1

PENGARUH LARUTAN BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum) TERHADAP LARVA Aedes spp

SKRIPSI SIMONE PHETRUSYA MERIELLE SUMAMPOUW 100 111 264

DOSEN PEMBIMBING dr. Victor D. Pijoh, MKes dr. G. J. P. Wahongan, MKes

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI MANADO 2014

DAFTAR ISI

ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………..………………… i KATA PENGANTAR ………………………………………………………………………….. iii DAFTAR ISI ……………………………………………………………………...……………. vi DAFTAR TABEL ………………………………………………………………….…………. viii DAFTAR GAMBAR …………………………………………………………………………… ix BAB I. PENDAHULUAN …………………………………………………………...………….. 1 1. Latar Belakang …………………………………………………………...………….. 1 2. Perumusan Masalah ……………………………………………………...………….. 4 3. Tujuan Penelitian ………………………………………………………...………….. 4 4. Manfaat Penelitian ………………………………………………………...………… 4 BAB II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ……………………………………………………..………… 5 1. Aedes Spesies ……………………………………………………………..…………. 5 a. Klasifikasi ……………………………………………………………………….. 5 b. Morfologi dan siklus hidup …………………........................................................ 6 2. Demam Berdarah Dengue ………………………………………………………..… 11 a. Definisi ………………………………………………………………….……… 11 b. Factor Penular …………………………………………………………….……. 12 c. Epidemiologi ……………………………………………………………..…….. 12 3. Bawang Putih ………………………………………………………………...…….. 13 a. Klasifikasi ………………………………………………………………..…….. 13 b. Penanaman ………………………………………………………………...…… 14

c. Penuaian …………………………………………………………………...…… 14 4. Kerangka Teori ……………………………………………………………….……. 16 5. Kerangka Konsep ……………………………………………………………...…… 17 BAB III. METODE PENELITIAN ……………………………………………………......….. 18 1. Rangcangan Penelitian …………………………………………………………..…. 18 2. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ……………………………………………………… 18 3. Sampel Penelitian …………………………………………………………………... 18 4. Variable Penelitian …………………………………………………………………. 19 5. Definisi Operasional ……………………………………………………………….. 19 6. Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ………………………………………………………….. 20 7. Cara Kerja ……………………………………………………………………..…… 20 8. Analisis Hasil ………………………………………………………………………. 25 9. Kerangka Kerja …………………………………………………………………..… 26 BAB IV. HASIL PENELITIAN ……………………………………………………………..… 27 1. Deskripsi Data …………………………………………………………………...…. 27 2. Hasil Penelitian …………………………………………………………………….. 27 3. Hasil Analisis Data ……………………………………………………………….... 30 BAB V. PEMBAHASAN ……………………………………………………………………… 33 BAB VI. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ……………………………………………………… 38 DAFTAR PUSTAKA …………………………………………………………………………… x DAFTAR LAMPIRAN RIWAYAT HIDUP

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1. Contoh tabel hasil penelitian ………………………………………………………….. 24 Tabel 2. Hasil pengukuran suhu dan kelembaban ruang penelitian ……………………………. 28 Tabel 3. Hasil perhitungan kematian larva Aedes spp …………………………………………. 29

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Nyamuk dewasa Aedes spp ………………………………………………………….. 5 Gambar 2. Ciri-ciri khusus nyamuk Aedes Aegypti dan Aedes Albopictus ……………………… 7 Gambar 3. Siklus Hidup Nyamuk Aedes spp ……………………………………………………. 7 Gambar 4. Telur Aedes aegypti ………………………………………………………………….. 8 Gambar 5. Larva Aedes aegypti ………………………………………………………………..... 9 Gambar 6. Pupa Aedes aegypti ………………………………………………………………... 10 Gambar 7. Nyamuk dewasa Aedes aegypti …………………………………………………….. 11 Gambar 8. Bawang putih ………………………………………………………………………. 13

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Laksmono Widagdo, Besar Tirto Husdodo, Bhinuri. Makara Kesehatan, vol. 12 No.1, juni 2008. 13-19. 2. Hasan W. Mengenal nyamuk Aedes aegypti ventor Demam Berdarah Dengue ; 2006. Availabe

from

:

URL

:

HYPERLINK

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//http:www.scribd.commobiledocuments38383861downloadcommit=Download+Now&s ecret_password=.[cited 24 september 2013] 3. Sukamto S. Studi Karakteristik Wilayah dengan Kejadian DBD (Tesis);2007. Available from : URL : HYPERLINk : http:/eprints.undip.ac.id/files.SUKAMTOS.pdf. [cited 24 september 2013] 4. Widiyanto T. Kajian Manajemen Lingkungan Terhadap Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue

(DBD);

2007.

