1898 - 1911 PAT Cases

SAFIC ALCAN & CIE, petitioner, vs. IMPERIAL VEGETABLE OIL CO., INC., respondent. DECISION Petitioner Safic Alcan & Cie (hereinafter, Safic) is a French corporation engaged in the international purchase, sale and trading of coconut oil. It filed with the Regional Trial Court of Manila, Branch XXV, a complaint dated February 26, 1987 against private respondent Imperial Vegetable Oil Co., Inc. (hereinafter, IVO), docketed as Civil Case No. 87-39597. Petitioner Safic alleged that on July 1, 1986 and September 25, 1986, it placed purchase orders with IVO for 2,000 long tons of crude coconut oil, valued at US$222.50 per ton, covered by Purchase Contract Nos. A601446 and A601655, respectively, to be delivered within the month of January 1987. Private respondent, however, failed to deliver the said coconut oil and, instead, offered a wash out settlement, whereby the coconut oil subject of the purchase contracts were to be sold back to IVO at the prevailing price in the international market at the time of wash out. Thus, IVO bound itself to pay to Safic the difference between the said prevailing price and the contract price of the 2,000 long tons of crude coconut oil, which amounted to US$293,500.00. IVO failed to pay this amount despite repeated oral and written demands. Under its second cause of action, Safic alleged that on eight occasions between April 24, 1986 and October 31, 1986, it placed purchase orders with IVO for a total of 4,750 tons of crude coconut oil, covered by Purchase Contract Nos. A601297A/B, A601384, A601385, A601391, A601415, A601681, A601683 and A601770A/B/C/. When IVO failed to honor its obligation under the wash out settlement narrated above, Safic demanded that IVO make marginal deposits within forty-eight hours on the eight purchase contracts in amounts equivalent to the difference between the contract price and the market price of the coconut oil, to compensate it for the damages it suffered when it was forced to acquire coconut oil at a higher price. IVO failed to make the prescribed marginal deposits on the eight contracts, in the aggregate amount of US$391,593.62, despite written demand therefor. The demand for marginal deposits was based on the customs of the trade, as governed by the provisions of the standard N.I.O.P. Contract and the FOSFA Contract, to wit: N.I.O.P. Contract, Rule 54 If the financial condition of either party to a contract subject to these rules becomes so impaired as to create a reasonable doubt as to the ability of such party to perform its obligations under the contract, the other party may from time to time demand marginal deposits to be made within forty-eight (48) hours after receipt of such demand, such deposits not to exceed the difference between the contract price and the market price of the goods covered by the contract on the day upon which such demand is made, such deposit to bear interest at the prime rate plus one percent (1%) per annum. Failure to make such deposit within the time specified shall constitute a breach of contract by the party upon whom demand for deposit is made, and all losses and expenses resulting from such breach shall be for the account of the party upon whom such demand is made. FOSFA Contract, Rule 54 BANKRUPTCY/INSOLVENCY: If before the fulfillment of this contract either party shall suspend payment, commit an act of bankruptcy, notify any of his creditors that he is unable to meet his debts or that he has suspended payment or that he is about to suspend payment of his debts, convene, call or hold a meeting either of his creditors or to pass a resolution to go into liquidation (except for a voluntary winding up of a solvent company for the purpose of reconstruction or amalgamation) or shall apply for an official moratorium, have a petition presented for winding up or shall have a Receiver appointed, the contract shall forthwith be closed, either at the market price then current for similar goods or, at the option of the other party at a price to be ascertained by repurchase or resale and the difference between the contract price and such closing-out price shall be the amount which the other party shall be entitled to claim shall be liable to account for under this contract (sic). Should either party be dissatisfied with the price, the matter shall be referred to arbitration. Where no such resale or repurchase takes place, the closing-out price shall be fixed by a Price Settlement Committee appointed by the Federation. Hence, Safic prayed that IVO be ordered to pay the sums of US$293,500.00 and US$391,593.62, plus attorneys fees and litigation expenses. The complaint also included an application for a writ of preliminary attachment against the properties of IVO. Upon Safics posting of the requisite bond, the trial court issued a writ of preliminary attachment. Subsequently, the trial court ordered that the assets of IVO be placed under receivership, in order to ensure the preservation of the same. In its answer, IVO raised the following special affirmative defenses: Safic had no legal capacity to sue because it was doing business in the Philippines without the requisite license or authority; the subject contracts were speculative contracts entered into by IVOs then President, Dominador Monteverde, in contravention of the prohibition by the Board of Directors against engaging in speculative paper trading, and despite IVOs lack of the necessary license from Central Bank to engage in such kind of trading activity; and that under Article 2018 of the Civil Code, if a contract which purports to be for the delivery of goods, securities or shares of stock is entered into with the intention that the difference between the price stipulated and the exchange or market price at the time of the pretended delivery shall be paid by the loser to the winner, the transaction is null and void. 1

IVO set up counterclaims anchored on harassment, paralyzation of business, financial losses, rumor-mongering and oppressive action. Later, IVO filed a supplemental counterclaim alleging that it was unable to operate its business normally because of the arrest of most of its physical assets; that its suppliers were driven away; and that its major creditors have inundated it with claims for immediate payment of its debts, and China Banking Corporation had foreclosed its chattel and real estate mortgages. During the trial, the lower court found that in 1985, prior to the date of the contracts sued upon, the parties had entered into and consummated a number of contracts for the sale of crude coconut oil. In those transactions, Safic placed several orders and IVO faithfully filled up those orders by shipping out the required crude coconut oil to Safic, totalling 3,500 metric tons. Anent the 1986 contracts being sued upon, the trial court refused to declare the same as gambling transactions, as defined in Article 2018 of the Civil Code, although they involved some degree of speculation. After all, the court noted, every business enterprise carries with it a certain measure of speculation or risk. However, the contracts performed in 1985, on one hand, and the 1986 contracts subject of this case, on the other hand, differed in that under the 1985 contracts, deliveries were to be made within two months. This, as alleged by Safic, was the time needed for milling and building up oil inventory. Meanwhile, the 1986 contracts stipulated that the coconut oil were to be delivered within period ranging from eight months to eleven to twelve months after the placing of orders. The coconuts that were supposed to be milled were in all likelihood not yet growing when Dominador Monteverde sold the crude coconut oil. As such, the 1986 contracts constituted trading in futures or in mere expectations. The lower court further held that the subject contracts were ultra vires and were entered into by Dominador Monteverde without authority from the Board of Directors. It distinguished between the 1985 contracts, where Safic likewise dealt with Dominador Monteverde, who was presumably authorized to bind IVO, and the 1986 contracts, which were highly speculative in character. Moreover, the 1985 contracts were covered by letters of credit, while the 1986 contracts were payable by telegraphic transfers, which were nothing more than mere promises to pay once the shipments became ready. For these reasons, the lower court held that Safic cannot invoke the 1985 contracts as an implied corporate sanction for the high-risk 1986 contracts, which were evidently entered into by Monteverde for his personal benefit. The trial court ruled that Safic failed to substantiate its claim for actual damages. Likewise, it rejected IVOs counterclaim and supplemental counterclaim. Thus, on August 28, 1992, the trial court rendered judgment as follows: WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered dismissing the complaint of plaintiff Safic Alcan & Cie, without prejudice to any action it might subsequently institute against Dominador Monteverde, the former President of Imperial Vegetable Oil Co., Inc., arising from the subject matter of this case. The counterclaim and supplemental counterclaim of the latter defendant are likewise hereby dismissed for lack of merit. No pronouncement as to costs. The writ of preliminary attachment issued in this case as well as the order placing Imperial Vegetable Oil Co., Inc. under receivership are hereby dissolved and set aside.[3] Both IVO and Safic appealed to the Court of Appeals, jointly docketed as CA-G.R. CV No. 40820. IVO raised only one assignment of error, viz: THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN HOLDING THAT THE ISSUANCE OF THE WRIT OF PRELIMINARY ATTACHMENT WAS NOT THE MAIN CAUSE OF THE DAMAGES SUFFERED BY DEFENDANT AND IN NOT AWARDING DEFENDANT-APPELLANT SUCH DAMAGES. For its part, Safic argued that: THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN HOLDING THAT IVOS PRESIDENT, DOMINADOR MONTEVERDE, ENTERED INTO CONTRACTS WHICH WERE ULTRA VIRES AND WHICH DID NOT BIND OR MAKE IVO LIABLE. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN HOLDING THAT SAFIC WAS UNABLE TO PROVE THE DAMAGES SUFFERED BY IT AND IN NOT AWARDING SUCH DAMAGES. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT HOLDING THAT IVO IS LIABLE UNDER THE WASH OUT CONTRACTS. On September 12, 1996, the Court of Appeals rendered the assailed Decision dismissing the appeals and affirming the judgment appealed from in toto.[4] Hence, Safic filed the instant petition for review with this Court, substantially reiterating the errors it raised before the Court of Appeals and maintaining that the Court of Appeals grievously erred when: 2

a. it declared that the 1986 forward contracts (i.e., Contracts Nos. A601446 and A60155 (sic) involving 2,000 long tons of crude coconut oil, and Contracts Nos. A601297A/B, A601385, A601391, A601415, A601681. A601683 and A601770A/B/C involving 4,500 tons of crude coconut oil) were unauthorized acts of Dominador Monteverde which do not bind IVO in whose name they were entered into. In this connection, the Court of Appeals erred when (i) it ignored its own finding that (a) Dominador Monteverde, as IVOs President, had an implied authority to make any contract necessary or appropriate to the contract of the ordinary business of the company; and (b) Dominador Monteverde had validly entered into similar forward contracts for and on behalf of IVO in 1985; (ii) it distinguished between the 1986 forward contracts despite the fact that the Manila RTC has struck down IVOs objection to the 1986 forward contracts (i.e. that they were highly speculative paper trading which the IVO Board of Directors had prohibited Dominador Monteverde from engaging in because it is a form of gambling where the parties do not intend actual delivery of the coconut oil sold) and instead found that the 1986 forward contracts were not gambling; (iii) it relied on the testimony of Mr. Rodrigo Monteverde in concluding that the IVO Board of Directors did not authorize its President, Dominador Monteverde, to enter into the 1986 forward contracts; and (iv) it did not find IVO, in any case, estopped from denying responsibility for, and liability under, the 1986 forward contracts because IVO had recognized itself bound to similar forward contracts which Dominador Monteverde entered into (for and on behalf of IVO) with Safic in 1985 notwithstanding that Dominador Monteverde was (like in the 1986 forward contracts) not expressly authorized by the IVO Board of Directors to enter into such forward contracts; b. it declared that Safic was not able to prove damages suffered by it, despite the fact that Safic had presented not only testimonial, but also documentary, evidence which proved the higher amount it had to pay for crude coconut oil (vis--vis the contract price it was to pay to IVO) when IVO refused to deliver the crude coconut oil bought by Safic under the 1986 forward contracts; and c. it failed to resolve the issue of whether or not IVO is liable to Safic under the wash out contracts involving Contracts Nos. A601446 and A60155 (sic), despite the fact that Safic had properly raised the issue on its appeal, and the evidence and the law support Safics position that IVO is so liable to Safic. In fine, Safic insists that the appellate court grievously erred when it did not declare that IVOs President, Dominador Monteverde, validly entered into the 1986 contracts for and on behalf of IVO. We disagree. Article III, Section 3 [g] of the By-Laws[5] of IVO provides, among others, that Section 3. Powers and Duties of the President. The President shall be elected by the Board of Directors from their own number. He shall have the following duties: [g] Have direct and active management of the business and operation of the corporation, conducting the same according to the orders, resolutions and instruction of the Board of Directors and according to his own discretion whenever and wherever the same is not expressly limited by such orders, resolutions and instructions. It can be clearly seen from the foregoing provision of IVOs By-laws that Monteverde had no blanket authority to bind IVO to any contract. He must act according to the instructions of the Board of Directors. Even in instances when he was authorized to act according to his discretion, that discretion must not conflict with prior Board orders, resolutions and instructions. The evidence shows that the IVO Board knew nothing of the 1986 contracts[6] and that it did not authorize Monteverde to enter into speculative contracts.[7] In fact, Monteverde had earlier proposed that the company engage in such transactions but the IVO Board rejected his proposal.[8] Since the 1986 contracts marked a sharp departure from past IVO transactions, Safic should have obtained from Monteverde the prior authorization of the IVO Board. Safic can not rely on the doctrine of implied agency because before the controversial 1986 contracts, IVO did not enter into identical contracts with Safic. The basis for agency is representation and a person dealing with an agent is put upon inquiry and must discover upon his peril the authority of the agent.[9] In the case of Bacaltos Coal Mines v. Court of Appeals,[10] we elucidated the rule on dealing with an agent thus: Every person dealing with an agent is put upon inquiry and must discover upon his peril the authority of the agent. If he does not make such inquiry, he is chargeable with knowledge of the agents authority, and his ignorance of that authority will not be any excuse. Persons dealing with an assumed agent, whether the assumed agency be a general or special one, are bound at their peril, if they would hold the principal, to ascertain not only the fact of the agency but also the nature and extent of the authority, and in case either is controverted, the burden of proof is upon them to establish it. The most prudent thing petitioner should have done was to ascertain the extent of the authority of Dominador Monteverde. Being remiss in this regard, petitioner can not seek relief on the basis of a supposed agency.

3

Under Article 1898[12] of the Civil Code, the acts of an agent beyond the scope of his authority do not bind the principal unless the latter ratifies the same expressly or impliedly. It also bears emphasizing that when the third person knows that the agent was acting beyond his power or authority, the principal can not be held liable for the acts of the agent. If the said third person is aware of such limits of authority, he is to blame, and is not entitled to recover damages from the agent, unless the latter undertook to secure the principals ratification.[13] There was no such ratification in this case. When Monteverde entered into the speculative contracts with Safic, he did not secure the Boards approval.[14] He also did not submit the contracts to the Board after their consummation so there was, in fact, no occasion at all for ratification. The contracts were not reported in IVOs export sales book and turn-out book.[15] Neither were they reflected in other books and records of the corporation.[16] It must be pointed out that the Board of Directors, not Monteverde, exercises corporate power.[17] Clearly, Monteverdes speculative contracts with Safic never bound IVO and Safic can not therefore enforce those contracts against IVO. To bolster its cause, Safic raises the novel point that the IVO Board of Directors did not set limitations on the extent of Monteverdes authority to sell coconut oil. It must be borne in mind in this regard that a question that was never raised in the courts below can not be allowed to be raised for the first time on appeal without offending basic rules of fair play, justice and due process.[18] Such an issue was not brought to the fore either in the trial court or the appellate court, and would have been disregarded by the latter tribunal for the reasons previously stated. With more reason, the same does not deserve consideration by this Court. Be that as it may, Safics belated contention that the IVO Board of Directors did not set limitations on Monteverdes authority to sell coconut oil is belied by what appears on the record. Rodrigo Monteverde, who succeeded Dominador Monteverde as IVO President, testified that the IVO Board had set down the policy of engaging in purely physical trading thus: Petitioner next argues that there was actually no difference between the 1985 physical contracts and the 1986 futures contracts. The contention is unpersuasive for, as aptly pointed out by the trial court and sustained by the appellate court Rejecting IVOs position, SAFIC claims that there is no distinction between the 1985 and 1986 contracts, both of which groups of contracts were signed or authorized by IVOs President, Dominador Monteverde. The 1986 contracts, SAFIC would bewail, were similarly with their 1985 predecessors, forward sales contracts in which IVO had undertaken to deliver the crude coconut oil months after such contracts were entered into. The lead time between the closing of the deal and the delivery of the oil supposedly allowed the seller to accumulate enough copra to mill and to build up its inventory and so meet its delivery commitment to its foreign buyers. SAFIC concludes that the 1986 contracts were equally binding, as the 1985 contracts were, on IVO. Subjecting the evidence on both sides to close scrutiny, the Court has found some remarkable distinctions between the 1985 and 1986 contracts. 1. The 1985 contracts were performed within an average of two months from the date of the sale. On the other hand, the 1986 contracts were to be performed within an average of eight and a half months from the dates of the sale. All the supposed performances fell in 1987. Indeed, the contract covered by Exhibit J was to be performed 11 to 12 months from the execution of the contract. These pattern (sic) belies plaintiffs contention that the lead time merely allowed for milling and building up of oil inventory. It is evident that the 1986 contracts constituted trading in futures or in mere expectations. In all likelihood, the coconuts that were supposed to be milled for oil were not yet on their trees when Dominador Monteverde sold the crude oil to SAFIC. 2. The mode of payment agreed on by the parties in their 1985 contracts was uniformly thru the opening of a letter of credit LC by SAFIC in favor of IVO. Since the buyers letter of credit guarantees payment to the seller as soon as the latter is able to present the shipping documents covering the cargo, its opening usually mark[s] the fact that the transaction would be consummated. On the other hand, seven out of the ten 1986 contracts were to be paid by telegraphic transfer upon presentation of the shipping documents. Unlike the letter of credit, a mere promise to pay by telegraphic transfer gives no assurance of [the] buyers compliance with its contracts. This fact lends an uncertain element in the 1986 contracts. 3. Apart from the above, it is not disputed that with respect to the 1985 contracts, IVO faithfully complied with Central Bank Circular No. 151 dated April 1, 1963, requiring a coconut oil exporter to submit a Report of Foreign Sales within twenty-four (24) hours after the closing of the relative sales contract with a foreign buyer of coconut oil. But with respect to the disputed 1986 contracts, the parties stipulated during the hearing that none of these contracts were ever reported to the Central Bank, in violation of its above requirement. (See Stipulation of Facts dated June 13, 1990). The 1986 sales were, therefore suspect. 4. It is not disputed that, unlike the 1985 contacts, the 1986 contracts were never recorded either in the 1986 accounting books of IVO or in its annual financial statement for 1986, a document that was prepared prior to the controversy. (Exhibits 6 to 6-0 and 7 to 7-I). Emelita Ortega, formerly an assistant of Dominador Monteverde, testified that they were strange goings-on about the 1986 contract. 4

They were neither recorded in the books nor reported to the Central Bank. What is more, in those unreported cases where profits were made, such profits were ordered remitted to unknown accounts in California, U.S.A., by Dominador Monteverde. Evidently, Dominador Monteverde made business for himself, using the name of IVO but concealing from it his speculative transactions. Petitioner further contends that both the trial and appellate courts erred in concluding that Safic was not able to prove its claim for damages. Petitioner first points out that its wash out agreements with Monteverde where IVO allegedly agreed to pay US$293,500.00 for some of the failed contracts was proof enough and, second, that it presented purchases of coconut oil it made from others during the period of IVOs default. We remain unconvinced. The so-called wash out agreements are clearly ultra vires and not binding on IVO. Furthermore, such agreements did not prove Safics actual losses in the transactions in question. The fact is that Safic did not pay for the coconut oil that it supposedly ordered from IVO through Monteverede. Safic only claims that, since it was ready to pay when IVO was not ready to deliver, Safic suffered damages to the extent that they had to buy the same commodity from others at higher prices. The foregoing claim of petitioner is not, however, substantiated by the evidence and only raises several questions, to wit: 1.] Did Safic commit to deliver the quantity of oil covered by the 1986 contracts to its own buyers? Who were these buyers? What were the terms of those contracts with respect to quantity, price and date of delivery? 2.] Did Safic pay damages to its buyers? Where were the receipts? Did Safic have to procure the equivalent oil from other sources? If so, who were these sources? Where were their contracts and what were the terms of these contracts as to quantity, price and date of delivery? The records disclose that during the course of the proceedings in the trial court, IVO filed an amended motion[22] for production and inspection of the following documents: a.] contracts of resale of coconut oil that Safic bought from IVO; b.] the records of the pooling and sales contracts covering the oil from such pooling, if the coconut oil has been pooled and sold as general oil; c.] the contracts of the purchase of oil that, according to Safic, it had to resort to in order to fill up alleged undelivered commitments of IVO; d.] all other contracts, confirmations, invoices, wash out agreements and other documents of sale related to (a), (b) and (c). This amended motion was opposed by Safic.[23] The trial court, however, in its September 16, 1988 Order,[24] ruled that: From the analysis of the parties respective positions, conclusion can easily be drawn therefrom that there is materiality in the defendants move: firstly, plaintiff seeks to recover damages from the defendant and these are intimately related to plaintiffs alleged losses which it attributes to the default of the defendant in its contractual commitments; secondly, the documents are specified in the amended motion. As such, plaintiff would entertain no confusion as to what, which documents to locate and produce considering plaintiff to be (without doubt) a reputable going concern in the management of the affairs which is serviced by competent, industrious, hardworking and diligent personnel; thirdly, the desired production and inspection of the documents was precipitated by the testimony of plaintiffs witness (Donald OMeara) who admitted, in open court, that they are available. If the said witness represented that the documents, as generally described, are available, reason there would be none for the same witness to say later that they could not be produced, even after they have been clearly described. Besides, if the Court may additionally dwell on the issue of damages, the production and inspection of the desired documents would be of tremendous help in the ultimate resolution thereof. Plaintiff claims for the award of liquidated or actual damages to the tune of US$391,593.62 which, certainly, is a huge amount in terms of pesos, and which defendant disputes. As the defendant cannot be precluded in taking exceptions to the correctness and validity of such claim which plaintiffs witness (Donald OMeara) testified to, and as, by this nature of the plaintiffs claim for damages, proof thereof is a must which can be better served, if not amply ascertained by examining the records of the related sales admitted to be in plaintiffs possession, the amended motion for production and inspection of the defendant is in order. The interest of justice will be served best, if there would be a full disclosure by the parties on both sides of all documents related to the transactions in litigation. Notwithstanding the foregoing ruling of the trial court, Safic did not produce the required documents, prompting the court a quo to assume that if produced, the documents would have been adverse to Safics cause. In its efforts to bolster its claim for damages it purportedly sustained, Safic suggests a substitute mode of computing its damages by getting the average price it paid for certain quantities of coconut oil that it allegedly bought in 1987 and deducting this from the average price of the 1986 contracts. But this mode of computation if flawed because: 1.] it is conjectural since it rests on average prices not on actual prices multiplied by the actual volume of coconut oil per contract; and 2.] it is based on the unproven assumption that the 1987 contracts of purchase provided the coconut oil needed to make up for the failed 1986 contracts. There is also no evidence that Safic had contracted to supply third parties with coconut oil from the 1986 contracts and that Safic had to buy such oil from others to meet the requirement.

