(1916) Zionism: Problems and Views
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NOTA BENE: i have no opinion of this 1916 book by Arthur D. Lewis and Paul Goodman, 1875-1949...
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^ajor Pook
Collection
eve n unto 'The search for truth
In
Memory
Thomas The
its
innermost parts^
o\
Adelstein
Gift of
Friends and Relatives
National Brandeis University
Women's Committee
i«^
:
ZIONISM PROBLEMS AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS AND VIEWS
Edited by
PAUL GOODMAN & ARTHUR
D.
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
MAX NORDAU
LONDON T. FISHER UNWIN, LTD. ADELPHI TERRACE
LEWIS
First published in igi6
(All rights reserved)
INTRODUCTION BY Dr.
There
is
max NORDAU
nothing vague or hazy about the tenets
of Zionism.
It
easy to state them clearly and
is
tersely, as follows
:
The Jews form not merely a religious community but also a nation. There are Jews who sever their national bonds and tend towards the dissolution of the people But of Israel in their non-Jewish surroundings. the
large
majority
of
Jews,
chiefly
in
Eastern
Europe, desire ardently to preserve their Jewish Zionism has no meaning for
national identity.
Jews who favour the melting-pot theory. the ideal of those
who
feel
It
is
themselves to belong
Jewish nation. These latter are convinced that
to a
out their possibilities
in
of progress
order to work in
civilization,
to develop their character, to realize their heredijustice, and brotherhood, and to escape the blighting influence of hatred and persecution, they must be redeemed from
tary notions of morals,
261771
INTRODUCTION
6
be gathered together, and settle a country of their own, where they may Hve
their Dispersion, in
a natural
life
as tillers of the soil.
The only country answering the historic home of
Palestine,
purpose
this
is
forefathers,
their
which for nearly two thousand years has never ceased to be the object of their yearning. Zionism does not pretend to lead back to the
Holy Land of their ancestors all the Jews of the globe. The return of those who cling with all their heart to the country of their birth and of Only their citizenship is out of the question. those will set out for the East
and nowhere else has life satisfaction and happiness in
who
feel that there
moral and material store for them.
Zionism has not the ambition of founding an independent Jewish State, be it a kingdom or a All
republic.
should
be
it
desires
allowed
to
is
that
immigrate
its
adherents
without
any
buy there as much land money, to enjoy administration, and not to be
restraint into Palestine, to
as
can
they
obtain
for
their
autonomy of local hampered in their earnest efforts to create culture goes without saying that It and prosperity. Zionistic Jews pledge themselves to observe the most scrupulous, most generous loyalty towards the Power under whose sovereignty Palestine is placed.
This
is
the case for Zionism, fully
and
sincerely,
only
practical
though shortly, expounded.
The
necessity
of
Zionism,
the
\
INTRODUCTION
7
scheme for putting an end to twenty centuries of unutterable sufferings of millions of highly gifted
human
beings artificially kept
development,
of
down
in
a low state
superabundantly
proved by moment, some five hundred thousand Jewish soldiers, rather more than less, part of them under the military law of their country, but others from their own free will, fight
At
present events.
the ranks of
in
is
this
the armies of all the nations at
war, suffer cruel hardships, shed their blood, sacrifice
their
deeds of arms in and yet see offending doubt
inscribe
life,
the annals of glory,
heroic
cast on their patriotism, feel themselves surrounded by an atmosphere of suspicion and hostility, hear often the contemptuous words " foreigners " and
cosmopolitans " muttered behind their back or even roughly hurled in their face, not to speak of **
the atrocities committed against millions of Jewish
war area
victims in the
There is only one way of avoiding a recurrence of these horrors,
and **
that
is
by giving these
cosmopolitans " a
what Zionism
To
of Russia.
is
home
*'
foreigners "
and
of their own, which
is
striving for.
those inclined to treat our aspirations as a
dream, we can show most promising beginnings of Jewish colonization in Palestine, with tens of thousands of acres of beautiful cornfields, vine-
and olive-groves; with and Hebrew where a generation of bright and children receive an excellent educa-
yards,
orange,
neat,
clean,
schools,
healthy
almond,
thriving
villages,
INTRODUCTION
8 tion
in
the
sacred
langtiage
of
the
Prophets.
These colonies, it is true, are at present gravely is our immediate It imperilled by the War. duty to do all in our power in order to pilot them through the gale of the hour. Once peace re-estabHshed,
is
and
even
they
sceptical
will
agriculturists, wine-growers, I
have
confined
myself
prosaic matter-of-fact.
I
word about the beauty and
convince the of
Jews,
our
world,
capacity
as
and cattle-breeders. within
the
limits
of
avoid adding even one loftiness of the Zionist
ideal.
Whoever wishes believes in it
it
must
but Zionism.
MADRm.
for a future for realize that
Judaism and
nothing can ensure
EDITORS' PREFACE It
may
be affirmed that
if,
by the chances of
a Jewish commonwealth in Palestine, either by political action or by the growth of Jewish interests, became an accomplished fact, the heart of every Jew who is the
history,
idea of
concerned for the future of his people would rejoice. It
is
for the
realization of this idea that
this
volume makes an appeal. The purpose of Zionism is set out in the following programme adopted at the first Zionist Congress held at Basle in 1897: ''Zionism aims to
create
home object
a publicly
for the Jewish is
fixed;
the
recognized,
legally
secured
people in Palestine."
means
to
attain
The
the object
and its interpretation may vary, and may volume shows) be conceived differently by
(as this different
minds.
Zionism does not expect any particular Jews, its most devoted adherents, to settle in
not even
Palestine.
It
only seeks to create such conditions,
economic as well as moral, as large in
will
enough number of Jews who
attract
the
desire to live
a Jewish atmosphere or to better their social
prospects.
EDITORS' PREFACE
10 Palestine
lies
in
the
midst
of
the
hig'hway
between East and West. It is still economically one of the few unexploited countries of civilizaIt is the only place on earth where the Jew tion. is autochthonous and feels at home. Zionism is no longer a dream. It is a reality. In the Dispersion it is represented by the worldwide Zionist organization, which contains more declared adherents than
all
the other Jewish inter-
national bodies put together.
In Palestine, where
Jerusalem is once again Jewish by population, Zionism is represented by nearly fifty Jewish agricultural colonies, to which an illustrious member of the house of Rothschild has devoted a fortune comOne of puted at three million pounds sterling. the institutions of Zionism, the Jewish National Fund, having a capital of about a quarter of a million sterling, destined for the purchase of land to be permanently owned by the Jewish people,
community of Jews from whom it has been receiving contributions amounting to about £40,000 annually. The Zionist Bank, the Jewish
has
supporters
in
every
throughout the habitable globe,
Colonial Trust, Limited, has about 135,000 share-
Connected with it is the Anglo -Palestine Company, Limited, which has branches in Jaffa, Jerusalem, Hebron, Haifa, Beyrout, and Safed, and has proved the most potent influence for self-help among the Jewish agriculturists and artisans of holders.
Palestine.
In Palestine a
new Jewish
life
has appeared, a
a
EDITORS' PREFACE new and
come
race
In Judaea, Samaria
being.
into
11
Galilee, along the shores of the beautiful lake
of Chinnereth (Gennesaret), overlooking the Mediterranean, in the seaports of Jaffa and Haifa,
and
colonies
agricultural
urban
quarters
give
Jewish capacity for economic and social independence. The heterogeneous elements of the Jewish population have found a common tongue in the ancient Hebrew language, which in the course of a generation has
been able
instruction
of foot
of
in
aspire to be the language
to
Carmel
and
the hallowed
University which,
College
Technical
the
in
Mount
University
of
evidence
indisputable
but
for
at
the
at
the
proposed
Jerusalem— would have War, the city
of
been in existence to-day. Zionism has, however, not made its appeal to Jews only. It has come to be recognized by the world at large as one of the liberating movements of
modern times
sideration.
It
deserves sympathetic con-
that
has been widely acknowledged that
the Jewish Question
is
not merely the internal affair
of certain countries in which the local
as
a
disturbing
Jews are
international
affected,
but
factor,
urgently calls for solution in the general
it
that,
Therefore, Zionism has of civilization. found a welcome among non-Jewish statesmen and England particularly has been sympapublicists. thetic towards the Zionist idea, and in 1903, when there was no possibility of English assistance in Palestine, so eminently practical an Empire -builder interests
EDITORS' PREFACE
12
as the late Mr. Chamberlain offered to the Zionist
organization a part of British East Africa for an autonomous Jewish settlement. This book has not set itself the task of affordFacts and ing* information about Zionist activities. figures are given in such an excellent publication as " Zionist Work in Palestine," edited by Mr.
Cohen (Fisher Unwin). For in these days of European War, when moral and material factors are in the melting-pot, facts and figures are apt to lose their relative values, but principles and Thus is Zionism aspirations are unchangeable. conceived by its exponents. The great War of Liberation, with its untold Jewish tragedy in Eastern Europe, has come with Israel
a
new
to
call
the rights
When we
Jewish blood.
of small nations,
shall
we
hear of
forget our-
The freedom of the Jewish people, not selves? only of Jewish individuals, shall be the expresThe consensus of Jewish sion of Jewish unity. opinion in the
free
English-speaking world can
bring deliverance unto Israel;
we bear evidence
as to a growing opinion in that world,
and appeal
wider support within the Jewish community and without in order that the claims of the Jews may be clearly heard in the councils for a
of
still
men and
of nations.
West London Zionist
Association,
February 5676-1 91 6.
CONTRIBUTORS Introduction by Dr.
Max Nordau.
J. Abelson, M.A., D.Litt., Principal Aria College, Portsea, Author of " The Immanence of God in
Rev. Dr.
Rabbinical Literature,"
etc.
ACHAD Ha'am. Bertram B. Benas,
B.A., LL.B., President Liverpool Jewish Literary Society. Herbert Bentwich, LL.B., Grand Commander, Order oi Ancient Maccabaeans.
Eliezer Ben Yehudah, Author of "The Hebrew Dictionary." Ch. N. BlALIK. Louis D. Bra^deis, Chairman Provisional Executive Com-
New York. Selig Brodetsky, Lecturer in Applied Mathematics,
mittee for General Zionist Affairs,
Dr.
University of Bristol.
Joseph Cowen, President English Zionist Federation, Governor Jewish Colonial Trust, Ltd. Dr. Harry Friedenwald, President Federation of American Zionists.
Arthur M. Friedlander, A.R.C.M., London
College oi
Music.
Paul Goodman, Hon. Secretary EngUsh Zionist Federation, Author of "The Synagogue and the Church," etc. Mrs. Paul Goodman, Hon. Sec. English Branch of the Jewish Women's League for Cultural Work in Palestine. Very Rev. the Chief Rabbi Dr.
J.
Albert M. Hyamson, Treasurer Author of "
A
H. Hertz. Palestine Society,
History of the Jews in England,"
London, etc.
CONTRIBUTORS
14 Rev.
Morris
Senior
Joseph,
Synagogue of British Creed and Life," etc.
Jews,
Minister
Author
West London "Judaism as
of
Joint Editor of The Zionist. Levy, M.A., ex-President Jewish Historical Society of England, Author of "Original Virtue," etc. Arthur D. Lewis, Hon. Sec. West London Zionist Association, Author of "Syndicalism and the General
S.
Landman, M.A.,
Rev.
S.
Strike," etc.
Cyril M. Picciotto, B.A., Barrister-at-Law, London. Rev. Dr. D. de Sola Pool, Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, New York. Mrs. Redcliffe N. Salaman, Author of " Songs of Exile," etc. Rev. M. H. Segal, M.A., Minister Newcastle-on-Tyne, Author of " Mishnaic Hebrew and its Relation to Biblical Hebrew
and Aramaic."
Leon Simon,
B.A.,
London University Zionist Achad Ha'am's "Selected Essays,"
President
Society, Translator of etc.
Maurice Simon, M.A., Manchester. Nahum Sokolow, Member of International Zionist Maurice Solomons, Hon. Secretary London
Executive.
University
Zionist Society. F. S. Spiers, B.Sc,
Hon. Secretary of the Council
for
Jewish
Education, London.
Leonard
Stein,
B.A.,
Hon. Secretary Palestine
Society,
London.
ToLKOWSKY, Agricultural Engineer, Jaffa, Palestine. A. Weiner, M.A., Lecturer in History, University of London, King's College. S.
Israel Zangwill.
CONTENTS PAGE
Introduction
Max
.
.
Dr.
Editors' Preface
.
.
.
.
Contributors
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
I.
II.
.
Herzl
Nahum
.
A Memorial
David Wolffsohn:
Nordau
5
.9 -13
Sokolow
17
Address
38
The Chief Rabbi III.
Surely the People
is
Grass
:
A Poem
43
Ch. N. Bialik IV.
V.
A
Spiritual Centre
One
.
.
Achad Ha' am
of the Smaller Nations
.
.
48 ^ 60
Rev. Dr. J. Abelson
VI.
The Renascence
of
Jewish Esthetics. Bertram B. Benas
^Tf^ England and the Jewish National Movement Herbert Bentwich .
^ VIII.
.
Zionism and the American Jews
.
•
69
85
93
Louis D. Brandeis IX. j
X.
The Revival of Hebrew Eliezer Ben Yehudah A Hebrew University in Jerusalem .
Dr. XI.
S.
Theodor Herzl: Reminiscences
115
120
Brodetsky .
.126
Joseph Cowen J
XII.
The Unity
of Israel Dr. Harry Friedenwald 131 15
i^
j
CONTENTS
16
E
XIII.
*
Women's Work
XIV.
The New Palestine
XV. XVI.
Israel a Nation
The
.138 Mrs. Paul Goodman Albert M. Hyamson 145
in Palestine
.
.
Rev. Morris Joseph 150
.
Jewish Colonies in Palestine S.
XVII^ Zionism and ^
.
157
Landman
Liberal Judaism Rev.
S.
Levy 171
^flTly Conceptions of the State and the Jewish Cyril M. Picciotto 183 Question ^ XIX. Zionism and Orthodoxy in America 189 Rev. Dr. D. de Sola Pool .196 XX. War Time, 1915 A Poem .
.
Mrs.
XXI.
Zionism
and
.
.
:
Redcliffe
the Future
of
Rev.
XXII. XXIII.
XXIV.
N. Salaman Judaism 197
M. H.
Segal
Modern Hebrew Literature Leon Simon 205 Maurice Simon 214 Conceptions of Judaism Zionism and Jewish Students in England 219 Maurice Solomons
XXV. J
XXVI. XXVII.
Zionism and Judaism
The Future of
.
Zionism
F. S. Spiers 223
Leonard Stein 228
.
Zionism as a Practical Object S.
\
XXVIII.
.
234
Zionism and the Revival of Nationality A. Weiner 244 in Europe .
XXIX.
.
Tolkowsky
Two Dreamers
.
of the Ghetto
.
.253
Lsrael Zangwill
XXX. XXXI. XXXII.
The Jews a Nation The Spirit of Zionism .
Arthur D. Lewis 257 Paul Goodman 268 .
Hatikvah. Music arranged by Arthur M. English translation by Mrs. Friedlander. Redcliffe
N. Salaman
.
.
.281
I
HERZL BY
NAHUM SOKOLOW Herzl
appears before us like a wondrous riddle. The fate of this great man might be regarded
at first
more it
sight as a tragedy,
carefully
we
but on considering
shall find that in another
it
way
represents a victory. It is
the mission of great
sufferings of
their
may
this,
fully
do
time, it
is
men
but,
in
to
overcome the
order that they
necessary that they should
themselves have gone through the whole of these
Herzl must, then, have suffered deeply.
But,
his sufferings could not disturb the classical
calm
trials.
and beauty of his life. At most, an observant eye might have at times perceived in Herzl a slight touch of noble melancholy.
Proud and upright Herzl went his way. went through this vale of tears doing good. brought healing, consolation, grace.
We
felt
a great and vast sorrow, a lamentation
without words felt
He He
— the
We
sorrow of our people.
a desire for the land of our fathers. 2
It
had
w
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
18
AND VIEWS
woven itself into the life of our dreams. But he alone could powerfully control this spirit, and he wrapped it in a silvery veil woven of the breath soil, of air, and of sunshine. He gave to form a of words and of deeds. He could do it because he was great. What was most prominent in him was his sacred zeal. On whatever intricate paths he went he always remained a complete man.
of the it
He made
for
himself
world, and
won
and him
equal
over
a
special
all
strangers, followers
hearts
position
— his
in
the
own people
and opponents, honoured
His distinguished manner, his never-failing and fine tact, his intellectual observations were the noble weapons with which he fought. Every one was forced to pay unlimited homage to his genius of freedom and of with
sincerity.
goodness.
was an aristocrat of the spirit whose went far beyond the gifts of reason. How-
Herzl virtues
ever luminous his intellect might have been, greater
than his genius was the warmth of his heart.
He combined
all
the brilliant qualities of a great
leader in the difficult work of organization.
He never failed to comply with a He asked of life nothing, except an
demand. honest name, for he knew that this was much. Every injustice he was was against the principle of his being a friend to those who were dependent upon him. He demanded nothing that was impossible, and took the good will for the deed. Disputants came to him for a decision, for his feeling for justice just
;
HERZL was
He was
sure.
19
and
stern with lying, cunning,
He was
slander, inflexible against disloyalty.
in-
dulgent towards those who erred through weakness, and always ready to open the way to In society he was considerate of the
repentance.
He
feelings of others.
was holy
to
He was
whom
he triumphed.
He
injury, for
He
equity.
the
lives
Unconsidered
openly confessed his
never revenged
he believed
Despotic obstinacy
to him.
He
put right.
mistakes.
which
at that
never malicious towards
and arrogance were hateful actions he
mocked
Misfortune was particularly
them.
sacred to him. those over
never
believed also
He
of nations.
in
for
any
and
final
himself
in eternal justice
eternal
justice
in
became the
therefore
modern Zionism. His life was like a great golden
father of
in our thoughts, a pillar
wear away.
When
his
which oblivion qualities
are
inscription will
to
never
be set
we instinctively write a psalm, like the wellknown description in which the divine singer tells
out,
of
the
" Tsaddik,"
the
righteous
man
of Jewish
antiquity.
And when we
describe his death,
write a chapter of the
Book
we naturally
of Lamentations.
Did he not struggle like a hero, suffer like a and end like a saint? The way in which he willed had exhausted his giant strength. Heart and brain were always at Effort and excitement were limited fever heat. He was tossed to and fro by no consideration. sage,
20
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
AND VIEWS
between hope and disappointment, joy and embitterment. Always considerate and generous, always thinking nobly, always reliable, without a
shadow of self-seeking or vanity. This was a life which could not endure. When the black wings of death were already rustling above his head, the greatness of soul of this chosen man was not lessened, his strength was not weakened. He never ceased to battle and to hope.