Available

from

:

URL

:

HYERLINK:

http://eprints.undip.ac.id/17910/1/TEGUH_WIDIYANTO.pdf. [cited 24 september 2013] 5. Sutanto. I., Ismid. S.I., dkk. Parasitologi Kedokteran; Edisi keempat. Jakarta: FKUI2008. 6. World Health Organization. The World Health Report. 1996: fighting disease-fostering development. Geneva: WHO; 1996.p.137 7. Ulliadi barrung limbong, SKM. Survey kepadatan jentik aedes aegypti di kabupaten minahasa

utara

.

Available

from

:

URL

:

HYPERLINK

:

http://btkl-

manado.or.id/index/php/berita/51-survey-kepadatan-jentik-aedes-aegypti-di-kabupatenminahasa-utara [cited 24 september 2013]

8. Sulistyoningsih D, Santosa B, Sumanto D. jurnal kesehatan. efektifitas larutan bawang putih dalam membunuh larva aedes aegypti 2009; 2(2): 38-44. http://Jurnal.unimus.ac.id (accessed 38 septemner 2013). 9. Agnetha AY. Jurnal kesehatan. Efek ekstrak bawang putih (allium sativum L) sebagai larvasida nyamuk aedes sp. 10. Setyosari. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan dan Pengembangan. Kencana Prenada Media Group. Jakarta 2010. 11. Sitio A. Hubungan Perilaku dan Pemberatasan Sarang nyamuk dan Kebiasaan Keluarga dengan Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue; 2008. Available from: URL : HYPERLINK : http://epronts.undip.ac.id/8826/1/Anton_Sitio.pdf. [cited 25 September 2013] 12. Sigit, dkk. Hama Permukiman Indonesia Pengenalan, Biologi & Pengendalian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, 2006. 13. Angarini, S. Penyajian Data Statistik, Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 1998 14. Cutwa M, O’Meora G,F. Photografic Guide to common Mosquites of Florida, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory. Florida: university of Florida; 2006. 15. Suroso T. Dkk. Penyakit Demam Dengue dan Demam Berdarah Dengue. Terjemahan dari WHO Regional SEARO No. 29 “Prevention Control of Dengue Haemoragic Fever”. WHO dan Depkes. RI. Jakarta, 2000. 16. Hadinegoro, S.R.H., Satari, H.I. Demam Berdarah Dengue, Jakarta : FKUI, 1999. 17. Indrawan. Mengenal dan Mencegah Demam Berdarah, Bandung : CV. Pionir, 2001. 18. Penulis Tim, P.S. Bawang Putih Dataran Rendah, Cetakan Ketiga. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya, 1994.

19. Eric, B. Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science. United Kingdom: RSC Publishing, 2010. 20. Cahyono, Bambang. Penanaman Bawang Putih Dataran Tinggi. Solo: CV' Aneka, 1996. 21. Samadi, Budi. Usaha Tani Bawang Putih, Cetakan Pertama. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2000. 22. Triboewono D. Pedoman Uji Hayati Insektisida Rumah Tangga, 2003. 23. Neva A, Brown HW. 1994. Basic Clinical Parasitology 6th Ed. Connecticut: Prentice Hall International Inc. p. 152-162, 284-285. 24. Staff Pengajar Parasitologi. 2001. Parasitologi 2. Malang: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya. Hal. 47-49. 25. Rukmana R. 1995. Budidaya Bawang Putih. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. Hal. 11-22. 26. Nok AJ, Williams S, and Onyenekwe P-C. 1996. Allium sativum – Induces Death of African Trpanosomes. Parasitology Reseach 82:634-637 27. Anki S, Miron T, Rabinkov A, Wilchek M, Mirelman D. 1997. Allicin from Garlic Inhibits Cystein Proteinases and Cytophatic Effects of Entamoeba histolytica, Antimcroba agent Chemotherapy. 10 (2286-2288) 28. Tvedten S. The Best Control For Mosquitos. 29. Bloomquist JR. 1999. Insecticedes : Chemistry and Characteristics

Lampiran 1 Tabel Kematian Larva (24 jam) dengan 5 Kali Ulangan No.