5

Along the same vein, it is worthy to note that the quantities of oil covered by its 1987 contracts with third parties do not match the quantities of oil provided under the 1986 contracts. Had Safic produced the documents that the trial court required, a substantially correct determination of its actual damages would have been possible. This, unfortunately, was not the case. Suffice it to state in this regard that [T]he power of the courts to grant damages and attorneys fees demands factual, legal and equitable justification; its basis cannot be left to speculation and conjecture.[25] WHEREFORE, in view of all the foregoing, the petition is DENIED for lack of merit. SO ORDERED.

[G.R. No. 125138. March 2, 1999] NICHOLAS Y. CERVANTES, petitioner, vs. COURT OF APPEALS AND THE PHILIPPINE AIR LINES, INC., respondent. On March 27, 1989, Philippine Air Lines, Inc. (PAL) issued to Nicholas Cervantes a round trip plane ticket for Manila-Honolulu-Los AngelesHonolulu-Manila, which ticket expressly provided an expiry date of one year from issuance, i.e., until March 27, 1990. On March 23, 1990, the petitioner used it. Upon his arrival in Los Angeles on the same day, he immediately booked his Los Angeles-Manila return ticket with the PAL office, and it was confirmed for the April 2, 1990 flight. However, upon learning that the same PAL plane would make a stop-over in San Francisco, and considering that he would be there on April 2, 1990, petitioner made arrangements with PAL for him to board the flight in San Francisco instead of boarding in Los Angeles. On April 2, 1990, when the petitioner checked in at the PAL counter in San Francisco, he was not allowed to board by the PAL personnel due to the expiration of validity of his ticket. Thus, Cervantes filed a Complaint for Damages for breach of contract of carriage and before the Regional Trial Court, Branch 32, Surigao del Norte. He claimed that the act of the PAL agents in confirming his ticket extended its period of validity. But the trial court dismissed the complaint for lack of merit. On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed the dismissal of the complaint. Hence, this petition. The Court ruled that since the PAL agents are not privy to the agreement in the issuance of the ticket and the petitioner knew that a written request to the legal counsel of PAL was necessary, he cannot use what the PAL agents did to his advantage. The said agents, according to the Court of Appeals, acted without authority when they confirmed the flights of the petitioner. Under Article 1898 of the New Civil Code, the acts of an agent beyond the scope of his authority do not bind the principal, unless the latter ratifies the same expressly or impliedly. Furthermore, when the third person knows that the agent was acting beyond his power or authority, the principal cannot be held liable for the acts of the agent. If the said third person is aware of such limits of authority, he is to blame, and is not entitled to recover damages from the agent, unless the latter undertook to secure the principals ratification. The Petition was DENIED. 1. REMEDIAL LAW; EVIDENCE; CREDIBILITY; FINDINGS OF FACTS OF TRIAL COURT ARE ENTITLED TO GREAT WEIGHT. - As a rule, conclusions and findings of fact arrived at by the trial court are entitled to great weight on appeal and should not be disturbed unless for strong and cogent reasons. 2. CIVIL LAW; AGENCY; LIABILITIES OF PRINCIPAL AND AGENT TO THIRD PERSON. -- Under Article 1898 of the New Civil Code, the acts of an agent beyond the scope of his authority do not bind the principal, unless the latter ratifies the same expressly or impliedly. Furthermore, when the third person knows that the agent was acting beyond his power or authority, the principal cannot be held liable for the acts of the agent. If the said third person is aware of such limits of authority, he is to blame, and is not entitled to recover damages from the agent, unless the latter undertook to secure the principal's ratification. 3. REMEDIAL LAW; EVIDENCE; ISSUES TAKEN DURING TRIAL ARE ENTITLED TO JUDGMENT. - Thus, when evidence is presented by one party, with the express or implied consent of the adverse party, as to issues not alleged in the pleadings, judgment may be rendered validly as regards the said issue, which shall be treated as if they have been raised in the pleadings. There is implied consent to the evidence thus presented when the adverse party fails to object thereto. 4. ID.; ID.; ID.; CASE AT BAR. -- Notwithstanding PAL's failure to raise the defense of lack of authority of the said PAL agents in its answer or in a motion to dismiss, the omission was cured since the said issue was litigated upon, as shown by the testimony of the petitioner in the course of trial. 5. CIVIL LAW; DAMAGES; MORAL DAMAGES; NOT PRESENT IN CASE AT BAR. -- In awarding moral damages for breach of contract of carriage, the breach must be wanton and deliberately injurious or the one responsible acted fraudulently or with malice or bad faith. Petitioner knew there was a strong possibility that he could not use the subject ticket, so much so that he bought a back-up ticket to ensure his departure. Should there be a finding of bad faith, we are of the opinion that it should be on the petitioner. What the employees of PAL did was one of simple negligence. No injury resulted on the part of petitioner because he had a back-up ticket should PAL refuse to accommodate him with the use of subject ticket. 6. ID.; ID.; EXEMPLARY DAMAGES; BAD FAITH IS NECESSARY. -- Such kind of damages is imposed by way of example or correction for the public good, and the existence of bad faith is established. The wrongful act must be accompanied by bad faith, and an award of damages would be allowed only if the guilty party acted in a wanton, fraudulent, reckless or malevolent manner. This Petition for Review on certiorari assails the 25 July 1995 decision of the Court of Appeals [1] in CA GR CV No. 41407, entitled Nicholas Y. Cervantes vs. Philippine Air Lines Inc., affirming in toto the judgment of the trial court dismissing petitioners complaint for damages. On March 27, 1989, the private respondent, Philippines Air Lines, Inc. (PAL), issued to the herein petitioner, Nicholas Cervantes (Cervantes), a round trip plane ticket for Manila-Honolulu-Los Angeles-Honolulu-Manila, which ticket expressly provided an expiry of date of one year from issuance, i.e., until March 27, 1990. The issuance of the said plane ticket was in compliance with a Compromise Agreement entered into between the contending parties in two previous suits, docketed as Civil Case Nos. 3392 and 3451 before the Regional Trial Court in Surigao City.[2]

6

On March 23, 1990, four days before the expiry date of subject ticket, the petitioner used it. Upon his arrival in Los Angeles on the same day, he immediately booked his Los Angeles-Manila return ticket with the PAL office, and it was confirmed for the April 2, 1990 flight. Upon learning that the same PAL plane would make a stop-over in San Francisco, and considering that he would be there on April 2, 1990, petitioner made arrangements with PAL for him to board the flight in San Francisco instead of boarding in Los Angeles. On April 2, 1990, when the petitioner checked in at the PAL counter in San Francisco, he was not allowed to board. The PAL personnel concerned marked the following notation on his ticket: TICKET NOT ACCEPTED DUE EXPIRATION OF VALIDITY. Aggrieved, petitioner Cervantes filed a Complaint for Damages, for breach of contract of carriage docketed as Civil Case No. 3807 before Branch 32 of the Regional Trial Court of Surigao del Norte in Surigao City. But the said complaint was dismissed for lack of merit. [3] On September 20, 1993, petitioner interposed an appeal to the Court of Appeals, which came out with a Decision, on July 25, 1995, upholding the dismissal of the case. On May 22, 1996, petitioner came to this Court via the Petition for Review under consideration. The issues raised for resolution are: (1) Whether or not the act of the PAL agents in confirming subject ticket extended the period of validity of petitioners ticket; (2) Whether or not the defense of lack of authority was correctly ruled upon; and (3) Whether or not the denial of the award for damages was proper. To rule on the first issue, there is a need to quote the findings below. As a rule, conclusions and findings of fact arrived at by the trial court are entitled to great weight on appeal and should not be disturbed unless for strong and cogent reasons. [4] The facts of the case as found by the lower court[5] are, as follows: The plane ticket itself (Exhibit A for plaintiff; Exhibit 1 for defendant) provides that it is not valid after March 27, 1990. (Exhibit 1-F). It is also stipulated in paragraph 8 of the Conditions of Contract (Exhibit 1, page 2) as follows: "8. This ticket is good for carriage for one year from date of issue, except as otherwise provided in this ticket, in carriers tariffs, conditions of carriage, or related regulations. The fare for carriage hereunder is subject to change prior to commencement of carriage. Carrier may refuse transportation if the applicable fare has not been paid. [6] The question on the validity of subject ticket can be resolved in light of the ruling in the case of Lufthansa vs. Court of Appeals[7]. In the said case, the Tolentinos were issued first class tickets on April 3, 1982, which will be valid until April 10,1983. On June 10, 1982, they changed their accommodations to economy class but the replacement tickets still contained the same restriction. On May 7, 1983, Tolentino requested that subject tickets be extended, which request was refused by the petitioner on the ground that the said tickets had already expired.The non-extension of their tickets prompted the Tolentinos to bring a complaint for breach of contract of carriage against the petitioner. In ruling against the award of damages, the Court held that the ticket constitute the contract between the parties. It is axiomatic that when the terms are clear and leave no doubt as to the intention of the contracting parties, contracts are to be interpreted according to their literal meaning. In his effort to evade this inevitable conclusion, petitioner theorized that the confirmation by the PALs agents in Los Angeles and San Francisco changed the compromise agreement between the parties. As aptly ruled by the appellate court: xxx on March 23, 1990, he was aware of the risk that his ticket could expire, as it did, before he returned to the Philippines. (pp. 320-321, Original Records)[8] The question is: Did these two (2) employees, in effect , extend the validity or lifetime of the ticket in question? The answer is in the negative. Both had no authority to do so. Appellant knew this from the very start when he called up the Legal Department of appellee in the Philippines before he left for the United States of America. He had first hand knowledge that the ticket in question would expire on March 27,1990 and that to secure an extension, he would have to file a written request for extension at the PALs office in the Philippines (TSN, Testimony of Nicholas Cervantes, August 2, 1991, pp 20-23). Despite this knowledge, appellant persisted to use the ticket in question. [9] From the aforestated facts, it can be gleaned that the petitioner was fully aware that there was a need to send a letter to the legal counsel of PAL for the extension of the period of validity of his ticket. Since the PAL agents are not privy to the said Agreement and petitioner knew that a written request to the legal counsel of PAL was necessary, he cannot use what the PAL agents did to his advantage. The said agents, according to the Court of Appeals, [10] acted without authority when they confirmed the flights of the petitioner. Under Article 1898[11] of the New Civil Code, the acts of an agent beyond the scope of his authority do not bind the principal, unless the latter ratifies the same expressly or impliedly.Furthermore, when the third person (herein petitioner) knows that the agent was acting beyond his power or authority, the principal cannot be held liable for the acts of the agent. If the said third person is aware of such limits of authority, he is to blame, and is not entitled to recover damages from the agent, unless the latter undertook to secure the principals ratification. [12] Anent the second issue, petitioners stance that the defense of lack of authority on the part of the PAL employees was deemed waived under Rule 9, Section 2 of the Revised Rules of Court, is unsustainable. Thereunder, failure of a party to put up defenses in their answer or in a motion to dismiss is a waiver thereof. Petitioner stresses that the alleged lack of authority of the PAL employees was neither raised in the answer nor in the motion to dismiss. But records show that the question of whether there was authority on the part of the PAL employees was acted upon by the trial court when Nicholas Cervantes was presented as a witness and the depositions of the PAL employees, Georgina M. Reyes and Ruth Villanueva, were presented. The admission by Cervantes that he was told by PALs legal counsel that he had to submit a letter requesting for an extension of the validity of subject tickets was tantamount to knowledge on his part that the PAL employees had no authority to extend the validity of subject tickets and only PALs legal counsel was authorized to do so.

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However, notwithstanding PALs failure to raise the defense of lack of authority of the said PAL agents in its answer or in a motion to dismiss, the omission was cured since the said issue was litigated upon, as shown by the testimony of the petitioner in the course of trial. Rule 10, Section 5 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure provides: Sec. 5. Amendment to conform or authorize presentation of evidence. - When issues not raised by the pleadings are tried with express or implied consent of the parties, as if they had been raised in the pleadings. Such amendment of the pleadings as may be necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence and to raise these issues may be made upon motion of any party at any time, even after judgment; but failure to amend does not affect the result of the trial of these issues. xxx Thus, when evidence is presented by one party, with the express or implied consent of the adverse party, as to issues not alleged in the pleadings, judgment may be rendered validly as regards the said issue, which shall be treated as if they have been raised in the pleadings. There is implied consent to the evidence thus presented when the adverse party fails to object thereto. [13] Re: the third issue, an award of damages is improper because petitioner failed to show that PAL acted in bad faith in refusing to allow him to board its plane in San Francisco. In awarding moral damages for breach of contract of carriage, the breach must be wanton and deliberately injurious or the one responsible acted fraudulently or with malice or bad faith. [14]Petitioner knew there was a strong possibility that he could not use the subject ticket, so much so that he bought a back-up ticket to ensure his departure. Should there be a finding of bad faith, we are of the opinion that it should be on the petitioner. What the employees of PAL did was one of simple negligence. No injury resulted on the part of petitioner because he had a back-up ticket should PAL refuse to accommodate him with the use of subject ticket. Neither can the claim for exemplary damages be upheld. Such kind of damages is imposed by way of example or correction for the public good, and the existence of bad faith is established. The wrongful act must be accompanied by bad faith, and an award of damages would be allowed only if the guilty party acted in a wanton, fraudulent, reckless or malevolent manner. [15] Here, there is no showing that PAL acted in such a manner. An award for attorneys fees is also improper. WHEREFORE, the Petition is DENIED and the decision of the Court of Appeals dated July 25, 1995 AFFIRMED in toto. No pronouncement as to costs. SO ORDERED.

FIRST DIVISION [G.R. No. 109937. March 21, 1994.] DEVELOPMENT BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. COURT OF APPEALS and the ESTATE OF THE LATE JUAN B. DANS, represented by CANDIDA G. DANS, and the DBP MORTGAGE REDEMPTION INSURANCE POOL, Respondents. This is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Revised Rules of Court to reverse and set aside the decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R CV No. 26434 and its resolution denying reconsideration thereof. We affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals with modification. I In May 1987, Juan B. Dans, together with his wife Candida, his son and daughter-in-law, applied for a loan of P500,000.00 with the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP), Basilan Branch. As the principal mortgagor, Dans, then 76 years of age, was advised by DBP to obtain a mortgage redemption insurance (MRI) with the DBP Mortgage Redemption Insurance Pool (DBP MRI Pool). A loan, in the reduced amount of P300,000.00, was approved by DBP on August 4, 1987 and released on August 11, 1987. From the proceeds of the loan, DBP deducted the amount of P1,476.00 as payment for the MRI premium. On August 15, 1987, Dans accomplished and submitted the "MRI Application for Insurance" and the "Health Statement for DBP MRI Pool." On August 20, 1987, the MRI premium of Dans, less the DBP service fee of 10 percent, was credited by DBP to the savings account of the DBP MRI Pool. Accordingly, the DBP MRI Pool was advised of the credit. On September 3, 1987, Dans died of cardiac arrest. The DBP, upon notice, relayed this information to the DBP MRI Pool. On September 23, 1987, the DBP MRI Pool notified DBP that Dans was not eligible for MRI coverage, being over the acceptance age limit of 60 years at the time of application. On October 21, 1987, DBP apprised Candida Dans of the disapproval of her late husband’s MRI application. The DBP offered to refund the premium of P1,476.00 which the deceased had paid, but Candida Dans refused to accept the same, demanding payment of the face value of the MRI or an amount equivalent to the loan. She, likewise, refused to accept an ex gratia settlement of P30,000.00, which the DBP later offered. On February 10, 1989, respondent Estate, through Candida Dans as administratrix, filed a complaint with the Regional Trial Court, Branch I, Basilan, against DBP and the insurance pool for "Collection of Sum of Money with Damages." Respondent Estate alleged that Dans became insured by the DBP MRI Pool when DBP, with full knowledge of Dans’ age at the time of application, required him to apply for MRI, and later collected the insurance premium thereon. Respondent Estate therefore prayed: (1) that the sum of P139,500.00, which it paid under protest for the loan, be reimbursed; (2) that the mortgage debt of the deceased be declared fully paid; and (3) that damages be awarded. The DBP and the DBP MRI Pool separately filed their answers, with the former asserting a cross-claim against the latter.

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At the pre-trial, DBP and the DBP MRI Pool admitted all the documents and exhibits submitted by respondent Estate. As a result of these admissions, the trial court narrowed down the issues and, without opposition from the parties, found the case ripe for summary judgment. Consequently, the trial court ordered the parties to submit their respective position papers and documentary evidence, which may serve as basis for the judgment. On March 10, 1990, the trial court rendered a decision in favor of respondent Estate and against DBP. The DBP MRI Pool, however, was absolved from liability, after the trial court found no privity of contract between it and the deceased. The trial court declared DBP in estoppel for having led Dans into applying for MRI and actually collecting the premium and the service fee, despite knowledge of his age ineligibility. The dispositive portion of the decision read as follows: "WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing consideration and in the furtherance of justice and equity, the Court finds judgment for the plaintiff and against Defendant DBP, ordering the latter: 1. To return and reimburse plaintiff the amount of P139,500.00 plus legal rate of interest as amortization payment paid under protest; 2. To consider the mortgage loan of P300,000.00 including all interest accumulated or otherwise to have been settled, satisfied or set-off by virtue of the insurance coverage of the late Juan B. Dans; . 3. To pay plaintiff the amount of P10,000.00 as attorney’s fees; 4. To pay plaintiff the amount of P10,000.00 as costs of litigation and other expenses, and other relief just and equitable. The Counterclaims of Defendants DBP and DBP-MRI POOL are hereby dismissed. The Cross-claim of defendant DBP is likewise dismissed" (Rollo, p. 79) The DBP appealed to the Court of Appeals. In a decision dated September 7, 1992, the appellate court affirmed in toto the decision of the trial court. The DBP’s motion for reconsideration was denied in a resolution dated April 20, 1993. Hence, this recourse. II When Dans applied for MRI, he filled up and personally signed a "Health Statement for DBP Pool" (Exh. "5-Bank") with the following declaration: "I hereby declare and agree that all the statements and answers contained herein are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief and form part of my application for insurance. It is understood and agreed that no insurance coverage shall be effected unless and until this application is approved and the full premium is paid during my continued good health" (Records, p. 40). Under the aforementioned provisions, the MRI coverage shall take effect: (1) when the application shall be approved by the insurance pool; and (2) when the full premium is paid during the continued good health of the applicant. These two conditions, being joined conjunctively, must concur. Undisputably, the power to approve MRI applications is lodged with the DBP MRI Pool. The pool, however, did not approve the application of Dans. There is also no showing that it accepted the sum of P1,476.00, which DBP credited to its account with full knowledge that it was payment for Dan’s premium. There was, as a result, no perfected contract of insurance; hence, the DBP MRI Pool cannot be held liable on a contract that does not exist. The liability of DBP is another matter. It was DBP, as a matter of policy and practice, that required Dans, the borrower, to secure MRI coverage. Instead of allowing Dans to look for his own insurance carrier or some other form of insurance policy, DBP compelled him to apply with the DBP MRI Pool for MRI coverage. When Dan’s loan was released on August 11, 1987, DBP already deducted from the proceeds thereof the MRI premium. Four days latter, DBP made Dans fill up and sign his application for MRI, as well as his health statement. The DBP later submitted both the application form and health statement to the DBP MRI Pool at the DBP Main Building, Makati Metro Manila. As service fee, DBP deducted 10 percent of the premium collected by it from Dans. In dealing with Dans, DBP was wearing two legal hats: the first as a lender, and the second as an insurance agent. As an insurance agent, DBP made Dans go through the motion of applying for said insurance, thereby leading him and his family to believe that they had already fulfilled all the requirements for the MRI and that the issuance of their policy was forthcoming. Apparently, DBP had full knowledge that Dan’s application was never going to be approved. The maximum age for MRI acceptance is 60 years as clearly and specifically provided in Article 1 of the Group Mortgage Redemption Insurance Policy signed in 1984 by all the insurance companies concerned (Exh. "1-Pool"). Under Article 1987 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, "the agent who acts as such is not personally liable to the party with whom he contracts, unless he expressly binds himself or exceeds the limits of his authority without giving such party sufficient notice of his powers." The DBP is not authorized to accept applications for MRI when its clients are more than 60 years of age (Exh. "1-Pool"). Knowing all the while that Dans was ineligible for MRI coverage because of his advanced age, DBP exceeded the scope of its authority when it accepted Dan’s application for MRI by collecting the insurance premium, and deducting its agent’s commission and service fee. The liability of an agent who exceeds the scope of his authority depends upon whether the third person is aware of the limits of the agent’s powers. There is no showing that Dans knew of the limitation on DBP’s authority to solicit applications for MRI.

