1.integradora Jaime Arturo González Villalba

 

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[D@MFM @ FO]@S@MFM @D]KGXFMNXF O[FMXN ONJUFXF ONJUFXF]@SN ]@SN _NHXK _N HXK KI _KX B[JFDN B [JFDN P KI FD@JFI

 

Fot`v`mfm `dtkgrfmnrf Oufmrn onjpfrft`vn kdtrk ki skr bujfdn y ki fd`jfi

@dtrnmuoo`ÿd.  If onjpikl`mfm quk `jpi`of ki kstum`n mki skr bujfdn dns nhi`gf f skgu`r nhskrvfdmn ki ckdÿjkdn mk sus ofrfotkrêst`ofs prnp`fs mksmk m`st`dtfs ikdtks1 mk tfi jfdkrf quk ki bnr`zndtk mki fprkdm`zflk snhrk ki ckdÿjkdn sk dns fjpiêk y cfo`i`tk if orkfo`ÿd mk rkcikx`ndks y ondno`j`kdtns prnp`ns.

Kd ki prkskdtk trfhfln sk fdfi`zf ud tkxtn mk Ckrdfdmn _fvftkr pfrf rkcikx`ndfr snhrk if pifst`o`mfm mki skr bujfdn y prnpndkr ifs hfsks mki mkhftk snhrk ki mktkrj`d`sjn1 n dn, mk if dfturfikzf mki skr  bujfdn. bujf dn. _k s`guk s`guk fdfi`zf fdfi`zfdmn dmn tfjh`àd if dfturfi dfturfikzf kzf mki skr bujfdn bujfdn kd ondtrfpn ondtrfpns`o`ÿ s`o`ÿd d mk ifs ofrfotkrêst`ofs mk ntrns fd`jfiks kd cudo`ÿd mk mfr o`krtn o`krrk f if rkcikx`ÿd rkfi`zfmf murfdtk if prkskdtk ud`mfm.

@dstruoo`ndks. Mk foukrmn ond ki kstum`n mk kstf ud`mfm, rkondnok ki prnoksn mk bujfd`zfo`ÿd pnr ki oufi pfsf ki skr bujfdn. Xkfi`zf in s`gu`kdtk< f) Ikk ki frtêouin Ckrdfdmn _fvftkr, ’Ki fprkdm`zflk bujfdn‚, p. 86-?;. h) Mk Mkspu spuàs às ksor`h ksor`hk k hrkvk hrkvkjkd jkdtk tk kd udn udn n mns mns pærrf pærrfcns cns oÿjn oÿjn mk mksor sor`hk `hk _fvft _fvftkr kr ki pr prnok noksn sn mk bujfd`zfo`ÿd. o) C`dfijkdtk, kifhnrf ud oufmrn onjpfrft`vn snhrk ifs m`ckrkdo`fs kdtrk ki skr bujfdn y ki fd`jfi kd su prnoksn mk mksfrrniin y mk fprkdm`zflk jfrofmfs pnr _fvftkr.

Mksfrrniin. Ufrf Ckrdfdmn _fvftkr ki skr bujfdn v`vk kd udf tkds`ÿd kd oufdtn f if mkc`d`o`ÿd mk in quk `jpi`of skr bujfdn1 yf quk, s` h`kd dfok ond ifs ofrfotkrêst`ofs dkoksfr`fs pfrf mkdnj`dfri mkdnj`dfrin n bujfdn, tfjh`àd mkhk rkonrrkr ud ofj`dn mk cnrjfo`ÿd pkrsndfi kd ki quk fiofdzfræ su pi pikd kd`t `tum um onjn onjn skr skr bu bujf jfdn dn y sÿin sÿin bf bfst stf f ksk ksk jnjk jnjkdt dtn n pu pukm kmk k mk mkdn dnj` j`df dfrs rsk k ud skr  skr  vkrmfmkrfjkdtk bujfdn. F kstk ofj`dn sk mkdnj`df prnoksn mk bujfd`zfo`ÿd. Kstk prnoksn mk bujfd`zfo`ÿd dn sk rkonrrk kd snikmfm, sk rkonrrk kd ondludtn ond ntrns skrks bujfdns ond ins quk sk gkdkrf1 f if pfr mki prnoksn mk bujfd`zfo`ÿd pkrsndfi, ud prnoksn mk bujfd`mfm sno`fi. Kd m`obn rkonrr`mn if pkrsndf sk tnpf ond prnoksns cnrjfiks k `dcnrj `dcnrjfi fiks ks mk cnrjfo cnrjfo`ÿd `ÿd f trf trfvàs vàs mk ins ins oufik oufiks s ki sk skrr bu bujfd jfdn n vf cn cnrlf rlfdm dmn n su `mkdt `mkdt`mf `mfm m pkrsndfi, j`sjf quk rksuitf `rrkpkt`hik.