He
above ordinary men a mountain and saw the future and he saw he saw with the gleaming eye of genius and not with the eye of petty men, who, like those suffering from jaundice, think they see the whole world yellow. he
stood heavens high
stood
as
if
;
;
upon what
moment The effort.
This great soul did not pass away in a in the
quiet brilliance of a transient
nearer death his
life
came
struggled,
to
the
him
the
mOre desperately
deeper and
stronger did
he strive to find ways and means to reach his ideal. Every day a bright flame rose, every day a new hope gladdened his heart. The virtues which Herzl held as most sacred and in which his life was mirrored most purely were tenacity and faithfulness. True to his people, true to his land such was the great harmony which formed the finale of his life. When stretched upon his death- bed, tortured by pain and sorrow, with a broken heart, a body racked by pain, when Death was already tapping at the window, a light flame pierced from his
—
HERZL
21
half-breaking eyes, the land of his desire smiled
man and unfolded before him a fairy The narrow space stretched itself, the rounded and vaulted itself like the sky,
to the dying
glory. ceiling
and the ray which
left his
dying eye followed the
Thus did he go into end, to his home and to
outlines of the beloved land.
eternal
glory,
to
his
peace.
The gleaming footsteps of this noble man, who was taken from us before his time, will never disappear. The name of this glorious departed hero and martyr we will make no idol of him', for that is alien to the Jewish spirit, but we will make of him a banner. Not only in the remembrance of posterity, but also in our own actions the spirit of Herzl must
—
survive, because spirit \vas the
he was
to
it
is
This
the spirit of his people.
heritage which he received, and which
hand on when he was gathered unto
his
fathers.
What Herzl gave was an
historical necessity.
would be impossible artificially on to a people which is strange are
many
steps,
to graft to
it.
It
something
Gifted
geniuses great distances,
in
men ad-
vance of the masses. They see or feel that which is coming, and so are able to make a path in which the masses may walk securely, so that strength
and time are spared
to
all.
Without
leaders there can be no progress.
The people have, honour
their great
therefore,
men,
good ground to same time, the
but, at the
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
22 latter
must be grateful
mony between both
When we
gress.
is
see
to their people.
If the
complete, then there
harmony
in its
form realized in Zionism, it should Great men are and confidence.
harpro-
is
most beautiful fill
us with joy
able
lead
to
their people only in one direction, that towards
" All " does which the eyes of all are directed. not mean the whole mass of commonplace people at
any one period. The commonplace people may remain stuck in their pettiness, in their Philistine narrowness and in their huckstering spirit. In every nation these men suffer from too much prudence, from fixity of habit, and from narrowness of view. •*
All " in a nation
— that
means
all generations, all
times, all countries, all sections of the people
which
have serious views of life, heroic courage, a wide '* outlook, and a capacity for enthusiasm. This " all remained true to the nation, for they were the Jewish nation. To them Herzl was a leader, for he felt for
them, because he
He
impulse was directed.
which direction their
felt in
them out of
lifted
their
slow development far ahead towards their aim and
Thus Herzl was not an
place.
he was a mighty pathfinder. What marked Herzl was original
sense of
(the condition)
this
— out
word
originator,
his :
and yet
ecstasy
Ik (out
of)
in
the
orao-tc
of the condition of habitual
moderation and mediocrity, out of the life of every day, out of the everyday of life. Ecstasy produces a cleansing of the soul, a stirring of the organism, is
in
itself
an awakener of
life,
a steeling for a
HERZL
23
people. Out of the strong devotion of the soul an idealism springs forth, the 'desire for martyrdom, the desire to bring ourselves as a sacrifice to the
highest and holiest. I
do not intend
to analyse Herzl entirely.
not approach the riddle, for Yet,
it
is
it
is
I
dare
sacred to me.
not difficult to recognize what was the
centre of Herzl's being.
I
observed him for years.
This head, which in the younger years of Herzl stood out with free and open brow, with luxuriant
raven-black
hair,
powerful
in
its
strong,
firm
later on became glorified, more concenmore Jewish. Its effect upon the attentive In his earlier life the observer became deeper. beauty of his head showed itself by its movement and excitement, by the brilliance of the mental world within it. Later on, when the rushing storms of time had passed over his face, another beauty appeared, the picturesque and contemplative and
features, trated,
thinking power in this head
no longer his violent power of work. He was no longer a drawing-room " lion," but a sage, a Jewish sage with prophetic dignity and sanctity. One thing this mighty head with great deep eyes said immutably an unbreakable will. it spoke of his ruling quality This will had set itself one task. It is no exaggeration to say that the purpose which Herzl had deter** It is impossible mined upon can be stated thus to unite the scattered and broken Jewish nation, but I will do it." The nation was split It seemed impossible. ;
force, but his
:
—
:
k /up /
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
matters of religion, class, culture, and of country. The contrasts were so great that it was imin
possible to overcome
them
contact with one another.
;
they were not even in
In some circles the very
idea of a people was not tolerated, the land of their
ancestors a mere legend.
The few
friends of Zion
had called forth a revolution among the The majority, however, knew nothing of The world at large had not even heard of the
certainly
people. it.
idea of a Jewish nation.
He created a Jewish platHe brought together those
Herzl did everything. form, the Congress.
Jews who were true to the feeling of their nationhe got them to contribute large sums of mney for Zionism, and founded financial instruments the very want of a locally concentrated The became in his hands an advantage. Jewry whole world became the theatre of his activity, ality
;
;
leading
This truly
him is
to create
set
how
it
a centre in the future.
few lines, but to know happened and what an amount of
down
in a
genius and self-sacrifice this work involved
is
only
possible to him who saw the whole development He spun of it, to one who lived in it day by day. These golden dreams round the grey reality. immovable dreams filled him with devotion and an faith. He was uplifted by the majesty of the idea He was, however, at the same time of justice. quiet,
firm,
and
strong,
This
was
the
magnet
like
a block of marble.
that
hundreds of thousands under
drew
its spell.
irresistibly
What were
HERZL the things that
25
worked upon Herzl? If we peneZionism and have a feel-
trate into the depths of
ing for psychology,
we
of this enthusiasm.
There
shall discover the elements is
—
the springing forth of
mean, of a collective self-consciousness, which flows from the remembrance of a great past. What an extraordinarily a noble self-consciousness
precious possession is
always
receives
alive,
its
is
I
this past
Some
!
part of
it
Our present warmth through what it
a truly living reality.
glory and
its
The present only becomes quite conitself when it contains the substance of
reawakens. scious of
that which
Such
the
power
of the protest against thousands of years
of in-
Such
justice.
free
has disappeared.
ourselves
which we
is
is
the intoxication of liberty.
from
feel ourselves
the
circumstances
To
through
oppressed and imprisoned—
We go back' Mother Earth, back from the old and from the modern ghetto to obtain from the earth and from ourselves all that they can yield, and again to bring out of industry, science, and art that
is
the intoxication of Nature.
to our holy
;
all
that
they everywhere
create
these tasks, the energies rise so
:
occupied with
much
that,
once
cowardice and mental subservience are overcome,
seemed insurmountable to the soul is as That is the intoxication of heroism. Out of the accustomed tracks back into what was once one's own land, to show what a Jew can do and suffer. This increases virility to an inconceiv-
all
that
nothing.
able degree.
And when one
possesses the gigantic
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
26
stimulating effect which Herzl had over the masses,
and can
so inspire
of social
men and
bind them together,
and
the intoxication of brotherhood
there arises life.
Then one becomes a
part of a whole,
united by the feeling of a people, bound together
through an organization, together
egoism
the
flees,
man
is lost
pain and joy many, the many
in
in the
;
are as one.
This Herzl
by
is
Zionism.
This
is
created.
This
was
has
itself
testing
was a great
it
cannot
find
highest
not
a
it
that
means
:
Rough
achievement.
what
out
intellectually lazy,
calculating,
the
was.
Cold,
comfortable, short-
and too-clever Philistinism constantly chews over the same childish questions whether ten or only one million Jews could settle in Palestine, whether the soil is or is not fertile, whether the mountains can be afforested or whether sighted,
—
they must
The poor Philistines remain bare. like a ready-made land brought to And they cannot understand plate. were done it would be nothing even !
They would them on a that
if
this
—
though the land were clothed with fertility, showed a first-rate budget, were surveyed and mapped To ten million or one million Jews it would out. nothing, if these Jews were not upbe still
had not been united with had not race, their ancient commonplace, the level of mere
lifted within themselves,
and grown into grown above the routine.
This
is
only possible
if
their national being
is
HERZL made manifest once more, they
if
it,
determine
27
so that they rejoice in
bring
to
their
individual
gifts to the highest, to a complete development, and disdain to lose their personality and, unwept
and unsung, It is
to
be
mass
lost in the
of others.
necessary to trace these inner springs into
their depths
how
order to realize
in
imagination
can become force and dream a reality. This Zionism could only have been
by
a
And
poet.
was
Herzl
a
soul could probe the depths of time. in himself all that his
prayed
He
His united
people had sung, wept, and
for.
was a
It
A
created
poet.
of a peculiarly delicate texture.
lyric
contemplation, a silent reflection, interrupted by
—
sudden and rhythmic flashes of the soul an immeasurable melancholy, a seeking with yearning, anxious fingers over a harp of pain reaching up into the heavens, and then, as if with a storm, coming no man knows whence, there is heard a loud cry, half a note of victory, half a cutting cry
of
fear
and
painful,
the
order
repress
to
profoundly Jewish
soul, reminiscent of the
Herzl
in
the
Often there resounds a devotional,
hidden torture. terribly
pain,
hymn
of the
Psalms of old.
journalist,
the
jeallletoniste,
the
dramatist, the subtle essayist, Jhad always gentleness,
amiability,
there was in his
geniality
work
—Jewish
qualities.
But
also a certain superficiality.
it was the poetry of There was a light note in it That I might almost say poetical journalism. life :
—
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
28
which passed in his body, in his blood, his nerves, what he observed or experienced, entered immediately into his soul and created there a rhythm Life gave of successive and dissolving pictures.
him ever new material at
it
with the eye of the
and rejoiced
at
its
for
artist,
poetry.
He
creation.
looked
Even
at
it
looked lightly,
the painful or
saw or experienced gave him some He felt a certain pride that he was thus joy. superior to life, and could, like a god, reproduce in words what most men could only suffer dumbly. tragic which he
Zionism, however, deepened his creative power. It
came
to
him
like a
thunderstorm out of a clear
sky, like a frost over a smiling landscape, like hail
—
over a harvest -field and also like an emancipaIt was then that he recognized that in tion.
from what it had been. And yet his past was not thrown away. His whole previous life, with all its sad and sweet experiences, all his love, his ambition, his knowledge of the world and of its marvels, were necessary to make him afterwards fully understand and enjoy the unique and the true not that which he was to learn but that which was in his blood, essence his
life
must be
different
—
the Jewish-human, 'his people,
its
fate,
suffer-
its
ings and hopes.
The biography is
of Herzl as an individual
alone
is
into the
of
importance to us.
Besides,
secrets of the private life of a
man
which
a fairly indifferent matter for his work,
pry
to
man
great as Herzl would be a vulgar proceeding.
as
The
HEKZL external
of a great personality,
life
may be
tragedy,
29 its
of interest to a public
fate
and
which loves
to hear anecdotes and tittle-tattle about any one who has been placed at the head of a people. But the whole outer life of a leader of men has little in
common
with his inner experiences.
This outer influence
of
stances and
life
of
Herzl developed under the
many more
or
tragic
less
events, like that of every
circimi-
human
being".
The whole external life of Herzl has no meaning compared with the holy mission that he was called upon to fulfil: to bring forth in all its unsuspected power the genius of the Jewish national life in which he lived and had his being. This but as
is
also
deal
to in
be found not merely in Herzl's actions such of his writings and speeches
with Zionism, For,
general works.
muse became revelations,
in
ever
as
hke
well his
as
his
later
head, so also his
course of years, greater,
in
deeper,
and of inner more sincere—
more Jewish. Who mourned about his people's fate more than he? Who hoped and struggled like he? High over the darkness of despair, over the sea of tears and blood, over the torn, weeping that
is,
willows
which
surround
the
graveyards,
there
and threateningly, the Spirit waits for its resurrection. which of the people, Behold, behold the grave did not allow itself to Without measure and end the earth, be closed soiled with the holy blood of martyrs, is thrown raises itself, proudly
!
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
30
over the grave, but
cover of
the
it
AND VIEWS
remains open.
still
The
moves and trembles as if deeply moving giant's heart.
coffin
contains a loving,
The pain -tortured
of
soul
Herzl
it
conjured up
before his eyes the flaming vision of beloved Palestine as
if
it
came out
purple of
full
And
life,
of the grave, draped in the
a home, a peaceful hearth.
who who made
out of the grave rose
all
fell
by the
fruitful the of Zion and those out of the sepulchres came mountains of Judaea
walls
;
forth the judges, the kings, the prophets,
head moved
their
the
spirit
of
the
and
people
at
in
triumphant majesty.
Because Herzl saw this, because he felt it, because he was surrounded by the distant g'lory of a mighty Divinity, he could write and speak as he wrote and spoke on Zionism. For he was a prophet of our time. But it was not only poetry and prophecy. Herzl saw the whole of
life.
Was
Herzl a nationalist?
The
assimilationists
who
deal
in
words grasp
at the absurd fraud of identifying Jewish national
nationalism of other peoples try to confuse the modest, they that is to say, peaceable, humanitarian, harmless, just, purely selfloyalty
with
the
:
defensive attitude of an old, small, martyr people with that aggressive exaggeration, with that profitless in
orgy of hate and political
jargon
thirst
goes
for
under
conquest which the
name
"nationalism." A confusion of ideas could not be conceived.
of
more grotesque irony than this
.
HERZL
31
Herzl's idea of nationalism was the application
His
of international law to the Jewish Question. ideal
was a peaceable and
free
of the
activity
Jewish people in unison with, and at the side He was an adherent other peoples. all
of,
of
endasmonism, of the endeavour after happiness by a noble enjoyment of life, the result of a joyous
His national idealism,
fulfilment of duty.
of all other Zionists,
like that
was crowned by humanism,
humanism within and without the Jewish His programme for the future contained the political
bring
and
social postulates.
understanding
an
about
He
people.
noblest
attempted to
between
intel-
lectualism and energy, out of which were to have
grown great opportunities for education, hygiene, In social life, and many other fields of activity. his brave demands in the political and social realms he brought together democracy and at the same time the recognition of private enterprise, free competition combined with social politics arid publicly He gave at times clear owned undertakings. expression and pregnant development to these ideas
Indeed,
when we
forget all that was
only fitting to
bow
in
think of Herzl,
we ought
accidental in his
life.
It
to is
deep humility before that holy
was was a messenger
revelation of the national soul fqr which Herzl
but a symbol.
I
repeat, Herzl
which the soul of the people had called to proclaim For what is its greatness, power, and will.
Zionism?
Certainly, in
its
essence and aim,
it
is
— but
Palestine; is
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
32
at
deepest,
strongest,
same time
the
of the whole world.
is
it
that
all
most
vital
It
a system of thoughts
is
in
the
Judaism
and
feelings, which enables even the Jew degraded by exile to free himself from his inner slavery by the nobiUty of his efforts, the creation
Hence it was an astonishing example of a great magnate, who needed no more than to throw away with full hands the immeasurable riches which the soul of the people had gathered in the of higher ideas,
comes about
of heroic endeavour.
that Herzl
course of thousands of years. self-respect,
warm
Inspired sentiments,
remembrances which which burst into flames and flash
self-confidence,
the heart,
out of the depths of the soul, victorious cries of the spirit, the yearning that
now rumbles
in the
heart of the people like a thunderstorm and now,
flowing serenely in the blue of the sky, pours
itself
out and flows from one end to another, and
now
again,
wildly
rushing
in
the
brain,
bathes
the
from the beginning, with light, conjures them forth, embodies them, reforms them, and makes them appear with a new beauty, pictures,
hidden
in
it
new strength. The Jewish pathos, which we need yes, so endlessly much— the will and a
saving,
flaming,
the burning coal
the
on
shining
so
much
the
word,
forehead of Moses,
harp of David, the cry of Mattathias the Hasmonsean, the Zionide of Judah Halevy yes, the Word, the " Shem," which the High Rabbi Low of Prague Isaiah's lips, the golden
—
HERZL mouth
laid in the
—call
me
that this
you
if
will,
but
Golem
*'
of the clay figure, the
a visionary, is
33
I
maintain
we
greatness without which
the
"
are
but dust. Therefore,
Herzl
is
the
limitless
ruler of our
and movement of our thought it is in every uprising and echoing it is our strength of desire, which of our feeling tears open graves and with furious hand strikes on the doorposts of heaven. Nothing is more repulsive to us than to carry on the cult of a person. But our cult is not that hearts
;
his spirit
is
in every picture
is
that of a folk -soul.
;
;
of a person;
it
I
never
did regard Herzl as a person, but as the embodied
might of something impersonal, as the instrument of some power which grasped us all and kept us firmly under
spell.
its
And now one more tion
of
Herzl's
thought towards apprecia-
from the point of view
lifework
of so-called realistic politics.
me
is
not the main matter;
efifect,
on
I it
repeat: is
a consequence,
But, all the same,
product.
this for
I
will
touch
it.
In the cam^i of our opponents
Herzl
had
great
words,
but
it
is
said:
only
little
**
Yes,
deeds
followed the great words." I
agree, there were only small deeds after the
great words.
But, honestly, what deeds followed
the words of his opponents?
Two
conceptions, two tendencies stand opposing
—Zionism
each other
and Emancipation 3
—^that
which
—" AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
34
nature commands, that which a thousand years of history confirm, the duty which runs parallel with
the whole
modern
politics
national self-help and I
of the world, that of
—trust
humanity.
in
What deeds has
ask the sober, the practical:
Emancipation achieved for the whole of our people the beginning of Zionism? What has it done? What hopes, which it awakened, has it in since
the slightest degree, even as
To what has
in
small deeds," carried
What has achieved in Russia? What in Galicia? What Roumania? We all demand emancipation,
out? it
**
Zionists as well as
demand
it
brought us?
non -Zionists.
It is
the obvious
But emancipaforward as a programme the only programme what has it been
of individual existence
tion
which puts
yes,
as
!
itself
—
able to achieve?