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If the third person dealing with an agent is unaware of the limits of the authority conferred by the principal on the agent and he (third person) has been deceived by the non-disclosure thereof by the agent, then the latter is liable for damages to him (V Tolentino, Commentaries and Jurisprudence on the Civil Code of the Philippines, p. 422 [1992], citing Sentencia [Cuba] of September 25, 1907). The rule that the agent is liable when he acts without authority is founded upon the supposition that there has been some wrong or omission on his part either in misrepresenting, or in affirming, or concealing the authority under which he assumes to act (Francisco, V., Agency 307 [1952], citing Hall v. Lauderdale, 46 N.Y. 70, 75). Inasmuch as the non-disclosure of the limits of the agency carries with it the implication that a deception was perpetrated on the unsuspecting client, the provisions of Articles 19, 20 and 21 of the Civil Code of the Philippines come into play. Article 19 provides: "Every person must, in the exercise of his rights and in the performance of his duties, act with justice give everyone his due and observe honesty and good faith." Article 20 provides: "Every person who, contrary to law, willfully or negligently causes damage to another, shall indemnify the latter for the same." Article 21 provides: "Any person, who willfully causes loss or injury to another in a manner that is contrary to morals, good customs or public policy shall compensate the latter for the damage.” The DBP’s liability, however, cannot be for the entire value of the insurance policy. To assume that were it not for DBP’s concealment of the limits of its authority, Dans would have secured an MRI from another insurance company, and therefore would have been fully insured by the time he died, is highly speculative. Considering his advanced age, there is no absolute certainty that Dans could obtain an insurance coverage from another company. It must also be noted that Dans died almost immediately, i.e., on the nineteenth day after applying for the MRI, and on the twenty-third day from the date of release of his loan. One is entitles to an adequate compensation only for such pecuniary loss suffered by him as he has duly proved (Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2199). Damages, to be recoverable, must not only be capable of proof, but must be actually proved with a reasonable degree of certainty (Refractories Corporation v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 176 SCRA 539 [1989]; Choa Tek Hee v. Philippine Publishing Co., 34 Phil. 447 [1916]). Speculative damages are too remote to be included in an accurate estimate of damages (Sun Life Assurance v. Rueda Hermanos, 37 Phil. 844 [1918]). While Dans is not entitled to compensatory damages, he is entitled to moral damages. No proof of pecuniary loss is required in the assessment of said kind of damages (Civil Code of Philippines, Art. 2216). The same may be recovered in acts referred to in Article 2219 of the Civil Code. The assessment of moral damages is left to the discretion of the court according to the circumstances of each case (Civil Code of the Philippines, Art. 2216). Considering that DBP had offered to pay P30,000.00 to respondent Estate in ex gratia settlement of its claim and that DBP’s nondisclosure of the limits of its authority amounted to a deception to its client, an award of moral damages in the amount of P50,000.00 would be reasonable. The award of attorney’s fees is also just and equitable under the circumstances (Civil Code of the Philippines, Article 2208 [11]). WHEREFORE, the decision of the Court of Appeals in CA G.R.-CV No. 26434 is MODIFIED and petitioner DBP is ORDERED: (1) to REIMBURSE respondent Estate of Juan B. Dans the amount of P1,476.00 with legal interest from the date of the filing of the complaint until fully paid; and (2) to PAY said Estate the amount of Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000.00) as moral damages and the amount of Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000.00) as attorney’s fees. With costs against petitioner.SO ORDERED.

Article 1900 G.R. No. 103737 December 15, 1994 NORA S. EUGENIO and ALFREDO Y. EUGENIO, petitioners, vs.HON. COURT OF APPEALS and PEPSI-COLA BOTTLING COMPANY OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC., respondents. REGALADO, J.: Private respondent Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of the Philippines, Inc. is engaged in the business of manufacturing, making bottling and selling soft drinks and beverages to the general public. Petitioner Nora S. Eugenio was a dealer of the soft drink products of private respondent corporation. Although she had only one store located at 27 Diamond Street, Emerald Village, Marikina, Metro Manila, Eugenio had a regular charge account in both the Quezon City plant (under the name "Abigail Minimart" *) as well as in the Muntinlupa plant (under the name "Nora Store") of respondent corporation. Her husband and co-petitioner, Alfredo Y. Eugenio, used to be a route manager of private respondent in its Quezon City plant. 10

On March 17, 1982, private respondent filed a complaint for a sum of money against petitioners Nora S. Eugenio and Alfredo Y. Eugenio, docketed as Civil Case No. Q-34718 of the then Court of First Instance of Quezon City, Branch 9 (now Regional Trial Court, Quezon City, Branch 97). In its complaint, respondent corporation alleged that on several occasions in 1979 and 1980, petitioners purchased and received on credit various products from its Quezon City plant. As of December 31, 1980, petitioners allegedly had an outstanding balance of P20,437.40 therein. Likewise, on various occasions in 1980, petitioners also purchased and received on credit various products from respondent's Muntinlupa plant and, as of December 31, 1989, petitioners supposedly had an outstanding balance of P38,357.20 there. In addition, it was claimed that petitioners had an unpaid obligation for the loaned "empties" from the same plant in the amount of P35,856.40 as of July 11, 1980. Altogether, petitioners had an outstanding account of P94,651.00 which, so the complaint alleged, they failed to pay despite oral and written demands. 1 In their defense, petitioners presented four trade provisional receipts (TPRs) allegedly issued to and received by them from private respondent's Route Manager Jovencio Estrada of its Malate Warehouse (Division 57), showing payments in the total sum of P80,500.00 made by Abigail's Store. Petitioners contended that had the amounts in the TPRs been credited in their favor, they would not be indebted to Pepsi-Cola. The details of said receipts are as follows: Further, petitioners maintain that the signature purporting to be that of petitioner Nora S. Eugenio in Sales Invoice No. 85366 dated May 15, 1980 in the amount of P5,631.00, 3 which was included in the computation of their alleged debt, is a falsification. In sum, petitioners argue that if the aforementioned amounts were credited in their favor, it would be respondent corporation which would be indebted to them in the sum of P3,546.02 representing overpayment. After trial on the merits, the court a quo rendered a decision on February 17, 1986, ordering petitioners, as defendants therein to jointly and severally pay private respondent the amount of P74,849.00, plus 12% interest per annum until the principal amount shall have been fully paid, as well as P20,000.00 as attorney's fees. 4 On appeal in CA-G.R. CV No. 10623, the Court of Appeals declared said decision a nullity for failure to comply with the requirement in Section 14, Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution that decisions of courts should clearly and distinctly state the facts and the law on which they are based. The Court of Appeals accordingly remanded the records of the case to the trial court, directing it to render another decision in accordance with the requirements of the Constitution. 5 In compliance with the directive of the Court of Appeals, the lower court rendered a second decision on September 29, 1989. In this new decision, petitioners were this time ordered to pay, jointly and severally, the reduced amount of P64,188.60, plus legal interest of 6% per annum from the filing of the action until full payment of the amount adjudged. 6 On appeal therefrom, the Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial court in a decision promulgated on September 27, 1991. 7 A motion for the reconsideration of said judgment of respondent court was subsequently denied in a resolution dated January 23, 1992. 8 We agree with petitioners and respondent court that the crux of the dispute in the case at bar is whether or not the amounts in the aforementioned trade provisional receipts should be credited in favor of herein petitioner spouses. In a so-called encyclopedic sense, however, our course of action in this case and the denouement of the controversy therein takes into account the jurisprudential rule that in the present recourse we would normally have restricted ourselves to questions of law and eschewed questions of fact were it not for our perception that the lower courts manifestly overlooked certain relevant factual considerations resulting in a misapprehension thereof. Consequentially, that position shall necessarily affect our analysis of the rules on the burden of proof and the burden of evidence, and ultimately, whether the proponent of the corresponding claim has preponderated or rested on an equipoise or fallen short of preponderance. First, the backdrop. It appears that on August 1, 1981, private respondent through the head of its Legal Department, Atty. Antonio N. Rosario, sent an inter-office correspondence to petitioner Alfredo Eugenio inviting him for an interview/interrogation on August 3, 1981 regarding alleged "non-payment of debts to the company, inefficiency, and loss of trust and confidence." 9 The interview was reset to August 4, 1981 to enable said petitioner to bring along with him their union president, Luis Isip. On said date, a statement of overdue accounts were prepared showing that petitioners owed respondent corporation the following amounts: A reconciliation of petitioners' account was then conducted. The liability of petitioners as to the loaned empties (Muntinlupa plant, Nora Store) was reduced to P21,686.00 after a reevaluation of the value of the loaned empties. 13 Likewise, the amount of P5,631.00 under Invoice No. 85366, which was a spurious document, was deducted from their liability in their trade account with the Muntinlupa plant. 14 Thereafter, Eugenio and Isip signed the reconciliation sheets reflecting these items: After the meeting, private respondent alleged that petitioner Alfredo Y. Eugenio requested that he be allowed to retire and the existing accounts be deducted from his retirement pay, but that he later withdrew his retirement plan. Said petitioner disputed that allegation and, in fact, he subsequently filed a complaint for illegal dismissal. The finding of labor arbiter, later affirmed by the Supreme Court, showed that this petitioner was indeed illegally dismissed, and that he never filed an application for retirement. In fact, this Court made

11

a finding that the retirement papers allegedly filed in the name of this petitioner were forged. 18 This makes two falsified documents to be foisted against petitioners. With their aforesaid accounts still unpaid, petitioner Alfredo Y. Eugenio submitted to Atty. Rosario the aforementioned four TPRs. Thereafter, Atty. Rosario ordered Daniel Azurin, assistant personnel manager, to conduct an investigation to verify this claim of petitioners. According to Azurin, during the investigation on December 4, 1981, Estrada allegedly denied that he issued and signed the aforesaid TPRs. 19 He also presented a supposed affidavit which Estrada allegedly executed during that investigation to affirm his verbal statements therein. Surprisingly, however, said supposed affidavit is inexplicably dated February 5, 1982. 20 At this point, it should be noted that Estrada never testified thereafter in court and what he is supposed to have done or said was merely related by Azurin. Now, on this point, respondent court disagreed with herein petitioners that the testimony on the alleged denial of Jovencio Estrada regarding his signatures on the disputed TPRs, as well as his affidavit dated February 5, 1982 21 wherein he affirmed his denial, are hearsay evidence because Estrada was not presented as a witness to testify and be cross-examined thereon. Except for the terse statement of respondent court that since petitioner Alfredo Eugenio was supposedly present on December 4, 1981, "(t)he testimony of Jovencio Estrada at the aforementioned investigation categorically denying that he issued and signed the disputed TPRs is, therefore, not hearsay," 22 there was no further explanation on this unusual doctrinal departure. The rule is clear and explicit. Under the hearsay evidence rule, a witness can testify only to those facts which he knows of his personal knowledge; that is, which are derived from his own perception, except as otherwise provided in the Rules. 23 In the present case, Estrada failed to appear as a witness at the trial. It was only Azurin who testified that during the investigation he conducted, Estrada supposedly denied having signed the TPRs. It is elementary that under the measure on hearsay evidence, Azurin's testimony cannot constitute legal proof as to the truth of Estrada's denial. For that matter, it is not admissible in evidence, petitioners' counsel having seasonably objected at the trial to such testimony of Azurin as hearsay. And, even if not objected to and thereby admissible, such hearsay evidence has no probative value whatsoever. It is true that the testimony or deposition of a witness deceased or unable to testify, given in a former case or proceeding, judicial or administrative, involving the same parties and subject matter, may be given in evidence against the adverse party who had the opportunity to cross-examine him. 25 Private respondent cannot, however, seek sanctuary in this exception to the hearsay evidence rule. Firstly, the supposed investigation conducted by Azurin was neither a judicial trial nor an administrative hearing under statutory regulations and safeguards. It was merely an inter-office interview conducted by a personnel officer through an ad hoc arrangement. Secondly, a perusal of the alleged stenographic notes, assuming arguendo that these notes are admissible in evidence, would show that the "investigation" was more of a free-flowing question and answer type of discussion wherein Estrada was asked some questions, after which Eugenio was likewise asked other questions. Indeed, there was no opportunity for Eugenio to object, much less to crossexamine Estrada. Even in a formal prior trial itself, if the opportunity for cross-examination did not exist therein or if the accused was not afforded opportunity to fully cross-examine the witness when the testimony was offered, evidence relating to the testimony given therein is thereafter inadmissible in another proceeding, absent any conduct on the part of the accused amounting to a waiver of his right to cross-examine. 26 Thirdly, the stenographer was not even presented to authenticate the stenographic notes submitted to the trial court. A copy of the stenographic report of the entire testimony at the former trial must be supported by the oath of the stenographer that it is a correct transcript of his notes of the testimony of the witness as a sine qua non for its competency and admissibility in evidence. 27 The supposed stenographic notes on which respondent corporation relies is unauthenticated and necessarily inadmissible for the purpose intended. Lastly, although herein private respondent insinuated that Estrada was not presented as a witness because he had disappeared, no evidence whatsoever was offered to show or even intimate that this was due to any machination or instigation of petitioners. There is no showing that his absence was procured, or that he was eloigned, through acts imputable to petitioners. In the case at bar, except for the self-serving statement that Estrada had disappeared, no plausible explanation was given by respondent corporation. Estrada was an employee of private respondent, hence it can be assumed that it could easily trace or ascertain his whereabouts. It had the resources to do so, in contradistinction to petitioners who even had to seek the help of the Public Attorney's Office to defend them here. Private respondent could not have been unaware of the importance of Estrada's testimony and the consequent legal necessity for presenting him in the trial court, through coercive process if necessary. Obviously, neither is the affidavit of Estrada admissible; it is likewise barred as evidence by the hearsay evidence rule. 28 This is aside from the fact that, by their nature, affidavits are generally not prepared by the affiants themselves but by another who uses his own 12

language in writing the affiant's statements, which may thus be either omitted or misunderstood by the one writing them. 29 The dubiety of that affidavit, as earlier explained, is further underscored by the fact that it was executed more than two months after the investigation, presumably for curative purposes as it were. Now, the authenticity of a handwriting may be proven, among other means, by its comparison made by the witness or the court with writings admitted or treated as genuine by the party against whom the evidence is offered or proved to be genuine to the satisfaction of the judge. 30 The alleged affidavit of Estrada states". . . that the comparison that was made as to the authenticity of the signature appearing in the TPRs and that of my signature showed that there was an apparent dissimilarity between the two signatures, xerox copy of my 201 File is attached hereto as Annex 'F' of this affidavit. 31 However, a search of the Folder of Exhibits in this case does not reveal that private respondent ever submitted any document, not even the aforementioned 201 File, containing a specimen of the signature of Estrada which the Court can use as a basis for comparison. Neither was any document containing a specimen of Estrada's signature presented by private respondent in the formal offer of its exhibits. 32 Respondent court made the further observation that "Estrada was even asked by Atty. Azurin at said investigation to sign three times to provide specimens of his genuine signature." 33 There is, however, no showing that he did, but assuming that Estrada signed the stenographic notes, the Court would still be unable to make the necessary comparison because two signatures appear on the right margin of each and every page of the stenographic notes, without any indication whatsoever as to which of the signatures is Estrada's. The whole document was marked for identification but the signatures were not. In fact, although formally offered, it was merely introduced by the private respondent "in order to show that Jovencio Estrada had been investigated and categorically denied having collected from Abigail Minimart and denying having signed the receipts claimed by Alfredo Eugenio to be his payment," 34 and not for the purpose of presenting any alleged signature of Estrada on the document as a basis for comparison. This is a situation that irresistibly arouses judicial curiosity, if not suspicion. Respondent corporation was fully aware that its case rested, as it were, on the issue of whether the TPRs were authentic and which issue, in turn, turned on the genuineness of Estrada's signatures thereon. Yet, aside from cursorily dismissing the non-presentation of Estrada in court by the glib assertion that he could not be found, and necessarily aware that his alleged denial of his signatures on said TPRs and his affidavit rendered the same vulnerable to the challenge that they are hearsay and inadmissible, respondent corporation did nothing more. In fact, Estrada's disappearance has not been explained up to the present. The next inquiry then would be as to what exactly is the nature of the TPRs insofar as they are used in the day-to-day business transactions of the company. These trade provisional receipts are bound and given in booklets to the company sales representatives, under proper acknowledgment by them and with a record of the distribution thereof. After every transaction, when a collection is made the customer is given by the sales representative a copy of the trade provisional receipt, that is, the triplicate copy or customer's copy, properly filled up to reflect the completed transaction. All unused TPRs, as well as the collections made, are turned over by the sales representative to the appropriate company officer. 35 According to respondent court, "the questioned TPR's are merely 'provisional' and were, as printed at the bottom of said receipts, to be officially confirmed by plaintiff within fifteen (15) days by delivering the original copy thereof stamped paid and signed by its cashier to the customer. . . . Defendants-appellants (herein petitioners) failed to present the original copies of the TPRs in question, showing that they were never confirmed by the plaintiff, nor did they demand from plaintiff the confirmed original copies thereof." 36