Konsentrasi (%)

Pengulangan

Jumlah Larva Uji

Jumlah Larva Mati

1.

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 15 20 20 20 20

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 7 3 4 5 8 10 7 8 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Rata-rata Kematian

Kematian Nyamuk (%)

0

0

2

20

4.75

47

8.25

82

9.75

97

10

100

Lampiran 2 Tabel Kematian Larva Per Menit (1) No. Konsentrasi Jumlah Larva (%) Uji 1. 0 10 2. 1 10 3. 5 10 4. 10 10 5. 15 10 6. 20 10 Tabel Kematian Larva Per Menit (2) No. Konsentrasi Jumlah Larva (%) Uji 1. 0 10 2. 1 10 3. 5 10 4. 10 10 5. 15 10 6. 20 10

Menit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 0 0 0 0 2 2

30 0 0 0 2 3 2

45 0 0 1 3 4 4

60 0 0 2 4 5 4

120 0 1 3 4 5 4

45 0 0 1 3 2 4

60 0 1 3 4 2 4

120 0 2 3 4 3 6

45 0 0 1 3 2 3

60 0 1 2 3 2 3

120 0 1 3 4 6 6

45 0 1 1 3 4 2

60 0 1 2 3 4 3

120 0 1 3 4 5 6

Menit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 0 0 0 1 1 0

30 0 0 0 1 1 3

Tabel Kematian Larva Per Menit (3) No. Konsentrasi Jumlah Larva (%) Uji 1. 0 10 2. 1 10 3. 5 10 4. 10 10 5. 15 10 6. 20 10

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 0 0 0 0 2 2

30 0 0 0 2 2 3

Tabel Kematian Larva Per Menit (4) No. Konsentrasi Jumlah Larva (%) Uji 1. 0 10 2. 1 10 3. 5 10 4. 10 10 5. 15 10 6. 20 10

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 0 0 0 0 1 2

30 0 0 1 2 2 2

Menit

Menit

Lampiran 3 Uji Normalitas Data Descriptive Statistics

N

larva mati

Mean

24

Std. Deviation

5,79

Minimum

4,011

0

One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

larva mati

N

24

Mean Normal Parameters

5,79

a,b

Std. Deviation

Most Extreme Differences

4,011

Absolute

,186

Positive

,147

Negative

-,186

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z

,913

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

,375

a. Test distribution is Normal.

b. Calculated from data.

Maximum

10

One Way Anova Descriptives larva mati N

Mean

Std. Deviation

Std. Error

95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound

Minimum

Maximum

Upper Bound

0

4

,00

,000

,000

,00

,00

0

0

1

4

2,00

,816

,408

,70

3,30

1

3

5

4

4,75

1,708

,854

2,03

7,47

3

7

10

4

8,25

1,258

,629

6,25

10,25

7

10

15

4

9,75

,500

,250

8,95

10,55

9

10

20

4

10,00

,000

,000

10,00

10,00

10

10

24

5,79

4,011

,819

4,10

7,49

0

10

Total

Test of Homogeneity of Variances larva mati Levene Statistic 3,265

df1

df2 5

Sig. 18

,028

ANOVA larva mati Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total

df

Mean Square

353,708

5

70,742

16,250

18

,903

369,958

23

F 78,360

Sig. ,000

Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: larva mati (I) konsentrasi larutan

(J) konsentrasi larutan

bawang putih

bawang putih

0

5

Std. Error

Sig.

Difference (I-J)