 

Ki pudtn kd ki quk sk pukmk sfhkr quk ki ofj`dn mk bujfd`zfo`ÿd sk kstæ oujpi`kdmn ks oufdmn dns mfjns oukdtf mk if jfdkrf kd quk dns fckotfjns jutufjkdtk fi gkdkrfr ifzns ond ins ntrns y ondo`kdt`zfjns dukstrf ofpfo`mfm mk kdsföfr fi ntrn ki kstfhiko`j`kdtn mk dukstrf bujfd`mfm (_fvftkr, 6007).

Oufmrn onjpfrft`vn snhrk ifs m`ckrkdo`fs kdtrk ki skr bujfdn y ki fd`jfi kd su prnoksn mk mksfrrniin y mk fprkdm`zflk jfrofmfs pnr _fvftkr 

_kr bujfdn Fd`jfi êfs s mk in ins s fd`jf d`jfiiks dfo dfokd in Ki skr bujfd bujfdn n dfok dfok s`d ifs ifs ofpfo ofpfo`mf `mfmks mks Ifs orêf dkoksfr`fs

pfrf

if

supkrv`vkdo`f

mksfrrniifmfs. Mkpkdmk fhsniutfjkdtk mk if

suc`o`kdtkjkdtk

cræg cræg`i `i y

j`dusvæi`mn ki jfynr t`kjpn pns`hik.

pfrf

snhrkv`v`r pnr oukdtf prnp`f.

ftkdo`ÿd quk ik prkstkd. Ki hk hkhà hà bu bujf jfdn dn pf pfrk rkok ok m`sk m`sköf öfmn mn pf pfrf rf _k jfdt jf dtkd kdkr krsk sk kd ks kstf tfmn mn `dcf `dcfdt dt`i `i,,

fmfptfmns

kdoukdtrfd

jfmurfr

in

prngrfjfmns

jæs

prndtn

pfrf

pns`hik,

fiofdzfd fiof dzfdmn mn if fmuitkz fmuitkz y ifs bfh`i`mf bfh`i`mfmks mks quk ond kiif sk nht`kdkd kd rkift`vfjkdtk

Ki

sk skrr

bu bujf jfdn dn

fiofdzfmn

ki

kd

mksf mksfrr rrni niin in11

kstfmn

fmuitn,

`doi `d oius usn n s`guk

pnon t`kjpn. Ki jndn, jndn, fi fi fiof ofdzf dzfrr prndtn prndtn if fmui fmuitkz tkz onj`k j`kdzf dzf

f

rkpkt pkt`r

pkrn pkrn

y

onds ndsni` i`m mfr

m`cê m`cêo` o`ij ijkd kdtk tk

(s (s`d `d

in

jfdtkd` jfdt kd`kdmn kdmn su ofpfo`mf ofpfo`mfm m mk fprkdmk fprkdmkrr y

fprk fp rkdm dm`m `mn, n,

ud

gkdkrfr dukvns ondno`j`kdtns.

kdtrkdfj`kdtn `dtkdo`ndfmn) fiofdzfræ n

_k mf oukdtf quk bfy sfhkrks quk `gdnrf y

gkdkrfræ dukvns sfhkrks. Dn ks onds`kdtk mk su `gdnrfdo`f.

ntrns ntrn s quk pnskk, pnskk, pkrn s`kjprk s`kjprk sfhræ sfhræ quk bfy onsfs quk dn sfhk. Kd su sus s rkifo` rkifo`nd ndks ks fckot fckot`vf `vfs1 s1 snhrk snhrk tnmn tnmn

Ks ofpfz mk kstfhikokr ifzns mk fckotn y

duoikfrk duoi kfrks, s, sk nhskrvf nhskrvf ki ckdÿ ckdÿjkd jkdn n FjnrFjnr-

fpkgns quk sk qukmfd kd ki s`jpik d`vki

Ukmfgngêf. Ki fckotn quk sk s`kdtk pnr ki

mki ’qukrkr‚1 kstæt`ons.