We do not agree with the strained implication intended to be adverse to petitioners. The TPRs presented in evidence by petitioners are disputably presumed as evidentiary of payments made on account of petitioners. There are presumptions juris tantum in law that private transactions have been fair and regular and that the ordinary course of business has been followed. 37 The role of presumptions in the law on evidence is to relieve the party enjoying the same of the evidential burden to prove the proposition that he contends for, and to shift the burden of evidence to the adverse party. Private respondent having failed to rebut the aforestated presumptions in favor of valid payment by petitioners, these would necessarily continue to stand in their favor in this case. Besides, even assuming arguendo that herein private respondent's cashier never received the amounts reflected in the TPRs, still private respondent failed to prove that Estrada, who is its duly authorized agent with respect to petitioners, did not receive those amounts from the latter. As correctly explained by petitioners, "in so far as the private respondent's customers are concerned, for as long as they pay their obligations to the sales representative of the private respondent using the latter's official receipt, said payment extinguishes their obligations." 38 Otherwise, it would unreasonably cast the burden of supervision over its employees from respondent corporation to its customers. The substantive law is that payment shall be made to the person in whose favor the obligation has been constituted, or his successorin-interest or any person authorized to receive it. 39 As far as third persons are concerned, an act is deemed to have been performed 13

within the scope of the agent's authority, if such is within the terms of the power of attorney, as written, even if the agent has in fact exceeded the limits of his authority according to an understanding between the principal and his agent. 40 In fact, Atty. Rosario, private respondent's own witness, admitted that "it is the responsibility of the collector to turn over the collection." Still pursuing its ruling in favor of respondent corporation, the Court of Appeals makes the following observation: . . . Having allegedly returned 600 Fulls to the plaintiff's representative on May 6, 10, and 14, 1980, appellant-wife's Abigail Store must have received more than 1,800 cases of soft drinks from plaintiff before those dates. Yet the Statement of Overdue Account pertaining to Abigail Minimart (Exhs. "D", "D-1" to "D-3") which appellant-husband and his representative Luis Isip signed on August 3, 1981 does now show more than 1,800 cases of soft drinks were delivered to Abigail Minimart by plaintiff's Quezon City Plant (which supposedly issued the disputed TPRs) in May, 1980 or the month before." We regret the inaccuracy in said theory of respondent court which was impelled by its sole and limited reliance on a mere statement of overdue amounts. Unlike a statement of account which truly reflects the day-to-day movement of an account, a statement of an overdue amount is only a summary of the account, simply reflecting the balance due thereon. A statement of account, being more specific and detailed in nature, allows one to readily see and verify if indeed deliveries were made during a specific period of time, unlike a bare statement of overdue payments. Respondent court cannot make its aforequoted categorical deduction unless supporting documents accompanying the statement of overdue amounts were submitted to enable easy and accurate verification of the facts. A perusal of the statement of overdue accounts shows that, except for a reference number given for each entry, no further details were volunteered nor offered. It is entirely possible that the statement of overdue account merely reflects the outstanding debt of a particular client, and not the specific particulars, such as deliveries made, particularly since the entries therein were surprisingly entered irrespective of their chronological order. Obviously, therefore, one cannot use the statement of overdue amounts as conclusive proof of deliveries done within a particular time frame. Except for its speculation that petitioner Alfredo Y. Eugenio could have had easy access to blank forms of the TPRs because he was a former route manager no evidence whatsoever was presented by private respondent in support of that theory. We are accordingly intrigued by such an unkind assertion of respondent corporation since Azurin himself admitted that their accounting department could not even inform them regarding the persons to whom the TPRs were issued. 43 In addition, it is significant that respondent corporation did not take proper action if indeed some receipts were actually lost, such as the publication of the fact of loss of the receipts, with the corresponding investigation into the matter. We, therefore, reject as attenuated the comment of the trial court that the TPRs, which Eugenio submitted after the reconciliation meeting, "smacks too much of an afterthought." 44 The reconciliation meeting was held on August 4, 1981. Three months later, on November, 1981, petitioner Alfredo Y. Eugenio submitted the four TPRs. He explained, and this was not disputed, that at the time the reconciliation meeting was held, his daughter Nanette, who was helping his wife manage the store, had eloped and she had possession of the TPRs. 45 It was only in November, 1981 when petitioners were able to talk to Nanette that they were able to find and retrieve said TPRs. He added that during the reconciliation meeting, Atty. Rosario assured him that any receipt he may submit later will be credited in his favor, hence he signed the reconciliation documents. Accordingly, when he presented the TPRs to private respondent, Atty. Rosario directed Mr. Azurin to verify the TPRs. Thus, the amount stated in the reconciliation sheet was not final, as it was still subject to such receipts as may thereafter be presented by petitioners. On the other hand, petitioners claimed that the signature of petitioner Nora S. Eugenio in Sales Invoice No. 85366, in the amount of P5,631.00 is spurious and should accordingly be deducted from the disputed amount of P74,849.40. A scrutiny of the reconciliation sheet shows that said amount had already been deducted upon the instruction of one Mr. Coloma, Plant Controller of Pepsi-Cola , Muntinlupa Plant. 46 That amount is not disputed by respondent corporation and should no longer be deducted from the total liability of petitioner in the sum of P74,849.40. Since petitioners had made a payment of P80,560.00, there was consequently an overpayment of P5,710.60. All told, we are constrained to hold that respondent corporation has dismally failed to comply with the pertinent rules for the admission of the evidence by which it sought to prove its contentions. Furthermore, there are questions left unanswered and begging for cogent explanations why said respondent did not or could not comply with the evidentiary rules. Its default inevitably depletes the weight of its evidence which cannot just be taken in vacuo, with the result that for lack of the requisite quantum of evidence, it has not discharged the burden of preponderant proof necessary to prevail in this case. WHEREFORE, the judgment of respondent Court of Appeals in C.A. G.R. CV No. 26901, affirming that of the trial court in Civil Case No. Q-34718, is ANNULLED and SET ASIDE. Private respondent Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company of the Philippines, Inc. is hereby ORDERED to pay petitioners Nora and Alfredo Eugenio the amount of P5,710.60 representing overpayment made to the former. SO ORDERED. 14

G.R. No. L-116650 May 23, 1995 TOYOTA SHAW, INC., petitioner, vs. COURT OF APPEALS and LUNA L. SOSA, respondents. DAVIDE, JR., J.: At the heart of the present controversy is the document marked Exhibit "A" 1 for the private respondent, which was signed by a sales representative of Toyota Shaw, Inc. named Popong Bernardo. The document reads as follows: 4 June 1989 AGREEMENTS BETWEEN MR. SOSA & POPONG BERNARDO OF TOYOTA SHAW, INC. 1. all necessary documents will be submitted to TOYOTA SHAW, INC. (POPONG BERNARDO) a week after, upon arrival of Mr. Sosa from the Province (Marinduque) where the unit will be used on the 19th of June. 2. the downpayment of P100,000.00 will be paid by Mr. Sosa on June 15, 1989. 3. the TOYOTA SHAW, INC. LITE ACE yellow, will be pick-up [sic] and released by TOYOTA SHAW, INC. on the 17th of June at 10 a.m. Very truly yours, (Sgd.) POPONG BERNARDO.

Was this document, executed and signed by the petitioner's sales representative, a perfected contract of sale, binding upon the petitioner, breach of which would entitle the private respondent to damages and attorney's fees? The trial court and the Court of Appeals took the affirmative view. The petitioner disagrees. Hence, this petition for review on certiorari. The antecedents as disclosed in the decisions of both the trial court and the Court of Appeals, as well as in the pleadings of petitioner Toyota Shaw, Inc. (hereinafter Toyota) and respondent Luna L. Sosa (hereinafter Sosa) are as follows. Sometime in June of 1989, Luna L. Sosa wanted to purchase a Toyota Lite Ace. It was then a seller's market and Sosa had difficulty finding a dealer with an available unit for sale. But upon contacting Toyota Shaw, Inc., he was told that there was an available unit. So on 14 June 1989, Sosa and his son, Gilbert, went to the Toyota office at Shaw Boulevard, Pasig, Metro Manila. There they met Popong Bernardo, a sales representative of Toyota. Sosa emphasized to Bernardo that he needed the Lite Ace not later than 17 June 1989 because he, his family, and a balikbayan guest would use it on 18 June 1989 to go to Marinduque, his home province, where he would celebrate his birthday on the 19th of June. He added that if he does not arrive in his hometown with the new car, he would become a "laughing stock." Bernardo assured Sosa that a unit would be ready for pick up at 10:00 a.m. on 17 June 1989. Bernardo then signed the aforequoted "Agreements Between Mr. Sosa & Popong Bernardo of Toyota Shaw, Inc." It was also agreed upon by the parties that the balance of the purchase price would be paid by credit financing through B.A. Finance, and for this Gilbert, on behalf of his father, signed the documents of Toyota and B.A. Finance pertaining to the application for financing. The next day, 15 June 1989, Sosa and Gilbert went to Toyota to deliver the downpayment of P100,000.00. They met Bernardo who then accomplished a printed Vehicle Sales Proposal (VSP) No. 928, 2 on which Gilbert signed under the subheading CONFORME. This document shows that the customer's name is "MR. LUNA SOSA" with home address at No. 2316 Guijo Street, United Parañaque II; that the model series of the vehicle is a "Lite Ace 1500" described as "4 Dr minibus"; that payment is by "installment," to be financed by "B.A.," 3 with the initial cash outlay of P100,000.00 broken down as follows: and that the "BALANCE TO BE FINANCED" is "P274,137.00." The spaces provided for "Delivery Terms" were not filled-up. It also contains the following pertinent provisions: 15

CONDITIONS OF SALES 1. This sale is subject to availability of unit. 2. Stated Price is subject to change without prior notice, Price prevailing and in effect at time of selling will apply. . . Rodrigo Quirante, the Sales Supervisor of Bernardo, checked and approved the VSP. On 17 June 1989, at around 9:30 a.m., Bernardo called Gilbert to inform him that the vehicle would not be ready for pick up at 10:00 a.m. as previously agreed upon but at 2:00 p.m. that same day. At 2:00 p.m., Sosa and Gilbert met Bernardo at the latter's office. According to Sosa, Bernardo informed them that the Lite Ace was being readied for delivery. After waiting for about an hour, Bernardo told them that the car could not be delivered because "nasulot ang unit ng ibang malakas." Toyota contends, however, that the Lite Ace was not delivered to Sosa because of the disapproval by B.A. Finance of the credit financing application of Sosa. It further alleged that a particular unit had already been reserved and earmarked for Sosa but could not be released due to the uncertainty of payment of the balance of the purchase price. Toyota then gave Sosa the option to purchase the unit by paying the full purchase price in cash but Sosa refused. After it became clear that the Lite Ace would not be delivered to him, Sosa asked that his downpayment be refunded. Toyota did so on the very same day by issuing a Far East Bank check for the full amount of P100,000.00, 4 the receipt of which was shown by a check voucher of Toyota, 5 which Sosa signed with the reservation, "without prejudice to our future claims for damages." Thereafter, Sosa sent two letters to Toyota. In the first letter, dated 27 June 1989 and signed by him, he demanded the refund, within five days from receipt, of the downpayment of P100,000.00 plus interest from the time he paid it and the payment of damages with a warning that in case of Toyota's failure to do so he would be constrained to take legal action. 6 The second, dated 4 November 1989 and signed by M. O. Caballes, Sosa's counsel, demanded one million pesos representing interest and damages, again, with a warning that legal action would be taken if payment was not made within three days. 7 Toyota's counsel answered through a letter dated 27 November 1989 8 refusing to accede to the demands of Sosa. But even before this answer was made and received by Sosa, the latter filed on 20 November 1989 with Branch 38 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Marinduque a complaint against Toyota for damages under Articles 19 and 21 of the Civil Code in the total amount of P1,230,000.00. 9 He alleges, inter alia, that: 9. As a result of defendant's failure and/or refusal to deliver the vehicle to plaintiff, plaintiff suffered embarrassment, humiliation, ridicule, mental anguish and sleepless nights because: (i) he and his family were constrained to take the public transportation from Manila to Lucena City on their way to Marinduque; (ii) his balikbayan-guest canceled his scheduled first visit to Marinduque in order to avoid the inconvenience of taking public transportation; and (iii) his relatives, friends, neighbors and other provincemates, continuously irked him about "his Brand-New Toyota Lite Ace — that never was." Under the circumstances, defendant should be made liable to the plaintiff for moral damages in the amount of One Million Pesos (P1,000,000.00). 10 In its answer to the complaint, Toyota alleged that no sale was entered into between it and Sosa, that Bernardo had no authority to sign Exhibit "A" for and in its behalf, and that Bernardo signed Exhibit "A" in his personal capacity. As special and affirmative defenses, it alleged that: the VSP did not state date of delivery; Sosa had not completed the documents required by the financing company, and as a matter of policy, the vehicle could not and would not be released prior to full compliance with financing requirements, submission of all documents, and execution of the sales agreement/invoice; the P100,000.00 was returned to and received by Sosa; the venue was improperly laid; and Sosa did not have a sufficient cause of action against it. It also interposed compulsory counterclaims. After trial on the issues agreed upon during the pre-trial session, 11 the trial court rendered on 18 February 1992 a decision in favor of Sosa. 12 It ruled that Exhibit "A," the "AGREEMENTS BETWEEN MR. SOSA AND POPONG BERNARDO," was a valid perfected contract of sale between Sosa and Toyota which bound Toyota to deliver the vehicle to Sosa, and further agreed with Sosa that Toyota acted in bad faith in selling to another the unit already reserved for him. As to Toyota's contention that Bernardo had no authority to bind it through Exhibit "A," the trial court held that the extent of Bernardo's authority "was not made known to plaintiff," for as testified to by Quirante, "they do not volunteer any information as to the company's sales policy and guidelines because they are internal matters." 13 Moreover, "[f]rom the beginning of the transaction up to its consummation when the downpayment was made by the plaintiff, the defendants had made known to the plaintiff the impression that Popong Bernardo is an authorized sales executive as it permitted the latter to do acts within the scope of an apparent authority holding him out to the public as possessing power to do these acts." 14 Bernardo then "was an agent of the defendant Toyota Shaw, Inc. and hence bound the defendants." 15 The court further declared that "Luna Sosa proved his social standing in the community and suffered besmirched reputation, wounded feelings and sleepless nights for which he ought to be compensated." 16 Accordingly, it disposed as follows: 16

WHEREFORE, viewed from the above findings, judgment is hereby rendered in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant: 1. ordering the defendant to pay to the plaintiff the sum of P75,000.00 for moral damages; 2. ordering the defendant to pay the plaintiff the sum of P10,000.00 for exemplary damages; 3. ordering the defendant to pay the sum of P30,000.00 attorney's fees plus P2,000.00 lawyer's transportation fare per trip in attending to the hearing of this case; 4. ordering the defendant to pay the plaintiff the sum of P2,000.00 transportation fare per trip of the plaintiff in attending the hearing of this case; and 5. ordering the defendant to pay the cost of suit. SO ORDERED. Dissatisfied with the trial court's judgment, Toyota appealed to the Court of Appeals. The case was docketed as CA-G.R. CV No. 40043. In its decision promulgated on 29 July 1994, 17 the Court of Appeals affirmed in toto the appealed decision.

Toyota now comes before this Court via this petition and raises the core issue stated at the beginning of the ponencia and also the following related issues: (a) whether or not the standard VSP was the true and documented understanding of the parties which would have led to the ultimate contract of sale, (b) whether or not Sosa has any legal and demandable right to the delivery of the vehicle despite the non-payment of the consideration and the non-approval of his credit application by B.A. Finance, (c) whether or not Toyota acted in good faith when it did not release the vehicle to Sosa, and (d) whether or not Toyota may be held liable for damages. We find merit in the petition. Neither logic nor recourse to one's imagination can lead to the conclusion that Exhibit "A" is a perfected contract of sale. Article 1458 of the Civil Code defines a contract of sale as follows: Art. 1458. By the contract of sale one of the contracting parties obligates himself to transfer the ownership of and to deliver a determinate thing, and the other to pay therefor a price certain in money or its equivalent. A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional. and Article 1475 specifically provides when it is deemed perfected: Art. 1475. The contract of sale is perfected at the moment there is a meeting of minds upon the thing which is the object of the contract and upon the price. From that moment, the parties may reciprocally demand performance, subject to the provisions of the law governing the form of contracts. What is clear from Exhibit "A" is not what the trial court and the Court of Appeals appear to see. It is not a contract of sale. No obligation on the part of Toyota to transfer ownership of a determinate thing to Sosa and no correlative obligation on the part of the latter to pay therefor a price certain appears therein. The provision on the downpayment of P100,000.00 made no specific reference to a sale of a vehicle. If it was intended for a contract of sale, it could only refer to a sale on installment basis, as the VSP executed the following day confirmed. But nothing was mentioned about the full purchase price and the manner the installments were to be paid. This Court had already ruled that a definite agreement on the manner of payment of the price is an essential element in the formation of a binding and enforceable contract of sale. 18 This is so because the agreement as to the manner of payment goes into the price such that a disagreement on the manner of payment is tantamount to a failure to agree on the price. Definiteness as to the price is an essential element of a binding agreement to sell personal property. 19 Moreover, Exhibit "A" shows the absence of a meeting of minds between Toyota and Sosa. For one thing, Sosa did not even sign it. For another, Sosa was well aware from its title, written in bold letters, viz., AGREEMENTS BETWEEN MR. SOSA & POPONG BERNARDO OF TOYOTA SHAW, INC.

17

that he was not dealing with Toyota but with Popong Bernardo and that the latter did not misrepresent that he had the authority to sell any Toyota vehicle. He knew that Bernardo was only a sales representative of Toyota and hence a mere agent of the latter. It was incumbent upon Sosa to act with ordinary prudence and reasonable diligence to know the extent of Bernardo's authority as an agent 20 in respect of contracts to sell Toyota's vehicles. A person dealing with an agent is put upon inquiry and must discover upon his peril the authority of the agent. 21 At the most, Exhibit "A" may be considered as part of the initial phase of the generation or negotiation stage of a contract of sale. There are three stages in the contract of sale, namely: (a) preparation, conception, or generation, which is the period of negotiation and bargaining, ending at the moment of agreement of the parties; (b) perfection or birth of the contract, which is the moment when the parties come to agree on the terms of the contract; and (c) consummation or death, which is the fulfillment or performance of the terms agreed upon in the contract. 22

The second phase of the generation or negotiation stage in this case was the execution of the VSP. It must be emphasized that thereunder, the downpayment of the purchase price was P53,148.00 while the balance to be paid on installment should be financed by B.A. Finance Corporation. It is, of course, to be assumed that B.A. Finance Corp. was acceptable to Toyota, otherwise it should not have mentioned B.A. Finance in the VSP. Financing companies are defined in Section 3(a) of R.A. No. 5980, as amended by P.D. No. 1454 and P.D. No. 1793, as "corporations or partnerships, except those regulated by the Central Bank of the Philippines, the Insurance Commission and the Cooperatives Administration Office, which are primarily organized for the purpose of extending credit facilities to consumers and to industrial, commercial, or agricultural enterprises, either by discounting or factoring commercial papers or accounts receivables, or by buying and selling contracts, leases, chattel mortgages, or other evidence of indebtedness, or by leasing of motor vehicles, heavy equipment and industrial machinery, business and office machines and equipment, appliances and other movable property." 23 Accordingly, in a sale on installment basis which is financed by a financing company, three parties are thus involved: the buyer who executes a note or notes for the unpaid balance of the price of the thing purchased on installment, the seller who assigns the notes or discounts them with a financing company, and the financing company which is subrogated in the place of the seller, as the creditor of the installment buyer. 24 Since B.A. Finance did not approve Sosa's application, there was then no meeting of minds on the sale on installment basis. We are inclined to believe Toyota's version that B.A. Finance disapproved Sosa's application for which reason it suggested to Sosa that he pay the full purchase price. When the latter refused, Toyota cancelled the VSP and returned to him his P100,000.00. Sosa's version that the VSP was cancelled because, according to Bernardo, the vehicle was delivered to another who was "mas malakas" does not inspire belief and was obviously a delayed afterthought. It is claimed that Bernardo said, "Pasensiya kayo, nasulot ang unit ng ibang malakas," while the Sosas had already been waiting for an hour for the delivery of the vehicle in the afternoon of 17 June 1989. However, in paragraph 7 of his complaint, Sosa solemnly states: On June 17, 1989 at around 9:30 o'clock in the morning, defendant's sales representative, Mr. Popong Bernardo, called plaintiff's house and informed the plaintiff's son that the vehicle will not be ready for pick-up at 10:00 a.m. of June 17, 1989 but at 2:00 p.m. of that day instead. Plaintiff and his son went to defendant's office on June 17 1989 at 2:00 p.m. in order to pick-up the vehicle but the defendant for reasons known only to its representatives, refused and/or failed to release the vehicle to the plaintiff. Plaintiff demanded for an explanation, but nothing was given; . . . (Emphasis supplied). The VSP was a mere proposal which was aborted in lieu of subsequent events. It follows that the VSP created no demandable right in favor of Sosa for the delivery of the vehicle to him, and its non-delivery did not cause any legally indemnifiable injury. The award then of moral and exemplary damages and attorney's fees and costs of suit is without legal basis. Besides, the only ground upon which Sosa claimed moral damages is that since it was known to his friends, townmates, and relatives that he was buying a Toyota Lite Ace which they expected to see on his birthday, he suffered humiliation, shame, and sleepless nights when the van was not delivered. The van became the subject matter of talks during his celebration that he may not have paid for it, and this created an impression against his business standing and reputation. At the bottom of this claim is nothing but misplaced pride and ego. He should not have announced his plan to buy a Toyota Lite Ace knowing that he might not be able to pay the full purchase price. It was he who brought embarrassment upon himself by bragging about a thing which he did not own yet. 18

Since Sosa is not entitled to moral damages and there being no award for temperate, liquidated, or compensatory damages, he is likewise not entitled to exemplary damages. Under Article 2229 of the Civil Code, exemplary or corrective damages are imposed by way of example or correction for the public good, in addition to moral, temperate, liquidated, or compensatory damages. Also, it is settled that for attorney's fees to be granted, the court must explicitly state in the body of the decision, and not only in the dispositive portion thereof, the legal reason for the award of attorney's fees. 26 No such explicit determination thereon was made in the body of the decision of the trial court. No reason thus exists for such an award. WHEREFORE, the instant petition is GRANTED. The challenged decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV NO. 40043 as well as that of Branch 38 of the Regional Trial Court of Marinduque in Civil Case No. 89-14 are REVERSED and SET ASIDE and the complaint in Civil Case No. 89-14 is DISMISSED. The counterclaim therein is likewise DISMISSED.

No pronouncement as to costs. SO ORDERED.