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound

Upper Bound

1

-2,000

,672

,121

-4,27

,27

5

-4,750

*

,672

,000

-7,02

-2,48

*

,672

,000

-10,52

-5,98

*

,672

,000

-12,02

-7,48

*

-10,000

,672

,000

-12,27

-7,73

0

2,000

,672

,121

-,27

4,27

5

*

-2,750

,672

,010

-5,02

-,48

10

-6,250*

,672

,000

-8,52

-3,98

15

*

-7,750

,672

,000

-10,02

-5,48

20

-8,000*

,672

,000

-10,27

-5,73

0

*

4,750

,672

,000

2,48

7,02

1

2,750*

,672

,010

,48

5,02

10

*

-3,500

,672

,001

-5,77

-1,23

15

-5,000*

,672

,000

-7,27

-2,73

20

*

-5,250

,672

,000

-7,52

-2,98

0

8,250*

,672

,000

5,98

10,52

1

*

6,250

,672

,000

3,98

8,52

5

3,500*

,672

,001

1,23

5,77

15

-1,500

,672

,578

-3,77

,77

20

-1,750

,672

,269

-4,02

,52

0

*

9,750

,672

,000

7,48

12,02

1

7,750*

,672

,000

5,48

10,02

5

*

5,000

,672

,000

2,73

7,27

10

1,500

,672

,578

-,77

3,77

20

-,250

,672

1,000

-2,52

2,02

0

10,000*

,672

,000

7,73

12,27

1

*

8,000

,672

,000

5,73

10,27

5

5,250*

,672

,000

2,98

7,52

10

1,750

,672

,269

-,52

4,02

15

,250

,672

1,000

-2,02

2,52

10

-8,250

15

-9,750

20

1

Mean

Bonferroni

10

15

20

0

1

5

1

-2,000

,408

,074

-4,32

,32

5

-4,750

,854

,053

-9,60

,10

10

*

-8,250

,629

,005

-11,83

-4,67

15

-9,750*

,250

,000

-11,17

-8,33

20

-10,000

,000

.

-10,00

-10,00

0

2,000

,408

,074

-,32

4,32

5

-2,750

,946

,202

-7,07

1,57

10

-6,250*

,750

,003

-9,41

-3,09

15

*

-7,750

,479

,000

-9,80

-5,70

20

-8,000*

,408

,001

-10,32

-5,68

0

4,750

,854

,053

-,10

9,60

1

2,750

,946

,202

-1,57

7,07

10

-3,500

1,061

,113

-7,85

,85

15

-5,000*

,890

,037

-9,55

-,45

20

*

-5,250

,854

,040

-10,10

-,40

0

8,250*

,629

,005

4,67

11,83

1

*

6,250

,750

,003

3,09

9,41

5

3,500

1,061

,113

-,85

7,85

15

-1,500

,677

,389

-4,74

1,74

20

-1,750

,629

,277

-5,33

1,83

0

*

9,750

,250

,000

8,33

11,17

1

7,750*

,479

,000

5,70

9,80

5

*

5,000

,890

,037

,45

9,55

10

1,500

,677

,389

-1,74

4,74

20

-,250

,250

,893

-1,67

1,17

0

10,000

,000

.

10,00

10,00

1

*

8,000

,408

,001

5,68

10,32

5

5,250*

,854

,040

,40

10,10

10

1,750

,629

,277

-1,83

5,33

15

,250

,250

,893

-1,17

1,67

Games-Howell

10

15

20

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Lampiran 4 Uji Korelasi Pearson Descriptive Statistics Mean

Std. Deviation

N

konsentrasi larutan bawang putih

8,50

7,431

24

larva mati

5,79

4,011

24

Correlations konsentrasi larutan

larva mati

bawang putih Pearson Correlation konsentrasi larutan bawang putih

Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation

larva mati

1

Sig. (2-tailed) N

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

,929** ,000

24

24

,929**

1

,000 24

24

Lampiran 5 Uji Regresi Linear Sederhana

Variables Entered/Removed Model 1

Variables Entered larva mati

a

Variables Removed

b

Method .

Enter

a. Dependent Variable: konsentrasi larutan bawang putih b. All requested variables entered. Model Summary Model

R

R Square

Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

,929a

1

,862

,856

2,820

a. Predictors: (Constant), larva mati

ANOVAa Model

Sum of Squares Regression

1

Residual Total

df

Mean Square

F

1095,075

1

1095,075

174,925

22

7,951

1270,000

23

Sig.

137,726

,000b

a. Dependent Variable: konsentrasi larutan bawang putih b. Predictors: (Constant), larva mati Coefficientsa Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized

t

Sig.

Coefficients B

Std. Error

Beta

(Constant)

-1,464

1,026

larva mati

1,720

,147

-1,428

,167

11,736

,000

1

a. Dependent Variable: konsentrasi larutan bawang putih

,929

Lampiran 6 Foto-foto penelitian di laboratorium Penetasan Telur Nyamuk Aedes spp

Larva Aedes spp

Pemindahan larva Aedes spp ke wadah percobaan

Wadah Perlakuan

Pengamatan dan penghitungan larva Aedes spp yang mati

Pengukuran Suhu dan Kelembaban ruang penelitian