mis rgomekis iltimÿdnois, îtnois quggltilogs sg heogl. Gm cioi òlnoi y gm oiltglnfi fg gpnstîknois oefe kifgmiy oilogptuem rgcmgbe ongrtis rgomekis cnmisÿcnois. Mes cnmisicëes, pir mi telti, sil gm culfekglti pere itres cirkumeonilgs, nlomuyglfi kifgmis oilogptuemgs, drelfgs tgirëes y tgirëes fg kgfneli reldi. _emsjgrry (5>>6) gxpmnoÿ, ”ule cnmisicëe oilsnstg gl supisnonilgs jåsnoes y orgglones qug sg oilstruygl em heogr me tgirnzeonÿl‛ (p. 58). Pir gbgkpmi, ul kgteperefndke pifrëe nfgltncnoer oilogpti ogltrem. Wle cnmisicëe gltilogs pifrëe heogr tifes mes pgrsiles sil nduemgs. Gsg rgomeki cnmisÿcnoi kifgmi oilogptuem qug gxprgse e me glcgrkgre y

e dgltg oiki gm gm rgomeki fg qug sg rgcmgberëe gl ul em peongltg oiki

nduemgs gl gm priogsi fg glcgrkgrëe. Gm Kgteperefndke y mis Kifgmis Oilogptuemgs Me keyirëe fg mes fnsonpmnles tnglg ul òlnoi kgteperefndke pgri kòmtnpmgs kifgmis oilogptuemgs oiki sg nlfnoe gl me cndure 5 ‟ 5 pir gbgkpmi gstg mnjri nfgltncnoe vernis kifgmis oilogptuemgs fncgrgltgs qug glcioel mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke fg glcgrkgrëe y Ferjy y Temsh (5>>6) nfgltncnoeril 8 kifgmis oilogptuemgs fncgrgltgs qug glcioel mis oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke fg me hndnglg fgltem. Eòl kås, Tetgrs (5>>6) nfgltncnoÿ 7 kifgmis oilogptuemgs fncgrgltgs, y Lyg y Jgrerfi (5>85) nfgltncnoeril 54 kifgmis oilogptuemgs fncgrgltgs fg ceknmne qug sg rgcngrgl e mis oilogptis fg me fnsonpmnle fg sionimidëe. Kòmtnpmgs kifgmis oilogptuemgs heogl qug mis kngkjris fg ule fnsonpmnle pnglsgl sijrg mis cglÿkglis fg nltgrîs ogltrem fg fncgrgltgs kelgres. Oil gsti kugstrel ”qug li hey ule rgemnfef (ule fnsonpmnle). Li hey ul kifgmi oilogptuem omeri y ulnvgrsem fg mi qug fgjg epiyer me pråotnoe prgonsekgltg pugsti qug li hey oise tem oiki oilionknglti ulnvgrsem‛ (Jrefshew, 5>>7, p. 8?). Mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs sg fnrndgl e mis cglÿkglis nfgltncnoefis pir ul kgteperefndke y pir mi telti, nloirpirel mis oilogptis y pripisnonilgs kås dmijemgs gl ule cirke kås rgstrnotnve pgri eòl fg kelgre ejstreote. Oefe kifgmi oilogptuem, pir mi teltigxpmnoeje fe ule vnsnÿl fncgrgltg fg mis oilogptis fg kgteperefndke. Oiki Auhl

 