It
does not want the enthusiasm
of the masses, or genius, or heroism, or poetry; it
only
wishes
point of view
is
to
be useful.
entirely
wrong
This ;
**
practical
but, for the sake
of argument, let us accept this point of view for an instant and ask for the useful achievement on which it lays so much stress. What has it gained?
—
1897 the beginning of modern Zionism an avalanche of pogroms has fallen, beginning with Kishinev. What protection did Emancipation and humanity offer there? The pogroms in the years 1905-6 were not a mere avalanche, they \vere a deluge. And what has since happened and what is now happening? Where is now the muchpraised humanity? Since
—
:
HERZL The Jewish mission is
world?
.What has
tected?
The
in
the
for
effected?
it
I
I
ask,
conversion
What has
Where the
of it
pro-
assimilationist preachers, particularly
Germany,
and
preach
Where
mission.
world
to the
mission
this
noU''
35
is
write
vastly
influence?
its
on
this
Where
its
disciples?
And what are the effects of this movement among ourselves? Which multitudes has it organWhich yoimg people has it won for us? ized? Where has ii spread the knowledge of Hebrew? Where has U opposed indifference, half-heartedness, characterlessness?
There was another hope of the emancipationists This was to solve the cosmopolitan Socialism. There were Jewish problem as a class problem. We were to triumph to be no nations any more !
This movement took a large
with the disinherited.
Here was the tragedy. the War, the cosmopolitan
part of our best forces.
On
the
outbreak of
Socialists of other nations air,
but they could
fall
found themselves in the
again on to the ground.
all theories, the Germans have remained German, and the Frenchmen French, even though
In spite of they
may
call
themselves cosmopolitans;
spite of all, they fall.
The Jews among
themselves in the
on which
they
for,
in
have ground on which they could air,
could
the Socialists also found
but they have no ground fall.
To speak
in
the
terms of modern aviation, this balloon could not land.
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
36
Fix your eyes on the abyss
We
!
are, therefore, satisfied to
*'
of
AND VIEWS
deeds "
small
cast
meet the reproach Herzl
us.
at
also
Here we have again the miracle
achieved deeds.
of the Jewish national soul, the synthesis of idea
and
With sober conception and holding we may say that Herzl
practice.
strictly to the actual facts,
has created a Congress, has called into being banks
and the National Fund, which have successfully furthered the colonization of Palestine.
do far more;
to
follow
his
we could
but
eagle's
We
flight.
not
He
wished
so
quickly
chose
the
more
exhausting way, fastening our interest on the slow ascent,
ments.
on the lengthening chain of partial achieveNevertheless, we have here the highly
promising beginning of a colonization of Palestine;
we have
the rebirth of a Jewish civilization
we have
and language
;
organization;
we have
world-wide
a
institutions,
its
Zionist
needing
completion, but also capable of development.
Now,
I jask,
on which
side
were the
illusions
and
Utopias? Yes, our Herzl was a genius, rich in deeds.
Never did he as he
now
powerfully and pulsatingly
live so
never did his fame and power and perhaps never now do
lives;
so resound as they
did
;
we have such cause
for entire self-confidence
and steady courage as to the future as now, when whole world bows before what was and is
a
—the
imtnortal in Herzl
He
wient
from us
national idea.
like the setting of the fading
HERZL sun whose day
is
ended.
than ever, just as we the light of very
may
distant
have already passed away.
37
But he
lives in us
more
only perceive on earth stars
when
these stars
II
DAYID WOLFFSOHN A MEMORIAL ADDRESS BY
The
Chief Rabbi, Dr.
J.
H.
HERTZ
Ingratitude towards our great dead, say the Whenever an is an unpardonable sin.
Rabbis,
individual
to
mourn
does
not
worthily
people
a people
or
For
this
even
in
reason,
these
its
is
too tardy or
dead,
deserve therefore,
distracting
to it
that
individual
continue is
times,
indolent
proper
amid
in
for
the
or life.
us,
din
assemble in of battle mourning for a great Jewish leader who has been
and the clash of arms,
to
For, as these same teachers from us. " whoever sheds tears at the death of tell us, a good man ("i5i^3 D"iih
12T
memorial
(a
These are instances of the assimilation 0/ Jewish
tions,
not
the assimilation
dy
Jewish institutions
;
institu-
neither
process can be regarded as satisfactory. ^ Essay, "Summa Summarum," by Achad Ha'am, translated from the Hebrew by Leon Simon, Jewish Review May 191 2. ^
6
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
82
from
departure
the
of
Egyptian
darkness
of
Egypt), the
Dnvo the " Galuth
the
'*
of
spirit
Each may reply to the scoffer who asks This is what What mean you by this Bezalel? "
(exile). *'
:
**
Bezalel has wrought for me,
i^
i6)
'h
for me,
and
not for you."
Achad Ha'am
points
great
with
out
cogency
that humanity at large suffers to some extent from the dispersion of our cultural forces, and therefore our staunchest champions of humanity **
have a perfect right to share unhesitatingly in our We need not concern at this dispersion. loses humanity answer those who ask what it is rather for them to explain to by our loss To show us what humanity gains by our loss." Palestine that Herzl had the idealistic aspect of .
.
.
.
.
.
;
^
never out of sight, the
work
it
is
only necessary to refer
in which the great leader unfolded
to.
Jiis
aims and the methods by which they were to be brought about. In his " Jewish State," which has as
its
sub- title "
An
attempt at a Modern Solution
of the Jewish Question," he
repeatedly refers to
the imaginative powers of Palestine and the idealiz" ing potency of a Jewish Resettlement. 2 shall not dwell in mud huts," Herzl observes.3
We
We
*'
shall build
newer and more beautiful houses
See the Essay " The Spiritual Revival," Selected Essays by Achad Ha'am, translated from the Hebrew " Al Parashat Derachim," by Leon Simon, pp. 267, 268, ^
=»
3
" "
A Jewish Renascence," supra. A Jewish State," p. 29.
RENASCENCE OF JEWISH ESTHETICS and possess them
safety
83
... we
shall not our beloved customs, we shall find them
sacrifice
in
again."
;
i
_
And now we can that
we can
set
To what
ask ourselves,
is
it
our hands to carry on the work
of the past in the present for the future?
Let us
try,
not only to bring the Jewish people back to
the
Ancient
Homeland, but the Ancient Home-
land back to the Jewish people. of the land of Israel
Let the beauty
come before our
eyes, let us
have near us and around us the products of our people produced in their historic home, let us allow its
to enter into the lives of every
life
And we and
cannot be insensible to
its
The speaking message
inspiration.
one of us.
claim, charm,
of Jewish
pictures to Jewish hearts, the touching melodies of
our tradition and those which the genius of our brought forth these all have their
—
people have
The Hebrew language is music who love the sounds of its We who have had the whole life
place in our lives. to
the ears of those
telling speech.
of
the land brought before us
with us.
I
Those who look back
can keep
it
ever
to its representa-
^ In 912 (5672) a series of Jewish Palestine Exhibitions were held in England, and their success pointed to the inauguration of a Jewish Renascence, of which they appear to have been both a cause and an effect ; but their influence 1
has been limited to a considerable extent, so far as enduring interest
is
concerned, to those
who were
hitherto sympathetic
to the idea of Israel as a nation, Israel's ancient
the
Land
of Israel.
homeland as
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
84
tion with joy can
still
AND VIEWS
realize the sweet savour of
the citrons and the olive-wood, the
everywhere
which
spirit
prevailed,
Bezalel, the Jewish artist
nacle
the
in
who
Wilderness.
happy Hebrew the
spirit
built us the
The
of
Taber-
Tabernacle
of
Bezalel has spread throughout the world, a Tabernacle of Peace, of Happiness, of Hope, a Jewish
Renascence, say to
to
the
(Isa.
harbinger
xliv.
28).
of
the
voice
that
shall
Thou shalt be built and Thy foundation shall be laid "
Jerusalem,
Temple,
**
VII
ENGLAND AND THE JEWISH NATIONAL MOVEMENT BY
HERBERT BENTWICH, England
If
Zionism, is
can
it
not
is
at least
the appropriate
well's
the
invitation
LL.B.
birthplace
modern
of
be claimed for
it
that
it
Cromof the Movement. Manasseh ben Israel, which
home
to
led to the securing of
'*
a legally recognized
home
"
England, was motived and defended on biblical grounds, and the hope of bringing about the restoration of the ancient people to their own land was the basis of the whole scheme of for
Jews
in
the Resettlement.
That idea may have become overlaid by the development of other interests, in the generations which followed; but it never wholly vanished, and its survival is to be noted in the call which came to
Moses
Montefiore
when,
already
a
man
of
middle age, he cut himself adrift from the pursuits of commerce, in which he had become prosperous,
and turned
his face to the cradle of his race, to
which thenceforth his best thoughts and energies 85
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
86
AND VIEWS
were devoted. From 1825, when he proceeded on his first pilgrimage to the Holy Land, to the completion of his self-imposed mission to Jerusaat the end of 1874, when he was already in
lem his
ninetieth
year,
there
was half a century of
continuous effort directed to the attainment of the great ideal which formed life
—the
in the
inspiration of his
revival of the ancient glories of his people
land of their fathers.
The enthusiasm and which
the
filled
zeal for this sacred cause
the great champion of Israel spread
and wide, and when he died, ten pilgrimage, the groundwork of the Jewish revival had been securely established. During that ten years George Eliot had produced its
influence far
years
after
his
last
her inspiring picture of the Jewish
race taking
on again the character of a nationality, OUphant had published his schemes for the settlement of the fertile lands of Gilead by those who were fleeing from the lands of persecution, and Kitchener with Conder had laid the foundations of a permanent British interest in Judaea by their pioneer work in the Western Survey. It is something more than a coincidence that in 1885, the year which closed Sir Moses Montefiore's grand record, the first step's were taken for the formation of a society for the promotion of the national idea in Jewry which afterwards developed into the Association of Lovers of Zion, or " Chovevi Zion," spreading world.
its
branches to
The English
association,
all
parts of the
which adopted
ENGLAND AND JEWISH NATIONALISM for
its
first
**
object
87
the fostering of the National
Idea in Israel," was prominent, not so much for its colonizing work, which was far exceeded in other countries where the need for emigration toade itself more felt, as for its successful poHtical propa-
ganda.
Under
the enthusiastic leadership
EHm
and
of
then
first
of
Albert
Colonel
d'Avigdor Goldsmid, the whole of Anglo -Jewry was stirred to interest,
the it
great
not to activity, in the reahzation of Mass meetings in support of ideal. if
were held everywhere
the provinces, .under
in
the
and
metropolis
men
presidency of
the
of
and leading in the community like Sir Julian Simon, and Sir Edward Sir John Sassoon; and the heads of the clergy. Dr. Hermann Adler, Dr. Albert Lowy, and Simeon Singer,
light
Goldsmid,
plea
joined in the
for
this
of the ancient prophecies.
over
presided
Member
by
Sir
latter-day
fulfilment
At one great meeting,
Samuel
Montagu
(then
of Parliament for Whitechapel), a petition
was adopted for presentation
to the Sultan
Rosebery for
transmission
through
the
to
Lord
Foreign
At another mass meeting, a more determined effort was made
Ofiice to the Porte.
year
later,
a
still
Samuel Montagu not only would Jews be assisted declaring that, in colonizing Palestine, but practical shape would imder the
same
auspices.
Sir
**
be given to their aspiration for the restoration A monster petition was of the Jewish kingdom." presented to Lord Rothschild, " chief among the remnant of Israel," to be transmitted to Constan-
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
88
tinople
AND VIEWS
by Lord Salisbury, who had then succeeded
An edict of the Sultan recognizing the right of Jews to own soil in Palestine followed on these efforts. But colonizing work was a slow process, and after to the office of
Foreign Secretary.
some seven years (1890-7) of rather tion
the
interest
the
in
Chovevi
fitful
agita-
began
Zion
to flag.
The
by
publication
"A
brochure,
Theodor
Herzl
of
his
1896, marked a Movement. Viewing the problem as a statesman from its political or economic,
new epoch
rather than
Jewish State,"
in
in the
its
religious or philanthropic side,
turned at once to England, with its all,
the
sympathy for its
its
striving nationalities, and, above
constant friendliness to the Jews.
moment
he
free platform,
**
From
Movement," he wrote, ** my eyes were directed towards England because I sa;w that by reason of the general situation of things there was the Archimedean point where the lever could be applied." His first approaches were to the coterie of professional men who had taken to themselves the national title of " Maccabaeans " in the hope that they would help him to form the ** Society of Jews " which was the nucleus of his scheme. Though his expectations were not fulfilled, a sympathetic interest was aroused, which found its expression in the " Maccabaean Pilgrimage " of the following year, a party of twenty, made up of members and their friends, going out to visit the holy places, first
I
entered
the
ENGLAND AND JEWISH NATIONALISM
89
and bringing back with them a rich store of experiences and impressions which served to revive the fading English interest in the Movement. The full effect of this was shown in the Clerkenwell Conference of 1898, " the
first
Parlia-
ment ever called from the mass of English Jews,'* when 150 delegates, representing 10,000 members of the Chovevi Zion and other Jewish national societies,
adopted as their
That the
nationalist idea
part of the Zionist
resolution:
first
is
—
an essential and integral that it is the duty of all
Movement, and
Jews to unite in order to secure a
legally safeguarded
resettlement of the Jewish nation in Palestine.
That resolution was an endorsement as emphatic as it was clear of the basic principle of Zionism' already proclaimed at
and
it
first
Basle
Congress,
led directly to the identification of English
Zionism, small
the
which had threatened
channels
of
colonizing
to
sink
activity,
into
the
with
the
world Movement.
From
that time forth
England stood
ground tion, and equipment on a firm
in the fore-
of all the activities directed to the organiza-
national forces
—the material
of the
to
spirit,
which
contributed by the
it
basis, of the
had already
revival
Jewish
forces as well as those
of
the
so largely
national
con-
Develop the feeling of nationality," said Wordsworth, who was statesman as well as poet, ** and when it has ripened it will of itself produce liberty," and the lesson had not been lost
sciousness.
**
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
90
on the leaders of the " Young Israel " party in Herzl recognized that, to use his Anglo -Jewry. '* the Englishmen were the right men own words,
And
to realize the Zionist idea."
so
it
came
to
that the venue Congress (held in 1900) was moved from Basle to London, that in the following year the great leader came again to announce, in an address
of
pass
delivered
at
St.
the
Martin's
of a charter from the Sultan
fourth
Town on
International
Hall,
the
offer
financial conditions,
to enlist the community's 1902 he came as the repre-
which he desired
for
support,
and
sentative
of
the Aliens'
that in his
people to
give
evidence before
Commission, directed to the removal
of the evil at the source instead of dealing Avith its
results at the outlet. If
the
fear
of
Jewish nationalism proved too
strong for Herzl's efforts in the governing circles of the community, he was rewarded by securing the unqualified
sympathy and ungrudging support
of the English statesmen and leaders of thought to
whom
his appeal
was next
directly addressed.
Failing a satisfactory arrangement with the Sultan,
a pied a terre for a Jewish national settlement was offered by the English Government at El
on the boundaries of Egypt and Palestine; and when this was found unsuitable for lack of water for a settlement, Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, Arish,
the Minister for the Colonies, p'roposed the alter-
native of a concession of lands basis in
Uganda.
The
offer,
on an autonomous it was received
though
ENGLAND AND JEWISH NATIONALISM
91
with igratitude as an earnest of English sympathies with the Jewish national Movement, was resisted
by the stalwarts among the Zionists, among whom were found the bulk of the party in England The great-hearted Herzl welcomed the itself. opposition as an indication of the firm and unshakable hold which the basic principles of Zionism had taken of the Jewish masses. But the incident was productive of a temporary schism in the party, headed by an English leader, Israel Zangwill,
—the
who formed I to
sidering
Zion
its
left
a small organization of his
—which,
characteristically
enough,
own con-
new Zionism with The organization made no deep
author, proclaimed a
out.
no enduring mark, on the national Movement either in England or any other
impression,
and
left
country.
In the ten years which have elaptsed since Herzl's
lamented death the energies of Zionists everywhere have been directed to the development of the g'reat institutions which he established all as English
—
corporations
—to
be the
financial
instruments
of
Zionism, and to the securing of a firm foundation for the colonizing and cultural organizations in
Holy Land itself. The great War which has come on the Western world has not left Palestine outside the orbit of its devastating influences, and
the
it
may be
that
there the final
Armageddon
will
be fought. Whatever happens, the cultural values which we have created will not, and cannot, be destroyed. The national consciousness has been
92
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
AND VIEWS
revived, and the Jewish Renaissance in which we have been privileged to take part will remain a factor in the settlement of the world's problems
when
the
tions to
the
come
great,
an end.
War
which
will
determine for genera-
the fate of the
nations
will
have
little,
as well as of
been
brought
to
VIII
ZIONISM
AND THE AMERICAN JEWS
^
BY
LOUIS
The
BRANDEIS
D.
suffering of the
Jews due
to injustices con-
tinuing throughout nearly twenty centuries
is
the
Never was the aggregate of such suffering larger than to-day. Never were the injustices more glaring. Yet the present greatest tragedy in history.
is
pre-eminently
a
time
current of world thought
way
The
hopefulness.
for is
at last preparing the
for our attaining justice.
The War
is
develop-
which may make possible the solution of the Jewish Problem. But to avail ourselves of these opportunities we must understand both them and ourselves. We must recognize and accept facts. We must consider our course with statesmanlike calm. We must pursue resolutely the
ing opportunities
we shall decide upon, and be ever ready make the sacrifices wh,idh a great cause demands.
course to
Thus only can liberty be won. For us the Jewish Problem means
this
can we secure for Jews, wherever they '
From
"
The Jewish Problem 93
:
How
:
may
to Solve
it."