nt ntrn rn `jpu `jpuis isf f f qukr qukrkr krin in nr`k nr`kdt dtfr fr kd if hüsqukmf mk in jklnr. Dn sÿin sÿin fprkd fprkdmk mk bfh`i bfh`i`mf `mfmk mks s n prnoks prnoksns ns,,

_u fprkdm`zflk iikgf bfstf if ofpfo`mfm

s`dn quk fprkdmk y/u ntnrgf s`gd`c`ofmns1 ks

mk `j`t `j`tfr fr bfh` bfh`i` i`mf mfmk mks1 s1 fi figu gudf dfs s jæs jæs n

mko`r, mf cnrjfs jkdtfiks ond ifs oufiks sk

jkdns

rkifo`ndf ond ntrns.

bkrrfj`kdtfs.

Ondoius`ndks.

onjpiklfs

onjn

ki

usn

mk

 

Vuk ki skr bujfdn kstæ iifjfmn f ud ofj`dn mk bujfd`zfo bujfd`zfo`ÿd `ÿd jk pfrkok udf gkd`fi rkspukstf fdtk ki ondci`otn mki t`pn Bkræoi`tn-Ufrjàd`mks mki oufi if dfturfikzf mki skr bujfdn ks sulktn tfjh`àd. Ondoukrmn ond kstf cnrjf mk kdtkdmkr ki kstfr mki skr bujfdn kd ki judmn, s`kjprk ond if npnrtud npn rtud`mfm `mfm mk onjkdzfr onjkdzfr mk dukvn dukvn ki ofj` ofj`dn dn bfo`f bfo`f su bujfd`zf bujfd`zfo`ÿd o`ÿd11 kdtkdm`à kdtkdm`àdmn dmnif if onjn su pikd`tum pkrsndfi ond ifs bkrrfj`kdtfs quk pnskk y kd ondtkxtn sno`fi kd ki quk kstæ `dskrtn.

Kd if ikoturf, s`d kjhfrgn, kdt`kdmn quk ki futnr pifdtkf if bujfd`zfo`ÿd onjn udf jktf f fiofdzfr  murfdtk if v`mf y yn orkn quk rkfijkdtk dn pukmk skr udf jktf mkh`mn f quk `doiusn kd ki ikobn mk jukrtk ki skr bujfdn ks ofpfz mk trfdscnrjfrsk y bfokr o`krtfs kikoo`ndks kd sus üit`jns jnjkdtns snhrk if cfz mk if t`krrf.

Unr ntrn ifmn1 kstfhikokr quk udf ofrfotkrêst`of mki skr bujfdn ks if ofpfo`mfm ofpfo`mfm quk t`kdk pfrf mfrsk oukdtf mk quk ks `gdnrfdtk1 jk rkoukrmf if hfsk mk if Jfyàut`of y jk pfrkok udf prnpukstf kx`stkdo`fi`stf jkdns orumf quk if mk bfokr ondo`kdo`f mk if jukrtk, pkrn `gufijkdtk üt`i pfrf o`krtfs pkrsndfs kd o`krtns prnoksns pkrsndfiks mk orko`j`kdtn.

 Fi c`dfi`zfr kstf ud`mfm jk qukmf if rkcikx`ÿd snhrk if mkc`d`o`ÿd mki skr bujfdn, j`sjf quk s` h`kd oninof iêj`tks y pfrko`krf ondm`o`ndfdtk y kstæt`of pfrf ins c`dks mki kstum`n ndtniÿg`on1 qukmf oifrn quk ki skr bujfdn ks sujfjkdtk piæst`on1 ofs` `jprkmko`hik y quk1 pfrf su onrrkotf onjprkds`ÿd y fckotfo`ÿd pns`t`vf kd tàrj`dns ondmuotufiks1 ks dkoksfr`n v`douifrin ond if y su dfturfikzf y tkdkr  juy ondso`kdtks1 y mk skr dkoksfr`n ofjh`fr, ins fdmfj`flks snhrk ins quk dns fokrofjns f su kstum`n y prnpukstfs mk jnm`c`ofo`ÿd.

Cukdtks mk ondsuitf< _fvftkr, C. (6007). Ki vfinr mk kmuofr (8f km.). Hfrokindf, Kspföf< Km`tnr`fi  Fr`ki, _.F. _.F.