19.1.pdf

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Page

9

Vente ented d Vapor apor Satu Satura rati tion on Fact Factor or (K S ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

10

Worki orking ng Loss Loss Turno urnove verr Fac Facto torr (K   N ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

11

Typical ypical FixedFixed-Roof Roof Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Tables 1

Nome Nomenc ncla latu ture re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2

Summar Summary y of of Proc Procedur edures es for Calcula Calculatin ting g Stan Standin ding g Stor Storage age Loss ( LS ) . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3

Summ Summar ary y of Pro Proce cedur dures es for for Cal Calcu cula lati ting ng Wor Worki king ng Loss Loss ( LW ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4

Meteorological Da Data (T  Selected U.S. U.S. Locations Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . 14  MAX , T   MIN , I ) for Selected

5

Solar Absorptance (α) for Selected Tank Tank Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6

Properties ( M V , W VC , PV , A, B) of Selected Petroleum Liquids. Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

7

Proper Propertie tiess of Select Selected ed Petr Petroch ochemi emical calss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

8

ASTM Dis Distillation Sl Slope (S ) for Selected ReÞned Petroleum Stocks. Stocks . . . . . . . . . . 34

9

Typical ypical Concent Concentrat ration ionss of Select Selected ed Chem Chemica icals ls in in Commo Common n Petro Petroleu leum m Produc Products. ts. 40

10

 N ) for 123 Test Tanks Annu Annual al Stoc Stock k Turno urnove verr Rat Ratee ( N  Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

A-1 Contents Contents of Documen Documentation tation Records Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

                    `   ,   ,         `   ,         `   ,   ,         `   ,   ,         `             `             `         `   ,   ,   ,         `         `         `   ,         `         `   ,   ,         `         `         `         `   ,         `         `   ,   ,   ,         `   ,   ,         `         `         -

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Chapter 19—Evaporative Loss Measurement Section 1—Evaporative Loss from Fixed-Roof Tanks 19.1.1 General 19.1.1.1

SCOPE

This publication contains an improved method for estimating the total evaporative losses or the equivalent atmospheric hydrocarbon emissions from Þxed-roof tanks that contain multicomponent hydrocarbon mixture stocks (such as petroleum liquid stocks like crude oils) or single-component hydrocarbon stocks (such as petrochemical stocks like ethanol). The standing storage loss equation was improved in the second edition of API Publication 2518 [also identiÞed as  API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 19.1 (API MPMS 19.1)] over that which appeared in the Þrst edition of  API Bulletin 2518. The working loss equation in the second edition of API Publication 2518 remained the same as that in the First Edition. This third edition utilizes the same equations as those in the second edition, but presents simpliÞed calculation procedures as well as additional information. The following improvements have been incorporated into this edition: a. SimpliÞed SimpliÞed forms of the the emissions emissions estimating estimating equations equations for for the common scenario of a low volatility liquid (i.e., true vapor pressure not greater than 0.1 psia) stored in a Þxed roof tank with vents that are either open or have very low set points [i.e., not greater than 0.03 pounds (0.5 oz) per square inch]. b. Methods Methods to estimate estimate emissions emissions from horizontal horizontal tanks. tanks. c. Methods Methods to account account for the vent vent setting setting when estimating estimating emissions from tanks with vent settings greater than 0.03 pounds (0.5 oz) per square inch (the previous edition accounted for the vent setting when estimating standing stor-

liquid stocks, stock vapor pressures, tank sizes, meteorological conditions, and operating conditions. The equations are applicable to properly maintained equipment under normal working conditions. The equations were developed for nonboiling stocks, although volatile liquid stocks with a true vapor pressure over 1.5 pounds per square inch absolute are not now typically stored in the U.S. in Þxed-roof tanks. To calculate emissions from tanks that contain material at or above their boiling point or the point at which material starts to ßash, the API model E&P Tank can be used. Without detailed Þeld information, the estimation techniques become more approximate when used to calculate losses for time periods shorter than one year. The equations are not intended to be used in the following applications: a. To estimate estimate losses from unstable unstable or boiling boiling stocks or from petroleum liquids or petrochemicals for which the vapor pressure is not known or cannot readily be predicted. b. To estimate estimate losses from from Þxed-roof Þxed-roof tanks which which have an internal ßoating roof. c. To estimate estimate losses from from Þxed-roof Þxed-roof tanks which which have either either roof or shell insulation. A complete guide for estimating evaporative stock loss or the equivalent total atmospheric emissions from volatile stocks stored in Þxed-roof tanks is included in 19.1.2. Detailed equations are given in 19.1.2.1, for vertical aboveground tanks storing liquid stocks of low volatility at nearly atmospheric conditions. In addition, the following special cases are addressed in 19.1.2.1.4:

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2

CHAPTER 19—EVAPORATIVE LOSS MEASUREMENT

individual components is provided in 19.1.2.3.1. A sample problem estimating total emissions is presented in 19.1.2.4. Typical Þxed-roof tank construction is described in 19.1.3. The bases and development of the loss-estimation procedures presented in 19.1.2 are described in 19.1.4. The estimation procedures were developed to provide estimates of  typical losses from Þxed-roof tanks that are properly maintained and in normal working condition. Losses from poorly maintained tanks may be greater. Because the loss equations are based on equipment conditions that represent a large population of tanks, a loss estimate for a group of Þxed-roof  tanks will be more accurate than a loss estimate for an individual tank. It is difÞcult to determine precise values of the loss-related parameters for any individual tank. Equipment should not be selected for use based solely on evaporative-loss considerations. Many other factors not addressed in this publication, such as tank operation, maintenance, and safety, are important in designing and selecting tank equipment for a given application.

19.1.1 19. 1.1.2 .2 RE REFE FEREN RENCED CED PUB PUBLIC LICATI ATIONS ONS [l] API, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, Standard 650, Eighth Edition, Washington, D.C., November 1988. [2] U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ÒComparative Climatic Data Through 1984,Ó National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina, 1986. [3] Cinquemani, V., J.R. Owenby, Jr., and R.G. Baldwin, ÒInput for Solar Systems,Ó Prepared by the U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental and Information Service, National Climatic Center, Asheville, North Carolina, Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, Division of Solar Technology, under Interagency Agreement No. E (49-26)-1041, November 1978 (Revised August 1979).

[9] API, Use of Pressure-Vacuum Vent Valves for Atmospheric Pressure Tanks to Reduce Evaporation Loss, Bulletin 2521, First Edition, Washington, D.C., September 1966. [10] API, Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks (Nonrefrigerated and Refrigerated), Standard 2000, Third Edition, Washington, D.C., January 1982.  Evaporation Loss from Fixed-Roof Fixed-Roof Tanks Tanks, Bulletin [11] API,  Evaporation 2518, First Edition, Washington, D.C., June 1962.

[12] Engineering-Science, Inc., ÒHydrocarbon Emissions From Fixed-Roof Petroleum Tanks,Ó Prepared for the Western Oil and Gas Association, July 1977. [13] Engineering-Science, Inc., ÒSynthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry, Emission Test Report, Breathing Loss Emissions From Fixed-Roof Petrochemical Storage Tanks,Ó Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report No. EMB-78-OCM-5, February 1979. [14] Environmental Monitoring & Services, Inc. (subsidiary of Combustion Engineering Co.), ÒBreathing Loss Emissions From Fixed-Roof Tanks,Ó Tanks,Ó Final Report, Prepared for the API, Committee on Evaporation Loss Measurement, June 1985. [15] Beckman, DufÞe and Associates, ÒEvaporation Loss of  Petroleum From Storage Tanks,Ó Final Report, Prepared for the API, Committee on Evaporation Loss Measurement, August 1, 1982. [16] Knodel, B.D. and Laverman, R.J., ÒData Base Generation, Analysis, and Revision of API Bulletin 2518, Task 1: Validate Computer Model,Ó Final Report for Task 1, Prepared by CBI Industries, Inc., Prepared for the API, Committee on Evaporation Loss Measurement, Task Group 2518, September 11, 1986. [17] Rinehart, J.K. and Laverman, R.J., ÒData Base Generation, Analysis, and Revision of API Bulletin 2518, Task 3: Correlate Data Base,Ó Final Report for Task 3, Prepared by

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SECTION 1—EVAPORATIVE LOSS

19.1.2 19.1.2.1 19.1.2.1.1

Procedures For Calculating Losses

d. The daily daily ambient ambient temperature temperature range. e. The daily daily total solar solar insolation insolation on a horizontal horizontal surface. surface.

08

f. The atmosphe atmospheric ric pressur pressure. e.