How live,
94
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
AND VIEWS
the same rights and opportunities enjoyed by nonJews? How can we secure for the world the full contribution which Jews can make, if unhampered by artificial limitations? The problem has two aspects that of the individual Jew, and that of Jews collectively. Obviously, no individual should be subjected anywhere, by reason of the fact that he is a Jew, to a denial of any common right or opportunity enjoyed by non-Jews. But Jews collectively should likewise enjoy the same right and opportunity to live and develop as do other groups of people. This right of development on the part of the group is essential to the full enjoyment of rights by the For the individual is dependent for individual. his development (and his happiness) in large part upon the development of the group of which he We can scarcely conceive of an forms a part. individual German or Frenchman living and developing without some relation to the contemporary German or French life and culture. And since death is not a solution of the problem of life, the solution of the Jewish Problem necessarily involves the continued existence of the Jews as :
Jews. Councils of Rabbis and others have undertaken at times to prescribe by definition that only those shall be
deemed Jews who professedly adhere
to
But in the conthe orthodox or reformed faith. nection in which we are considering the term, it is not in the power of any single body of Jews
AND THE AMERICAN JEWS
ZIONISM
— or
indeed of
95
Jews collectively— to establish The meaning of the word ** " Jewish in the term Jewish Problem " must be accepted as co-extensive with the disabilities which it is our problem to remove. It is the non-Jews who create the disabilities, and in so doing give definition to the term "Jew." Those disabilities all
the effective definition. **'
extend substantially to all of Jewish blood. disabilities do not end with a renunciation of
however
They do not end with
sincere.
The faith,
the elimi-
however complete, of external Jewish mannerisms. The disabilities do not end ordinarily until the Jewish blood has been so thoroughly diluted by repeated intermarriages as to result in nation,
practically obliterating the Jew.
And we
Jews, by our
own
acts,
give a like defi-
Jew." When men and women because of that fact, and even if they suffer from quite different causes our sympathy and our help go out 'to them instinctively in whatever country they may live and without
term
nition to the
*'
of Jewish blood suffer
—
—
inquiring into the shades of their belief or unbelief.
When
those
of
Jewish
blood
exhibit
moral or
intellectual superiority, genius, or special talent, feel pride in faith,
like
them, even
Spinoza,
if
we
they have abjured the
Marx,
or
Disraeli,
Heine.
Despite the meditations of pundits or the decrees of councils, our
own
instincts
and
acts,
of others, have defined for us the term
Half a century ago the belief was that
Jewish
disabilities
would
and those Jew."
*^*
still
disappear
general before
96
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
growing Liberalism. proclaimed, the
seemed
in
religious toleration
solution of
When
sight.
man became
When
AND VIEWS
the
was
Jewish Problem
the so-called
rights
of
widely recognized, and the equal right
of all citizens to
life,
liberty
and the pursuit
of
happiness began tp be enacted into positive law, the complete emancipation of the
Jew seemed
at
The concrete gains through Liberalism were Equality before the law was established throughout the Western hemisphere. The Ghetto walls cnmibled the ball and chain of restraint were removed in Central and Western Europe. Compared with the cruel discrimination to which Jews are now subjected in Russia and hand.
indeed large.
;
Roumania, their advanced condition in other parts of Europe seems almost ideal. But anti- Jewish 'prejudice was not exterminated even in those countries of Europe in which the triumph of civil liberty and democracy extended The antifully to Jews *' the rights of man." Semitic
movement arose
in
Germany a year
the granting of universal suffrage.
It
after
broke out
and culminated in the Dreyfus case, a century after the French Revolution had brought "emancipation." It expressed itself in England through the Aliens Act, within a few years after the last of Jewish disabilities had been And in the United States there removed by law. the Saratoga incident reminded us, long ago, that there, too, we have a Jewish Question. The disease is universal and endemic. There
violently in France,
AND THE AMERICAN JEWS
ZIONISM is,
97
of course, a wide difference between the Russian
disabilities,
with
their
Pale
Settlement,
of
their
and choice of recurrent pogroms, and the
denial of opportunity for education
occupation, and their
German
disabilities
curbing university, bureaucratic,
and military careers. also
mere
There
between these German
is
a wide difference
disabilities
social disabilities of other lands.
now
of those
suffering
from the severe
and the But some
disabilities
imposed by Russia and Roumania are descendants of men and women who m centuries before our modern Liberalism enjoyed both legal and social equality in Spain and Southern France. The manifestations of the Jewish Problem vary in the different countries, and at different periods in the same country, according to the prevailing degree of enlightenment and other pertinent conditions.
Yet the differences, however wide, are merely in degree and not in kind. The Jewish Problem is single
and universal.
eternal.
Why is
It
may
it
'that
But
it
is
not necessarily
be solved. Liberalism has failed to eliminate
the anti- Jewish prejudice?
movement has not
It is
because the Liberal
yet brought full liberty.
En-
lightened countries grant to the individual equality
before the
law
;
but they
fail
still
to
recognize
the equality of whole peoples or nationalities.
We
seek to protect as individuals those constituting a minority but we fail to realize that protection ;
cannot be complete unless group equality also recognized.
7
is
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
98
AND VIEWS
Deeply imbedded in every people is the desire full development the longing, as Mazzini phrased it, *' to elaborate and express their idea,
—
for
pyramid of Nationality, like democracy, has been one of the potent forces making for man's advance during the past hundred years. The assertion of nationality has i^ifused whole peoples with hope, manhood, and self-respect. It has ennobled and to contribute their stone also to the
history."
made
purposeful millions of
lives.
them
offered
It
a future, and in doing so revived and capitalized
was valuable
all that
The
in their past.
assertion
of nationality raised Ireland from the slough of
despondency. deeds.
It
Greece.
It
Jt
roused Southern Slavs to heroic
created
gallant
gave us united
Belgium. Italy.
even among free peoples
itself
who had no
grievance, but
nationality
their
the Welsh^
expression to
through the revival of the old
Each
Cymric tongue.
— like
who gave
freed
It
manifested
It
of these peoples developed
because, as Mazzini said, they were enabled to pro**
claim love,
the world
to
that
and labour for the
In the past
it
they also
live,
think,
benefit of all."
has been generally assumed that
the full development of one people necessarily in-
domination over others.
Strong nation-
volved
its
alities
are apt to become convinced that by such
domination only does nationalities
come
assume
civilization
their
own
advance.
Strong
superiority,
and
to believe that they possess the divine right
to subject other peoples to their sway.
Soon the
— ZIONISM AND THE AMERICAN JEWS belief
the existence
in
of
99
such a right becomes
converted into a conviction that a duty exists to enforce
it.
Wars
of aggrandizement follow as a
natural result of this belief.
W. as of
'*
Allison Philips recently defined nationality
an extensive aggregate of persons, conscious
community
a
of
experiences,
sentiments,
or
which make them feel themselves a dis'' If we examine And he adds people."
qualities tinct
:
we
the composition of the several nationalities,
these elements habitat,
race, language, religion,
:
common
mode of life and The elements are,
conditions,
manners, political association. however, never
all
none of them
is
habitat
and
find
common
present at the same time, and essential.
common
.
.
."
conditions
**
A common
are
doubtless
powerful influences at times in determining nationbut what part do they play in that of the Jews or the Greeks or the Irish in dispersion? See how this high authority assumes without question that the Jews are, despite their dispersion, a distinct nationality ; and he groups us with the Greeks or the Irish two other peoples of marked individuality. Can it be doubted that we Jews an exaggregating fourteen million people, are ality
;
**
—
'•*
tensive aggregate of persons," that
we
are
*'
con-
community of sentiments, experiences, and qualities which make us /^^/ ourselves a distinct scious of a
people," whether It
is
we admit
no answer to
to declare that the
this
it
or not?
evidence of nationality
Jews are not an absolutely pure
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
100
AND VIEWS
There has, of course, been some intermixture of foreign blood in the three thousand years which constitute our historic period. But, owing to persecution and prejudice, the intermarriages with nonJews which occurred have resulted merely in taking away many from the Jewish community. Intermarriage has brought few additions. Therefore race.
the percentage of foreign
to-day
very
is
blood Probably
low.
European race is as pure. But common race is only one which determine nationality. of sentiments, ties
the Jews of
no
important
of the elements
Conscious community
experiences,
common
quali-
are equally, perhaps more, important. Religion,
traditions,
scattered
of
common
in
and customs bound us together though throughout
experiences
qualities
the world.
tended
to
produce
The
similarity
similarity
of
Common
and community of sentiments.
suffering so intensified the feeling of brotherhood
as to overcome largely all the influences diversification.
making for
The segregation
of the Jews was and so long continued as peculiarities " and make them
so general, so complete, to intensify
our
*'
almost ineradicable.
We
recognize that with each child the aim of
education should be to develop his
own
individu-
not to make him an imitator, not to assimilate him to others. Shall we fail to recognize this truth when applied to whole peoples? And what people in the world has shown greater individuality than the Jews? Has any a upbler past? Does any
ality,
— ZIONISM possess
AND THE AMERICAN JEWS
common
ideas
Has any marked Of all the peoples States stand
better
worth expressing?
worthier of development?
in the
world those of two tiny to our
pre-eminent as contributors
present civilization
Jews gave
traits
101
to the
— the
world
Greeks and the Jews. its
The
three greatest religions,
reverence for law, and the highest conceptions of Never before has the value of our conmorality. tribution been so generally recognized.
Our
teach-
ing of brotherhood and righteousness has, under
become the twentieth century striving of America and of Western Europe. Our conception of law is embodied in the American Constitutions, which proclaim this to be a ** government of laws and not And for the triumph of our other great of men." the
name
of democracy and social justice,
War
teaching, the doctrine of Peace, this cruel
is
paving the way.
While every other people is striving for development by asserting its nationality, and a great War is making clear the value of small nations, shall we voluntarily yield to anti-Semitism, and instead of solving our ** problem," end it by ignoble suicide? Surely this is no time for Jev 3 to despair. Let us make clear to the world that we too are a nationality clamouring for equal rights, to life and to self-expression. That this should be our course has been recently expressed by high nonThus Seton-Watson, speaking Jewish authority. of the probable results of the '*
War,
said
:
There are good grounds for hoping that
it
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
102 [the
War]
will also give a
new and healthy impetus
to Jewish national policy, grant freer play to their
splendid qualities, and enable them to shake off the false
shame which has
led
men who ought
to
be proud of their Jewish race to assume so many alien disguises, and to accuse of anti-Semitism those who refuse to be deceived by mere appearances.
It is
high time that the Jews should realize
few things do more to foster anti-Semitic feeling than this very tendency to sail under false that
The and conceal their true identity. have Nationalists Zionists and the orthodox Jewish long ago won the respect and admiration of the
colours
No
world.
race has ever defied assimilation so
and the modern tendency of individual Jews to repudiate what is one of their chief glories suggests an almost comic stubbornly and so successfully
;
resolve to fight against the course of nature."
Standing upon this broad foundation of nationality, Zionism aims to give it full development. Let us bear clearly in mind what Zionism is, or rather what It is
it
not a
not.
is
movement
to
remove
all the
Jews of
In the
the world compulsorily to Palestine.
first
place there are fourteen million Jews, and Palestine
would not accommodate more than one-fifth of In the second place, it is not a that number. movement to compel any one to go to Palestine. It
is
essentially a
more, not
Jews
to
less,
movement
freedom
exercise
the
;
it
same
to
give to the
aims right
to
Jew
enable the
now
exercised
— ZIONISM AND THE AMERICAN JEWS
103
by practically every other people in the world
— to
at
live
their
fathers or in
members which
some other country
;
a right which
of small nations as well as of large
Irish,
may now
option either in ^the land of thein
Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian, or Belgian,
exercise as fully as
Germans or English.
Zi,onism seeks to establish in Palestine, for such
Jews as choose they
may
may
and for life
;
expect ultimately to constitute a
majority of the population, and to
there,
a legally secured home, where
together and lead a Jewish
live
where they
go and remain
to
their descendants,
what we should
call
Home home
seek to establish this
may
Rule. in
look forward
The
Zionists
Palestine because
they are convinced that the undying longing of
Jews for Palestine that
it
is
a fact of deepest significance
is
;
a manifestation in the struggle for exist-
ence by an ancient people which had established a people whose three thousand its right to live
—
years of civilization has produced a
faith,
culture,
and individuality which enable them to contribute largely in the future, as they had in the past, to and that it is not a the advance of civilization ;
right merely, but a duty of the Jewish nationality to
survive
and
develop..
only can Jewish
life
They
believe that there
be fully protected from the that there alone can the
forces of disintegration
;
and natural development and that by securing for those Jews who wish to settle in Palestine the opportunity to do so, not only those Jews but all other Jews will be Jewish ;
spirit
reach
its
full
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
104
and that the long perplexing Jewish Problem will at last find solution. They believe that to accomplish this it is not
benefited,
necessary that the Jewish population of Palestine
be large as compared with the whole number of for throughout centuries when Jews in the world ;
Jewish
the
influence
was
Persian, the Greek, and the
greatest
— during
the
Roman Empires — only
a relatively small part of the Jews lived in Palesand only a small part of the Jews returned tine ;
from Babylon when the Temple was
rebuilt.
Since the destruction of the Temple, nearly two thousand years ago, the longing for Palestine has been ever present with the Jew. It was the hope of a return to the land of his fathers that buoyed
up
Jew amidst
the
persecution,
and for the
realiza-
Until a which the devout ever prayed. this was a hope merely a wish The for. worked not for, but piously prayed
tion of
—
generation ago Zionist
movement
tially practical.
make come
the
is idealistic,
It
dream of a Jewish
true
as other
have been realized
but
'it
is
also essen-
seeks to realize that hope, to life in
great dreams
— by
a Jewish land of the
men working
world
with devo-
was thus that the dream of Italian independence and unity, after centuries of vain hope, came true through that the efforts of Mazzini, Garibaldi, and Cavour the dream of Greek, of Bulgarian, and of Serbian that the dream of independence became facts Home Rule in Ireland has just been realized.
tion,
intelligence,
and
self-sacrifice.
It
;
;
ZIONISM
AND THE AMERICAN JEWS
The rebirth a mere dream.
of the It is
105
Jewish nation is no longer in process of accomplishment
most practical way, and the story is a wonderA generation ago a few Jewish emigrants ful one. from Russia and from Roumania, instead of proceeding Westward to hospitable America, where in a
they might easily have secured material prosperity, turned Eastward for the purpose of settling in the
land of their fathers.
To
the worldly wise these efforts at colonization
appeared very foolish. obstacles in
superable
;
Nature and
man
presented
Palestine which appeared almost in-
and the colonists were,
equipped for their task, devotion and
save
self-sacrifice.
in
fact,
ill-
of
in
their
spirit
The
land^
harassed
by centuries of misrule, was treeless and apparently The sterile, and it was infested with malaria. as to either Government offered them no security, The colonists themselves were life or property. not only unfamiliar with the character of the country, but were ignorant of the farmer's life which they proposed to lead, for the Jews of Russia and
Roumania had been generally denied the opporFurthermore, tunity of owning or working land. these colonists
were not inured to the physical
hardships to which the
life
of a pioneer
is
neces-
sarily subjected. To these hardships and to malaria many succumbed. Those who survived were long
confronted
came. Fathers,
with
failure.
But
at
last
success
Within a generation these Jewish Pilgrim and those who followed them, have
— ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
106
AND VIEWS
succeeded in establishing these two fundamental propositions
:
First: That Palestine is fit for the modern Jew. Second: That the modern Jew is fit for Palestine.
Nearly fifty self-governing Jewish colonies attest remarkable achievement. This land, treeless a generation ago, supposed
to this
and
to
be
to
have been treeless and
sterile
hop^elessly arid, has sterile
been shown
only because of
It has been shown to be capable becoming again a land *' flowing with milk and honey." Oranges and grapes, olives and almonds, wheat and other cereals are now growing
man's misrule. of
there in profusion.
been attended and social development no less extraordinary a development in education, in health, and in social order, and in the character and Perhaps the most extrahabits of the population. This material development has
by a
spiritual
—
ordinary achievement of Jewish nationalism revival of the
is
the
Hebrew language, which has again
become a language of the common intercourse of men. The Hebrew tongue, called a dead language for nearly two thousand years, has, in the Jewish
and in Jerusalem, become again the living mother -tongue. The effect of this common language in unifying the Jews is, of course, great; for the Jews of Palestine came literally from all colonies
the lands of the earth, each speaking, except for the use of Yiddish,
the language of the country
ZIONISM AND THE AMERICAN JEWS
107
from which he came, and remaining, in the main, almost a stranger to the others. But the effect of the renaissance of the
Hebrew tongue
than that of unifying the Jews.
is
It
far greater
is
a potent
factor in reviving the essentially Jewish spirit.
Our Jewish foundation.
It
have
Fathers
Pilgrim
laid
the
remains for us to build the super-
structure.
Let no American imagine that Zionism is inMultiple loyalties are consistent with patriotism. objectionable only
man
is
a better
if
they
citizen
are
of the
inconsistent.
A
United States for
being also a loyal citizen of his State and of his city, for being loyal to his family and to his profession or trade, for being loyal to his college or his lodge.
Every
Irish -American
who
contributed
Rule was a better man and a better American for the sacrifice he made. Every American Jew who aids in advancing the Jewish settlement in Palestine, though he feels that towards advancing
Home
neither he nor his descendants will ever. live there, will likewise
be a better
for doing so.
man
land a better
—
American
Note what Seton -Watson says: *' America is full of nationalities which, while accepting with enthusiasm their new American citizenship, nevertheless look to some centre in the Old World as the source and inspiration of The most their national culture and traditions. typical instance is the feeling of the American Jew for Palestine which may well become a focus
ZIONISM: PROBLExMS
108 for
his
declasse
kinsmen
in
AND VIEWS other
parts
of the
world."
There is no inconsistency between loyalty to America and loyalty to Jewry. The Jewish spirit, the product of our religion and experiences, is essentially modem and essentially American. Not since the destruction of the Temple have the Jews in spirit and in ideals been so fully in harmony with the noblest aspirations of the country in which they lived.
America's fundamental law seeks to make real the brotherhood of man. That brotherhood became the five
Jewish fundamental law more than twentyhundred years ago. America's insistent
demand
in
justice.
That also has been the Jews' striving
for ages.
has
the
Their
century
twentieth
prepared the Jews in
sacrifice.
social
affliction as well as their religion
for
democracy.
effective
Persecution broadened their sympathies
them
for
is
it
trained
patient endurance, in self-control,
and in
It
made them
;
think as well as suffer.
deepened the passion for righteousness. Indeed, loyalty to America demands rather that each American Jew become a Zionist. For only through the ennobling effect of its strivings can we develop' the best that is in us and give to this country the full benefit of our great inheritance. It
The Jewish spirit, so long preserved, the character developed by so many centuries of sacrifice, should be preserved and developed further, so that in America as elsewhere the sons of the race may
ZIONISM
AND THE AMERICAN JEWS
in future live lives
and do deeds worthy of
109 their
ancestors.
