1a INTRO TO SITE PLANNING AND LA.pdf

PLANNING 1 – SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Presented and compiled by: Ar. DIANE A. JOSE

COURSE DESCRIPTION 

The artistic and functional arrangement of buildings, open spaces, service areas, circulation and other external areas; techniques in the enhancement and design of exterior environments.  No.

of units per lecture/studio: 3 units - Lecture  No. of contact hours per week: 3 hours - Lecture

COURSE OBJECTIVES At the end of the course, the student will be able to: 1. Explain the art of site planning & landscape architecture, exposition on their principles and methods of construction. 2. Describe the ecological, social, psychological, aesthetic & functional basis of site planning. 3. Relate the social Issues & implications of site planning. 4. To relate history & planning theories to ecology and sustainable development.

COURSE OUTLINE 1.0 Introduction to Site Planning and Landscape Architecture 2.0 Parameters of Site Selection and Analysis 3.0 Ecological Considerations of Site: 3.1 Ground form 3.2 Soil and geology 3.3 Water Resources 3.4 Microclimate 3.5 Orientation

COURSE OUTLINE 4.0 Social and Psychological Considerations 4.1 Site Values/Social Impact 4.2 Behavior Settings 4.3 User requirements 4.4 Cultural/Historical Significance 4.5 Activity/Communication Linkages 4.6 Pertinent Laws 4.6.1 Local government ordinances 4.6.2 Land use and zoning 4.6.3 Others

COURSE OUTLINE 5.0 Aesthetic and Physical Considerations 5.1 Site Context 5.2 Image/Symbols 5.3 Sensuous Qualities 5.4 Vocabulary of space 5.4.1 Sensuous Forms 6.0 Movement Systems: 6.1 Pedestrian 6.2 Vehicular 6.3 Road layouts

COURSE OUTLINE 7.0 Site Development 8.0 Landscape Design 9.0 Concepts and Principles of Green Architecture as applied in site planning and landscape design 10.0 Cost Factors

GRADING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE-BASED OUTCOMES (70% Passing Grade) 



Class Requirements (CR): 60% Quizzes, Drawings, Project Major Examinations (ME): 40%

SEMESTRAL GRADE COMPUTATION: Midterm Grade (40% SG) = CR + ME Final Grade (60% SG) = CR + FE SEMESTRAL GRADE (SG) = MG (40%) + FG (60%)

CLASS MGT AND POLICY  

30mins leeway (will start at 1:31PM) NO MAKE-UP TESTS FOR LATE COMERS AND ABSENT STUDENTS except for students with valid reasons according to EARIST STUDENT HANDBOOK:  FORCE

MAJEURE  DEATH OF IMMEDIATE FAMILY  SICKNESS (with MEDICAL CERTIFICATE)  

Arrange and clean the room before the class starts Multimedia Projector Payment = Php100.00 per hour

FUNDAMENTALS OF SITE PLANNING SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Presented and compiled by: Ar. DIANE A. JOSE

SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Sustainability and Site Design

FACTS:  

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Humans have a significant impact on the world environment. 60 percent of the earth’s land surface is under the management of people but that 100 percent of the world is affected by the practices of that management. Relationship of people, per capita rate of consumption, and the economic efficiency of consumption. I = PAT (Impact = Population × Affluence × Technology)

Definition of Terms: Population – total of individuals occupying an area or making up a whole Affluence – abundant of flow or supply or property. Source:

Site Planning and Landscape Architecture. Copyright © 2009, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

CASE STUDY: 

Although the United States has more efficient and cleaner technologies than some nations, these benefits may be offset by the rate of consumption afforded by its relative affluence. Even though China has many more people, their relative affluence and level of technology were low historically, but China’s affluence and technology level have been increasing rapidly in recent years. In either case the environmental footprint is significant.

Source:

Site Planning and Landscape Architecture. Copyright © 2009, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Action: 

To avoid or at least minimize the environmental impacts of human behaviour it is necessary for society to adopt a sustainable approach to development. Sustainability was defined as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Source:

Site Planning and Landscape Architecture. Copyright © 2009, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

WHAT IS SITE PLANNING? Description, Site Elements, Site Selection and Site Analysis

Definition 16

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Site planning is the art and science of arranging the structures on the land and shaping the spaces between, an arts of arranging USES of land linked to architecture, engineering, landscape architecture, and city planning. Site plans locate objects and activities in SPACE and TIME. These plans may concern a small cluster of houses, a single building and its grounds, or something as extensive as a small community built in a single operation.