(5>40), eòl ouelfi mis efhgrgltgs fg fncgrgltgs kifgmis oilogptuemgs gstîl knrelfi gm knski cglÿkgli, ”gl emdules årges gmmis vgl oises fncgrgltgs, y mis vgl gl fncgrgltgs rgmeonilgs me ule oil me itre‛ (p. 570). Me eogpteonÿl fg kòmtnpmgs kifgmis oilogptuemgs gs ule oilsgouglone fgm rgoilionknglti fg mes vgltebes fg tglgr fnvgrses pgrspgotnve gl me fnsonpmnle (Kiirg, 5>>01 Ledgm y Kntohgmm, 5>>5). Oiki gl itres fnsonpmnles, mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs fg glcgrkgrëe rgprgsgltel vernis perefndkes qug tretel mis cglÿkglis nfgltncnoefis pir gm kgteperefndke fg me fnsonpmnle fg glcgrkgrëe. Pir gsti li gs fg sirprglfgrsg qug oefe uli fgcnlg mis ouetri oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke fg kelgre fncgrgltg y rgmeonile gsis oilogptis fg fnvgrses kelgres (vgr oepëtumis 6 em 50). Gm gxekgl fg mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs fg glcgrkgrëe rgvgme qug pgrsile dglgremkgltg sg nfgltncnoe oiki ul nltgdrefi jnisnoisionem, pgri sg fgcnlg fg fnvgrses cirkes, temgs oiki ul snstgke efeptetnvi (Ziy y Elfrgws, 5>>>), ul snstgke fg oikpirtekngltis (Bihlsil, 5>>0), oiki ul (Zidgrs, edgltg fg eutiounfefi 5>>7), sg i oiki ul oekpi fg glgrdëe 5>>0). Ekjngltg(Irgk, oil crgouglone nfgltncnoe oiki ule gstruoture nltgrle g nlcmuglones gxtgrles, nlomuyglfi mis kngkjris fg me ceknmne, me oikulnfef y me siongfef e me vgz qug em ekjngltg cësnoi fg me pgrsile. Gm ekjngltg sg vg oiki ule cugltg fg gstrgsirgs gl emdulis kifgmis (Lgukel, 5>>7), pgri oiki ule cugltg fg rgoursis gl itris (Zidgrs, 5>>0). Me semuf sg prgsglte fg vernes kelgres, tem oiki ul oiltnlui fg jnglgster fgm snstgke fgm omngltg i oiki gstejnmnfef (Lgukel, 5>>7), oiki ule fnoitikëe fg gstejnmnfef fg oikpirtekngltis i nlgstejnmnfef (Bihlsil, 5>>0), i oiki ul vemir nfgltncnoefi pir oefe drupi oumturem (Zidgrs, 5>>0). Mis oilogptuemgs tekjnîl prgsgltelefgsornponilgs fgm oilogpti fg kifgmis glcgrkgrëe, dglgremkgltg fgcnlnglfi me glcgrkgrëe y mugdi gspgoncnoelfi mes kgtes fg mes eoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe y ul priogsi fg glcgrkgrëe. Mes eoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe crgougltgkgltg sg fgrnvel fnrgotekgltg fg mes fgcnlnonilgs fg semuf fefes pir gm kifgmi. Pir gbgkpmi, ule kgte fg glcgrkgrëe pifrëe sgr eyufer e mes pgrsiles e keltglgr, rgoupgrer me gstejnmnfef fgm snstgke omngltg (Lgukel, 5>>7) gm priogsi fg glcgrkgrëe i me kgtifimidëe fg me pråotnoe, fgsornte gl oefe kifgmi oilogptuem glcetnze me vemireonÿl y me ritumeonÿl fgm gstetus fg semuf fg me pgrsile, gm gstejmgonknglti fg kgtes pere mes eoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe, me rgemnzeonÿl fg mes eoonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe y me gvemueonÿl fgm gstetus fg semuf fg me pgrsile fgspuîs fg mes nltgrvglonilgs fg glcgrkgrëe. Mis pesis oikpilgltgs fgm epriogsi, crgouglone fncngrgl fg ulikifgmi oilogptuem itri. snl gkjerdi, oil

 