But
we
have
an immediate and more the performance of which Zionism also
pressing duty in alone seems capable of affording effective aid. must protect America and ourselves from
which has
moralization, set in
to
We de-
some extent already The cause of this
among American Jews.
demoralization
from the
is
clear.
fact that
in
It
results, in large part,
our land of liberty
all
the
restraints by which the Jews were protected in their ghettos were removed and a new generation left without necessary moral and spiritual support.
not equally clear what the only possible remedy is? It is the laborious task of inculcating self-respect—a task which can be accomplished only
And
is
it
by restoring the ties of the Jew of his race, and by making him bilities
of a no, less
glorious
to the
noble past
realize the possi-
future. to
The
sole
develop in
bulwark against demoralization each new generation of Jews in America the sense That spirit can be developed of noblesse oblige. is
in those
who regard
their race as destined to live
That spirit can in some participating actively by best be developed way in furthering the ideals of the Jewish renaissance; and this can be done effectively only through furthering the Zionist movement.
and
to live with a bright future.
In the Jewish colonies of
Palestine there are
no Jewish criminals, because every one, old and young alike, is led to feel the glory of his race
110
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
and
his
obligation
carry
to
The new
Palestinian
criminals
great
AND VIEWS forward
its
ideals.
Jewry produces instead of like Aaron Aaronsohn, the discoverer of wild wheat; great pedagogues like David Yellin; craftsmen like Boris Schatz, scientists
the founder of the
Bezalel;
Shomerim,
intrepid
Jewish guards of peace, who watch
the
the
in
night against marauders and doers of violent deeds.
And
the
Zionist
movement has brought
like
Jews in the Diaspora, as Steed shown in this striking passage from ** The Habsburg Monarchy " — To minds like these Zionism came with the force of an evangel. To be a Jew and to be proud of it to glory in the power and pertinacity inspiration to the
has
:
*'
;
of the race, ings,
its
its
traditions,
resistance
world frankly
to
its
triumphs,
persecution;
in the face
and
to
its
its
suffer-
look the
enjoy the luxury
of moral and intellectual honesty; in
to
to
feel pride
belonging to the people that gave Christendom divinities,
monotheism, lization
as
that
w^hose
taught ideas
have
half
the
permeated
world civi-
never the ideas of a race before
it,
whose genius fashioned the whole mechanism of modern commerce, and whose artists, actors, singers, and writers have filled a larger place in the cultured universe than those of any other This, or something like this, was the people. train of thought fired in youthful Jewish minds by the Zionist spark. Its effect upon the Jewish students of Austrian universities was immediate
-
ZIONISM AND THE AMERICAN JEWS
111
and striking. Until then they had been despised and often ill-treated. They had wormed their way into appointments and into the free professions by dint of pliancy, mock humiHty, mental acute If struck or spat ness, and clandestine protection. upon by Aryan students, they rarely ventured But Zionism to return the blow or the insult. They formed associations, gave them courage. and learned athletic drill and fencing. Insult was requited with insult, and presently the best fencers *
*
of the fighting students
could
German corps found gash cheeks
quite
that Zionist
as
effectually
and that the Jews were in a fair become the best swordsmen of the univerTo-day the purple cap of the Zionist is as
as any Teuton,
way
to
sity.
respected as that of any academical association. " This moral influence of Zionism fined to university students.
able
among
who
also find in
taking
and,
the
It is
is
not con-
quite as notice-
mass of the younger Jews it
their
outside,
a reason to raise their heads, stand
upon the
past,
to
gaze
straightforwardly into the future."
Since the Jewish problem the
is
single
and universal,
Jews of every country should strive for its But the duty resting upon us of America
solution. is
especially
insistent.
We
number about
three
is more than one-fifth of all the world a number larger than that comprised within any other country, except the Russian Empire. We are representative of all the Jews for we are composed of immigrants in the world;
millions,
Jews
which
in the
—
112
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
or descendants of immigrants coming from every include persons from other country or district.
We
every section of society and of every shade of are ourselves free from religious belief.
We
civil
or
prosperous.
with a
disabilities,
political
Our
and are
fellow-Americans
relatively
are
infused
which insures ennoble, liberate, and
high and generous
spirit,
approval of our strug^gle to otherwise improve the condition of an important and their innate manliness part of the human race ;
particularly with our efforts America's detachment from the Old
makes them sympathize at self-help.
World problem
relieves
us
from suspicions and
embarrassments frequently attending the activities And a conof Jews of rival European countries. flict between American interests or ambitions and
Our loyalty to Jewish aims is not conceivable. America can never be questioned. Let us therefore lead—earnestly,
courageously,
and joyously— in the struggle for liberation. Let us all recognize that we Jews are a distinct nationality of which every Jew, whatever his country, his station, or shade of belief, is neces-
member.
sarily a
Let us
insist that the struggle
for liberty shall not cease until equality of opportunity is accorded to nationalities as to individuals.
Let us
insist also that full equality of
opportunity
cannot be obtained by Jews until we, like members
have the option of living elsewhere or of returning to the land of our of other
nationalities,
forefathers.
shall
ZIONISM AND THE AMERICAN JEWS The fulfilment demanded in the
of
aspirations
these
interest
of
113
clearly
is
mankind, as well as
They cannot fail of attainwe are united and true to ourselves. But
in justice to the Jews.
ment if we must be united, not only in spirit but in To this end we must organize. Organize, first
the
so that the world
place,
and the
extent
liberty.
Organize,
intensity in
the
may have of
action. in the
proof of
our desire
for
second place, so that
may become known and be made
our resources
But
our forces it will longs for the world The whole not be for war. We have but solution of the Jewish Problem. to lead the way, and we may be sure of ample available.
in
mobilizing
In order to lead from non-Jews. not arms but men ^men with those qualities for which Jews should be peculiarly men fitted by reason of their religion and life; of courage, of high intelligence, of faith and public spirit, of indomitable will and ready self-sacrifice; men who will both think and do, who will devote high abilities to shaping our course, and to overcoming the many obstacles Which must from time And we need other, many, many to time arise. other men officers commissioned and non-commissioned, and common soldiers in the cause of liberty, who will give of their effort and resources, as occasion may demand, in unfailing and ever-strengthening support of the measures which may be adopted. Organization, thorough and complete, can alone develop such leaders and the necessary support. co-operation the
way we
—
need,
—
8
114
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
Organize,
organize,
AND VIEWS
organize,
until
every
must stand up and be counted— counted with or prove himself,
Jew us,
wittingly or unwittingly, of the
few who are against
their
own
people.
IX
THE REVIVAL OF HEBREW BY
ELIEZER BEN YEHUDAH
Among
the
many
revival of the
miracles of Jewish history the
.Hebrew language
in
our day will
stand out for generations as the greatest and most wonderful.
about two thousand years since our It is After language ceased to be a spoken tongue. kingdom of the overthrow of the Judah by Nebuchadnezzar, when Nebuzaradan had exiled the rulers and leading men, the small and weak remnant of the poorer population which was left in
Jud^a could not
successfully
resist
the rival
language of Hebrew, Aramaic, which in those days was very widely spoken and was the language of government and commerce for the whole of This Aramaic language, so the Eastern world. closely akin and similar to Hebrew, began little by little to supersede it, first in Galilee, which is
near
settled
of the
to
an
Syria alien
Kingdom
and where the Assyrians had population after the overthrow
of Israel, but later also in Judaea.
That great nationalist Nehemiah, finding that the 115
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
116
children
of
mothers
foreign
Hebrew, attempted,
AND VIEWS
in
his
could
zeal
for
the
language, to avert the danger by which
suddenly threatened.
But alas
!
speak
not
the
was not shown by those who came
national it
was
same
zeal
after
him,
and, thanks to the indifference of the leading men,
Aramaic 'began
Hebrew
to oust
as the language
first among the masses, and then graduamong the rulers and learned men also, until last Hebrew as a spoken tongue was driven
of speech, ally
at
from
its
Yeshibah,
last refuge, the
and
Beth-H amidrash and the became a literary
thenceforth
language only. For about six hundred years Hebrew struggled for its life as a spoken language, but in vain. guardians treacherously neglected it, and Its
adopted the language of every country to which' they were exiled. Hebrew became for the people a sacred tongue, used for religious purposes
—for
and and also for the things of the mind for for poetry, for philosophy and science, Its use was confined formal letters, and so forth. Only occasionally, when Jews from to writing. different countries met together, they spoke Hebrew, not from choice but of necessity, because it was the only language that they had in common; and a few pious men, scrupulously observant of the law, stammered Hebrew phrases on Sabbaths and study
of
the
Torah,
for
prayers,
hymns,
lamentations;
—
festivals,
so as not to violate the sanctity of the
day with profane speech.
— THE REVIVAL OF HEBREW Such was the
fate of
Hebrew
for
117
two thousand
years.
;
But suddenly
The spark
—a
miracle
!
of hope for a national restoration
on
smothered beneath the sprang up and became a sacred flame in the hearts of thousands of our people; and at the same time there arose an ardent desire to revive Hebrew as the speech of ancestral
the
dust
the
of
land,
long
suddenly
exile,
Those who dreamed of a national
people.
saw the splendid vision of the Hebrew it was in the days of its early glory " that nation which gave the world " the Book that has become the sacred book of all humanity. In a short time we saw in the new Jewish settlement in Palestine a phenomenon hitherto unknown A language which in the history of any nation. none had spoken for many centuries came to life again and became a language of speech, of Ufe, for a large community of men, women, and children; a language of conversation for young men and women, for children at school, for boys and girls playing in the streets of Jerusalem and the cities a language of Judsea and the colonies of Galilee revival
nation as
;
of
of
business,
trade,
public speeches; street
and
vineyard,
the
in
the
of learned
discussions,
of
a living language, heard in the
market,
in
the
threshing-floor
field and the and the wine-
press.
After two thousand years there echoed once in
the
air
of
Palestine the
more
sweet sounds of the
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS ATsD VIEWS
118
lan^age
of
David and Solomon, of Isaiah and
Jeremiah, of the Shulamite and her lover on the mountains of Bether and in the vineyards of
En-Gedi.
And too,
with the nation's language the nation's soul,
began
One
to revive.
of the great Semitic scholars of our day,
Professor **
The **
Hommel, has
F.
Peoples": not an anomaly
Semitic
Is
it
racially
itself
peoples, but on
purer than
the
his
in
book
in national development Jews has, on the one hand,
that a nation like the
kept
written
—
all
other hand,
other civilized scattered
living
over the whole earth, has adopted the language of every country in which
by giving up with
lost
sides of
its
its
its
own
it
has
settled,
and
Semitic idiom, has inevitably
language
character?
its
soul
and the noblest
"
But the young Hebrew-speaking generation Palestine has in its
it
is
in
already given practical proof that
renewed the great soul of
ancient strength and splendour.
and generous
so,
soul,
ready
to
unhesitatingly for the nation.
Israel, It
is
with
a
all
warm
make any sacrifice To see this young
generation at the time of the struggle for Hebrew,
two years ago, was to realize for the first time the greatness and sublimity of the revival of a national Walking then in the streets of Jerusalem soul. amid the throng of this young generation, youths and girls and schoolchildren, hearing their voices and seeing their tears and the fire of enthusiasm
— THE REVIVAL OF HEBREW
119
one could imagine, as never before, what a Hebrew generation is and what our people may hope and expect from it. If not for the terrible War, there is no doubt in their eyes,
would have been
that in a few years this miracle
whole of the Jewish community in Palestine, great and small, men and women, would have become a Hebrew community, speaking only Hebrew; and the Hebrew language would once more have borne noble fruit, as in the days
completed:
Isaiah
of
the
and the other prophets, who are the
glory of our race.
But alas
War
universe
—and its
!
Suddenly
this
awful and accursed
has fallen on the civilized world; is
the
shaken, the edifice of
human
Hebrew
of
renaissance
the whole life totters
our people in
ancestral land feels the shock. Yet, in
common
with
all
the free nations which
are fighting for justice and political liberty, we,
hope that force will be overcome, that the vision which the great Hebrew prophet gave to the world in the Hebrew tongue wall be fulfilled the vision of peace among all the nations and that the miracle of the Hebrew revival will be too,
—
established and completed speedily in our days. Second year of the War^ Seventh month of my exile in
New
York.
X A HEBREW UNIVERSITY
IN
JERUSALEM
BY
Dr.
\
BRODETSKY,
S.
M.A., Ph.D.
No
nation's destinies have been so
fied
with moral and
much
identi-
intellectual ideals as those of
Each
great political or economic event
in the life of the
Jewish people has been the signal
the Jews.
for the
coming
to light of spiritual values, enrich-
ing the nation at the same time as adding to the ^
The mental and moral treasures of humanity. founding of the Hebrew race by Abraham's migration to
ment
Canaan was
of
the
the occasion of the establish-
religion
from Egypt, the
first
of
Unity.
The departure
act that symbolized
Jewish
national iadependence, was followed by the formu-
Judaism as a moral code, the ethical system to which civilized humanity is striving to The political disturbances in the kingdoms attain. lation of
and Judah, and the struggles of the Jewish nation to uphold its independence against the aggression of Assyria, gave birth to the prophetic ideal of the brotherhood of man and the
of
Israel
reign of universal peace. 120
The
return to Palestine
HEBKEW UNIVERSITY led to the literary
Ezra, and
IN
JERUSALEM
and administrative
121
activities of
of the Great Assembly.
the founding
struggle against Greek military and
The desperate
moral aggression culminated in the development Rabbinism of the Pharisees, ^^he fall of Jerusalem and the conquest of Judaea by the Romans was the occasion of the establishment of the great schools of rabbinical learning, and the conquest of Europe by the religion of One God. The present European War 'is apparently one in which Jewry, as suclv can and does play no part.
of the
Yet he
who
has.
learnt* to
interpret
aright
signs of the times will readily see that this
from being people
is
the case.
I
is
the far
do not mean that our
and being settled by is The Jews torpedo.
collectively concerned in the rights
wrongs of the quarrel that appeal to the shell and the
of each belligerent country share the convictions of righteousness that characterize both sides in this great struggle. The role of Jewry in the European crisis is the
one assigned
to us
from days of yore—
to bear the brunt of invasion and counter-invasion in a
manner unparalleled
in the annals of civilized
humanity, to suffer as no nation has ever had to Yet the sufferings of Jewry cannot be suffer.
meaningless and without omen for the future. For we are beginning to awake to the anomalousWe are beginning to realize ness of our position. the tragedy of our Dispersion, that has caused brother to
lift
his
has rent the House
hand against brother, and
that
of Israel into warring factions,
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
122
fighting
the
prospect
of
battles
Europe with so Httle by the outcome of the
of
benefiting
struggle.
Jewry must see, and assuredly does now see, we must make provision for the future if our race is not to suffer extinction. We must the ultimate unite, concentrate upon one object deliverance of our people, and its independence The of the good offices of charitable neighbours. founding of a Jewish spiritual and intellectual centre that
—
land of our fathers
in the
is
the ideal that, front
having been the dream of a small minority, has become the accepted future policy of every Jew anxious to ensure the survival of his people.
And
amidst
the
vast
projects
that
the
acceptance of the policy of a return to Palestine
must
entail,
there
is
one that stands out with
peculiar appropriateness,
as
of
a Hebrew University
commends
that
itself
in
to
die disThe founding
s ymbolizing
des tiny.
tinctive feature of J[cwi sh
Jerusalem
Jews,
is
a scheme
not only because
such an institution would provide the scientific and f
/technical knowledge that
is
required to assure the
Jewish colonization of Palestine, but m.ore particularly because it would visualize success
of
the
the constant and loyal adherence of Jewry to moral
and
intellectual values.
mean
A
Hebrew University would
the re-establishment of the Great Assembly,
the resuscitation of the schools of Palestine
Mesopotamia, the revival rabbinical
dynasties,
in
with
modern garb of whose destinies
and the
the
HEBREW UNIVERSITY
JERUSALEM
IN
history of the Jewish people
was
l25
identified for a
thousand years.
A
Hebrew University would
fulfil
many
duties
and perform many tasks that are already long The development of the Hebrew lanoverdue. guage,
its
adaptation to the sociological, scientific,
and technological requirements of the age, its expansion so as to serve Jewry in the expression of all its needs and aspirations, the adding to the old stock of words and phrases of new ones rendered essential by the conditions of modem life— all this has^ had the efTect of endangering the purity of the tongue and the spirit of its idiomatic
constructions.
The Hebrew University
would act as an Academy, exercising a general supervision over the work of expansion, and directof a modern living tongue become the language of prayer The and the object of archsological research. University of Jerusalem would perform The task of rendering Hebrew the really national mediuni
ing
the
evolution
out of what has
of intellectual exchange.
To
a
Hebrew University would be assigned
the
duty of encouraging and directing the study of our national literature, the investigation of the religious,
ethical,
and philosophical
riches
that are
still dormant in the rabbinical writings and traditions of two thousand years, thQ systematizing in a modern form of the huge code of legal doctrine
that forms the basis of our traditional ceremonial. The University would superintend the application
/
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
124
of the processes
and
results
of
modern medical,
scientific, and technical knowledge to the development of a healthy and lasting settlement of Jews on their hereditary soil. It would organize general It would equip our education in all its stages. youth with that knowledge and appreciation of
scientific
principles
modern
constitutes
that
the
strength
would devote its energies the evolution of a sane and equitable social
of the to
State.
It
system, so that the future Jewish
may the
Commonwealth
becotme a veritable model society, based upon recognition of the principle of equal oppor-
tunity
for
and upheld by the common and
all,
voluntary devotion of
citizens
all
to
the interests
of the State.
And there is yet one function, perhaps nobler than any so far enumerated, which would fall to the lot of the University of Jerusalem.
It
would
/participate in the general intellectual progress of the world.
The Jewish
cultural centre
would con-
centrate the efforts and achievements of the Jewish ,
^
genius, thus enabling to
it
to contribute its
due portion
human progress. Many people conUnit
the fallacy of confusing
of scientific
research with the trains
the
results
of thought
and
the attaining
the
logical processes
of these
results.
They
involved in assert that
be such a thing as Jewish science, knowledge is universal, and separatism in
there cannot for all
research at
all
is
impossible,
conceivable.
and would be harmful
This
is,
however,
if
a misin-
HEBREW UNIVERSITY
IN
JERUSALEM
125
terpretation of the true functions of scientific re-
The great investigator evolves an idea, a train of reasoning, a process of investigation which is purely personal, and bears upon it the search.
stamp of his original genius. The results work are impersonal and > general in their cation.
This
achievement
true^.
is
lies
in the ^
of his
appli-
But the essence of
his
spark of originality which
gave birth
to the
of results
there cannot be a Jewish science, just
consequent results.