Source: Kevin Lynch, Gary Hack; Site Planning, MIT press, Cambridge 1996

SITE ELEMENTS 17

     

Foreground Building area Service area Play area Private area entourage

Scope of work 18 

Site Planners designate the uses of land in detail by selecting and analyzing sites, forming land use plans, organizing vehicular and pedestrian circulation, designing visual form and materials concepts, readjusting the existing landforms by design grading, providing proper drainage, and finally developing the construction details necessary to carry out their projects.

No matter sites are large or small, they must be viewed as part of the total environment.

Related Profession 19 

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Site planning is professionally exercised directly by landscape architects, but there are related profession involved which are architects, urban and regional planners, engineers. On larger commissions the landscape architect often serve as a member of a closely coordinated professional team, which includes architects, engineers, planners, and scientist-advisors.

Urban Planning

Architecture

Site Planning

Civil Engineering

Landscape Architecture

Environment and quality of life 20 

Site planning is the organization of the external physical environment to accommodate human behavior. It deals with the qualities and locations of structures, land, activities and living things. It creates a pattern of those elements in space and time, which will be subject to continuous future management and change.    

Spirit of place Character of the place Nature of the project Behavioral studies

Brief History 21

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Four basic models of site planning in history 1.Fixing the place 2.Defining the enclosure 3.Sense of order 4.Form of axial

Fixing the space

Sense of order

Defining the enclosure

The form of axial

Brief History 22

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The image and form of the object building are capable of fixing a place

Fixing the space

Brief History Defining the enclosure

23 

A collection of independent structures, which although unattached, create a coherent image of place

Brief History 24 

The form of a building can be such that a place may be fixed by the enclosure of the facades

Sense of order

/Apinya/KMUTTarc354intro to site planning

9/3/2004

Brief History 25 

Although the kinetic implications of the word “path” are somewhat contradictory, paths are nonetheless capable of forming coherent, meaningful images.

The form of axial

Where to start? From SITE ANALYSIS onwards

“Site Planning” by

Kevin Lynch and Gary Hack

Site Analysis 

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

is the analysis of the building site which includes the assessment of its better features as well as its constraints and liabilities is a vital step in the design process. It involves the evaluation of an existing or potential site in relation to the development program, environmental impact, impacts on the community and adjacent properties, project budget, and schedule. identifies environmental, program, and development constraints and opportunities. A well-executed site analysis forms the essential foundation for a cost-effective, environmentally sensitive, and rational approach to project development.

SITE APPRECIATION AND ANALYSIS CAN BE EARNED OUT IN EITHER OF THE FOLLOWING TWO SITUATIONS:  

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

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SITE FACTORS – those relating to the characteristics of the site USE FACTORS – those relating to the proposed use of the site, i.e. the building program. Where the proposed use of the site is predetermined, and site analysis and site planning are concerned with determining, how best the proposed use can be fitted to the site. In particularly large scale regional situations site appreciation and analysis may be carried out to determine what the land is best suited for. Whereas the first type of situation relates to the architectural scale (e.g. site planning of housing. campuses etc.) the second is concerned with decisions at the town planning and landscape planning scale. Whenever a site is to be developed for a particular building program, two sets of factors have to be considered.

How to start? PLANNING PROCESS

John Simond’s

PLANNING - DESIGN PROCESS

Synthesis Gap SYNTHESIS - combining of various components into whole: the process of combining different ideas, influences, or objects into a new whole.

Synthesis Gap

Synthesis Gap

3 General Activities of the Planning-Design Process 1. Research  Program

Development  Site Inventory

2. Analysis  Site

Analysis

3. Synthesis  Conceptual

Design  Preliminary Design  Site Plan/Master Plan

Getting started… SURVEY

Methods of Survey 

A survey is a checklist of information or data pertaining to a site. Such a list would be drawn up after an initial analysis of the problem. To guide the first survey, information would be gathered continuously as the problem develops.

Examples of Physical Attributes Sub-Category

Attribute

Soils

Bearing Capacity Stability Erodability Fertility

Topography

Elevation Slope

Hydrology

Surface Drainage Aquifer recharge areas Depth to seasonal water table

Geology

Seismic hazards Depth to bedrock

Climate

winds Solar access

Examples of Biological Attributes Sub-Category

Attribute

Vegetation

Plant communities Specimen trees Exotic invasive species

Wildlife

Endangered of threatened species habitats

Examples of Cultural Attributes Sub-Category

Attribute

Land Use

Prior land use Land use on adjoining properties

Legal

Land ownership Land use regulations Easements and deed restrictions

Utilities

Water Electric Sanitary sewer

Circulation

Traffic volume Street function (e.g. arterial, collector)

Historic

Archeological sites

Sensory

Noise Visual quality Odors

Survey 

Steps that could be followed in conducting a survey: Initial Personal Reconnaissance  Notes  Sketches  Photographs  Apparent

character  Possibilities

Survey 

Collection of existing data based on available   

    

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Contour maps Aerial photographs Geologic info. and maps – soil and water survey Climatological records Ecological studies Market reports Traffic studies Legal and public controlled documents Official proposals Historical records Current controversies

Survey 

Summary description of the off-site context and its changes: 

Geographic location

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Surrounding population

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Social and political structure

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General economy, i.e., agricultural, industrial, trade, etc.