Article 1910 G.R. No. L-57339 December 29, 1983 AIR FRANCE, petitioner, vs.HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS, JOSE G. GANA (Deceased), CLARA A. GANA, RAMON GANA, MANUEL GANA, MARIA TERESA GANA, ROBERTO GANA, JAIME JAVIER GANA, CLOTILDE VDA. DE AREVALO, and EMILY SAN JUAN, respondents. MELENCIO-HERRERA, J.: In this petition for review on certiorari, petitioner AIR FRANCE assails the Decision of then respondent Court of Appeals 1 promulgated on 15 December 1980 in CA-G.R. No. 58164-R, entitled "Jose G. Gana, et al. vs. Sociedad Nacionale Air France", which reversed the Trial Court's judgment dismissing the Complaint of private respondents for damages arising from breach of contract of carriage, and awarding instead P90,000.00 as moral damages. Sometime in February, 1970, the late Jose G. Gana and his family, numbering nine (the GANAS), purchased from AIR FRANCE through Imperial Travels, Incorporated, a duly authorized travel agent, nine (9) "open-dated" air passage tickets for the Manila/Osaka/Tokyo/Manila route. The GANAS paid a total of US$2,528.85 for their economy and first class fares. Said tickets were bought at the then prevailing exchange rate of P3.90 per US$1.00. The GANAS also paid travel taxes of P100.00 for each passenger. On 24 April 1970, AIR FRANCE exchanged or substituted the aforementioned tickets with other tickets for the same route. At this time, the GANAS were booked for the Manila/Osaka segment on AIR FRANCE Flight 184 for 8 May 1970, and for the Tokyo/Manila return trip on AIR FRANCE Flight 187 on 22 May 1970. The aforesaid tickets were valid until 8 May 1971, the date written under the printed words "Non valuable apres de (meaning, "not valid after the"). The GANAS did not depart on 8 May 1970. Sometime in January, 1971, Jose Gana sought the assistance of Teresita Manucdoc, a Secretary of the Sta. Clara Lumber Company where Jose Gana was the Director and Treasurer, for the extension of the validity of their tickets, which were due to expire on 8 May 1971. Teresita enlisted the help of Lee Ella Manager of the Philippine Travel Bureau, who used to handle travel arrangements for the personnel of the Sta. Clara Lumber Company. Ella sent the tickets to Cesar Rillo, Office Manager of AIR FRANCE. The tickets were returned to Ella who was informed that extension was not possible unless the fare differentials resulting from the increase in fares triggered by an increase of the exchange rate of the US dollar to the Philippine peso and the increased travel tax were first paid. Ella then returned the tickets to Teresita and informed her of the impossibility of extension. In the meantime, the GANAS had scheduled their departure on 7 May 1971 or one day before the expiry date. In the morning of the very day of their scheduled departure on the first leg of their trip, Teresita requested travel agent Ella to arrange the revalidation of the tickets. Ella gave the same negative answer and warned her that although the tickets could be used by the GANAS if they left on 7 May 1971, the tickets would no longer be valid for the rest of their trip because the tickets would then have expired on 8 May 1971. Teresita replied that it will be up to the GANAS to make the arrangements. With that assurance, Ella on his own, attached to the tickets validating stickers for the Osaka/Tokyo flight, one a JAL. sticker and the other an SAS (Scandinavian Airways System) sticker. The SAS 19

sticker indicates thereon that it was "Reevaluated by: the Philippine Travel Bureau, Branch No. 2" (as shown by a circular rubber stamp) and signed "Ador", and the date is handwritten in the center of the circle. Then appear under printed headings the notations: JL. 108 (Flight), 16 May (Date), 1040 (Time), OK (status). Apparently, Ella made no more attempt to contact AIR FRANCE as there was no more time. Notwithstanding the warnings, the GANAS departed from Manila in the afternoon of 7 May 1971 on board AIR FRANCE Flight 184 for Osaka, Japan. There is no question with respect to this leg of the trip.

However, for the Osaka/Tokyo flight on 17 May 1971, Japan Airlines refused to honor the tickets because of their expiration, and the GANAS had to purchase new tickets. They encountered the same difficulty with respect to their return trip to Manila as AIR FRANCE also refused to honor their tickets. They were able to return only after pre-payment in Manila, through their relatives, of the readjusted rates. They finally flew back to Manila on separate Air France Frights on 19 May 1971 for Jose Gana and 26 May 1971 for the rest of the family. On 25 August 1971, the GANAS commenced before the then Court of First Instance of Manila, Branch III, Civil Case No. 84111 for damages arising from breach of contract of carriage. AIR FRANCE traversed the material allegations of the Complaint and alleged that the GANAS brought upon themselves the predicament they found themselves in and assumed the consequential risks; that travel agent Ella's affixing of validating stickers on the tickets without the knowledge and consent of AIR FRANCE, violated airline tariff rules and regulations and was beyond the scope of his authority as a travel agent; and that AIR FRANCE was not guilty of any fraudulent conduct or bad faith. On 29 May 1975, the Trial Court dismissed the Complaint based on Partial and Additional Stipulations of Fact as wen as on the documentary and testimonial evidence. The GANAS appealed to respondent Appellate Court. During the pendency of the appeal, Jose Gana, the principal plaintiff, died. On 15 December 1980, respondent Appellate Court set aside and reversed the Trial Court's judgment in a Decision, which decreed: WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from is set aside. Air France is hereby ordered to pay appellants moral damages in the total sum of NINETY THOUSAND PESOS (P90,000.00) plus costs. SO ORDERED. Reconsideration sought by AIR FRANCE was denied, hence, petitioner's recourse before this instance, to which we gave due course. The crucial issue is whether or not, under the environmental milieu the GANAS have made out a case for breach of contract of carriage entitling them to an award of damages. We are constrained to reverse respondent Appellate Court's affirmative ruling thereon. Pursuant to tariff rules and regulations of the International Air Transportation Association (IATA), included in paragraphs 9, 10, and 11 of the Stipulations of Fact between the parties in the Trial Court, dated 31 March 1973, an airplane ticket is valid for one year. "The passenger must undertake the final portion of his journey by departing from the last point at which he has made a voluntary stop before the expiry of this limit (parag. 3.1.2. ) ... That is the time allowed a passenger to begin and to complete his trip (parags. 3.2 and 3.3.). ... A ticket can no longer be used for travel if its validity has expired before the passenger completes his trip (parag. 3.5.1.) ... To complete the trip, the passenger must purchase a new ticket for the remaining portion of the journey" (ibid.) 3 From the foregoing rules, it is clear that AIR FRANCE cannot be faulted for breach of contract when it dishonored the tickets of the GANAS after 8 May 1971 since those tickets expired on said date; nor when it required the GANAS to buy new tickets or have their tickets re-issued for the Tokyo/Manila segment of their trip. Neither can it be said that, when upon sale of the new tickets, it imposed additional charges representing fare differentials, it was motivated by self-interest or unjust enrichment considering that an increase of fares took effect, as authorized by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) in April, 1971. This procedure is well in accord with the IATA tariff rules which provide: 6. TARIFF RULES 7. APPLICABLE FARE ON THE DATE OF DEPARTURE 3.1 General Rule. 20

All journeys must be charged for at the fare (or charge) in effect on the date on which transportation commences from the point of origin. Any ticket sold prior to a change of fare or charge (increase or decrease) occurring between the date of commencement of the journey, is subject to the above general rule and must be adjusted accordingly. A new ticket must be issued and the difference is to be collected or refunded as the case may be. No adjustment is necessary if the increase or decrease in fare (or charge) occurs when the journey is already commenced. 4 The GANAS cannot defend by contending lack of knowledge of those rules since the evidence bears out that Teresita, who handled travel arrangements for the GANAS, was duly informed by travel agent Ella of the advice of Reno, the Office Manager of Air France, that the tickets in question could not be extended beyond the period of their validity without paying the fare differentials and additional travel taxes brought about by the increased fare rate and travel taxes. ATTY. VALTE Q. What did you tell Mrs. Manucdoc, in turn after being told this by Mr. Rillo? A. I told her, because that is the reason why they accepted again the tickets when we returned the tickets spin, that they could not be extended. They could be extended by paying the additional fare, additional tax and additional exchange during that time. Q. You said so to Mrs. Manucdoc? A. Yes, sir." ... 5 The ruling relied on by respondent Appellate Court, therefore, in KLM. vs. Court of Appeals, 65 SCRA 237 (1975), holding that it would be unfair to charge respondents therein with automatic knowledge or notice of conditions in contracts of adhesion, is inapplicable. To all legal intents and purposes, Teresita was the agent of the GANAS and notice to her of the rejection of the request for extension of the validity of the tickets was notice to the GANAS, her principals. The SAS validating sticker for the Osaka/Tokyo flight affixed by Era showing reservations for JAL. Flight 108 for 16 May 1971, without clearing the same with AIR FRANCE allegedly because of the imminent departure of the GANAS on the same day so that he could not get in touch with Air France 6 was certainly in contravention of IATA rules although as he had explained, he did so upon Teresita's assurance that for the onward flight from Osaka and return, the GANAS would make other arrangements. Q. Referring you to page 33 of the transcript of the last session, I had this question which reads as follows: 'But did she say anything to you when you said that the tickets were about to expire?' Your answer was: 'I am the one who asked her. At that time I told her if the tickets being used ... I was telling her what about their bookings on the return. What about their travel on the return? She told me it is up for the Ganas to make the arrangement.' May I know from you what did you mean by this testimony of yours? A. That was on the day when they were asking me on May 7, 1971 when they were checking the tickets. I told Mrs. Manucdoc that I was going to get the tickets. I asked her what about the tickets onward from the return from Tokyo, and her answer was it is up for the Ganas to make the arrangement, because I told her that they could leave on the seventh, but they could take care of that when they arrived in Osaka. Q. What do you mean? A. The Ganas will make the arrangement from Osaka, Tokyo and Manila. Q. What arrangement? A. The arrangement for the airline because the tickets would expire on May 7, and they insisted on leaving. I asked Mrs. Manucdoc what about the return onward portion because they would be travelling to Osaka, and her answer was, it is up to for the Ganas to make the arrangement. Q. Exactly what were the words of Mrs. Manucdoc when you told her that? If you can remember, what were her exact words? A. Her words only, it is up for the Ganas to make the arrangement. Q. This was in Tagalog or in English?

A. I think it was in English. ...

21

The circumstances that AIR FRANCE personnel at the ticket counter in the airport allowed the GANAS to leave is not tantamount to an implied ratification of travel agent Ella's irregular actuations. It should be recalled that the GANAS left in Manila the day before the expiry date of their tickets and that "other arrangements" were to be made with respect to the remaining segments. Besides, the validating stickers that Ella affixed on his own merely reflect the status of reservations on the specified flight and could not legally serve to extend the validity of a ticket or revive an expired one. The conclusion is inevitable that the GANAS brought upon themselves the predicament they were in for having insisted on using tickets that were due to expire in an effort, perhaps, to beat the deadline and in the thought that by commencing the trip the day before the expiry date, they could complete the trip even thereafter. It should be recalled that AIR FRANCE was even unaware of the validating SAS and JAL. stickers that Ella had affixed spuriously. Consequently, Japan Air Lines and AIR FRANCE merely acted within their contractual rights when they dishonored the tickets on the remaining segments of the trip and when AIR FRANCE demanded payment of the adjusted fare rates and travel taxes for the Tokyo/Manila flight. WHEREFORE, the judgment under review is hereby reversed and set aside, and the Amended Complaint filed by private respondents hereby dismissed. No costs. SO ORDERED.

G.R. No. 159489 FILIPINAS LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY (now AYALA LIFE ASSURANCE, INC.), Petitioner, - versus - TERESITA O. PEDROSO and JENNIFER N. PALACIO thru her Attorney-in-Fact PONCIANO C. MARQUEZ, Respondents. Promulgated: February 4, 2008 DECISION QUISUMBING, J.: This petition for review on certiorari seeks the reversal of the Decision[1] and Resolution,[2] dated November 29, 2002 and August 5, 2003, respectively, of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 33568. The appellate court had affirmed the Decision[3] dated October 10, 1989 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Manila, Branch 3, finding petitioner as defendant and the co-defendants below jointly and severally liable to the plaintiffs, now herein respondents. The antecedent facts are as follows: Respondent Teresita O. Pedroso is a policyholder of a 20-year endowment life insurance issued by petitioner Filipinas Life Assurance Company (Filipinas Life). Pedroso claims Renato Valle was her insurance agent since 1972 and Valle collected her monthly premiums. In the first week of January 1977, Valle told her that the Filipinas Life Escolta Office was holding a promotional investment program for policyholders. It was offering 8% prepaid interest a month for certain amounts deposited on a monthly basis. Enticed, she initially invested and issued a post-dated check dated January 7, 1977 for P10,000.[4] In return, Valle issued Pedroso his personal check for P800 for the 8%[5] prepaid interest and a Filipinas Life Agents Receipt No. 807838.[6] Subsequently, she called the Escolta office and talked to Francisco Alcantara, the administrative assistant, who referred her to the branch manager, Angel Apetrior. Pedroso inquired about the promotional investment and Apetrior confirmed that there was such a promotion. She was even told she could push through with the check she issued. From the records, the check, with the endorsement of Alcantara at the back, was deposited in the account of Filipinas Life with the Commercial Bank and Trust Company (CBTC), Escolta Branch. Relying on the representations made by the petitioners duly authorized representatives Apetrior and Alcantara, as well as having known agent Valle for quite some time, Pedroso waited for the maturity of her initial investment. A month after, her investment of P10,000 was returned to her after she made a written request for its refund. The formal written request, dated February 3, 1977, was written on an inter-office memorandum form of Filipinas Life prepared by Alcantara.[7] To collect the amount, Pedroso personally went to the Escolta branch where Alcantara gave her the P10,000 in cash. After a second investment, she made 7 to 8 more investments in varying amounts, totaling P37,000 but at a lower rate of 5%[8] prepaid interest a month. Upon maturity of Pedrosos subsequent investments, Valle would take back from Pedroso the corresponding yellow-colored agents receipt he issued to the latter. Pedroso told respondent Jennifer N. Palacio, also a Filipinas Life insurance policyholder, about the investment plan. Palacio made a total investment of P49,550[9] but at only 5% prepaid interest. However, when Pedroso tried to withdraw her investment, Valle did not 22

want to return some P17,000 worth of it. Palacio also tried to withdraw hers, but Filipinas Life, despite demands, refused to return her money. With the assistance of their lawyer, they went to Filipinas Life Escolta Office to collect their respective investments, and to inquire why they had not seen Valle for quite some time. But their attempts were futile. Hence, respondents filed an action for the recovery of a sum of money. After trial, the RTC, Branch 3, Manila, held Filipinas Life and its co-defendants Valle, Apetrior and Alcantara jointly and solidarily liable to the respondents. On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial courts ruling and subsequently denied the motion for reconsideration. Petitioner now comes before us raising a single issue: WHETHER OR NOT THE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED A REVERSIBLE ERROR AND GRAVELY ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN AFFIRMING THE DECISION OF THE LOWER COURT HOLDING FLAC [FILIPINAS LIFE] TO BE JOINTLY AND SEVERALLY LIABLE WITH ITS CO-DEFENDANTS ON THE CLAIM OF RESPONDENTS INSTEAD OF HOLDING ITS AGENT, RENATO VALLE, SOLELY LIABLE TO THE RESPONDENTS.[10] Simply put, did the Court of Appeals err in holding petitioner and its co-defendants jointly and severally liable to the herein respondents? Filipinas Life does not dispute that Valle was its agent, but claims that it was only a life insurance company and was not engaged in the business of collecting investment money. It contends that the investment scheme offered to respondents by Valle, Apetrior and Alcantara was outside the scope of their authority as agents of Filipinas Life such that, it cannot be held liable to the respondents.[11] On the other hand, respondents contend that Filipinas Life authorized Valle to solicit investments from them. In fact, Filipinas Lifes official documents and facilities were used in consummating the transactions. These transactions, according to respondents, were confirmed by its officers Apetrior and Alcantara. Respondents assert they exercised all the diligence required of them in ascertaining the authority of petitioners agents; and it is Filipinas Life that failed in its duty to ensure that its agents act within the scope of their authority. Considering the issue raised in the light of the submissions of the parties, we find that the petition lacks merit. The Court of Appeals committed no reversible error nor abused gravely its discretion in rendering the assailed decision and resolution. It appears indisputable that respondents Pedroso and Palacio had invested P47,000 and P49,550, respectively. These were received by Valle and remitted to Filipinas Life, using Filipinas Lifes official receipts, whose authenticity were not disputed. Valles authority to solicit and receive investments was also established by the parties. When respondents sought confirmation, Alcantara, holding a supervisory position, and Apetrior, the branch manager, confirmed that Valle had authority. While it is true that a person dealing with an agent is put upon inquiry and must discover at his own peril the agents authority, in this case, respondents did exercise due diligence in removing all doubts and in confirming the validity of the representations made by Valle. Filipinas Life, as the principal, is liable for obligations contracted by its agent Valle. By the contract of agency, a person binds himself to render some service or to do something in representation or on behalf of another, with the consent or authority of the latter.[12] The general rule is that the principal is responsible for the acts of its agent done within the scope of its authority, and should bear the damage caused to third persons.[13] When the agent exceeds his authority, the agent becomes personally liable for the damage.[14] But even when the agent exceeds his authority, the principal is still solidarily liable together with the agent if the principal allowed the agent to act as though the agent had full powers.[15] In other words, the acts of an agent beyond the scope of his authority do not bind the principal, unless the principal ratifies them, expressly or impliedly.[16] Ratification in agency is the adoption or confirmation by one person of an act performed on his behalf by another without authority.[17] Filipinas Life cannot profess ignorance of Valles acts. Even if Valles representations were beyond his authority as a debit/insurance agent, Filipinas Life thru Alcantara and Apetrior expressly and knowingly ratified Valles acts. It cannot even be denied that Filipinas Life benefited from the investments deposited by Valle in the account of Filipinas Life. In our considered view, Filipinas Life had clothed Valle with apparent authority; hence, it is now estopped to deny said authority. Innocent third persons should not be prejudiced if the principal failed to adopt the needed measures to prevent misrepresentation, much more so if the principal ratified his agents acts beyond the latters authority. The act of the agent is considered that of the principal itself. Qui per alium facit per seipsum facere videtur. He who does a thing by an agent is considered as doing it himself.[18] WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED for lack of merit. The Decision and Resolution, dated November 29, 2002 and August 5, 2003, respectively, of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 33568 are AFFIRMED. Costs against the petitioner. 23

SO ORDERED.