In the sense
is no English or French or But viewed from the standpoint of methodolo|^, the science of a nation is its own
as in this sense there
German
sciend^.
peculiar possession, the reflex of
its
own
peculiar
genius, just as each individual investigator gives in the method he originates a reflex of the type of mind he possesses. The founding of a Hebrew University in Jerusalem would be a repetition of the process noted at The present sufferthe beginning of this article. ing'^ of Jewry would be signalized by the dmergence / of a beacon of light to Israel and to the nations The sufferings of Egypt led to the of the world.
the sufferpromulgation of the Jewish moral code ings of Judasa under Rome led to the development ;
Rabbinism and the spread of the monotheistic the sufferings of Poland and Galicia religions
of
;
will culminate in the
mind and genius.
/
in
the
emancipation of the Jewish
re-establishment of the Jewish
XI
THEODOR HERZL: REMINISCENCES BY
JOSEPH
Although
COWEN
had spoken to Herzl at the 1897 and 1898 Congresses, it was not until 1899 — the first I
time
really
that
when
hot
I
I
attended Congress as a delegate
got into
summer
touch with him. night
as one of the
as
if
members
it
statute
of organization,
—that
remember
were yesterday,
of the Organization
Committee appointed by Congress
new
I
I
to
draw up a
found myself one
of about half a dozen others in one of the noisy,
hot ante-rooms of the Basle Casino at ten o'clock at night
discussing
abstruse
new
points
in
of
several languages various organization.
There we
detail were worrying over every wretched when the door suddenly opened and in burst Herzl. ^* Gentlemen," said he, "I must have your proposals to submit to Congress at its opening session to-morrow morning, so kindly finish them tomoment's a without Automatically, night." thought, I remember throwing off my coat and little
in
shirt-sleeves
saying to 126
my
colleagues,
**
Come
THEODOR HERZL: REMINISCENCES
127
That motion was afterwards told won me Herzl's instantaneous regard, and along, you chaps,
—the it
throwing
my
is
the
let
us buckle to
of the coat
off
proudest thought that
Herzl
end.
it
himself cause.
that
became more and more
I
feet.
thinking,
all
I
know
Never have
retained
I
in others at
From
ceived his recognition.
at his
the
for
energy for
with him, and
I
spared
never
devotion to and work least sign of
death
it."
—
day
till
his
And
the
once reuntil his
closely associated
of Zionism I
it
in
was learned
kno^vn him free from
and thinking of the movement of which
In all sorts of he was the master and slave. places and conditions, at all times and under all aw^ake or asleep'— I remember on from Constanza to Constantinople when we shared the same cabin his calling to me in the middle of the night about some point con-
circumstances, the voyage
nected with our
on the in
the
visit to
the Porte
—at
the theatre,
river, hill-climbing in the Tyrol,
Champs
Elys^es,
always,
or driving
always,
get us nearer our goal? "
**
What
It was can we do to no unusual thing for him to have four or five or more schemes going at one time not all of us knew all of them so that if one avenue were closed another might be Opened, and no scheme was ever so impossible but that he would try it. Emperors, statesmen, thinkers— all were sought to be impressed into our service: Cecil Rhodes and Kaiser Wilhelm, Carnegie and the Pope, de Plehve and King Edward, Joseph Chamberlain and the
—
—
128
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
Grand Duke of Baden, the Bishop of Ripon and the King of Italy, Abdul Hamid and Lord Rothschild, the Poet Laureate and Jacob Schiff. Here is one scene in the visit on Which I accompanied Herzl to Constantinople. The Pera Palace Hotel, just after the luncheon hour, and we are sitting in the smoking -lounge, accompanied by one of those mysterious
half-diplomatist, half-courtier,
and wholly unknown persons with tinople at the period of to
abound.
which
I
am
whom
Constan-
writing seemed
Conversation turns upon the
life
of
Constantinople, and our polyglot visitor says, re"
You know, whenever three they say persons are found together here one of them is And my undiplomatic retort, sure to be a spy." ** A I wonder who is the spy among us three." smart kick under the table is Herzl's warning. That was not the only kick I earned from Herzl The next day or so we had been on this visit. A royal carriage had been bidden to the palace. sent for us, and off we drove, our every movement watched and noted by some of the innumerAt the entrance to the able spies of the Sultan. Yildiz the guard presented arms, and here was Herzl arriving as indeed a veritable ambassador. Inside the Yildiz, we were quickly driven to the house of the Master of Ceremonies, and from here, after some presentations were made, Herzl, accompanied by Ibrahim Bey and an interpreter, walked He had gone over to the Sultan's apartments. peating one of .Constantinople's jokes in
Constantinople that
:
THEODOR HERZL: REMINISCENCES to say that
it
tain certain
and
was not possible
for
suggestions that were
nothing
but
him
made
129
to enterto
him,
would content the I had time to look aroimd the grounds, where enormously tall Turks, carrying on their heads great dishes of all kinds of food wrapped around in white cloths, were the chief features of the landscape. It was a bit of the Arabian Nights walking about in the twentieth century in broad daylight. Some of the younger
During
Zionists.
with
Palestine
his
whom
absence
were equally certain I was trying to do some Arabian Nights* trick on them when I spoke of such everyday London sights as the then new Twopenny Tube, with its lifts and suchlike modern developments. -When Herzl returned lunch was immediately served. We sat on rather low cushions, somewhat higher than the Turkish guests, and Ibrahim broke off a piece of his bread and gave it to us. Then a great dish of rice the other ingredients remain an unknown quantity to me to this day—was set before us, and we were bidden to help ourselves. The strangeness and novelty of the thing made it difficult for me to see how I was to get anything to eat. But Ibrahim soon solved that. With' his hand a very clean hand ^he reached into the dish and deposited a goodly serving on my plate. A kick a warning kick from Herzl bade me eat at once and as if this were the ordinary it procedure at the luncheon -table. The same Herzl could not pass a shoeblack in officials
conversed
I
—
—
—
—
—
9
— 130
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
—
AND VIEWS
Constantinople, a schnorrer in Vienna, or a beggar in
Strand without giving him a coin and a
the
kind word.
mighty or insignificant, Jew or Gentile, old or young to every one he seemed instinctively to do the right thing and to show that he also understood and sympathized with them. His heart was as big as his head and that was the brainiest and best I have ever known. To thousands who have never known him he To those who had must appear as a legend. the happiness and honour of knowing him he seems when we compare him with others we know But he was, that we to be equally legendary. long as his influence is, as he nay, know remains, and that increases day by day Rich
or
poor,
—
—
—
;
He
was a man, take him
I shall not look
upon
for all in all,
his like again.
XII
THE UNITY OF ISRAEL BY
harry FRIEDENWALD
Dr.
Through Israel
be united
y Israel.''
The
cohesion of
the
and sometimes
know
Am
**
people as an
we have spoken of our Echad " and prayed that all
centuries
the
that this
in
fellowship
— " Chaherim
Kol
non- Jewish world regards the Jewish people as characteristic
criticizes is
a
it
as clannishness.
fiction.
Yet we
Everywhere there is among the Jews;
disunity and disruption manifest
and they are divided, not only into social groups, not only by the lines of cleavage between the wealthy and the poor, the employer and the employee, the givers of charity and the recipients of charity, not only by every variety of religious belief and unbelief, but even more by the countries of their ancestry, by the provinces and the This cities where they or their parents were born has no reference to the enmities resulting from the present War. What is the cause of these antipathies? Those founded on differences in social class are easily !
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
132
understood,
for
they
are
strug'gle for existence,
the
and
in
AND VIEWS outgrowth of the
human
such
affairs
struggles arouse bitter feeling and animosity.
But what are the causes of distrust and dislike between Jews hailing from different lands? Perhaps it is that they have acquired certain qualities and peculiarities of their neighbours; their mode of dress and of life is different, their views are different, their manners are different, their
languages are
of Babel, they
fail
different, and, as at the to
Tower
imderstand each other, to
appreciate each other's qualities and virtues.
Lack of understanding and lack of appreciaNurture this tion when mutual lead to distrust. into a tradition, and you have the group antipathies witnessed everywhere in greater or less degree. It
may be pertinently asked. Why should there What is there to lead to unity, granted
be unity? that tJiat
it
is
each
desirable, is
if
for
no better reason than
surely for his brother?
Is fellow-suffering alone sufficient as a binding
Perhaps, if all Jews were and unifying force? But suffering equally and in the same manner. all countries of The case. Jews this is not the do not suffer in the same manner, do not suffer equally; and when suffering is one-sided it may
arouse pity, but
it
closer.
it
may
call
does not unite.
We
It
alone does not bind
pity a stricken animal, but this does
make it our brother, The forcfi which draws
not
forth the healing balm,
*.
I
together
is
of a different
THE UNITY OF ISRAEL
133
factor it must possess to community of interest. The sense of dependence one upon another is not sufficiently Somerace ties alone have not the power. felt; thing higher, something more powerful is needed. It must be a force produced by a common interest and based upon a common interdependence. Such an interest must be high and lofty if it is to gain the adherence of varied classes whose interests quality.
The
bind firmly
essential
is
otherwise are conflicting'.
What
the Jews since their
common interest among Dispersion? Many will answer,
has furnished that .the
common
religious
But
belief.
was not
it
simply faith in certain theological doctrines
was
not
religious
articles
force,
of
the
faith
!
was
It
consciousness
God
of
It
deeply
a a
I
common
had done, and buoyed up by the promise and the hope
brotherhood, serving their
as their fathers
of their future restoration to their
own
land.
This
looked forward to a re-
It was universal. all Jews on the ancestral land, and this It was only when served as a bond of union. this hope flagged that the binding force grew weak and loosened. In modern times the upheaval produced by the French Revolution and by the Emancipa-
trust
union of
tion
of
Jewish
was
the life;
scorned.
Jews introduced new theories into and the hope of a restoration False
notions
of
patriotism
led
which had to renouncing those Jewish been fundamental; the fear of being misunderhopes
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
134 stood
and
temptations
the
Jacob
tion led
of
Emancipa-
the
The need
to reject his birthright.
and was found. If was repudiated, then the Dispersion was to be regarded as final, and if final, then desirable; so a virtue was made of for
a
was
substitute
felt
the hope for restoration
necessity, a blessing of a curse
The
Dispersion
had
been
1
upon
looked
for
centuries as a cruel exile, for the ending of which
we had prayed daily, unceasingly. The Dispersion was commemorated in annual solemn fast and The DisAll this was changed. lamentation. persion was the mission, the ultimate purpose of
God to disseminate the doctrine among the nations or, as it was at ;
into non-theological
and
of
monotheism
times translated
sociological terms, Israel
was to act as a leaven, as a body of suffering humanity protesting against injustice and wrong. All efforts were toward further emancipation; but emancipation from the very varying degrees of persecution and discrimination and prejudice could not in itself be an ideal, uniting all; and the theory of the suffering body acting as a leaven, while it might serve as an answer to a student examining the conditions objectively, could hardly be accepted by those, who were suffering, with satisfaction or with joyous immolation.
The
theological
for disseminating monotheism from the inherent weakness of that sort of faith which Mark Twain had discredited ^s It may "believing what you know isn't true." ideal of a mission
suffered
THE UNITY OF ISRAEL
135
have served eloquent preachers, but it has never and nowhere been accepted by Jews with fervent faith, nor has the non-Jewish world ever regarded it
seriously.
No Jew this idea,
preach
or group of Jews has been inspired by to
go out
non -Jewish world and
to the
accordance
in
with
this
mission;
even
where efforts have been made to send missionaries to ** orphan colonies " of Jews, like those in China, they were met by Jews with frigid unsympathy. For two generations we have been juggling with this mission, and Jewish sentiment, Jewish enthusiasm, Jewish unity and solidarity have been threatened with extinction. all the
Jewish
life
presented
evidence of an existence, without purpose,
without aim, without ideals.
Such were the conditions when Zionism arose. was a movement which was based on the recognition of Jewish nationality, and aimed by practical means and collective effort to bring about It
the restoration.
Its ideal
was, not a surrender of
our heritage of ages, but a determination to hold it
aloft.
Its
purpose
was
to
restore
Israel
to
Palestine and to restore Palestine to the Jews, to live its life under normal conwas imbued with the assurance that
enable Israel to ditions.
It
Israel possessed the inherent ability to live a Jewish
and develop on Jewish lines, and produce what would again be recognized by all the world as the creation of Jewish life and Jewish genius. The illusions of unpatriotism disappeared before life
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
136
AND VIEWS
vision, the false hopes based upon and opportunist theories of a Jewish mission of Dispersion collapsed, and before the eyes of Jew and Gentile there arose the vision of the national regeneration of a great and historic people on its ancestral soil. This was an ideal which was worthy of the service and the sacrifice of its best sons and daughters It filled them with enthusiasm and with hope. Its action was like the power in the magnet; it directed all the individual factors into one united effort. And like the hidden power in the magnet, so this force is concealed from
clearer
this
mistaken
!
who are incapable
those to
may
toil,
whom
those to their
The masses of the consumed in ceaseless, grind-
advantage.
materialistic
poor, whose lives are
ing
of looking' higher than
many
are
this is their solace, their hope,
and
appear unaffected,
recompense.
The
but
wealthy, whose comforts
have lured them away from the suffering of of their people and who find in material comfort a substitute for spiritual satisfaction, have for the most part been indifferent to the appeal of Zionism. The power of the magnet is not felt The newly rich, blinded in the intoxicaby gold life
!
unaccustomed enjoyments, are unaffected magic wand of Zionism. But the *' Intelligentsia," the element from among whom' the tion of
by
the
seekers of high ideals are found, those to
whom
Judaism means, not a burden and a curse but a proud heritage they were the men and women
—
THE UNITY OF ISRAEL in all
under
communities and its
standard.
in all lands
who
137 enlisted
purpose
With united
and
have shown a power which has thrilled the whole of Jewry and has aroused even the most
effort they
indifferent.
Reaction was bound still
to set in.
The
old theorists,
dazed by their dreams of emancipation, have
not yet awakened to the terror at the courageous
realities,
and look with
Jew who openly and
piroclaims his national aspirations
the re-establishment of the
Jews
loudly
and ambitions
in
in their ancient
And the Jew who places his Judaism in home. the background in order to emphasize his loyalty and patriotism is alarmed, for he sees that his But the Jew who knows fictions are in danger. no higher duty than to be true to himself, who knows that to deny his Jewish national hopes is a historic lie which carries with it the vision of death,
who
within himself the unity of all
feels
happy and proud to bring his the altar of Zionism and to serve in
Israel— that Jew sacrifices to
is
preparing for the future glory of his people. Thus Zionism has entered as a new force into
men and women and all countries by the power of a great ideal, and it is Zionism which will again bring forth the UNITY OF ISRAEL.
Jewish
life,
has brought together
of all classes
and
all stations
XIII
WOMEN'S WORK: THE JEWISH WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR CULTURAL
WORK
IN PALESTINE BY
ROMANA GOODMAN In the dim,
distant past,
when
the world
seemed
to Hve at peace, there had, in the course of a
few years, grown up an international Jewish women's organization for the improvement of the social and economic status of Jewish womanhood in Palestine, which gave rich promise for the future. It was at The Hague, in 1907, during one of those remarkable confluences of Jewish men and women of all lands which are always brought together by a Zionist Congress, that the idea of such an organization assumed definite shape, under the title of Verb and Jiidischer Frauen fiir Kulturarheit in Paldstina (The Jewish Women's League for Cultural
Work
in Palestine).
It is significant that it
that the
first
international
was under Zionist auspices
organization of Jewish
was brought
of an
into
being.
d'etre of the various
Jewish
character
Whereas the ralson
women
WORK
WOMEN'S
IN PALESTINE
139
women's societies is their local sphere of activity, the new body brought together all Jewish women as wide apart as Siberia and the Argentine—
—
•
for a
common
their
personal
From
task.
surroundings, Jewish
raised to a wider outlook
share
in
the
local interests affecting
on Jewish
sum-total of
women were life,
work'
the
and of
their
Jewish
the importance which attaches permanent national value such as
womanhood assumed to foundations of
have been laid in the new Jewish Palestine. As Jewish colonization, both urban and rural,
was an ever-growing demand for There was first of the amenities of civilization. all the wide field of hygiene, so urgent with a
increased, there
population
living
largely amidst
insanitary
sur-
There was the nursing of the roundings. where science could put many a housewife on her feet again and help the new generation to grow into a sturdy race of men and women. Here, particularly, the field of the League is sick',
and the example of the Moscow branch, which has been maintaining a ward for lying-in women at the hospital in Jaffa, might be followed It may by other branches of the organization. be assumed that far wider than the actual benefits which are received by the poor women who are illimitable,
thus taken charge of at such a critical time in their lives are the indirect results which must be-
come apparent League leaves It
as the wholesome influence of the its
trace
on
its
beneficiaries.
should be noted that such a work tends the
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
140
AND VIEWS
very roots of the race, and, whatever educational institutions
may be
Jewish bodies
established
who have
by
for the instruction of the children,
the mission of the there.
Here
League
fulfils
it
the
various
their schools in Palestine it
must remain mothers
to educate the
a function of real Culture
and of the utmost importance, for which no other organization has hitherto
And when
—whether was
the girls
made
had passed the school age
they had been at school or
in Palestine
else,
has
not— there
no organization which could give
direction to their usefulness.
where
provision.
it
of the dignity of
Here, more than any-
been necessary to create a sense
woman's labour.
The
Oriental
woman, whether she be Jewish or anything
else,
has not only the conception that the proper sphere
home, but that woman exists for only and has, so to speak, no right Late of existence in the absence of the home. to controvert might to us appear in the day as it this view, it must nevertheless not be forgotten that even in the West a quarter of a century ago it of
woman is the home
the
was regarded as a bold fin-de-slecle idea that no more " men must work and women must weep," but that woman, too, must take her place in the economic struggle for existence. And in the Jewish Palestine of to-day the exThere is the section tremes of civilization meet. belonging to the old Settlement, which is steeped in Orientalism and draws its scanty sustenance from the Chaluka, whose alms barely suffice to keep
WOMEN'S
WORK
IN PALESTINE
141
These people must be There again is the new Settlement, with its young and hopeful elements, For these work must be crying out for work'.
body and soul together.
educated to want work.
found.
The League, however, is not to be a mere nursing It is an organizasociety or employment agency. tion with an ideal, and for this we should not be the least grateful.
For these ideals are
the case with the misdirected ,energy of
not, as is
some
of
the schools in Palestine, that himible Jewish girls in that country should be able to speak.