General

g. The molecular molecular weight weight of the stock stock vapor. vapor.

Procedures for estimating the total annual evaporative stock loss, or the equivalent atmospheric hydrocarbon vapor emissions, from volatile stocks stored in fixed-roof tanks, are outlined in 19.1.2. The total loss,  LT , is the sum of the standing storage loss, LS , and the working loss,  LW :  LT  (pounds per year) =  LS  (pounds per year)

h. The stock stock liquid liquid surface surface temperature. temperature. The standing storage loss,  L s ,  pertains to loss of stock vapors which occurs as a result of tank vapor space breathing. The standing storage loss can be estimated from Equation 2:

π

(1)

A complete list of nomenclature, including conversion relationships, is given in Table 1. In addition, descriptions of the variables used in the calculation procedure summaries of Tables 2 and 3 are repeated in those tables. A description of how to determine specific values for the variables is given in 19.1.2.2. The following conditions are assumed in the calculation  procedures  procedures presented presented in 19.1.2.1.2 19.1.2.1.2 and 19.1.2.1.3: 19.1.2.1.3: a. The tank is a vertical vertical cylinder (for (for horizontal horizontal cylindrical cylindrical tanks, see 19.1.2.1.4.1).  b. The liquid stock stock has a true vapor vapor pressure pressure not greater greater than 0.1 psia (for higher volatility stocks, see 19.1.2.1.4.2). c. The vents vents are either open open or are set set at approximately approximately ±0.03 ±0.03  pounds (0.5 oz) per square square inch (for higher vent settings, see 19.1.2.1.4.3).

19.1.2.1.2

3

c. The daily average ambient temperature. temperature.

LOSS EQUATIONS

+ LW  (p  (pounds per year)

FROM FIXED-ROOF T  ANKS

 L S  = 365  K  E  H VO ⎛ -- D ⎞  K S  W V 

⎝4

2

⎠

(2)

where K   E , H VO, K S , and W V  are calculated from Equations 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and the tank diameter, D, is specified  by the user user.. Vapor Space Expansion Factor,  K   E   K   E  = 0.04

(3a)

A more accurate estimate of  K   E   may be obtained using Equation 3b when the solar absorptance factor ( α) is known for the tank outside surface color and the average daily maximum and minimum ambient temperatures (T  MAX   and T   MIN ) and the daily total solar insolation ( I ) are known for the tank location (in order to calculate the daily vapor temperature range, ΔT V , from Equation 25b).  K   E  = 0.0018 ΔT V  

(3b)

Standing Storage Loss, LS 

The following minimum information is needed to calculate the standing storage loss, LS :

Vapor Space Outage,  H VO  H VO = H S  – H   L + H   RO

(4)

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4

CHAPTER 19—EVAPORATIVE LOSS MEASUREMENT

Table 1—Nomenclature Reference Information Symbol

08

 A  B  D  D E   H   E   H   L  H   LX   H   R  H   RO  H S  S   H VO  I   K   B  K   E   K   P   K S  S   K   N   L  LS   LT   LW   M V   N   P   A

Description Constant in the vapor pressure equation Constant in the vapor pressure equation Tank diameter Effective tank diameter, horizontal tanks Effective tank height, horizontal tanks Stock liquid height (or innage) Stock maximum liquid height Tank roof height Roof outage (or shell height equivalent to the volume contained under the roof) Tank shell height Vapor space outage (or height) Daily total solar insolation on a horizontal surface Vent setting correction factor Vapor space expansion factor Working loss product factor Vented vapor saturation factor Working loss turnover factor End-to-end length, horizontal tanks Standing storage loss Total loss Working loss Stock vapor molecular weight Stock turnover rate Atmospheric pressure

Units Dimensionless °R ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft Btu/ft2 da  day Dimensionless Dimensionless Dimensionless Dimensionless Dimensionless ft lb/yr or bbl/yr lb/yr or bbl/yr lb/yr or bbl/yr lb/lb-mole Turnovers/yr psia

Equations 31, 34 32, 35 — 10 11 — — 17 16 — 4 9, 15 3, 14 43 5 8 — 2, 12, 44 1 7, 13, 46 — 42 —

Tables

Figures

6, 7 6, 7 — —   —   — — — — — 4 —   — —

— 2

3, 6 4, 7 1

1 — 1 2 1 —

 

 

—   —   9 10  

3 6, 7

— — —

—

—

       