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Ecological and hydrographic systems, i.e., streams, rivers, plant life

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Land use pattern, i.e., zoning, industrial, residential, etc.

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Access systems. i.e., road networks, transit networks, etc.

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Principal off-site estimation of facilities

Survey 

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Data on the site and its immediate context: Personal data Geology and Soil Data  Underlying

geology, rock characteristics and depth  Soil type and depth value as an engineering medium and as plant medium  Hills, ledges, land or rock slides

Survey 

Water  Existing

water bodies; its purity and variation  Natural and man made drainages, channel-flows; its capacity and purity  Surface drainage systems/patterns; its amount of blockages, undrained depressions  Water table, its elevation and fluctuation  Water supply, quality and quantity

Survey 

Topography  Pattern

of landform, i.e., rocky, ridges, ledges, sandy, etc.  Contour, i.e., sloping, rolling, level terrain  Slope analysis  Visibility analysis  Circulation analysis  Unique features, i.e,, bodies of water, water falls, view, etc.

Survey 

Climate Regional data and variations of:  Temperature

and precipitation

 Humidity  Solar

angle  Cloud cover  Wind direction and force

Survey 

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Local micro-climates: 

Warm and cold

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Slope, i.e., rise and fall of various climates

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Air

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Drainage

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Wind deflection, i.e., breeze direction

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Shade

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Heat reflection

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Storage plant indications, i.e., plant cover

Atmospheric quality, i.e., smell, sound

Survey 

Ecology  Dominant

plant/animal communities, location and relative stability  Dependence on existing factors, self-regulation and sensitivity to change  Tapping of general plant cover including wooded areas

Survey

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Man-made structures  Existing

buildings, i.e., building outline, location, floor area, height, elevation,, type, condition, use  Circulation facilities, i.e., roads, paths, rail links, transit points  Utilities, i.e., storm sewers, sanitary sewers, water lines, electricity, telephone, etc., location, elevation, capacity

Survey 

Sensuous qualities  Character

and relation of visual spaces  Viewpoints, vistas, visual focal points  Character and rhythm of visual sequences  Quality and variation of light and sound, smell and feel

Survey 

Cultural Data Residents and using population No. and composition, i.e., male and female, age group, etc.  Social structures and institutions: tribal community, church-based org., cultural compositions, etc.  Economic structure: depressed areas, slum, affluent, etc.  Political structure: gov’t. agencies, mayor, gang leader, radical groups/MILF, MNLF, etc.  Current changes and problems 

Survey 

On-site and adjacent behavior  Settings  Nature  Location  Rhythm  Stability  Participants  Conflicts

Survey 

Site-values, rights and restraints:  Ownership,

easements and

other rights  Economic values  Accepted “territories”, i.e., gang lands  Political jurisdictions, i.e., boundaries

Survey 

Past and future  Site

history and its traces  Public and private intentions for future use of the site, conflicts 

Images  Group

and industrial identification and organization of the site  Markings attached to the site, symbolic expressions  Hopes, fears, wishes, preferences

Use of Correlation Data Correlation

Data correlation 

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Classification of site by areas of similar structures, quality and problems Identification of significant key-points, lines and areas

Data correlation 

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Analysis of current and likely future changes in the dynamic aspect of the site Identification of significant problems and possibilities

Data correlation 

When selecting a site it should be noted that future considerations and expansions should be met. Never select a site for its immediate application.

Comprehensive Definition Site planning, then, is the organization of the external physical environment to accommodate human behavior. It deals with the qualities and locations of structures, land, activities and living things. It creates a pattern of those elements in space and time, which will be subject to continuous future management and change. The technical output - the grading plans, utility layouts, survey locations, planting plans, sketches, diagrams, and specifications - are simply a conventional way of specifying this complex organization.

NEW DOCTRINE OF SITE DETERMINISM “A

place has an inherent right to its proper form, a “carrying capacity,” a “best use.”

References: 

 

A Guide to Site and Environmental Planning by Harvey M. Rubenstein Site Planning by Kevin Lynch, Gary Hack Site Planning and Design by Thomas Russ