[G.R. No. 152122. July 30, 2003] CHINA AIRLINES, petitioner, vs. DANIEL CHIOK, respondent. DECISION PANGANIBAN, J.: A common carrier has a peculiar relationship with and an exacting responsibility to its passengers. For reasons of public interest and policy, the ticket-issuing airline acts as principal in a contract of carriage and is thus liable for the acts and the omissions of any errant carrier to which it may have endorsed any sector of the entire, continuous trip. The Case Before the Court is a Petition for Review on Certiorari[1] under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, seeking to reverse the August 7, 2001 Decision[2] and the February 7, 2002 Resolution[3] of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-GR CV No. 45832. The challenged Decision disposed as follows: WHEREFORE, premises considered, the assailed Decision dated July 5, 1991 of Branch 31, Regional Trial Court, National Capital Judicial Region, Manila, in Civil Case No. 82-13690, is hereby MODIFIED by deleting that portion regarding defendants-appellants liabilities for the payment of the actual damages amounting to HK$14,128.80 and US$2,000.00 while all other respects are AFFIRMED. Costs against defendants-appellants.[4] The assailed Resolution denied Petitioners Motion for Partial Reconsideration. The Facts The facts are narrated by the CA[5] as follows: On September 18, 1981, Daniel Chiok (hereafter referred to as Chiok) purchased from China Airlines, Ltd. (CAL for brevity) airline passenger ticket number 297:4402:004:278:5 for air transportation covering Manila-Taipei-Hongkong-Manila. Said ticket was exclusively endorseable to Philippine Airlines, Ltd. (PAL for brevity). Subsequently, on November 21, 1981, Chiok took his trip from Manila to Taipei using [the] CAL ticket. Before he left for said trip, the trips covered by the ticket were pre-scheduled and confirmed by the former. When he arrived in Taipei, he went to the CAL office and confirmed his Hongkong to Manila trip on board PAL Flight No. PR 311. The CAL office attached a yellow sticker appropriately indicating that his flight status was OK. When Chiok reached Hongkong, he went to the PAL office and sought to reconfirm his flight back to Manila. The PAL office confirmed his return trip on board Flight No. PR 311 and attached its own sticker. On November 24, 1981, Chiok proceeded to Hongkong International Airport for his return trip to Manila. However, upon reaching the PAL counter, Chiok saw a poster stating that PAL Flight No. PR 311 was cancelled because of a typhoon in Manila. He was then informed that all the confirmed ticket holders of PAL Flight No. PR 311 were automatically booked for its next flight, which was to leave the next day. He then informed PAL personnel that, being the founding director of the Philippine Polysterene Paper Corporation, he ha[d] to reach Manila on November 25, 1981 because of a business option which he ha[d] to execute on said date. On November 25, 1981, Chiok went to the airport. Cathay Pacific stewardess Lok Chan (hereafter referred to as Lok) ha[d] taken and received Chioks plane ticket and his luggage. Lok called the attention of Carmen Chan (hereafter referred to as Carmen), PALs terminal supervisor, and informed the latter that Chioks name was not in the computer list of passengers. Subsequently, Carmen informed Chiok that his name did not appear in PALs computer list of passengers and therefore could not be permitted to board PAL Flight No. PR 307. Meanwhile, Chiok requested Carmen to put into writing the alleged reason why he was not allowed to take his flight. The latter then wrote the following, to wit: PAL STAFF CARMEN CHAN CHKD WITH R/C KENNY AT 1005H NO SUCH NAME IN COMPUTER FOR 311/24 NOV AND 307/25 NOV. The latter sought to recover his luggage but found only 2 which were placed at the end of the passengers line. Realizing that his new Samsonite luggage was missing, which contained cosmetics worth HK$14,128.80, he complained to Carmen. 24

Thereafter, Chiok proceeded to PALs Hongkong office and confronted PALs reservation officer, Carie Chao (hereafter referred to as Chao), who previously confirmed his flight back to Manila. Chao told Chiok that his name was on the list and pointed to the latter his computer number listed on the PAL confirmation sticker attached to his plane ticket, which number was R/MN62. Chiok then decided to use another CAL ticket with No. 297:4402:004:370:5 and asked Chao if this ticket could be used to book him for the said flight. The latter, once again, booked and confirmed the formers trip, this time on board PAL Flight No. PR 311 scheduled to depart that evening. Later, Chiok went to the PAL check-in counter and it was Carmen who attended to him. As this juncture, Chiok had already placed his travel documents, including his clutch bag, on top of the PAL check-in counter. Thereafter, Carmen directed PAL personnel to transfer counters. In the ensuing commotion, Chiok lost his clutch bag containing the following, to wit: (a) $2,000.00; (b) HK$2,000.00; (c) Taipei $8,000.00; (d) P2,000.00; (e) a three-piece set of gold (18 carats) cross pens valued at P3,500; (f) a Cartier watch worth about P7,500.00; (g) a tie clip with a garnet birthstone and diamond worth P1,800.00; and (h) a [pair of] Christian Dior reading glasses. Subsequently, he was placed on stand-by and at around 7:30 p.m., PAL personnel informed him that he could now check-in. Consequently, Chiok as plaintiff, filed a Complaint on November 9, 1982 for damages, against PAL and CAL, as defendants, docketed as Civil Case No. 82-13690, with Branch 31, Regional Trial Court, National Capital Judicial Region, Manila. He alleged therein that despite several confirmations of his flight, defendant PAL refused to accommodate him in Flight No. 307, for which reason he lost the business option aforementioned. He also alleged that PALs personnel, specifically Carmen, ridiculed and humiliated him in the presence of so many people. Further, he alleged that defendants are solidarily liable for the damages he suffered, since one is the agent of the other.[6] The Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Manila held CAL and PAL jointly and severally liable to respondent. It did not, however, rule on their respective cross-claims. It disposed as follows: WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered in favor of plaintiff and against the defendants to jointly and severally pay: 1. Actual damages in the amount of HK$14,128.80 or its equivalent in Philippine Currency at the time of the loss of the luggage consisting of cosmetic products; 2. US$2,000.00 or its equivalent at the time of the loss of the clutch bag containing the money; 3. P200,000.00 by way of moral damages; 4. P50,000.00 by way of exemplary damages or corrective damages; 5. Attorney[]s fees equivalent to 10% of the amounts due and demandable and awarded in favor of the plaintiff; and 6. The costs of this proceedings.[7] The two carriers appealed the RTC Decision to the CA. Ruling of the Court of Appeals

Affirming the RTC, the Court of Appeals debunked petitioners claim that it had merely acted as an issuing agent for the ticket covering the Hong Kong-Manila leg of respondents journey. In support of its Decision, the CA quoted a purported ruling of this Court in KLM Royal Dutch Airlines v. Court of Appeals[8] as follows: Article 30 of the Warsaw providing that in case of transportation to be performed by various successive carriers, the passenger can take action only against the carrier who performed the transportation during which the accident or the delay occurred presupposes the occurrence of either an accident or delay in the course of the air trip, and does not apply if the damage is caused by the willful misconduct on the part of the carriers employee or agent acting within the scope of his employment. It would be unfair and inequitable to charge a passenger with automatic knowledge or notice of a condition which purportedly would excuse the carrier from liability, where the notice is written at the back of the ticket in letters so small that one has to use a magnifying glass to read the words. To preclude any doubt that the contract was fairly and freely agreed upon when the passenger accepted the passage ticket, the carrier who issued the ticket must inform the passenger of the conditions prescribed in the ticket or, in the very least, ascertain that the passenger read them before he accepted the passage ticket. Absent any showing that the carriers officials or 25

employees discharged this responsibility to the passenger, the latter cannot be bound by the conditions by which the carrier assumed the role of a mere ticket-issuing agent for other airlines and limited its liability only to untoward occurrences in its own lines. Where the passage tickets provide that the carriage to be performed thereunder by several successive carriers is to be regarded as a single operation, the carrier which issued the tickets for the entire trip in effect guaranteed to the passenger that the latter shall have sure space in the various carriers which would ferry him through the various segments of the trip, and the ticket-issuing carrier assumes full responsibility for the entire trip and shall be held accountable for the breach of that guaranty whether the breach occurred in its own lines or in those of the other carriers.[9] On PALs appeal, the appellate court held that the carrier had reneged on its obligation to transport respondent when, in spite of the confirmations he had secured for Flight PR 311, his name did not appear in the computerized list of passengers. Ruling that the airlines negligence was the proximate cause of his excoriating experience, the appellate court sustained the award of moral and exemplary damages. The CA, however, deleted the RTCs award of actual damages amounting to HK$14,128.80 and US$2,000.00, because the lost piece of luggage and clutch bag had not actually been checked in or delivered to PAL for transportation to Manila. On August 28, 2001, petitioner filed a Motion for Partial Reconsideration, contending that the appellate court had erroneously relied on a mere syllabus of KLM v. CA, not on the actual ruling therein. Moreover, it argued that respondent was fully aware that the booking for the PAL sector had been made only upon his request; and that only PAL, not CAL, was liable for the actual carriage of that segment. Petitioner likewise prayed for a ruling on its cross-claim against PAL, inasmuch as the latters employees had acted negligently, as found by the trial court. Denying the Motion, the appellate court ruled that petitioner had failed to raise any new matter or issue that would warrant a modification or a reversal of the Decision. As to the alleged misquotation, the CA held that while the portion it had cited appeared to be different from the wording of the actual ruling, the variance was more apparent than real since the difference [was] only in form and not in substance.[10] CAL and PAL filed separate Petitions to assail the CA Decision. In its October 3, 2001 Resolution, this Court denied PALs appeal, docketed as GR No. 149544, for failure to serve the CA a copy of the Petition as required by Section 3, Rule 45, in relation to Section 5(d) of Rule 56 and paragraph 2 of Revised Circular No. 1-88 of this Court. PALs Motion for Reconsideration was denied with finality on January 21, 2002. Only the appeal of CAL[11] remains in this Court. Issues In its Memorandum, petitioner raises the following issues for the Courts consideration:

1. The Court of Appeals committed judicial misconduct in finding liability against the petitioner on the basis of a misquotation from KLM Royal Dutch Airlines vs. Court of Appeals, et al., 65 SCRA 237 and in magnifying its misconduct by denying the petitioners Motion for Reconsideration on a mere syllabus, unofficial at that. 2. The Court of Appeals committed an error of law when it did not apply applicable precedents on the case before it. 3. The Court of Appeals committed a non sequitur when it did not rule on the cross-claim of the petitioner.[12] The Courts Ruling The Petition is not meritorious. First Issue: Alleged Judicial Misconduct Petitioner charges the CA with judicial misconduct for quoting from and basing its ruling against the two airlines on an unofficial syllabus of this Courts ruling in KLM v. CA. Moreover, such misconduct was allegedly aggravated when the CA, in an attempt to justify its action, held that the difference between the actual ruling and the syllabus was more apparent than real.[13] We agree with petitioner that the CA committed a lapse when it relied merely on the unofficial syllabus of our ruling in KLM v. CA. Indeed, lawyers and litigants are mandated to quote decisions of this Court accurately.[14] By the same token, judges should do no 26

less by strictly abiding by this rule when they quote cases that support their judgments and decisions. Canon 3 of the Code of Judicial Conduct enjoins them to perform official duties diligently by being faithful to the law and maintaining their professional competence. However, since this case is not administrative in nature, we cannot rule on the CA justices administrative liability, if any, for this lapse. First, due process requires that in administrative proceedings, the respondents must first be given an opportunity to be heard before sanctions can be imposed. Second, the present action is an appeal from the CAs Decision, not an administrative case against the magistrates concerned. These two suits are independent of and separate from each other and cannot be mixed in the same proceedings. By merely including the lapse as an assigned error here without any adequate and proper administrative case therefor, petitioner cannot expect the imposition of an administrative sanction. In the case at bar, we can only determine whether the error in quotation would be sufficient to reverse or modify the CA Decision. Applicability of KLM v. CA In KLM v. CA, the petitioner therein issued tickets to the Mendoza spouses for their world tour. The tour included a Barcelona-Lourdes route, which was serviced by the Irish airline Aer Lingus. At the KLM office in Frankfurt, Germany, they obtained a confirmation from Aer Lingus of their seat reservations on its Flight 861. On the day of their departure, however, the airline rudely off-loaded them. When sued for breach of contract, KLM sought to be excused for the wrongful conduct of Aer Lingus by arguing that its liability for damages was limited only to occurrences on its own sectors. To support its argument, it cited Article 30 of the Warsaw Convention, stating that when transportation was to be performed by various successive carriers, the passenger could take action only against the carrier that had performed the transportation when the accident or delay occurred. In holding KLM liable for damages, we ruled as follows: 1. The applicability insisted upon by the KLM of article 30 of the Warsaw Convention cannot be sustained. That article presupposes the occurrence of either an accident or a delay, neither of which took place at the Barcelona airport; what is here manifest, instead, is that the Aer Lingus, through its manager there, refused to transport the respondents to their planned and contracted destination.

2. The argument that the KLM should not be held accountable for the tortious conduct of Aer Lingus because of the provision printed on the respondents' tickets expressly limiting the KLM's liability for damages only to occurrences on its own lines is unacceptable. As noted by the Court of Appeals that condition was printed in letters so small that one would have to use a magnifying glass to read the words. Under the circumstances, it would be unfair and inequitable to charge the respondents with automatic knowledge or notice of the said condition so as to preclude any doubt that it was fairly and freely agreed upon by the respondents when they accepted the passage tickets issued to them by the KLM. As the airline which issued those tickets with the knowledge that the respondents would be flown on the various legs of their journey by different air carriers, the KLM was chargeable with the duty and responsibility of specifically informing the respondents of conditions prescribed in their tickets or, in the very least, to ascertain that the respondents read them before they accepted their passage tickets. A thorough search of the record, however, inexplicably fails to show that any effort was exerted by the KLM officials or employees to discharge in a proper manner this responsibility to the respondents. Consequently, we hold that the respondents cannot be bound by the provision in question by which KLM unilaterally assumed the role of a mere ticketissuing agent for other airlines and limited its liability only to untoward occurrences on its own lines. 3. Moreover, as maintained by the respondents and the Court of Appeals, the passage tickets of the respondents provide that the carriage to be performed thereunder by several successive carriers is to be regarded as a single operation, which is diametrically incompatible with the theory of the KLM that the respondents entered into a series of independent contracts with the carriers which took them on the various segments of their trip. This position of KLM we reject. The respondents dealt exclusively with the KLM which issued them tickets for their entire trip and which in effect guaranteed to them that they would have sure space in Aer Lingus flight 861. The respondents, under that assurance of the internationally prestigious KLM, naturally had the right to expect that their tickets would be honored by Aer Lingus to which, in the legal sense, the KLM had indorsed and in effect guaranteed the performance of its principal engagement to carry out the respondents' scheduled itinerary previously and mutually agreed upon between the parties. 4. The breach of that guarantee was aggravated by the discourteous and highly arbitrary conduct of an official of the Aer Lingus which the KLM had engaged to transport the respondents on the Barcelona-Lourdes segment of their itinerary. It is but just and in full accord with the policy expressly embodied in our civil law which enjoins courts to be more vigilant for the protection of a contracting party who occupies an inferior position with respect to the other contracting party, that the KLM should be held responsible for the abuse, injury and embarrassment suffered by the respondents at the hands of a supercilious boor of the Aer Lingus.[15] 27

In the instant case, the CA ruled that under the contract of transportation, petitioner -- as the ticket-issuing carrier (like KLM) -- was liable regardless of the fact that PAL was to perform or had performed the actual carriage. It elucidated on this point as follows: By the very nature of their contract, defendant-appellant CAL is clearly liable under the contract of carriage with [respondent] and remains to be so, regardless of those instances when actual carriage was to be performed by another carrier. The issuance of a confirmed CAL ticket in favor of [respondent] covering his entire trip abroad concretely attests to this. This also serves as proof that defendant-appellant CAL, in effect guaranteed that the carrier, such as defendant-appellant PAL would honor his ticket, assure him of a space therein and transport him on a particular segment of his trip.[16] Notwithstanding the errant quotation, we have found after careful deliberation that the assailed Decision is supported in substance by KLM v. CA. The misquotation by the CA cannot serve as basis for the reversal of its ruling. Nonetheless, to avert similar incidents in the future, this Court hereby exhorts members of the bar and the bench to refer to and quote from the official repository of our decisions, the Philippine Reports, whenever practicable.[17] In the absence of this primary source, which is still being updated, they may resort to unofficial sources like the SCRA.[18] We remind them that the Courts ponencia, when used to support a judgment or ruling, should be quoted accurately.[19] Second Issue: Liability of the Ticket-Issuing Airline We now come to the main issue of whether CAL is liable for damages. Petitioner posits that the CA Decision must be annulled, not only because it was rooted on an erroneous quotation, but also because it disregarded jurisprudence, notably China Airlines v. Intermediate Appellate Court[20] and China Airlines v. Court of Appeals.[21]

Jurisprudence Supports CA Decision It is significant to note that the contract of air transportation was between petitioner and respondent, with the former endorsing to PAL the Hong Kong-to-Manila segment of the journey. Such contract of carriage has always been treated in this jurisdiction as a single operation. This jurisprudential rule is supported by the Warsaw Convention,[22] to which the Philippines is a party, and by the existing practices of the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Article 1, Section 3 of the Warsaw Convention states: Transportation to be performed by several successive air carriers shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Convention, to be one undivided transportation, if it has been regarded by the parties as a single operation, whether it has been agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a series of contracts, and it shall not lose its international character merely because one contract or a series of contracts is to be performed entirely within a territory subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate, or authority of the same High Contracting Party.[23] Article 15 of IATA-Recommended Practice similarly provides: Carriage to be performed by several successive carriers under one ticket, or under a ticket and any conjunction ticket issued therewith, is regarded as a single operation. In American Airlines v. Court of Appeals,[24] we have noted that under a general pool partnership agreement, the ticket-issuing airline is the principal in a contract of carriage, while the endorsee-airline is the agent. x x x Members of the IATA are under a general pool partnership agreement wherein they act as agent of each other in the issuance of tickets to contracted passengers to boost ticket sales worldwide and at the same time provide passengers easy access to airlines which are otherwise inaccessible in some parts of the world. Booking and reservation among airline members are allowed even by telephone and it has become an accepted practice among them. A member airline which enters into a contract of carriage consisting of a series of trips to be performed by different carriers is authorized to receive the fare for the whole trip and through the required process of interline settlement of accounts by way of the IATA clearing house an airline is duly compensated for the segment of the trip serviced. Thus, when the petitioner accepted the unused portion of the conjunction tickets, entered it in the IATA clearing house and undertook to transport the private respondent over the route covered by the unused portion of the conjunction tickets, i.e., Geneva to New York, the petitioner tacitly recognized its commitment under the IATA pool arrangement to act as agent of the principal contracting airline, Singapore Airlines, as to the segment of the trip the petitioner agreed to undertake. As such, the petitioner thereby assumed the 28

obligation to take the place of the carrier originally designated in the original conjunction ticket. The petitioners argument that it is not a designated carrier in the original conjunction tickets and that it issued its own ticket is not decisive of its liability. The new ticket was simply a replacement for the unused portion of the conjunction ticket, both tickets being for the same amount of US$ 2,760 and having the same points of departure and destination. By constituting itself as an agent of the principal carrier the petitioners undertaking should be taken as part of a single operation under the contract of carriage executed by the private respondent and Singapore Airlines in Manila.[25] Likewise, as the principal in the contract of carriage, the petitioner in British Airways v. Court of Appeals[26] was held liable, even when the breach of contract had occurred, not on its own flight, but on that of another airline. The Decision followed our ruling in Lufthansa German Airlines v. Court of Appeals,[27] in which we had held that the obligation of the ticket-issuing airline remained and did not cease, regardless of the fact that another airline had undertaken to carry the passengers to one of their destinations. In the instant case, following the jurisprudence cited above, PAL acted as the carrying agent of CAL. In the same way that we ruled against British Airways and Lufthansa in the aforementioned cases, we also rule that CAL cannot evade liability to respondent, even though it may have been only a ticket issuer for the Hong Kong-Manila sector. Moral and Exemplary Damages

Both the trial and the appellate courts found that respondent had satisfactorily proven the existence of the factual basis for the damages adjudged against petitioner and PAL. As a rule, the findings of fact of the CA affirming those of the RTC will not be disturbed by this Court.[28] Indeed, the Supreme Court is not a trier of facts. As a rule also, only questions of law -- as in the present recourse -may be raised in petitions for review under Rule 45. Moral damages cannot be awarded in breaches of carriage contracts, except in the two instances contemplated in Articles 1764 and 2220 of the Civil Code, which we quote: Article 1764. Damages in cases comprised in this Section shall be awarded in accordance with Title XVIII of this Book, concerning Damages. Article 2206 shall also apply to the death of a passenger caused by the breach of contract by a common carrier. Article 2220. Willful injury to property may be a legal ground for awarding moral damages if the court should find that, under the circumstances, such damages are justly due. The same rule applies to breaches of contract where the defendant acted fraudulently or in bad faith. (Italics supplied) There is no occasion for us to invoke Article 1764 here. We must therefore determine if CAL or its agent (PAL) is guilty of bad faith that would entitle respondent to moral damages. In Lopez v. Pan American World Airways,[29] we defined bad faith as a breach of a known duty through some motive of interest or ill will. In the case at bar, the known duty of PAL was to transport herein respondent from Hong Kong to Manila. That duty arose when its agent confirmed his reservation for Flight PR 311,[30] and it became demandable when he presented himself for the trip on November 24, 1981. It is true that due to a typhoon, PAL was unable to transport respondent on Flight PR 311 on November 24, 1981. This fact, however, did not terminate the carriers responsibility to its passengers. PAL voluntarily obligated itself to automatically transfer all confirmed passengers of PR 311 to the next available flight, PR 307, on the following day.[31] That responsibility was subsisting when respondent, holding a confirmed ticket for the former flight, presented himself for the latter. The records amply establish that he secured repeated confirmations of his PR 311 flight on November 24, 1981. Hence, he had every reason to expect that he would be put on the replacement flight as a confirmed passenger. Instead, he was harangued and prevented from boarding the original and the replacement flights. Thus, PAL breached its duty to transport him. After he had been directed to pay the terminal fee, his pieces of luggage were removed from the weighing-in counter despite his protestations.[32] It is relevant to point out that the employees of PAL were utterly insensitive to his need to be in Manila on November 25, 1981, and to the likelihood that his business affairs in the city would be jeopardized because of a mistake on their part. It was that mistake that had caused the omission of his name from the passenger list despite his confirmed flight ticket. By merely looking at his ticket and validation sticker, it is evident that the glitch was the airlines fault. However, no serious attempt was made by PAL to secure the all-important transportation of respondent to Manila on the following day. To make matters worse, PAL allowed a group of non-revenue passengers, who had no confirmed tickets or reservations, to board Flight PR 307.[33] 29

Time and time again, this Court has stressed that the business of common carriers is imbued with public interest and duty; therefore, the law governing them imposes an exacting standard.[34] In Singson v. Court of Appeals,[35] we said: x x x [T]he carrier's utter lack of care and sensitivity to the needs of its passengers, clearly constitutive of gross negligence, recklessness and wanton disregard of the rights of the latter, [are] acts evidently indistinguishable or no different from fraud, malice and bad faith. As the rule now stands, where in breaching the contract of carriage the defendant airline is shown to have acted fraudulently, with malice or in bad faith, the award of moral and exemplary damages, in addition to actual damages, is proper.[36] (Italics supplied) In Saludo v. Court of Appeals,[37] the Court reminded airline companies that due to the nature of their business, they must not merely give cursory instructions to their personnel to be more accommodating towards customers, passengers and the general public; they must require them to be so. The acts of PALs employees, particularly Chan, clearly fell short of the extraordinary standard of care that the law requires of common carriers.[38] As narrated in Chans oral deposition,[39] the manner in which the airline discharged its responsibility to respondent and its other passengers manifested a lack of the requisite diligence and due regard for their welfare. The pertinent portions of the Oral Deposition are reproduced as follows: Q Now you said that flight PR 311 on 24th November was cancelled due to [a] typhoon and naturally the passengers on said flight had to be accommodated on the first flight the following day or the first flight subsequently. [W]ill you tell the Honorable Deposition Officer the procedure followed by Philippine Airlines in the handling of passengers of cancelled flight[s] like that of PR 311 which was cancelled due to [a] typhoon? A The procedure will be: all the confirmed passengers from [PR] 311 24th November [are] automatically transfer[red] to [PR] 307, 25th November[,] as a protection for all disconfirmed passengers. Q Aside from this procedure[,] what do you do with the passengers on the cancelled flight who are expected to check-in on the flights if this flight is cancelled or not operating due to typhoon or other reasons[?] In other words, are they not notified of the cancellation? A I think all these passengers were not notified because of a typhoon and Philippine Airlines Reservation were [sic] not able to call every passenger by phone. Atty. Fruto: Q Did you say were not notified? A I believe they were not, but believe me, I was on day-off. Atty. Calica: Q Per procedure, what should have been done by Reservations Office when a flight is cancelled for one reason or another? A If there is enough time, of course, Reservations Office x x x call[s] up all the passengers and tell[s] them the reason. But if there [is] no time[,] then the Reservations Office will not be able to do that.[40] Q I see. Miss Chan, I [will] show you a ticket which has been marked as Exh. A and A-1. Will you please go over this ticket and tell the court whether this is the ticket that was used precisely by Mr. Chiok when he checked-in at [F]light 307, 25 November 81? A [Are you] now asking me whether he used this ticket with this sticker? Q No, no, no. That was the ticket he used. A Yes, [are you] asking me whether I saw this ticket? Atty. Fruto: Yes. A I believe I saw it. Q You saw it, O.K. Now of course you will agree with me Miss Chan that this yellow stub here which has been marked as Exh. A-1-A, show[s] that the status on flight 311, 24th November, is O.K., correct? A Yes.