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SECTION  1—EVAPORATIVE LOSS FROM FIXED-ROOF T ANKS

5

Table 1—Nomenclature (Continued) Reference Information Symbol V V  W   L W V  W VC 

Description

Units

Tank vapor space volume Stock liquid density Stock vapor density Stock condensed vapor density at 60°F

Equations

Tables

ft3

Figures

45

lb/gal lb/ft3 lb/gal

6 41

— 7 — 6, 7

—   —   —  —  

Dimensionless Dimensionless Dimensionless Dimensionless

22 — — —

5 5 5 —

—   —   —   —  

— —

— —

—   — 

— — — — — — — —

— — — — — — — —

—   —   —   —   —   —   —   —  

Greek Symbol Notation α α R α s π

Tank surface solar absorptance Tank roof surface solar absorptance Tank shell surface solar absorptance Constant (3.14159) Function Notation

 Exp( ) Exponential value of the quantity in parentheses ln ( ln ( )  Natural logarithm logarithm value of the quantity quantity in parenthes parentheses es Subscript Notation  A  A A  A N   A X   B  BP   BV   E 

Ambient, or atmospheric Ambient average Ambient minimum, degrees Rankine Ambient maximum, degrees Rankine Breather, or liquid bulk Breather pressure Breather vacuum Expansion

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6

CHAPTER  19—EVAPORATIVE LOSS MEASUREMENT

Table able 2—Summary of Procedures for Calculating Standing Storage Loss ( LS ) Standing Storage Loss Equation  LS  (lb/yr)

Variable K   E 

∆T V 

Description

= 365 K  E  H VO (π/4) D 2 K S  W V 

Equation

Vapor space expansion factor

Dimensionless

= 0.04

3a

= 0.0018 ∆T V 

3b

Daily vapor temperature range = 0.72 ( T  MAX  Ð T  MIN ) + 0.028 α I 

Units

(2) Source

Calculate from Equation 3a or 3b for stocks with a true vapor pressure not greater than 0.1 psia, stored in tanks with the breather vent setting range not greater than ±0.5 oz/in 2 Calculate from Equation 14 for stocks with a higher stock vapor pressure or for tanks with a higher vent setting range

¡R

Calculate from Equation 25b

25b

T   MAX 

Daily maximum ambient temperature

oF

User speciÞed or Table 4

T   MIN 

Daily minimum ambient temperature

oF

User speciÞed or Table 4

α

Tank surface solar absorptance

Dimensionless

User speciÞed or Table 5

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SECTION 1—EVAPORATIVE LOSS FROM FIXED-ROOF TANKS

7

Table able 2—Summary of Procedures for Calculating Standing Storage Loss ( L  LS ) (Continued) Standing Storage Loss Equation  LS  (lb/yr)

Variable

Description

= 365 K  E  H VO (π/4) D 2 K S  W V 

Equation

Units

(2) Source

 RS 

Tank shell radius

ft

User speciÞed (Figure 1)

 R R

Tank dome roof radius

ft

User speciÞed (Figure 1)

 D

Tank diameter

ft

User speciÞed

K S 

Vented vapor saturation factor 1 K S  = --------------------------------------------1 + 0.053 PVA  H VO

PVA

Constant in the 2-constant vapor pressure equation

Calculate from Equation 5

5

Stock vapor pressure at the daily average liquid surface temperature

= exp[ A Ð ( B/T   B/T   LA)]  A

Dimensionless

psia

Calculate from Equation 29 or Figure 5 for reÞned petroleum stocks Figure 8 for crude oil stocks

29 Dimensio Dimensionles nlesss

Table 6 for for selected selected petrol petroleum eum liqui liquid d stocks stocks Table 7 for selected petrochemical stocks Equation 31 or Figure 3 for reÞned petroleum stocks Equation 34 or Figure 6 for crude oil stocks

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8

CHAPTER 19—EVAPORATIVE LOSS MEASUREMENT

Table 3—Summary of Procedures for Calculating Working Loss (LW ) Working Loss Equations = N H  L X  (π  (π/4) D /4) D2 K  N  K  P  K  B W V   L W  (lb/yr) = N Variable  N 

Description Stock turnover rate Q = 5.614 -----------------------------------2 ( π  ⁄  4 )  D  H  L X 