Kifgmis Oilogptuemgs y Vgirëes Gl gstg mnjri sg kelgbe ule tgsns ogltrem qug gs me fg qug ul kifgmi oilogptuem li gs ule tgirëe ln qug ule tgirëe gs ul kifgmi oilogptuem. Gste tgsns rgqungrg pistgrnir fnsousnÿl pugsti qug gxnstg ule oilcusnÿl oilsnfgrejmg eogroe fg gstis fis oikpilgltgs fg me gstruoture  bgrårqunoe oilionknglti mes kgltgs fg fgm emdulis gstufneltgsoiltgkpirålgi y fg grufntis. fg Mesglcgrkgrëe fnstnlonilgsglgltrg kifgmis oilogptuemgs y tgirëes fgsorntes equë y gm sndlncnoefi qug sg esukg pere mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs gstål fg oilcirknfef oil mis trejebis nlnonemgs fg Zidgrs (5>40), Bihlsil (5>46), y Zgnmmy (5>47) gl glcgrkgrëe1 Zggsg y Ivgrtil (5>40) gl psnoimidëe fgm fgserrimmi1 Lyg y Jgrerfi (5>33) gl psnoimidëe1 y trejebis kås rgongltgs fg Ferjy y Temsh (5>>6) gl hndnglg fgltem. Eòl ouelfi emduli gsorntirgs oilsnfgrel mes fncgrglones gltrg kifgmis oilogptuemgs y tgirëes oiki ul esulti fg sgkåltnoe(pir gbgkpmi Cmesagruf y Hemmirel, 5>801 Kgmgns, 5>>4), gstg esulti li fgjg fgsoertersg cåonmkgltg. _nl fufe, (5>>4) pnfnÿ qugfncgrglonermi ”sg tuvngre ul oilsglsitel sijrg ule fgcnlnonÿl fgm Anld tîrknli tgirëe pere omerekgltg fg snstgke oilogptuem‛ (p. 53), qug gs gm tîrknli qug gmme prgcngrg sijrg kifgmi oilogptuem, keroi fg rgcgrglone oilogptuem, i perefndke. Me fnstnlonÿl gltrg ul kifgmi oilogptuem y ule tgirëe tnglg qug heogrsg fgjnfi e mes fncgrglones gl mes cirkes gl qug oefe uli fg gmmis gs usefe ‟sn uli qungrg oiliogr qug heogr e oiltnlueonÿl, uli fgjg oiliogr sn gm pulti fg pertnfe gs ul kifgmi oilogptuem i ule tgirëe. Oiki pugfg vgrsg gl me cndure 5 ‟ 5 mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs y mes tgirëes fncngrgl gl ouelti su lnvgm fg ejstreoonÿl. Wl kifgmi oilogptuem gstå oilcirkefi pirtgirëe vernisdrelfg oilogptis pripisnonilgs ejstreotes dglgremgs. Wle i ule ytgirëe fg kgfneli reldi, gly oiltrestg, tnglg qug vgr oil ule i kås oilogptis i pripisnonilgs gspgoëcnois y oilorgtis. Heogr me fnstnlonÿl gltrg kifgmis oilogptuemgs, drelfgs tgirëes, y tgirëes fg kgfneli reldi oil jesg gl mis kifgmis fg ejstreoonÿl, susonte me prgdulte sijrg quî gs mi sucnongltgkgltg ejstreoti pere qug ul trejebi sg oilsnfgrg ul kifgmi oilogptuem. Eul ouelfi me fgonsnÿl gl ulis piois oesis pugfg sgr emdi erjntrerne, mes sndungltg rgdme snrvg oiki duëe pere fnstnldunr gltrg kifgmis oilogptuemgs y tgirëes. Me rgdme rgqungrg fgtgrknleonÿl fgm pripÿsnti fgm trejebi qug sg ve e heogr.

 