30

Q You agree with me. And you will also agree with me that in this ticket of flight 311, on this, another sticker Exh. A-1-B for 24 November is O.K.? A May I x x x look at them. Yes, it says O.K. x x x, but [there is] no validation. Q O.K. Miss Chan what do you understand by these entries here R bar M N 6 V?[41] A This is what we call a computer reference.

Q I see. This is a computer reference showing that the name of Mr. Chiok has been entered in Philippine Airlines computer, and this is his computer number. A Yes. Q Now you stated in your answer to the procedure taken, that all confirmed passengers on flight 311, 24 November[,] were automatically transferred to 307 as a protection for the passengers, correct? A Correct. Q So that since following the O.K. status of Mr. Chioks reservation [on] flight 311, [he] was also automatically transferred to flight 307 the following day? A Should be. Q Should be. O.K. Now do you remember how many passengers x x x were transferred from flight 311, 24 November to flight 307, 25 November 81? A I can only give you a very brief idea because that was supposed to be air bus so it should be able to accommodate 246 people; but how many [exactly], I dont know.[42] xxxxxxxxx Q So, between six and eight oclock in the evening of 25 November 81, Mr. Chiok already told you that he just [came] from the Swire Building where Philippine Airlines had [its] offices and that he told you that his space for 311 25 November 81 was confirmed? A Yes. Q That is what he told you. He insisted on that flight? A Yes. Q And did you not try to call up Swire Building-- Philippine Airlines and verify indeed if Mr. Chiok was there? A Swire House building is not directly under Philippine Airlines. it is just an agency for selling Philippine Airlines ticket. And besides around six o clock theyre close[d] in Central. Q So this Swire Building is an agency authorized by Philippine Airlines to issue tickets for and on behalf of Philippine Airlines and also... A Yes. Q And also to confirm spaces for and on behalf of Philippine Airlines. A Yes.[43] Under the foregoing circumstances, we cannot apply our 1989 ruling in China Airlines v. Intermediate Appellate Court,[44] which petitioner urges us to adopt. In that case, the breach of contract and the negligence of the carrier in effecting the immediate flight connection for therein private respondent was incurred in good faith.[45] Having found no gross negligence or recklessness, we thereby deleted the award of moral and exemplary damages against it.[46] This Courts 1992 ruling in China Airlines v. Court of Appeals[47] is likewise inapplicable. In that case, we found no bad faith or malice in the airlines breach of its contractual obligation.[48] We held that, as shown by the flow of telexes from one of the airlines offices to the 31

others, petitioner therein had exercised diligent efforts in assisting the private respondent change his flight schedule. In the instant case, petitioner failed to exhibit the same care and sensitivity to respondents needs. In Singson v. Court of Appeals,[49] we said: x x x Although the rule is that moral damages predicated upon a breach of contract of carriage may only be recoverable in instances where the mishap results in the death of a passenger, or where the carrier is guilty of fraud or bad faith, there are situations where the negligence of the carrier is so gross and reckless as to virtually amount to bad faith, in which case, the passenger likewise becomes entitled to recover moral damages. In the present case, we stress that respondent had repeatedly secured confirmations of his PR 311 flight on November 24, 1981 -initially from CAL and subsequently from the PAL office in Hong Kong. The status of this flight was marked OK on a validating sticker placed on his ticket. That sticker also contained the entry RMN6V. Ms Chan explicitly acknowledged that such entry was a computer reference that meant that respondents name had been entered in PALs computer. Since the status of respondent on Flight PR 311 was OK, as a matter of right testified to by PALs witness, he should have been automatically transferred to and allowed to board Flight 307 the following day. Clearly resulting from negligence on the part of PAL was its claim that his name was not included in its list of passengers for the November 24, 1981 PR 311 flight and, consequently, in the list of the replacement flight PR 307. Since he had secured confirmation of his flight -- not only once, but twice -- by personally going to the carriers offices where he was consistently assured of a seat thereon -- PALs negligence was so gross and reckless that it amounted to bad faith. In view of the foregoing, we rule that moral and exemplary[50] damages were properly awarded by the lower courts.[51] Third Issue: Propriety of the Cross-Claim We now look into the propriety of the ruling on CALs cross-claim against PAL. Petitioner submits that the CA should have ruled on the cross-claim, considering that the RTC had found that it was PALs employees who had acted negligently. Section 8 of Rule 6 of the Rules of Court reads: Sec. 8. Cross-claim. - A cross claim is any claim by one party against a co-party arising out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter either of the original action or of a counterclaim therein. Such cross-claim may include a claim that the party against whom it is asserted is or may be liable to the cross-claimant for all or part of a claim asserted in the action against the cross-claimant. For purposes of a ruling on the cross-claim, PAL is an indispensable party. In BA Finance Corporation v. CA,[52] the Court stated: x x x. An indispensable party is one whose interest will be affected by the courts action in the litigation, and without whom no final determination of the case can be had. The partys interest in the subject matter of the suit and in the relief sought are so inextricably intertwined with the other parties that his legal presence as a party to the proceeding is an absolute necessity. In his absence there cannot be a resolution of the dispute of the parties before the court which is effective, complete, or equitable. xxxxxxxxx Without the presence of indispensable parties to a suit or proceeding, judgment of a court cannot attain real finality. PALs interest may be affected by any ruling of this Court on CALs cross-claim. Hence, it is imperative and in accordance with due process and fair play that PAL should have been impleaded as a party in the present proceedings, before this Court can make a final ruling on this matter. Although PAL was petitioners co-party in the case before the RTC and the CA, petitioner failed to include the airline in the present recourse. Hence, the Court has no jurisdiction over it. Consequently, to make any ruling on the cross-claim in the present Petition would not be legally feasible because PAL, not being a party in the present case, cannot be bound thereby.[53] WHEREFORE, the Petition is DENIED. Costs against petitioner. SO ORDERED.

G.R. No. L-3407 32

June 29, 1951 PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK, plaintiff-appellee, vs.BERNARDO BAGAMASPAD and BIENVENIDO M. FERRER, defendantsappellants. MONTEMAYOR, J.: On May 25, 1948, the plaintiff Philippine National Bank, a banking corporation organized and operating under the laws of the Philippines, with main office in the City of Manila and agencies in different provinces like the province of Cotabato, initiated this suit in the Court of First Instance of Cotabato for the purpose of collecting from the defendants Bernardo Bagamaspad and Bienvenido M. Ferrer who, in the years 1946 and 1947, were its Agent and Assistant Agent, respectively, in its Cotabato Agency, the sum of P704,903.18, said to have been disbursed and released by them as special crop loans, without authority and in a careless manner to manifestly insolvent, unqualified or fictitious borrowers, all contrary to the rules and regulations of the plaintiff Bank. In the course of the trial, upon petition of plaintiff's counsel, the amount of the claim was reduced to P699,803.57, due to payments made by some of the borrowers. On March 31, 1949, the trial court rendered judgment in favor of the plaintiff, ordering both defendants to pay jointly and severally to it the sum of P699,803.57, representing the uncollected balance of the special crop loans improperly released by said defendants, with legal interest thereon from the date of the filing of the complaint, plus costs. The two defendants appealed from that decision. The appeal was first taken to the Court of Appeals but in view of the amount involved it was certified to this Tribunal by the said Court of Appeals. The uncontroverted facts in the present case may be briefly stated as follows. Because of the Pacific War and by reason of the destruction and loss of animals of labor, farm implements, and damage to or abandonment of farm lands, after liberation there was acute shortage of foodstuff. President Roxas in order to foment and encourage food production, instructed the plaintiff Philippine National Bank to extend special facilities to farmers in the form of crop loans in order to enable them to rehabilitate their farms. In pursuance of said instructions and to cooperate with the Administration, the plaintiff Bank passed the corresponding resolution (Exhibit B) authorizing the granting of ten-month special crop loans to bona fide food producers, land-owners or their tenants, under certain conditions. Delfin Buencamino, one of the Vice-President of the Bank and head of the Branches and Agencies Department of said institution, was entrusted with the supervision of the granting of these loans. Juan Tueres, one of the Assistant Managers of said Department drafted the corresponding rules and regulations regarding the granting of said specials crops loans. After approval by Buencamino, these rules and regulations were embodied in a circular letter (Exhibit C), a copy of which was personally delivered to defendant Ferrer. These rules and regulations were later amplified by another circular letter (Exhibit D). Besides circularizing its branches and agencies with these rules and regulations, on June 14, 1946, the Bank held in Manila a conference in of all its manager and Agents. Defendant Ferrer, Assistant Agent of the Cotabato Agency attended the conference in representation of said Agency. He arrived late but Tueres explained to him what had been discussed during the conference, emphasizing to him the necessity of exercising diligence and care in the granting of the crop loans to see to it that they are granted only to bona fide planters, land-owners or tenants, as well as repeating to him the advice of Vicente Carmona, President of the bank, that the Managers and Agents of the Bank should not allow themselves to be fooled. The Cotabato Agency under the management of the two defendants began granting these special crop loans in July, 1946, and by March of the following year, 1947, said Agency had granted to over 5,000 borrowers, loans in the total amount of a little over eight and half million pesos. The theory on which the Bank's claim and complaint are based is that the two defendants Bagamaspad and Ferrer acting as Agent and Assistant Agent of the Cotabato Agency, in granting new crop loans after November 13, 1946, violated the instructions of the Bank, and that furthermore, in granting said crop loans, they acted negligently and did not exercise the care and precaution required of them in order to prevent the release of crop loans to persons who were neither qualified borrowers nor entitled to the assistance being rendered by the Government and the Bank, all contrary to the rules and regulations issued by the Bank. Because of the form heavy disbursements made by the Cotabato Agency in the form of crop loans and because of exhaustion of its funds, said agency sent a telegram, Exhibit 11, dated November 11, 1946, requesting authority from the central office to secure cash from the Zamboanga Agency. Replying to this telegram, Delfin Buencamino sent a letter, Exhibit E, dated November 13, 1946, addressed to the Cotabato Agency stating among other things that the purposes of these funds (to be obtained from the Zamboanga Agency was to meet the release of the second installment crop loans being granted which according to the telegram aggregated P60,000 daily. The letter reminded the Agency's that the Central office had not yet received the Agency's monthly reports on special crop loans granted, as required by the regulations, and it emphasized the necessity of performing inspection of the field to verify whether the amount released as first installment was actually used for the purpose for which it was granted, before releasing the second installment. In relation with the said letter, Exhibit F, dated November 18, 1946, to the central office making reference to said Exhibit E, reiterating the Agency's heavy disbursements on second installments for crop loans and stating that Ferrer had been 33

instructed to proceed to Zamboanga to secure the needed cash, and that Ferrer was able to secure P300,000 from the Zamboanga Agency. Then making reference to and quoting a portion of the letter of Buencamino, Exhibit E, Bagamaspad in his letter said: In connection with the following portion: "In this connection, we would like to state that the purpose of these funds is to meet the release of the second installment of crop loans being granted by that agency, which, according to your said telegram, will run to P600,000 daily." of your above mentioned letter, may we know if could still entertain new applicants on Special Crop Loans? We are constrained to request for this matter because there are now on file no less than 1,000 new applicants which we could not entertain because of your above quoted statement. Yesterday they held a demonstration and copy of the picture is hereto attached. In addition, there are about 5,000 settlers in Koronadal Valley who, according to your indorsement of Oct. 31, 1946 to the Technical Assistant to the President of the Philippines, could be given crop loans. If we could not therefore disburse from the funds taken from Zamboanga Agency against first installment of applicants on crop loans, we shall appreciate if you could give us definite course of action towards the clarifications of our stand to the public. We are again sending Asst. Agent B.M. Ferrer to Zamboanga to despatch this letter without delay and wait there for whatever instruction that you may give with reference to our desire to secure more cash from our Zamboanga Agency, say P1,000,000 and whether we shall continue granting special crop loans or not. With reference to the cash that we desire to secure more, we could tell you with assurance that the same shall arrive their safely under guard on a chartered plane which will cost not more than P300 only. From this letter of Bagamaspad of which his co-defendant and Ferrer must have been aware, because he himself prepared it upon order of Bagamaspad(pp. 340-344, t.s.n.), particularly the portion above-quoted, it will be seen that without waiting for authority to secure funds from the Zamboanga Agency, Ferrer obtained P300,000 from said Agency, and that Bagamaspad again had sent Ferrer to Zamboanga to await instruction from the central office regarding their desire and intention to secure in additional P1,000,000 for the Cotabato Agency. As matter of fact, however, once in Zamboanga, and without waiting for instructions, Ferrer again secured P500,000 from the Zamboanga Agency. It was while Ferrer already carrying the P500,000 was about to board the plane that was to taken him to Cotabato, that he received the answer from the central office, Exhibit G, authorizing him to obtain only P3,0000,000 from the Zamboanga Agency, with the statement that as soon as the said amount was exhausted, the Cotabato Agency may again request for replenishment. This letter of the Central Office again emphasized the necessity of strict compliance with the rules and regulations regarding the required field inspection before releasing the second installment. The said letter, Exhibit G, ended with the following: Concerning the new special crop loan applications numbering about 1,000, we would like to be informed whether the farms of the said applicants have already been actually planted, considering that at this period planting season in low-land palay region is now over. As the purpose for which special crop loans are being granted by the Bank is to provide the farmers with funds to meet the expenses of their farms and if said farms have already been planted, we believe that the farmers may not need said credit facilities unless it has been found out by actual investigation and verification that said loans are needed by them. Please, therefore, let us hear from you regarding this matter. (Emphasis ours) In answer to this letter, Exhibit G, defendants sent a telegram, Exhibit H, dated November 25, 1946 to the central office in Manila, stating that for Cotabato, the planting season for second crops of December. In answer to Exhibit H, the central office sent a telegram, Exhibit I, dated November 28, 1946, expressly instructing the Cotabato Agency to discontinue granting new crop loans. The defendants claim that this telegram, Exhibit I, was received by them by mail on December 7, 1946.

In their brief the appellant contend that the trial court erred in finding and holding that extending new special crop loans after November 26, 1946, amounting to P726,680, as they as Agent and Assistant Agent, respectively, of the of the Cotabato Agency, did so at their own risk and in violation of the instructions received from the Manila office; also that the court erred in holding that they (appellants) acted with extreme laxity, negligence and carelessness in granting said new special crops loans. On the first assigned error appellants maintain that outside of the telegram, Exhibit I, which they claim to have received only on December 7, 1946, there was no instruction by the central office stopping the granting of new special crop loans. It may be that there was no such express instruction couched in so many words directly ordering the defendants to stop granting new special crop loans, but that said idea of the central office could be gathered from its letter, Exhibit E, and that it was understood and clearly, by the defendants, is evident. If defendants did not so understand it, namely, that they were no longer authorized to grant new special crop loans, how else may we interpret the contents of the letter of Bagamaspad, Exhibit F, particularly that portion wherein after 34

quoting a portion of the central office letter Exhibit E, he asks if they (defendants) could still entertain new applications for special crop loans? At least, they then doubted their to grant new special crop loans and until that doubt was cleared up and determined by new instructions from their superiors, it was their bounden duty to stop granting new loans. Appellant Ferrer himself, in response to question asked by the trial court during the hearing, said that in case of doubt as to whether or not to disburse funds of the bank, he should consult and await instructions. Appellants asked for instructions as to whether or not they should grant new special crop loans. This request for instructions is contained clearly in Bagamaspad's letter, Exhibit F, where in one paragraph he ask: "May we know if we could still entertain new applications on special crop loans?" And, in another paragraph he says? "We are again sending Asst. Agent B.M. Ferrer to Zamboanga . . . and wait there for further instructions that you may give . . . and whether we shall continue granting special crops loans or not." The trouble is that without waiting for said requested instructions, appellants proceeded to grant new special crop loans from November 26, 1946, to January 4, 1947. Appellants not only granted new special crop loans after they were given to understand by the central office that they should no longer grant said loans and before appellants received instructions as to what they should do in that regard, but they also violated the express instructions of the Bank to the effect that funds received from the Zamboanga Agency should be utilized only to pay second installments on special crop loans. Of course, defendants contend that the total of P800,000 secured from the Zamboanga Agency were all used in paying second installments, but the contrary is amply established by Exhibit T, a statement prepared by Felicisimo Lopez, Chief Examiner of the Bank showing that out of the P500,000 secured from the Zamboanga Agency on or about November 18, 1946, the amount of P232,931.58 was paid on account of new special crop loans or first installments. The plaintiff-appellee Bank in its brief explains in details this use of part of the Zamboanga funds in paying first installments on new crop loans. As to the alleged error committed by the trial court in finding and holding that the appellants were extremely lax, negligent and careless in granting new special crop loans, we quote with approval a portion of the well considered decision of the trial Judge, Hon. Arsenio Solidum, on this point: From the evidence of record, one cannot help but be amazed at the extreme laxity, negligence and carelessness on the part of the defendants in the granting of the special crop loans. It seems that all precautions to protect the interest of the Philippine National Bank as the principal of the defendants were thrown overboard. From all appearances, the door of the Cotabato Agency was left wide open by the defendants as an invitation for all persons to come in secure from them special crop loans regardless of whether or not under the rules prescribed therefor they were rightfully entitled thereto. . . . (p. 165, Record on Appeal) xxx

xxx

xxx

What really happened was that in those days of crop loan boom, the borrowers made a holiday of the funds of the Cotabato Agency of the Philippine National Bank with indulgence and tolerance of the defendants as the managing officials of the Agency. And the saddest part of it all was that the money did not go to the farmers who needed it most but to unscrupulous persons, who, taking undue advantage of the laxity and looseness of the defendants in doling out these loans, secured special crop loan funds without the least idea of investing them in food production campaign for which they were primarily intended. Part of the booty went to the pockets of those who acted as intermediaries in the procurement of the loans under the very noses of the defendants fully knowing that such practice was prohibited by the rules and regulations of the Philippine National Bank governing the operation of the provincial agencies (Exhibits "W", "T-1", to "T-11", "U-1" to "U-2") . . . (pp. 176-177, Record on Appeal)