08

Equation

Q

Stock annual net throughput

 D

Units turnover/yr

Source User specified or Calculate from Equation 42

(42)

bbl/yr

User specified

Tank diameter

ft

User specified

 H   LX 

Stock maximum liquid height

ft

User specified

 K   N 

Working loss turnover factor =1 (for N36)

(7)

Calculate from Equation 8a or 8b

(8a) (8b)

 K   P 

Working loss product factor

Dimensionless

0.75 for crude oil stocks 1.0 for refined petroleum stocks 1.0 for single-component petrochemical stocks

 K   B

Vent setting correction factor

Dimensionless

Calculate from Equation 9 for breather vent setting 2  pressure range, Δ P  B ,  B , not greater than ±0.5 oz/in Calculate from Equation 15 for higher vent settings

= 1.0

9

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SECTION 1—EVAPORATIVE LOSS FROM FIXED-ROOF TANKS

9

The procedures used to calculate the standing storage loss are summarized in Table 2.

The procedures used to calculate the working loss are summarized in Table 3.

19.1. 19.1.2.1 2.1.3 .3 Working orking Loss, Loss, LW 

19.1 19.1.2 .2.1 .1.4 .4 Spec Specia iall Case Cases s

The working loss, LW , can be calculated from the following information:

19.1.2 19. 1.2.1. .1.4.1 4.1 Horiz Horizont ontal al Tank Tanks s

a. The stock stock vapor vapor molecul molecular ar weight. weight. b. The stock vapor vapor pressure pressure (or the stock stock Reid vapor vapor pressure). c. The tank diamete diameterr and stock maximu maximum m liquid height height or the the stock annual net throughput (associated with increasing the stock liquid level). d. The stock turnover turnover rate.

If a user needs to estimate emissions from a horizontal Þxed-roof tank, the length and diameter of the horizontal tank may be transformed to the diameter and height of an equivalent vertical tank. First, assume that the horizontal tank is a cylinder (i.e., that the cross section at its middle extends all the way to each of its ends). Then, by assuming the horizontal tank to be one-half full, the surface of the liquid in the tank describes a rectangle, having a length equal to the length of 

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10

CHAPTER  19—EVAPORATIVE LOSS MEASUREMENT

2  H  [( H   E /2) (π/4 D E  )], and the standing storage loss could then be calculated. For underground horizontal tanks, assume that no standing storage losses occur ( LS  = 0) because the insulating nature of  the earth limits the diurnal temperature change. The working loss of the horizontal tank may be estimated by substituting  D E  in place of  D, and  H   E  in place of  H   LX , in Equation 7. This modiÞed form of Equation 7 is shown in Equation 13.

π

 L W  =  N H  E   --  D E   K  N  K P K  B W V   4   2

sion is less than or equal to 1), use the value of 1 for K   B from Equation 9. When: P BP + P A K  N  -------------------PVI  + P A

Then:

(13)

Alternatively, the working loss of the horizontal tank may be calculated without Þrst determining  D   and  H  , if the

> 1.0

K  B =

where

P VI  + P A -------------------- Ð PVA K  N  ----------------------------------P BP + P A Ð PVA

(15)

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SECTION 1—EVAPORATIVE LOSS FROM FIXED-ROOF TANKS

the cited tables and Þgures should be used only when actual detailed information is not available. More detailed discussion of the deÞnition, development and effects of the variables is given in 19.1.4.

19.1.2.2 19.1.2.2.2 .2 Standin Standing g Storag Storage e Loss Loss Variables ariables The standing storage loss, LS , is related in Equation 2 to the following variables: a. Tank vapor vapor space volume, volume, V V  (expressed in terms of  H VO and D). b. Stock vapor vapor density density,, W V . c. Vapor space space expansion expansion factor factor,, K   E .

11

where  H  outage (or additional additional shell shell height height equivale equivalent nt  RO = roof outage to the volume contained under the roof), in feet,  H  tank roof roof heigh height, t, in feet, feet,  R = tank S  roof slope, slope, in feet per foot, foot,  R = tank cone roof  RS  = tank tank shell shell radi radius, us, in in feet. feet.

If the tank cone roof slope, S   R, is not known, a typical value of 0.0625 feet per foot may be assumed.