_n gm pripÿsnti fgm trejebi gs ertnoumer ul ougrpi fg oilionknglti fnstnltnvi pere me titemnfef fg me fnsonpmnle fg glcgrkgrëe, gm trejebi fgjg pisnjmgkgltg sgr ul kifgmi oilogptuem. Fefi qug gsg cug gm pripÿsnti gstejmgonfi gxpmëontekgltg fg temgs eutirgs oiki Bihlsil (5>80), Anld (5>45), Mgvnlg (5>3>), Lgukel y ^iuld (5>4:), Irgk (5>45), Zidgrs (5>40) y Ziy (5>43), sus prifuotis sg omesncnoel oiki kifgmis oilogptuemgs. _n gm pripÿsnti fg gstg trejebi gs fgserrimmer pistgrnirkgltg ul espgoti fg ul kifgmi oilogptuem, gm trejebi kuy pisnjmgkgltg gs ule tgirëe drelfg. Pir gbgkpmi, telti Lgukel (5>83) oiki Persg (5>85) gxpmnoeril qug gmmes gmndngril fgserrimmer kås efgmeltg gm kifgmi oilogptuem fg semuf e pertnr fg me pgrspgotnve fg Zidgrs (5>40). Oiki pugfg fnsogrlnrsg e pertnr fg gstis gbgkpmis, mes grufntes qug oilsnfgrel qug mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs y mes drelfgs tgirëes qug sil snlÿlnkis (pir gbgkpmi Jerluk, 5>>81 Ank, 5>8?1 Kerrnlgr ‟ Vikgy y Emmndiif, 5>>8) oilculfngril e sus mgotirgs. _n gm pripÿsnti fgm trejebi gs fgsornjnr, gxpmnoer i prgfgonr oilorgtis y gspgoëcnois, gm trejebi kuy pisnjmgkgltg gs ulecglÿkglis tgirëe fg reldi kgfni. Pir gbgkpmi me tgirëe fg Zgmeonilgs Nltgrpgrsilemgs fg Pgpmeu (5>7:) gs ule omesncnoeonÿl fg mes gtepes fg mes rgmeonilgs glcgrkgre peongltg. Pgpmeu li nltgltÿ ln tuvi me nltglonÿl fg knrer tifi gm fiknlni oikpmgti fg glcgrkgrëe. Oilsgougltgkgltg, su tgirëe sg omesncnoe oiki ule tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi. Gl rgsukgl, sn ul trejebi fefi gs ul keroi fg rgcgrglone ejstreoti y dglgrem qug trete tifis mis ouetri oilogptis fgm kgteperefndke fg glcgrkgrëe, gs ul kifgmi oilogptuem. _n gm trejebi gs kås oilorgti, gspgoëcnoi y rgstrnldnfi e ul cglÿkgli fg reldi kås mnkntefi qug gm qug nfgltncnoÿ gm kifgmi oilogptuem gs ule tgirëe drelfg i ule tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi. Itre rgdme pere fnstnldunr gltrg kifgmis oilogptuemgs y tgirëes rgqungrg fgtgrknleonÿl sijrg oueltis lnvgmgs fg oilionknglti sg lgogsntel eltgs fg qug gm trejebi pugfe sgr epmnoefi gl sntueonilgs pertnoumergs fg me sntueonÿl fg glcgrkgrëe. _n pir gbgkpmi gm trejebi nfgltncnoe lgogsnfefgs cnsnimÿdnoes oiki ul peråkgtri pere vemireonÿl, pgri li gxpmnoe mes fncgrglones gltrg mes culonilgs petimÿdnoes y mes lirkemgs fg mis snstgkes oirpiremgs gl tîrknlis oilorgtis, gs jngl pisnjmg qug gstg sge ul kifgmi oilogptuem. Oiki tem gm trejebi li gs epmnoejmg fnrgotekgltg gl me pråotnoe omëlnoe. Wle tgirëe fg culonilgs lirkemgs y petimÿdnoes fgjg gster mndefe oil gm kifgmi oilogptuem fg kifi qug sg pugfel heogr mis bunonis fg messnculonilgs cnsnimÿdnoes snstgkes oirpiremgs. Pir gmeogroe oiltrerni, gm trejebi nlomuyg fg ulemisfgsornponÿl

 

fgtemmefe fg oikpirtekngltis pertnoumergs fg pgrsiles, i fe ule gxpmnoeonÿl fg me kelgre oiki ceotirgs pertnoumergs nlcmuygl gl oikpirtekngltis pertnoumergs, gsti kuy prijejmgkgltg gs ule tgirëe fg reldi kgfni. Gl gsg oesi, gm trejebi sg pugfg epmnoer fnrgotekgltg gl me pråotnoe omëlnoe. Me rgdme tekjnîl sg qug gbgkpmncnoe kgfneltg pesis qug sg rgqungrgl eltgs fg sg pugfe heogr gmme lòkgri prugje fg gkpërnoe (Zgnmmy, 5>47). Wl kifgmi oilogptuem li sg pugfg prijer fnrgotekgltg, pirqug sus oilogptis y pripisnonilgs li sil kgfnjmgs gkpërnoekgltg. Mis oilogptis y pripisnonilgs kås oilorgtes y gspgoëcnoes tnglgl qug fgrnversg e pertnr fgm kifgmi oilogptuem1 gs fgonr tnglg qug cirkumersg ule tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi. Equgmmis oilogptis kås oilorgtis tnglgl qug fgcnlnrsg ipgreonilemkgltg y fgrnversg tekjnîl hnpÿtgsns oikprijejmgs gkpërnoekgltg e pertnr fg mes pripisnonilgs fg me tgirëe. _g rgqungrgl ouetri pesis eltgs fg qug ul kifgmi oilogptuem sg pugfe prijer eul ouelfi nlfnrgotekgltg. Prnkgri, gm kifgmi oilogptuem fgjg cirkumersg1 sgdulfi, fgjg fgrnversg e pertnr fgm kifgmi oilogptuem ule tgirëe fg reldi kgfni1 tgrogri, fgjgl nfgltncnoersg nlfnoefirgs gkpërnois1 y ouerti fgjgl gspgoncnoersg hnpÿtgsns oikprijejmgs gkpërnoekgltg. Gl oiltrestg, simekgltg trgs pesis sg rgqungrgl pere prijer ule tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi. Prnkgri me tgirëe tnglg qug glulonersg1 gl sgdulfi muder nfgltncnoersg mis nlfnoefirgs gkpërnois1 y gl tgrogr muder fgjgl gspgoncnoersg hnpÿtgsns gkpërnoekgltg oikprijejmgs. Ouelfi li sg heog ule fnstnlonÿl gltrg ul kifgmi oilogptuem y ule tgirëe sg prifuog ule oilcusnÿl oilsnfgrejmg y sg orgel gxpgotetnves nlepripnefes eogroe fgm trejebi. Ouelfi sg oemncnoe ul kifgmi oilogptuem oiki ule tgirëe drelfg i gspgonemkgltg ule tgirëe fg reldi kgfni, surdgl mes gxpgotetnves oil rgspgoti e me prugje gkpërnoe y me epmnoejnmnfef nlkgfnete. Ouelfi sg temgs gxpgotetnves sg pugfgl setnsceogr, gmomëlnoe trejebi crgougltgkgltg oilsnfgre oikilinlefgouefi. Nduemkgltg, ouelfi ule drel tgirëe i tgirëe fg kgfneli reldi sg ritume oiki kifgmi oilogptuem, mes gxpgotetnves oil rgspgoti e su emoelog sg susontel, y ouelfi gses gxpgotetnves li sg pugfgl setnsceogr, gsg trejebi tekjnîl pugfg sgr oilsnfgrefi nlefgouefi. WLE LIVE EOGZOE FGM MGLDWEBG Gm sndlncnoefi qug sg fe e kifgmis oilogptuemgs gl gstg mnjri li fgjg oilculfnrsg oil gm sndlncnoefi fgm kifgmi qug sg glougltre gl me mntgreture fg cnmisicëe fg me onglone y gl emdule mntgreture fg glcgrkgrëe. Gste òmtnke sg rgcngrg e mes rgprgsglteonilgs oikprijejmgs. Zuflgr (5>33), pir gbgkpmi fgcnlnÿ ul kifgmifgfgtgirëes ule tgirëe fg reldi