French with
the accent of Parisiennes or English without any accent, but that there should be fostered a native
type with ideals native to the soil of the country.
When we speak of the Dutch or the Italian or the Russian woman we do not mean that modern cosmopolitan woman who is the same in Amsterdam, Rome, or Petrograd, but
that type which is dis-
tinctive of those countries,
which
is
full
of native
colour.
In Palestine, too, there is to grow up a native Jewish woman, and of a type which will do honour to our people as a whole.
To
aid in the developiment of such a type of
Jewish womanhood, of a kind we have hitherto had no opportunities to create because we have not been in possession of the historic background, is
the ideal of the League.
desires to see
the
soil,
In ^the
first
a Jewish womanhood
place,
it
attached to
both as the source of livelihood as well
142
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
This sense of national
as a national possession.
we can only
possession the Jewess
acquire in Palestine, where
would be chez
and the only type
elle,
of a Jewish peasantry that can take root in the soil is that
which
feels itself part of
of that particular part which
Mother Earth very own.
and The Jewish Women's League has established a farm cultivated by Jewish girls, and that farm, Chinnereth," on the Lake of Galilee, is training a succession of Jewish girls who will become is its
'*
the prototypes of the Jewish future.
It is
womanhood
of the
no very easy task to turn the town-
bred girl into a peasant, for lished order of things;
it is
against the estab-
but what must be con-
sidered impossible everywhere else has
its
exception
where young Jewish women, no less than young Jewish men, are throwing themselves into the national work with an ardour and selfsacrifice which can only be born of the pure love To foster that ideal should be the of an ideal.
in Palestine,
privilege of the League.
With
the desire to create
the Jewish lished a
women
home
industries
among
League estabhand-made lace.
in Palestine the
number of
schools for
Inspired by the efforts of the Bezalel School of Arts and Crafts in Jerusalem to create a specifically
Jewish
would
art,
hope that the same birth of
the Bezalel
it
artistic
be too sanguine to which saw the
fairy
was also present when the
lace industry of the League was brought into being? When we think' of the experience of centuries on
WOMEN'S
WORK which
during
centuries
IN PALESTINE carpet-weaving
Minor and Persia has given the
women
143
Asia
in
in those
we
countries such a traditional skill in their work,
ought
not
woman
in
note
the
that
products
the
to
the
present,
at
soon
too
Jewish
Palestine will be able to give her
particular but,
expect
to
of
already
results
own
her
hands,
give
hopes
for a bright future.
The Jewish League tine
is
for all
its
part
in Pales-
regeneration
the
That
romantic.
but
;
it
of
specially represents
worhen, as well as a special phase,
of
Palestine. It
of
the
phase
is
Jewish both
people
prosaic
in
and
concerns an effort to rear a healthy
race and to develop
mean
Work
membership embraces Jewish women
shades of opinion
the in
for Cultural
not a Zionist institution in the strict sense,
its
productive capacity.
No
object that, as everyone vdll acknowledge.
But everything that grows under the sun of the Jewish Renaissance in Palestine has its romantic aspect. We see there the striving for something that
will
express the
Jewish individuality.
stand at the cradle of a new type of Jewish
hood.
We
women and
find,
for
instance,
who work
We
woman-
that those Jewish
and workLeague endeavour rooms under the auspices of the to acquire a knowledge of Hebrew as their daily speech. They grow into the consciousness of those who not only work for themselves, for their daily bread, but who, somehow, work for a higher girls
in the fields
purpose at a turning-point of Jewish history.
They
Ui
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
AND VIEWS
and we may be making history each in our humble way without knowing it, but happy are those who rise to the
they live
live,
up
to
consciousness of the
and it.
still
moment
in
which
more blessed are they who
XIV
THE NEW PALESTINE BY
ALBERT
The
M.
HYAMSON,
F.R.HisT.S.
one sensation which overwhelms and, tempo-
any rate, absorbs all others in the visitor from the Diaspora when first he finds himself in the midst of one of the new Jewish settlements in rarily at
Palestine
among and ence
he
is
a Jewish land, living Elsewhere, in Europe
in
the Jewish people. America, it is also possible
in
in the
that
is
to find oneself
midst of a Jewish population, but the is
differ-
It is the difference between and a Jewish community. In be Jewish is to conform to the general
palpable.
the Jewish people
Palestine to
not
rule;
This
is
to
be Jewish
is
to
be an exception.
the case, not in the arithmetical sense, for
of the population of
Palestine only a seventh
is
as yet Jewish, but because the general atmosphere, the
general
country
—
is
— that
feeling, is
is
Jewish,
the
life
of
the
to say, the progress of the country
Jewish, the Jews settled there are alive with
the consciousness that they are the people of the land.
10
145
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
146
An
Eng'lish lady long
and deeply
AND VIEWS
resident in the countryi
interested in the welfare of
has been heard to complain
that,
independence
groups
of
the
Turkish Empire, there basis for patriotism.
love
for
racial is
It
in
was
people
its
owing
to
the
the
within
Palestine no possible for this reason that
England was a necessary part of the
curriculum of the Evelina de Rothschild School.
Not
that love for
England was, or was intended
any sense, but because the relationship between Turkey and the Palestinian being so entirely different from and incomparable to be, anti-Turkish in
with the love of the Briton, either at
home
or in
the Colonies, for Britain, nothing like patriotism, in
the
English sense, was possible.
There was an educational gap that had to be
none the less filled; and in order to inculcate in the children the meaning of patriotism so that, if the test came, they might be loyal to their own Government, they were taught to honour and love England. Love of England was, in fact, taught as a stepping-stone to loyalty to Turkey.
way
the
new Jewish
population in
alive with loyalty to Judaea, is
In the same Palestine
^s
a loyalty which also
quite compatible with loyalty to the GovernrnxCnt
England one can be a good Scotsman or a good Canadian and at the same time a good Briton.
of the
land,
just
as
In Palestine, in the
in
new Jewish
settlements, one
a Jewish land, where be a Jew and exceptional and
natural
feels oneself in
it
to
difficult
is
not
THE NEW PALESTINE to
as
live
attractions
The
one. of
the
ultimately anti- Jewish,
by
the
great,
non- Jewish, interests
in
147
overpowering
most
cases
of the Diaspora,
Jewry there must ultimately be dePalestine. counterpart in no There, there are no inducements, open or insidious, to separate oneself even in minutiae from The problems which loom so large one's people. the Diaspora and threaten so direfully the Jewish in In Palesfuture there, do not exist in Palestine. tine there are no Sabbath observance laws. Every one is free to conduct his business or to rest on the Sabbath; but even if a shopkeeper wished to open his shop on the Sabbath he would have no inducement to do so. He would find no customers, for the general feeling of the comIn Europe munity would be opposed to him. which
have
stroyed,
transgressions of the
to difficulty,
food. if
dietary
the
laws,
especially
in
instances, are to a very large extent due
first
real or alleged, in obtaining
In Palestine in
not more
difficult to
many
Kosher
is
equally
obtain Trefa food.
These
places
it
two instances. Sabbath observance and the dietary laws, have been quoted in particular, for in the Diaspora they necessarily occupy the greater part In a Jewish' of the field of Jewish observance. land, amid a Jewish people, they fall into their relatively proper positions, losing none of their authority as in
the
which
front in
Jewish ordinances but giving place rank to the practices and precepts
olden days
made
the Jews the teachers
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
148
of morality
and
civilization
to
AND VIEWS the world, a role
which the world once again needs
them
to resume.
Europe to-day, in Poland and in Galicia, just as a century ago in the Ghettoes of Germany, there is both a Jewish Ufe and a
may
It
be said that
in
This is true, but the differJewish atmosphere. ence between the two is the difference between the prison and freedom, between the walled-in alley
and the open its
children
;
The one is perpetually losing new recruits. is gaming
fields.
the other
drawing immigrants from t'he Pale, and none who come to it are less Jewish in any Even if the sense on account of the change. Pale of Settlement were self-contained and its inhabitants free from persecution, what possibility What could it have of influencing the world? would people, if the most amenable to teaching, sit at the feet of a section of a class in the town Palestine
is
tine,
A
Jewish people in Paleson the other hand, would be a perpetual
population of Poland?
object-lesson,
open
to
the world, of morality
all
and righteousness in government, of the practical application of the precept, " Love thy neighbour as thyself." of
the
The
relative positions of the Jewries
Pale of Settlement and of
exemplified
by
their
languages.
Palestine are
In
the
one
Yiddish, the language of the nightmare period of
Jewish history, holds sway
;
in the other,
Hebrew,
Jud^a's classic tongue, the language of the golden period of Jewish history. The foregoing may appear to be a dream, but it
THE NEW PALESTINE is
Dreams
not so.
tions, tine,
are based on
perhaps on hopes. hinted at above,
air,
149
on imagina-
The prospects
are,
of Pales-
however, elaborations
A
Jewish life in a Jewish land which will be an example to humanity is not entirely of The beginnings of it are already in the future. Within the very narrow limits of their existence.
from
facts.
the
activity
new
settlements
in
have
Palestine
brought prosperity to the country, a prosperity in which all of the inhabitants share, and have com-
menced
The roads
to turn a desert into a 'garden.
which the colonists have built are free to all, whether Jew or Gentile; the swamps which they have drained have safeguarded the lives and the health of Moslem and Christian as well as of which the Jewish courts justice the Jew; administer is sought and accepted by Arab
and Jew in
many
alike.
The Jewish
instances,
settler
learned for the
himself has, first
time the
He has found a country meaning of freedom. where for the first time in his life he is at liberty to breathe the air and enjoy the sunshine without restriction, to travel and live where he will, to stand upright, looking every
reason to fear none. of
both
physical
man
To him
and moral
in the face, with
Palestine
is
a land
regeneration.
In
Judaism, has a new meaning. There and there alone for the Jew can religion and life be identicar and the high moral Palestine also
and material
his
religion,
ideals
indicated
literature of the ancient Jews,
in
the
Bible,
be attained.
the
'
XV
.
ISRAEL A NATION BY
The '*
I
WILL
there
so spoke the
MORRIS JOSEPH
Rev.
make
Supreme
of thee a great nation
**—
Jacob when he was about Egypt which was to
to
to depart for that sojourn in
have such fateful consequences for the life-story of his descendants. Was the promise redeemed? Has Israel ever been a great nation? In a sense he has not. Compared with the power and the magnificence of Egypt, of Assyria, of Rome, twentieth-century
he
Britain,
was,
even
at
|of
the
period of his highest prosperity, puny and insignificant.
been
He
is
But,
fulfilled
;
another sense, the promise has
Israel
a great nation
of voices
may
nations," says
and
in
express
a recent writer, themselves
as
others.
*•'
communities.
life
attain
units,
*'*
Some
to unity,
much more
These are the great
They are nations with
with a higher kind of knit
though a whole chorus
shriek against the heresy.
emphatically than nations.
has been a great nation.
still,
a soul,
and so
than that of more loosely
Their 150
unity
usually
means
ISRAEL A NATION power, but
it
than power power, is
;
their
means something far more important and when it means to them onlyi very nationaHty
finely said.
not upon
is
threatened."
It
The greatness of a nation depends, nor upon the extent of its terri-
its size,
nor upon
tory,
151
its
martial prowess
—
may have
it
and glory in them, and by the very glorying them compromise its greatness but upon the quality of its soul, upon the vividness and the Let a strength and the loftiness of its ideals. noble spirit inform it, a 'sublime aim inspire it, these,
—
in
let
it
nourish a sense of election, of responsibility,
of a high mission assigned to by the Hand that shapes the world's destinies, and, though it be few in number, and boast not an inch of territory, it is a nation, and a great
the consciousness it
nation. If this
day
be true, then Israel
is
and so long as the Jew he may justly claim to belong
The
;
finest
ideals
and responsibility in importance
and
to
he has to
a nation even tois
true to himself
to a great nation.
the sense of election
;
the Highest he has.
Next
the belief in the Divine unity,
logically flowing out of
it,
there
is
the con-
viction that the Jewish people has been appointed to spread among men the Inost exalted concep-
and duty. This conviction defying 'the mighty is Israel's unifying bond forces which make for fusion and extinction, it keeps him apart a nation among the nations. And for what not a nation merely, but k great nation tions of religious faith
;
—
;
/
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
152
consciousness can be finer than
of consecra-
'tliat
What ideal can be more sublime than the tion? winning of the world for 'righteousness and God? If a great nation is a nation with' a soul, a nation that expresses
he
The very word
is.
mere ately
then Israel
emphatically,
itself
At any
assuredly a great nation. *'
Israel " proves
—a
two com!-
And
race animated by a spiritual ideal.
expresses
phrase
the
No
it.
community could appropriIt implies, not a race bear such a name.
sect or religious
only, not a spiritual ideal only, but the
bined
is
a nation
rate,
that
conditions
the
go
to
make I
a nation. Israel, This theory will meet with objections. character national be told, lost his shall
more
eighteen
than
Jerusalem
fell
hundred years
Ever since the Jews have taken
Romans. people
that
time,
it
will
whom I let me
quoted just now
when
be said,
from
nationality
their
have given them shelter.
who
the writer
ago,
rams of the
before the battering
But, is
.the
if
so,
altogether
was quoting from a leading article which appeared in The Times newspaper five years ago. A nation. The Times
wrong, and
confessed, instinct
is
say that
indefinable
;
I
but you can see
makes you recognize
it.
Well,
it.
Some
Israel
is
no see it mere sect. To deny Jewish nationality you must deny the existence recognized as a nation by those
one can possibly mistake of
t"he
It
Jew. be further
will
it
who
;
for a
objected that
to
speak
of
ISRAEL A NATION
153
Israel as a nation is absurd, inasmuch as it is impossible for a person to belong to two nation-
We English one and the same time. Our life Jews are Englishmen, it will be said. Our country. our of life the with bound up is
alities
at
^
hopes, and ideals are the interests,
and and hopes, and interests,
We
cannot
ideals
of
Englishmen
regard ourselves as
to the British nation
and
at
large.
belonging both
to the Israelitish
nation
There without being false to one or the other. the between times conflict at must needs be a two
sets of interests, the
may
contention
two
sets of duties.
perhaps have
some force
if
The we
understand Jewish nationahty in the sense in which though it is understood by the 'political Zionist, But, pronounce no opinion upon the matter. necessarily as we have seen, nationality does not A nation can postulate a political consciousness. I
though
exist even
all desire for
go down things.
ing
it.
it
The
I
am in
its
independence and
essentials of national spirit
drawn from more vital The leadour great EngHsh newspaper to
far deeper,
article
has lost are
not speaking at random.
have referred was suggested by a meeting of an influential society which 'aims at fostering among the Welsh an enthusiasm for their ancient
which
I
culture.
The keynote
of the
speeches delivered
at that meeting was the conception of the Welsh as a nation— as a nation, and nof as a mere section The speakers of the kingdom or the Empire.
enlarged on the glory and the duty of keeping
'^
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
154
alive the language,
ditions
and the
literature,
"
of the Principality.
am
I
and the traan immense
one of them, ** in these separate and he spoke approvingly of the romantic movement " which gives to those who take part in it "a deep and passionate interest in the past, and to which they owe their interest in believer,"
said nationalities " ;
folk-songs,
'"*
folk-lore,
in
in
old literature, in
the
Such a movement, he added, tends to make every inhabitant of this island ** remember his origin, the origin and history of the particular part of this island in which he lives, and yet feel in full consciousness that all this leads up to a greater and fuller national life." The mian who spoke these words was not a Welshman, nor was he an obscure person. He was Mr. Arthur James Balfour, once Prime Minister of this country. With the clearness of vision which marks the old laws."
the
true
statesman,
possibility
He
a double
of
vantage that
he could
not only
see,
nationality,
may redound from
it
'but
thei
the ad-
for tUe State.
could see that the preservation by the Welsh
of their separate identity, of their historic culture,
something which not only honours and ennobles who give themselves to the task', but enriches the larger nation of which they are a part.
is
those
^^
It
leads
up
to
a
greater
and
fuller
national
life."
The Welsh do not stand alone
in this
reverence
for their past, this passion for keeping alive their
old national
spirit.
They are joined by
the Irish
ISRAEL A NATION
155
and the Scotch. Are we Jews wrong if we follow Again I say that this matter is their example? We 'can sufficiently maintain not a political one. Qur national consciousness by preserving bur old
j
culture— by keeping alive the study of our ancient language and history, and the great ideals, intellectual, moral, spiritual, to which they give exIt is the Zion which Israel carries with pression. him in his own breast to which we must renew our allegiance again and again, but that allegiance will be poor if it has not a national consciousness to replenish it. ^.What is needed is a revival iof
Jewish
the
spirit— a
reverence
deeper
ancient heritage, a greater pride in the
our
for
name and
the past of Israel— above all an end to the illusion
such feelings are anything but honourable
that
among whom
to the Jew, or loyal to the nations
he
lives.
On
the contrary, to give ourselves
earnestly to Jewish culture, the
common
to
add
treasury of Englishmen,
its is
more
fruits
to
to enrich
England, to show ourselves capable of the very It is, as Mr. Balfour said, highest patriotism. to help
in creating a greater
and
fuller national
life.
The thought is an encouragement, but also Some time ago I attended a lecture a rebuke. The Poetry of the Old Testament," delivered on **
by one of the foremost scholars
in the
kingdom.
With extraordinary fervour the speaker, a Christian minister, declaimed some passages in Hebrew from our sacred Scriptures, which were followed with
156
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
rapt
attention
by
many hundreds
;
AND VIEWS
They numbered Jews among them could
hearers.
his
but the
have been counted on the fingers of both hands.
What is the do we leave
secret of this painful contrast? to others
great possessions?
Why
an enthusiasm for our own do we labour for every
Why
interest, strain after every prize, try to
savour every
joy but those which, in the truest sense, belong to
our
own domain?
Why
is
the fine soul which alone
makes the great nation slowly perishing within us for lack of sustenance? to
answer.
But unless
It
this
is
a hard question
spiritual
decline
is
arrested, Israel's nationality must perish and, with it,
Israel too.
XVI
THE JEWISH COLONIES IN PALESTINE BY
LANDMAN,
S.
It
M.A.
not very long ago that the
is
began
to
Land of Promise
be the Land of Fulfilment.
Until late
century the conditions under which our people lived were such as made it impossible for them either to forget their ancient the nineteenth
into
home
or to regain
Accordingly
it.
all
the recorded
attempts to establish Jewish colonies in Palestine were unsuccessful in that they lacked both a sound material
basis
and the
self-sacrificing'
spirit
re-
The eighties of last century
quired of pioneers.
saw both of these essentials come into existence. The pogroms of Russia produced the pioneers of the Bilu type—young, ardent, adventurous, passionately national Jews—and they prompted the noble philanthropist Baron Edmond de Rothschild to give lavishly of his
material basis.