19.1 19.1.2 .2.2 .2.2 .2.1 .1.2 .2 Dome Dome Roo Rooff For a dome roof, the roof outage (or additional shell height equivalent to the volume contained under the roof),  H   RO, may

        -

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12

CHAPTER  19—EVAPORATIVE LOSS MEASUREMENT

Cone roof slope, S R 

      R

      H

      S

      H

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SECTION 1—EVAPORATIVE LOSS FROM FIXED-ROOF TANKS

13

Equations 20 and 21, respectively: T  AX  + T  AN  T  AA = -----------------------2

(20)

∆T  A = T  AX  Ð T  AN 

(21)

where T  average ambient ambient tempera temperature, ture, in in degrees degrees  AA = daily average Rankine, T  maximum ambien ambientt tempera temperature, ture, in  AX  = daily maximum degrees Rankine, T  minimum ambien ambientt tempera temperature, ture, in  AN  = daily minimum

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14

CHAPTER  19—EVAPORATIVE LOSS MEASUREMENT

Table 4—Meteorologic 4—Meteorological al Data Data (T MAX , T MIN , I ) for Selected U.S. Locations Property Location

Symbol

Units

Monthly Averages Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Annual Dec. Average

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SECTION  1—EVAPORATIVE LOSS FROM FIXED-ROOF T ANKS

15

Table 4—Meteorological 4—Meteorologi cal Data (T MAX , T MIN , I ) for Selected U.S. Locations (Continued) Property Location

Symbol

Units

Monthly Averages Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Annual Dec. Average

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16

CHAPTER 19—EVAPORATIVE LOSS MEASUREMENT

Table 4—Meteorological 4—Meteorologic al Data (T MAX , T MIN , I ) for Selected U.S. Locations (Continued) Property Location

Symbol

Units

Monthly Averages Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Annual Dec. Average

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SECTION  1—EVAPORATIVE LOSS FROM FIXED-ROOF T ANKS

17

Table 4—Meteorological 4—Meteorologi cal Data (T MAX , T MIN , I ) for Selected U.S. Locations (Continued) Property Location

Symbol

Units

Monthly Averages Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Annual Dec. Average

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18

CHAPTER  19—EVAPORATIVE LOSS MEASUREMENT

Table 4—Meteorologica 4—Meteorologicall Data Data (T MAX , T MIN , I ) for Selected U.S. Locations (Continued) Property Location

Symbol

Units

Monthly Averages Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Annual Dec. Average

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`  `    ,   , `    ,   ,   , `  `    , `  `  `  `    ,   , `  `    , `  `  `    ,   ,   , `  `  `  `    ,   , `    ,   , `    , `    ,   , `  -

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APPENDIX B—METRIC UNITS B.1 General To convert the inch pound units employed in the text to equivalent SI units of the International System of Units, the guidelines of the API MPMS, Chapter 15, shall be followed. The unit of length is either the kilometer, designated km, or the meter, designated m. The unit of  mass is the kilogram, designated kg. The unit of volume is the cubic meter, designated m 3. The unit of time is the year, designated yr. The unit of temperature is the degree Celsius, designated ¡C, or the kelvin, designated K. The unit of heat energy is the joule, designated J.

B.2 Pressure The unit of pressure is the kilopascal, designated kPa.

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2008 Publications Order Form

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MPMS Chapter 19.1A, Evaporation Loss from Low-pressure Tanks

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MPMS Chapter 19.1D, Documentation File for API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Ch. 19.1 - Evaporative Loss from Fixed Roof Tanks

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MPMS, Chapter 19.4, Recommended Practice for Speciation of Evaporative Losses

TR 2567, Evaporation Loss from Storage Tank Floating-roof Landings

TR 2568, Evaporative Loss from the Cleaning of Storage Tanks

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THERE’S MORE WHERE THIS CAME FROM. API provides additional resources and programs to the oil and natural gas industry which are based on API Standards. For more information, contact: API MONOGR MONOGRAM AM® LICENSING PROGRAM

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API QUALITY REGISTRAR (APIQR®) > ISO 9001 Registration > ISO/ ISO/TS TS 29001 Registr Registration ation > ISO 14001 Registration > API Spec Q1 ® Registration

API ENGINE OIL LICENSING AND CERTIFICATION CERTIFICA TION SY SYSTEM STEM (EOLCS)

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                    `   ,   ,         `   ,         `   ,   ,         `   ,   ,         `             `             `         `   ,   ,   ,         `         `         `   ,         `         `   ,   ,         `         `         `         `   ,         `         `   ,   ,   ,         `   ,   ,         `         `         -