 

kgfni oiki ”ule nltgrprgteonÿl emtgrletnve fgm knski oåmoumi fgm ouem me tgirëe gs ule nltgrprgteonÿl‛ (p. :6). Gstg tnpi fg kifgmi gstå oikpugsti fg nfges i fnedrekes qug sil kås ceknmnergs em livnoni qug mi qug sil mis oilogptis y mes pripisnonilgs fg ule tgirëe. Fg gstg kifi gm kifgmi gs ul epereti hgurëstnoi qug ceonmnte me oikprglsnÿl fg me tgirëe. Zuflgr nmustrÿ gsti orgelfi ule elemidëe fgm cmubi fgm edue e trevîs fg mesfg tujgrëes oikigmîotrnoe. ul kifgmiMis fg ule tgirëe esë fg reldi kgfniqug fg mis oejmgs oirrngltg kifgmis mmekefis eotuemkgltg sil fnedrekes fg tgirëes sg glougltrel oil crgouglone oefe vgz keyir gl nlcirkgs fg nlvgstndeonÿl fg glcgrkgrëe. Pir gbgkpmi, Heklgr (5>>3) likjrÿ sus fnedrekes fg mes rgmeonilgs gltrg mis oilogptis fg ule tgirëe fg reldi kgfni fg ceotirgs esionefis oil me pgrkelglone fg mis peongltgs gl me ulnfef fg ounfefis nltglsnvis oiki ul kifgmi. Mis oilogptis y mes pripisnonilgs fg oefe kifgmi oilogptuem y fg oefe tgirëe e kglufi sil glulonefes gl ul vioejumerni fnstnltnvi. Wl kifgmi oilogptuem pir gbgkpmi, use mis tîrknlis gstëkumi y lnvgm fg efepteonÿl (Ziy y Elfrgws, 5>>3), y itreEfgkås, use mis gm tîrknlis rgsilelone, g nltgdremnfef (Zidgrs, 5>>0). sndlncnoefi fg oefegmnonfef tîrknli dglgremkgltg gstå oilgotefi oil gm cioi òlnoi fgm kifgmi oilogptuem i fg me tgirëe. Fg gstg kifi mis knskis tîrknlis i snknmergs pugfgl tglgr fncgrgltgs sndlncnoefis gl fncgrgltgs kifgmis oilogptuemgs y tgirëes. Pir gbgkpmi, efepteonÿl sg fgcnlg gl ul kifgmi oilogptuem oiki ”gm priogsi y rgsumtefis kgfneltg gm ouem mes pgrsiles pglseltgs y sglsnjmgs oiki nlfnvnfuis i gl drupis, utnmnzel gldrelfgonknglti fg me oilonglone y gsoidglone pere orger nltgdreonÿl ekjngltg - hukeli‛ (Ziy y Elfrgws, 5>>>, p. ?0), y gl itri kifgmi oilogptuem oiki ”gm priogsi pir gm ouem mis nlfnvnfuis sg ebustel  e mis ekjngltgs gl mis ouemgs gmmis vnvgl‛ (Mgvnlg, 5>>3, p. ?8). Gm vioejumerni fg oefe kifgmi oilogptuem y fg oefe tgirëe li fgjg oilsnfgrersg oiki ule bgrde. Kås jngl me tgrknlimidëe qug usÿ gm eutir fg oefe kifgmi oilogptuem y fg oefe tgirëe gs gm rgsumtefi fg ul gstufni oilsnfgrejmg sijrg oiki sgrëe me kgbir kelgre fg prgsglter gm sndlncnoefi fg gse pgrspgotnve pertnoumer e itres pgrsiles (Jnmgy, 5>>0). Efgkås, oiki sgõemÿ Eanlselye (5>8>) ”oefe onglone tnglg sus pripnis tîrknlis pgoumnergs, oilogptis y prnlonpnis qug sil gsglonemgs pere gm fgserrimmi fg su jesg fg oilionknglti. Gl glcgrkgrëe, oiki gl itres onglones, gs ul prgrrgqunsnti gltglfgr gsti pere heogr ul gxekgl orëtnoi fg su oiltrnjuonÿl em fgserrimmi fgm oilionknglti y su epmnoeonÿl e me pråotnoe‛ (p. NN). Tetsil (5>>4) eõefnÿ ”me etglonÿl em mglduebg gs gspgonemkgltg orëtnoe pere ule fnsonpmnle qug gstå glfgfgserrimmi, pugsti qug fureltg gste gre pistkifgrle, me supgrvnvglone uli fgpglfg fg