The
wealth in order to provide the
coloniziag idea spread rapidly
through the Jewries of the world, and Chovevi Zion societies were established in every country to support the struggling colonists in their under157
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
158
was nothing
taking, which
was
full
less
ambitious than to
The early period and progress was slow, but
turn arid desert into fruitful of troubles
soil.
the speed with which the colonies
when
in quite recent years success
grew increased began to attend
Thus the present Jewish colonies are of very recent origin, and the wonderful Jewish
their efforts. all life
in Palestine
practically
is
unknown
There were
still
new phenomienon
to the outside world.
settlers in
a century before the
a quite
Palestine for nearly half
new Yishub
(settlement),
and
the majority of the Jewish population of Palestine still
belongs to the old settlement.
This consists
of aged men and women who had come, as
well
as
metaphorically
speaking,
to
literally
die
in
spend the last years of their life in prayers near the wailing wall and in holy preThey are paration for the world to come. supported by monies sent from abroad. The new
Jerusalem,
to
Yishub has less of this resignation: it consists of young and vigorous Jews and Jewesses who live
work hard, who till the soil of the land of Israel with gladness and reap its fruit with joy. The old outnumber the new settlers by eight
freely ,and
total
Jewish population of
about a hundred thousand;
but in the moulding
or nine
of
the
to
one
future
in
a
Palestine
the
younger element
is
The destined to play the more important part. old settlers live in the towns—Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed, and Tiberias chiefly— the In the turists in the colonies.
new
are agricul-
towns the chief
JEWISH COLONIES IN PALESTINE language of the Jews it
is
Hebrew.
In
is
the
in the colonies
Yiddish;
towns the Jewish
life
is
any large the colonies an interest-
almost identical with the ghetto
life
in town outside Palestine ing modern Jewish type of
is
;
159
life
in
being created.
The old settlement still lives on Chalukah (i.e. the new Yishub doles from Europe and America) ;
has begun to be self-supporting.
1900 the success of the Jewish Many mistakes were colonies was still in doubt. made by the colonists through inexperience, but perhaps the chief cause of the slow progress was about
Until
the error of the supporters in helping the colonists
too indiscriminately and so paralysing their initiative.
A new
regime commenced
in
1900,
when
Baron Edmond, following in the main the valuable constructive criticism of Achad Ha'am, transferred the administration of the colonies to the lea (the
Jewish Colonization Association). A sounder and adopted, better businesslike system was markets were obtained for the wine from the
more
vine-growing colonies, the single-crop system was abandoned, and where previously the colonists were at the mercy of a bad vintage they now could look for satisfactory returns in any season from their grain, orange, almond, olive, or other plan-
A
tations. basis,
took
company, formed on a co-operative over
the
management
cellars,
and the improvement
ditions
of
lasting.
the
of
the
in the material
wine-
con-
vine-growing was immediate and
The output increased from 650,000
to
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PEOBLEMS
160
1,100,000 gallons
1911-12,1 the whole of which
in
way of trade and not About two-thirds is sold in Egypt and the East and one-third in Europe and America. The change for the better is clearly seen from this one fact that in 1 9 1 1 the cooperative society was able to pay to the Baron over 400,000 francs as a first instalment towards was sold
ordinary
the
in
as before to the Baron.
the reduction of their debt to him.
The number settlements
is
Jewish
of
now
nearly
and smaller of which twenty
colonies fifty,
are In Judaea, in the south of Palestine
Samaria,
in
north,
in
centre;
the
The other The
Galilee.
in
other side of the Jordan. lation
was
in
;
and sixteen
seven in
the
three are on the rural Jewish popu-
19 14 about fifteen thousand, out of
a hundred thousand Jews in the country. The growth of Jewish immigration into Palestine
a
total of
was before the .War very
While the general
rapid.
population increased 40 per cent, in the last thirty years the Jews increased 280 per cent. the Jews
formed
In 1880
per cent, of the whole popula-
5
19 10 they formed
13J per cent, of the total of seven hundred thousand. tion of
Palestine,
in
The best-known
colonies
are
Petach Tikvah, and Rehoboth, Jacob, in Samaria;
The
Rishon le-Zion, Zichron
Judea;
and Rosh Pinah, in Galilee. them— Petach Tikvah may of all. Petach Tikvah was
history of one of
be taken as typical
in
—
For these figures and other valuable information the acknowledges his indebtedness to " Recent Jewish ProPhiladelphia 191 5. gress in Palestine," by Henrietta Szold. ^
writer
JEWISH COLONIES IN PALESTINE started by
After
161
some Jews from Jerusalem
many
struggles
against
hostile
in 1878. neighbours
and against malaria, the colony was in dire straits when in 1887 Baron Edmond came to its help. He acquired nearly half the lands and settled twenty-eight families on his property. In 1891 the cultivation of grain was replaced by vinegrowing, and employment was found for eighty new colonists. It was made obligatory on each plant
colonist
to
malaria,
and
made
eucalyptus-trees
prevent
to
sandy parts of the land were
the
orange-plantations, the necessary
into
irri-
gation being provided by the Baron's representatives.
The
Rothschild wealthier the
first
orange-grove was planted by the
administration settlers
in
followed
turning-point in the
1892,
suit.
fortunes
and
This
the
proved
of the colony.
The whole colony is now encircled by orangeand resembles a Garden City. The
plantations
colony covers
devoted
to
to the vine,
5,417 acres, of which 1,198 are orange-groves, 1,202 to almonds, 250
122 to
olives,
23 to other
fruits
(such
and peaches), and 41 to eucalyptusIn Arabic the " eucalyptus " is now known
as apricots trees.
In 191 1 Petach Tikvah "Jews' tree." yielded 122,156 boxes of 150 oranges each, as compared with 168,088 for all the Jewish planas
the
tations
of
Palestine.
The Jewish
produce one-third of the Palestine. is
in the
total
The management hands of two
now
of the business side
societies of
11
colonies
orange output of Jewish orange-
162
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS The
grove owners. in
some of
secured
have their own agents
societies
the principal parts of the world, have
shipping
and were
AND VIEWS
prosperous.
facilities
In
in
of
the
privileges,
War
very
Petach Tikvah, which had
191 2
then a population of
60,000 francs
and wharf
outbreak
the
until
2,670,
taxes,
paid the State over
besides
taxes
about
of
85,000 francs for the expenses of internal administration.
Experiments have 'been made in the colony
with ostrich-farming, rubber, bamboo, bananas, and cotton, all of
may
which
confidently be relied on
as future products of the colony.
One
of the chief difficulties in any
colonization
how
is
to
are never very wealthy
scheme of
enable the colonists
—to
—who
tide over the first eight
or ten years, until the land becomes productive
enough to support them. At first perpetual loans were granted either by the Baron's administrators or by tlie Odessa Committee (the executive body This was really a form of the Chovevi Zion). of charity, and succeeded only in pauperizing the colonists. The beginning of a proper credit system was made in 1903 by the Anglo- Palestine Company, Limited (a branch of the Jewish jColonial Trust,
Limited,
the
Zionist organization).
financial
In
instrument
of
the
1904 two co-operative
loan associations were founded in Petach Tikvah, which were very successful in fostering the spirit of self-help.
In
19 12 the number of such self-
help societies was forty-five, which granted to their
members loans ranging from 10
to
3,000 francs.
JEWISH COLONIES IN PALESTINE
163
The Jewish National Fund, Limited, which owns a considerable area of land, has similarly used part of its funds in granting credits for housebuilding and farming.
Another
difficulty
was the lack of a properly
trained farming population.
rapidly overcome, and the
This difficulty
number
have had a practical training Agricultural
training
is
schools
farms were established by
is
being
of colonists
who
increasing yearly.
and
experimental
Odessa Committee, and the Zionist organization. But one difficulty still remained. The Jewish immigtant learned very quickly to rise abbVe the level of an ordinary agricultural labourer, and preferred to become a gentleman farmer and emJ)loyer of Arab labour, which was cheaper and more easily obtainable than Jewish labour. For a time it seemed as thoug'h a Jewish labouring class would never come into being, and that the colonies would always have to depend on Arab labour with a corresponding weakness in the Jewishness of the The advent of poor Yemenite Jews, colonies. refugees from persecution in the Yemen, filled the Dwellings were built for these immigrants, gap. who were industrious and frugal, spoke both Arabic and Hebrew, and were able to fraternize with all classes. The Odessa Committee has also provided better equipped dwellings fgr European Jewish labourers. The labourer, whether Yemenite or European, is able to become the owner of his house on easy terms. Each house forms an attrac.
the
lea,
the
tive
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
164
homestead, with a large garden.
the largier colonies,
Being near
the children are within easy
distance of the schools.
The iproblem previously mentioned tide
of
how
to
over the period of unproductiveness has been
in a different way for immigrants possessed some capital. There are several companies which buy the land and prepare it for settlement by providing water, building a house, digging wells, freeiag the soil from stones, laying out and culti-
met
of
vating plantations
(oranges,
and keeping them diate
settlement
almonds, or olives),
ready for imme-
until they are
productive
as
of
pieces
land.
These companies are the Geulah, the Agudath Netaim, and the Palestine Land Development Company,
Limited.
The
last
named manages
properties of the National Fund. of these companies.
It
is
It is
the
the largest
particularly useful in
enabling individual would-be settlers or associations
of intending
settlers
to
buy land on easy
terms to be kept and prepared for seven to ten years until the individual or the to
come
to
holding.
member
is
ready
Palestine to take up possession of his
The
services
of
the
Palestine
Land
Development Company have been made use of very largely in recent years by such plantation societies These were comwhich are known as Achuzas. menced in the United States, and there are now twelve or
thirteen
consist of fifty Or
of
whom
such
societies.
more intending
The
societies
colonists,
each
subscribes about £300, payable in seven
JEWISH COLONIES IN PALESTINE This
to ten years.
i6
of
estate
sum
165
an and
so invested will secure
under
acres,
cultivation
14I planted with fruit-trees and ij reserved for house, For a house, furniture, implebarn, and garden.
ments, and live-stock another
One
required.
flourishing
£200
or
£300
is
has
Poriah,
colony,
already been established by this Achuza system; others will follow in course of time.
The growth to
difficult
up becoming increasingly
of Jewish immigration has sent
and
the price of land,
buy land
it
at
is
a reasonable price within
access of the principal towns or colonies.
on the other side of the Jordan well watered,
still
obtainable at a cheap price.
the Bedouins are unfriendly, to
equipped for
be
the land
land
—the
may
and expeditions have actual
possession
of
Turkish law being that lanoccupied
be
prepared to
taking
Only and But
land, fertile
is
by the first comer who is These expeditions are on it.
seized
settle
—the Go -operaFund—and will consist of well-trained agri^ culturists, some young and vigorous watchmen,
to be
equipped by a special fund
tive
officials,
—well
physicians, nurses, artisans,
supplied with implements,
and
camp
drugs, surgical appliances, and foodstuffs all the
paraphernalia of a small
army
—
so forth furniture,
—in
short,
of peaceful
Groups called Kebuzoth Kibbush are already doing such pioneer work on the hither side of the Jordan, and no department of Palestinian colonizing work is more fascinating and none more characteristic of th€ brave spirit occupation.
animating the new
settlers.
166
The
is
and remarkable
and naturally the Jews from
divers lands
special feature of all the Jewish colonies
settlements
how
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
easily
is
self-government.
It
common
of origin have sunk all differences in one
element,
which
is
resultant
the
their
of
Jewish
national feeling, their pride in their achievement, and their love of their country. All but the smallest settlements have a
Wa'ad
or Committee,
which rules the colony or settlement. The Wa'ad both makes the laws and regulations and enforces them (without any difficulty, be it mentioned). It
and assesses property and
registers
collects
thfe
It performs the functions of a Public Health taxes. Department, an Education Authority, a Public
Parks Committee, and
all
the
other
work of a
One official municipality in Europe or America. is conspicuously absent— the Jewish colonies have Instead they have night watchno policemen.
men
to
keep
off
marauding Bedouins.
The Jews
In themselves are an eminently peaceful people. in a i.e. settlement— new the of the whole history period of over thirty years—there has been only
one case of Jewish criminality. lay
their
difficulties
before
Arabs sometimes Jewish Wa'ad
the
because justice is more readily obtainable there There are no publicthan in the Turkish courts. houses in the colonies.
The
chief buildings are
Am
(a kind usually the synagogues and the Beth These assenibly-room). general and concert-hall of
form the centre of the communal life. The larger All have colonies have also hospitals and parks.
— JEWISH COLONIES IN PALESTINE Talmud Torahs and
schools,
ranging
167
from the
ordinary Elementary School in the smaller settle-
ments to excellent kindergartens and Higher Education classes in the larger colonies. The
Grammar
Schools
are
naturally
situate
the
in
and most successful Jerusalem gymnasium is
Jaffa has the largest
towns.
gymnasium, second site just
the
importance.
in
projected,
and
and
to
is
be
A Hebrew built
university
is
on a commanding
outside Jerusalem.
The Turkish Government
is
felt
only when the
time arrives to pay the imposts through the local
Otherwise the colonies are allowed the
official.
utmost freedom.
A
specimen of the expenditure
colony
in a small
Jewish
the following' for Kastinieh, which has a
is
population of 150 and owns 1,278 acres of land
:
Francs.
Pump and water supply ... ... Bath ... Teacher ...
...
...
...
4828.80
...
...
...
...
...
...
255.75 1440.00
Physician...
...
...
...
Butcher
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Tax
...
collector
Secretary
Dues
to
...
Union of Jewish Colonies
...
901.35
...
540.00
...
...
240.00
...
...
165.25
...
...
118.95 75.85 50-80
'
For drawing map of colony
...
...
...
Post
...
...
...
...
Night watch
...
...
...
...
Military tax
...
...
...
...
...
...
138.70
Expenses incident to conflict between two colonists ... ... ... Sundry expenses ...
420.25 1823.00
...
Entertainment of
Total
officials
...
...
...
,
...
1342.40 809.90
13,151.00
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
168
The The
of the expenditure on education to
ratio
the total
is
characteristic of all the Jewish colonies.
settlement
tiniest
education
AND VIEWS
—intellectual,
young and
makes
They have
old.
provision
and
physical,
their
The of
colonists
life
in a wealth of indigenous
The progressive Jewish
and so
have given expression
settlers
is
to
Hebrew
forth.
the
joy
songs.
introduced by the
spirit
—of
their
libraries,
athletic societies, their choral imions,
the
for
artistic
new
not confined to rural develop-
To the same eager and energetic spirit must be ascribed the rapid growth of Jaffa as a centre ment.
The population grew
of trade.
rapidly after the-
completion of the Jaffa-Jerusalem railway in 1892. From twenty-three thousand in that year it has
grown
to
over sixty thousand.
But the growth of
population has not meant for the Jews more con-
On
more slums.
gestion and
the contrary, they
have, aided by the Jewish National Fund, created
a garden suburb
—Tel
quarter of Jaffa and
—which
Aviv the
seat
of
the residential
is
many
splendid
public buildings.
Tel Aviv
from on Saturday.
off
and is entirely cut from sunset on Friday till sunset
entirely Jewish,
is
traffic
The striking success of Tel Aviv, and especially the contrast between its clean and modern appearance and the dinginess and filth of old
Jaffa,
has led to the building of similar
garden suburbs in other parts of Jaffa and at These are Nahalat Benjamin, Shaarazim, Haifa. and Herzlia, and H,ebrah Hadashah, near Jaffa ^
JEWISH COLONIES IN PALESTINE
Later, similar suburbs will be founded
near Haifa. in
the
169
of the other
vicinity
towns,
and modern
hygienic buildings will take the place of the ancient dirty hovels.
Thus
in
town as
in
of the Jewish settlers
country the driving force manifest, and the
is
Arab
population realizes to what extent the country
indebted to the Jews for centuries -long
slumber.
its
recent rise from
The
relations
is
its
the
with
Turkish Government have been eminently satisfactory, so long as there was no interference with If similar the local administration by the Jews. will colonies the War, the after prevail conditions continue to progress on the same healthy lines,
and tine
in
it
^vill
Jewry
not require
many
years before Pales*
begins to exercise a
reviving
marked
influence
and invigorating the effete Jewries Every nationally conscious Jew
of other lands.
watches almost with bated breath the struggle for Jewish settlement in Palestine life of the tiny during
this
supreme
crisis.
For
in
point
numbers the Jewish colonization of Palestine only a tiny experiment.
Ten thousand
of is
inhabitants
!
Why, twice that number have been killed in many But the importance of the a week of the War !
Jewish
colonies
numbers but
We
of
in their
Palestine
hes,
deep meaning
not
in
their
for the Jewish
were beginning to doubt our vitality question our ralsbn d'etre. We (have to and as Jews been wanderers so long that we must, so some thought, have lost the art of living at home, much
people.
170
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
AND VIEWS
a soldier loses the desire to sleep on a soft Then came the bed, but prefers the hard earth. as
brave
pioneers,
and showed us
language that could hold
we had
still
its
that
own
we had a
with any, that
the capacity for peaceful self-govern-
ment, that we were not estranged from Mother Earth—in a word, that our sun had by no means Nay, better, they proved to all who had set.
and intelligence to understand that The Jewish soon would come a brilliant dawn.
eyes to
see
colonies in Palestine are the heralds of this brilliant
dawn
for the Jewish people.
XVII
ZIONISM AND LIBERAL JUDAISM BY
The
There
art.
in
in
religion,
On
human
in
politics,
stern resistance
new world
literature, is
the
and
in
settled dis-
is
of ajl change
;
and, on
the throbbing impulse to
in the
ideals with facts, or to
We may
in
maintain the old order or the status
the other hand, there
create a
nature which
varied relations and aspects of in
the one hand, there
position to \quo,
LEVY, M.A.
S.
are two tendencies in
can be traced life,
Rev.
endeavour to harmonize
make
facts reflect ideals.
describe these two attitudes of mind by terms, Conservatism and Liberalism.
the general
and life are both inevitable consequences of the complex character of the human soul, and are necessary conditions of Rigid existence and intelligence and activity. Conservatism would result in inanition, sterility, and death. Unchecked Liberalism would lead to The free revolution, disaster, and destru
X
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284
ZIONISM: PROBLEMS
AND VIEWS
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—
AND VIEWS
ZIONISM: PEOBLEMS
286
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