 

tglgr mglduebg1 gsorntirgs gl gste årge lis rgougrfel ”sn li tnglg su pripni mglduebg ustgf li gxnstg‛ (p. 70). OILOMW_NILG_ Gstg oepëtumi prgsgltÿ me fgcnlnonÿl y me culonÿl fg oefe oikpilgltg fg me bgrårqunoe oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi fg glcgrkgrëe. Gs gstruoture nkpirteltg sgõemerfgm qug Kgteperefndkes, cnmisicëes, kifgmis oilogptuemgs, y tgirëes li sil gltnfefgs rgemgs i teldnjmgs. Kås jngl, sil cirkumeonilgs tgltetnves qug rgprgsgltel mis kgbirgs gscugrzis fg mes gstufnises pere gltglfgr mis cglÿkglis (Peytil, 5>>61 Pimnt y Huldmgr, 5>>7). _u leturemgze tgltetnve sndlncnoe qug gm oilionknglti qug gstå oiltglnfi gl mis kgteperefndkes gl mes cnmisicëes gl mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs y gl mes tgirëes mmgve oilsndi ul drefi fg nlogrtnfukjrg. Esë mis kgteperefndkes, cnmisicëes, kifgmis oilogptuemgs y tgirëes li sil nfgimidëes nlkifncnoejmgs snli qug kås jngl sil nfges subgtes e rgvnsnÿl oiltnlue y eòl e rgohezi oiki rgspugste em fnåmidi suogsnvi, e fgjetg y e me nlvgstndeonÿl snstgkåtnoe. Gstg oepëtumi tekjnîl prgsgltÿ ule fnsousnÿl sijrg me fnstnlonÿl gltrg mis vernis oikpilgltgs fg me gstruoture bgrårqunoe fgm oilionknglti oiltgkpirålgi oil îlcesns gl me fnstnlonÿl gltrg kifgmis oilogptuemgs y tgirëes. Mes fnstnlonilgs gltrg kifgmis oilogptuemgs y tgirëes ijmndel e qug sg hede ul elåmnsns sgperefi y sg tglde ul gsqugke fg gvemueonÿl. Gm oepëtumi ? fg gstg mnjri prgsglte ul keroi fg rgcgrglone fnsgõefi gxprgsekgltg pere gm elåmnsns y me gvemueonÿl fg mis kifgmis oilogptuemgs fg glcgrkgrëe. Gm keroi fg rgcgrglone fnsgõefi gxprgsekgltg pere gm elåmnsns y me gvemueonÿl fg mes tgirëes fg glcgrkgrëe sg prgsglte gl gm oepëtumi 55.