The lower court as may be seen, severely critcized and condemned the acts of laxity, negligence and carelessness of the appellants. But the severity of this criticism and condemnation would appear to be amply warranted by the evidence. Out of the numerous acts of laxity, negligence and carelessness established by the record, a few cases may be cited. Exhibit C and D which contain instructions and rules and regulations governing the granting of special crop loans, provide that before a crop is granted the Agent or Sub-Agent of the Bank must be satisfied that the applicant is either landowner well known to be possessing the particular property on which the crop is to be produced, the particular property on which the crop ids to be produced, or if the applicant be tenant he must be recommended by the landowner concerned or in the absence of said landowner must be properly identified that he is the bona fide tenant actually tilling the land from which the crop to mortgage would be harvested. The evidence shows that in violation of these instructions and regulations, the defendants released large loans aggregating P348,768.22 to about 103 borrowers who were neither landowners or tenants but only public land sales applicants that is to say, persons who have merely filed applications to buy public lands. It is a well known fact that when a person desires to apply for the purchase of public lands usually containing trees, under brush, cogon or other wild vegetation, and never previously cultivated, he merely goes over the land, takes it out and then files his application, tries to determine the location of the land, its identity, proceeds to classify it to see if it is open to sale and if so, perhaps makes rough survey of it to establish its exact location and fix boundaries with 35

respect to the entire area of the public domain. The application naturally carries no implication of occupancy, possession, much less cultivation and dominion. And yet, in spite of all this, the applicants who were neither landowners or tenants. The record further shows that Mr. Villamarzo, District Land Officer for Cotabato with whom these sale applications had been filed, came to know that he had been issuing to the applicants, which were nothing but acknowledgements of the filing of the applications, had been used by said applicants to secure special crop loans, and so he went to see the appellants as early as the middle of August of 1946 and advised them that those certificates were issued merely to show that applications had been filed with him but that it did not mean that said applications had already been investigated, much less that the lands covered by them had been surveyed. Then about the end of the same month Villamarzo accompanied by Almonte, a Division Land Inspector of the Bureau of Lands, again went to the defendants and repeated the advice and warning. Despite all these, as already stated, appellants granted new special crop loans to 103 of these public land sales applicants, knowing as they must have known that the borrowers were neither landowners nor tenants. Furthermore, it should be remembered that these special crop loans according to regulations were payable in ten (10) months, and were to be secured by chattel mortgages on the crops to be produced. A virgin land, especially if covered with trees or underbrush, needs to be cleared and placed in condition for cultivation before crops may produced. That work of clearing would take some time. A public land sale applicant, even assuming that he immediately began to clear the land applied for even before favorable action on his application is taken, is hardly in a position to meet the requirements of the regulations governing the granting of special crop loans, namely, to mortgage the crop he is going to produce, and pay the loan within ten months. Appellants in their over-enthusiasm and seemingly inordinate desire to grant as many loans as possible and in amounts disproportionate to the needs of the borrowers, admitted and passed upon more loan applications than they could properly handle. From July, 1946 to March, 1947 the total amount of about eight and half (81/2) million pesos was released in the form of special crop loans to about 5,105 borrowers and this, in a relatively sparsely populated province like Cotabato. As a consequence of this big volume of business the bookkeeper of the Agency could not keep up with the posting of the daily transactions in his books and ledgers and he was several months behind. There were so many applications acted upon and accepted that they could not all be carefully examined and many of them do not even bear the initials or signatures of the appellants as required by regulations. Some of the chattel mortgages given to secure the payments of the loans, contrary to regulations, do not show the number of cavans of palay to be produced on the land and to be mortgaged in favor of the Bank. Contrary to the Bank's rules and regulations regarding the granting of special crops loans, the defendants allowed intermediaries to intervene in the granting of special crop loans. Many lawyers, business agents and other persons intervened in the granting of the loans. We may have an idea of the of the part played by these intermediaries by referring to a portion of the report, Exhibit V, prepared by Mr. Lagdameo, one of the Assistant Managers of the Agencies and Branches Department of the plaintiff Bank, sent to Cotabato to investigate the crop loan anomalies in the Cotabato Agency, which portion we quote below:

On top of this, were the heavy expenses incurred by the borrowers to secure crop loans. The rush was so unprecendented that applicants had to stay had to stay for weeks in hotels in Cotabato to lobby for the approval of their applications. They even went to the extent of engaging intermediaries who in the words of some borrowers were the best ones to fix things with the agency for the approval and immediate release of the loan. These intermediaries are government employees and business agents and particularly practicing attorneys who charged fees up to 5 per cent of the total loans approved. Instances have been shown that the Agency itself collected the attorney's fees and delivered them to the parties concerned. In other cases, the intermediaries themselves were the ones who received the proceeds of the loans and distributed them to the borrowers. It has also been found that loan papers including the preparation of promissory notes, debit tickets, etc., were prepared by said intermediaries and submitted to the Agency already executed. . . .. There is evidence to the effect that sometimes the fees of these intermediaries were collected by the Agency itself and were later turned over to appellant Ferrer, perhaps to be later given by him to said intermediaries. One of the provisions of the rules and regulations concerning the granting of loans is to the effect that loans to be released by a Provincial Agency like that of the appellant's should be approved by loan Board to be composed of the Agent, like defendant Bagamaspad; the Assistant Agent, like defendant Ferrer or the Inspector if there is no Assistant Agent; and the Municipal Treasurer where the borrower resides. The evidence, however, shows that many of the special crop loans released by the appellants have not been approved by this Board and others have not even been approved by anyone of them. It will be remembered that in the letter of Vice President Buencamino, Exhibit G, dated November 19, 1946, speaking of the new special crop loan applications numbering about 1,000 mentioned by appellant Bagamaspad in his letter, Exhibit F, the plaintiff Bank wanted to know whether on that date, November 19th, the farmers in Cotabato had already planted their farms in which case there was no need for obtaining crop loans to meet the expenses of planting. Answering this query, the Cotabato Agency under the appellants, 36

sent a telegram (Exhibit H) dated November 25, 1946, to the plaintiff Bank saying that the planting season for Cotabato for second crops ends in December. This was evidently intended to justify the granting of special crop loans even at the end of the year. The evidence however, belies the correctness of this statement and information. Mr. Aniceto Padilla, Assistant Provincial Agricultural Supervisor, a graduate of the College of Agriculture of the University of the Philippines, told the court that his office, which is the Provincial Agricultural Station in Cotabato, has determined the proper period for planting crops raised in that province and that for upland palay, the planting season is during the months of March, April up to May; that for lowland palay is June and July; and that second crops may be planted in September even as late as October. From this, one may conclude that it is not true as the appellants informed the bank that the planting season for palay (second crop) in Cotabato ends in December. Whether this incorrect information was given deliberately or thru negligence and carelessness, we deem it unnecessary to determine. To give a further idea of the confusion, lack of care and method with which the Cotabato Agency was managed by the appellants, the record shows that in January, 1947, Mr. Simeon Intal, Traveling Auditor of the Philippine National Bank, was sent to Cotabato with instructions to make an audit of the accounts of the Cotabato Agency and to see for himself the reported irregularities being committed in said Agency with respect to the granting of special crop loans. According to Mr. Intal he found the Cotabato Agency like a market place full of people. He saw crop loan papers like promissory notes, loan applications and chattel mortgages scattered all over the Agency, some on the desks of employees, on open shelves or on top of filing cabinets, and others on the floor. He found that transactions which had taken place five months before were not yet posted in the books of the Agency. In February, 1947, Mr. Amado Lagdameo, then one of the Assistant Managers of the Branches and Agencies Department of the Bank, was also sent to Cotabato and there he found the same condition found and reported by Intal. In order to make thorough investigation of the anomalies reportedly obtaining in the Cotabato Agency, Felicisimo Lopez, a certified public accountant and Chief Examiner of the plaintiff Bank, was sent to Cotabato in June, 1947. He checked up the findings of Intal about the deplorable condition of the books and records of the Agency and he agreed with said findings. Lopez and Intal and assisted by Benjamin de Guzman, Branch Auditor of the Bank at the Davao Branch, Mr. Macuja (who later succeeded Benjamin de Guzman), Mr. Juan B. Sanchez, now Branch Auditor in Legaspi, Mr. Antonio Cruz of the Head Office, Mr. Danao from Oriental Misamis, Mr. Fernandez from Zamboanga and Mr. Romena of the Davao Branch, went to work on the books and records of the books and records of the Cotabato Agency and it took them almost four months to straighten out the special crop loan accounts and bring the books up-to-date, after which, they found that as of June 10, 1947, the Cotabato Agency had released special crop loans in the aggregate sum of P8,688,864. To us who have always had the impression and the idea that the business of a Bank is conducted in an orderly, methodical and businesslike manner, that its papers, especially those relating to loans with their corresponding securities, are properly filed, well-kept and in a safe place, its books kept up-to-date, and that its funds are not given out in loans without careful and scrupulous scrutiny of the responsibility and solvency of the borrowers and the sufficiency of the security given by them, the conditions obtaining in the Cotabato Agency due to the apparent indifference, carelessness or negligence of the appellants, is indeed shocking. And it is because of these shortcomings of the appellants their disregard of the elementary rules and practice of banking and their violation of instructions of their superiors, that these anomalies resulting in financial losses to the Bank were made possible. The trial court based the civil liability of the appellants herein on the provisions of Arts. 1718 and 1719 of the Civil Code, defining and enumerating the duties and obligations of an agent and his liability for failure to comply with such duties, and Art. 259 of the Code of Commerce which provides that an agent must observe the provisions of law and regulations with respect to business transactions entrusted to him otherwise he shall be responsible for the consequences resulting from their breach or omissions; and also Art. 1902 of the Civil Code which provides for the liability of one for his tortious act, that is to say, any act or omission which causes damage to another by his fault or negligence. Appellants while agreeing with the meaning and scope of the legal provisions cited, nevertheless insist that those provisions are not applicable to them inasmuch as they are not guilty of any violation of instructions or regulations of the plaintiff Bank; and that neither are they guilty of negligence of carelessness as found by the trial court. A careful study and consideration of the record, however, convinces us and we agree with the trial court that the defendants-appellants have not only violated instructions of the plaintiff Bank, including things which said Bank wanted done or not done, all of which were fully understood by them, but they (appellants) also violated standing regulations regarding the granting of loans; and, what is more, thru their carelessness, laxity and negligence, they allowed loans to be granted to persons who were not entitled to receive loans. It is the contention of the appellants that the act of plaintiff Bank in filling suits against the borrowers to whom appellants were said to have granted loans without authority, which suits resulted in the payment of part of said loans resulting in the reduction of the original claim of the plaintiff Bank from P704,903.18 to P699,803.57, should be interpreted and considered as a ratification of the acts of the appellants. What is more, it is more, it is contended that it would be iniquitous for the plaintiff to go against the defendants for whatever amounts may have been loaned by the latter and at the same time go against the individual borrowers for collection of the respective sums borrowed by them. That would be enriching the plaintiff at the expense of the defendants." We cannot subscribe to this theory. As pointed out by Counsel for appellee, ordinarily, a principal who collects either judicially or extrajudicially a loan made by an agent without authority, thereby ratifies the said act of the agent. In the present case, however, in filing suits against some of the borrowers to collect at least part of the unauthorized loans, there was no intention on the part of the plaintiff Bank to ratify the acts of appellants. 37

Neither did the plaintiff receive any substantial benefit by its act of filing these suits if we consider the fact that the collections so far made, form a small or insignificant portion of the entire principal and interest. And, we fail to see any iniquity in this act of the plaintiff in suing some of the borrowers to collect what it could at the same time holding the appellants liable for the balance, because the plaintiff Bank is not trying to enrich itself at the expense of the defendants but is merely trying to diminish as much as possible the loss to itself and automatically decrease the financial liability of appellants. Considering the large amount for which appellants are found liable, it is a matter of serious doubt if they are in a position to pay it. Moreover, whatever amount is collected by the plaintiff Bank from borrowers, serves to diminish the financial liability of the appellants, in the same way that the original claim of P704,903.18, at the very instance of plaintiff was reduced to P699,803.57. In other words, the act of the plaintiff Bank in the matter, far from being iniquitous, is really beneficial to the appellants. Appellants further contend that the present action is rather premature for the reason that there is no showing that the borrowers to whom they allegedly gave loans without authority, are manifestly insolvent or unqualified, and that the loans granted to them are uncollectible and have been written off the books of the Bank as "bad debts". We find this contention untenable. It is not necessary for the plaintiff Bank to first go against the individual borrowers, exhaust all remedies against them and then hold the defendants liable only for the balance which cannot be collected. The case of Corsicana National Bank vs. Johnson, 64 L. ed. 141, cited by the trial court and by the plaintiff bank is in point. The issue in that case whether or not a bank could proceed against one of its officials for losses which it had sustained in consequence of the unauthorized loans released by said official, or whether it should first pursue its remedies against the borrowers or await the liquidation of their estates. The Supreme Court of the United States in said case held that the cause of action of the Bank accrued and the injury to it was complete on the very day that the amounts of the unauthorized loans were released by the erring official. We quote a part of that decision:

Assuming the Fleming and Templeton notes were found to represent an excessive loan, knowingly participated in or assented to by defendant as a director of the Bank, in our opinion the cause of action against him accrued on or about June 10, 1907, when the Bank, through his act, parted with the money loaned, receiving in return only negotiable paper that it could not lawfully accept because the transaction was prohibited by section 5200, Rev. Stat. (Comp. Stat. section 9761, 6 Fed. Stat. Anno. 2d ed., p. 761). The damage as well as the injury was complete at that time, and the Bank was not obliged to await the maturity of the notes, because immediately it became the duty of the officers or directors who knowingly participated in making the excessive loan to undo the wrong done by taking the notes off the hands of the Bank and restoring to it the money that had been loaned. Of course, whatever of value the Bank recovered from the borrowers on account of the loan would go in diminution of the damages; but the responsible officials would have no right to require the Bank to pursue its remedies against the borrowers or await the liquidation of their estates. The liability imposed by the statute upon the director is a direct liability, not contingent or collateral. In view of all the foregoing, and finding no reversible error in the decision appealed from, the same is hereby affirmed with costs against the appellants. So ordered.

Article 1911 THIRD DIVISION [G.R. No. 82978. November 22, 1990.] THE MANILA REMNANT CO., INC., Petitioner, v. THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS and OSCAR VENTANILLA, JR. and CARMEN GLORIA DIAZ, Respondents. SYLLABUS 1. CIVIL LAW; AGENCY; FAILURE OF THE PRINCIPAL TO CORRECT AN IRREGULARITY DESPITE KOWLEDGE THEREOF, DEEMED A RATIFICATION OF THE ACT OF THE AGENT. — In the case at bar, the Valencia realty firm had clearly overstepped the bounds of its authority as agent — and for that matter, even the law — when it undertook the double sale of the disputed lots. Such being the case, the principal, Manila Remnant, would have been in the clear pursuant to Article 1897 of the Civil Code which states that" (t)he agent who acts as such is not personally liable to that party with whom he contracts, unless he expressly binds himself or exceeds the limits of his authority without giving such party sufficient notice of his powers." However, the unique relationship existing between the principal and the agent at the time of the dual sale must be underscored. Bear in mind that the president then of both firms was Artemio U. Valencia, the individual directly responsible for the sale scam. Hence, despite the fact that the double sale was beyond the power of the agent, Manila Remnant as principal was chargeable with the knowledge or constructive notice of that fact and not having done anything to correct such an irregularity was deemed to have ratified the same. (See Art. 1910, Civil Code.) 38

2. ID.; ID.; PRINCIPLE OF ESTOPPEL; REASON AND EFFECT THEREOF; CASE AT BAR. — More in point, we find that by the principle of estoppel, Manila Remnant is deemed to have allowed its agent to act as though it had plenary powers. Article 1911 of the Civil Code provides: "Even when the agent has exceeded his authority, the principal is solidarily liable with the agent if the former allowed the latter to act as though he had full powers." The above-quoted article is new. It is intended to protect the rights of innocent persons. In such a situation, both the principal and the agent may be considered as joint feasors whose liability is joint and solidary (Verzosa v. Lim, 45 Phil. 416). Authority by estoppel has arisen in the instant case because by its negligence, the principal, Manila Remnant, has permitted its agent, A.U. Valencia and Co., to exercise powers not granted to it. That the principal might not have had actual knowledge of the agent’s misdeed is of no moment. DECISION FERNAN, J.: Like any other couple, Oscar Ventanilla and his wife Carmen, both faculty members of the University of the Philippines and renting a faculty unit, dreamed of someday owning a house and lot. Instead of attaining this dream, they became innocent victims of deceit and found themselves in the midst of an ensuing squabble between a subdivision owner and its real estate agent.

The facts as found by the trial court and adopted by the Appellate Court are as follows:chanrob1es virtual 1aw library Petitioner Manila Remnant Co., Inc. is the owner of the parcels of land situated in Quezon City covered by Transfer Certificates of Title Nos. 26400, 26401, 30783 and 31986 and constituting the subdivision known as Capital Homes Subdivision Nos. I and II. On July 25, 1972, Manila Remnant and A.U. Valencia & Co. Inc. entered into a written agreement entitled "Confirmation of Land Development and Sales Contract" to formalize an earlier verbal agreement whereby for a consideration of 17 and 1/2% fee, including sales commission and management fee, A.U. Valencia and Co., Inc. was to develop the aforesaid subdivision with authority to manage the sales thereof, execute contracts to sell to lot buyers and issue official receipts. 1 At that time the President of both A.U. Valencia and Co. Inc. and Manila Remnant Co., Inc. was Artemio U. Valencia.cralawnad On March 3, 1970, Manila Remnant thru A.U. Valencia and Co. executed two "contracts to sell" covering Lots 1 and 2 of Block 17 in favor of Oscar C. Ventanilla and Carmen Gloria Diaz for the combined contract price of P66,571.00 payable monthly for ten years. 2 As thus agreed in the contracts to sell, the Ventanillas paid the down payments on the two lots even before the formal contract was signed on March 3, 1970. Ten (10) days after the signing of the contracts with the Ventanillas or on March 13, 1970, Artemio U. Valencia, as President of Manila Remnant, and without the knowledge of the Ventanilla couple, sold Lots 1 and 2 of Block 17 again, this time in favor of Carlos Crisostomo, one of his sales agents without any consideration. 3 Artemio Valencia then transmitted the fictitious Crisostomo contracts to Manila Remnant while he kept in his files the contracts to sell in favor of the Ventanillas. All the amounts paid by the Ventanillas were deposited in Valencia’s bank account. Beginning March 13, 1970, upon orders of Artemio Valencia, the monthly payments of the Ventanillas were remitted to Manila Remnant as payments of Crisostomo for which the former issued receipts in favor of Crisostomo. Since Valencia kept the receipts in his files and never transmitted the same to Crisostomo, the latter and the Ventanillas remained ignorant of Valencia’s scheme. Thus, the Ventanillas continued paying their monthly installments. Subsequently, the harmonious business relationship between Artemio Valencia and Manila Remnant ended. On May 30, 1973, Manila Remnant, through its General Manager Karl Landahl, wrote Artemio Valencia informing him that Manila Remnant was terminating its existing collection agreement with his firm on account of the considerable amount of discrepancies and irregularities discovered in its collections and remittances by virtue of confirmations received from lot buyers. 4 As a consequence, on June 6, 1973, Artemio Valencia was removed as President by the Board of Directors of Manila Remnant. Therefore, from May of 1973, Valencia stopped transmitting Ventanilla’s monthly installments which at that time had already amounted to P17,925.40 for Lot 1 and P18,141.95 for Lot 2, (which appeared in Manila Remnant’s record as credited in the name of Crisostomo). 5 On June 8, 1973, A.U. Valencia and Co. sued Manila Remnant before Branch 19 of the then Court of First Instance of Manila 6 to impugn the abrogation of their agency agreement. On June 10 and July 10, 1973, said court ordered all lot buyers to deposit their monthly amortizations with the court. 7 But on July 17, 1973, A.U. Valencia and Co. wrote the Ventanillas that it was still authorized by the court to collect the monthly amortizations and requested them to continue remitting their amortizations with the assurance that said payments would be deposited later in court. 8 On May 22, 1974, the trial court issued an order prohibiting A.U. Valencia and Co. from collecting the monthly installments. 9 On July 22, 1974 and February 6, 1976 the same court ordered the Valencia firm to furnish the 39

court with a complete list of all lot buyers who had already made down payments to Manila Remnant before December 1972. 10 Valencia complied with the court’s order on August 6, 1974 by submitting a list which excluded the name of the Ventanillas. 11 Since A.U. Valencia and Co. failed to forward its collections after May 1973, Manila Remnant caused on August 20, 1976 the publication in the Times Journal of a notice cancelling the contracts to sell of some lot buyers including that of Carlos Crisostomo in whose name the payments of the Ventanillas had been credited. 12 To prevent the effective cancellation of their contracts, Artemio Valencia instigated on September 22, 1976 the filing by Carlos Crisostomo and seventeen (17) other lot vendees of a complaint for specific performance with damages against Manila Remnant before the Court of First Instance of Quezon City. The complaint alleged that Crisostomo had already paid a total of P17,922.40 and P18,136.85 on Lots 1 and 2, respectively. 13 It was not until March 1978 when the Ventanillas, after learning of the termination of the agency agreement between Manila Remnant and A.U. Valencia & Co., decided to stop paying their amortizations to the latter. The Ventanillas, believing that they had already remitted P37,007.00 for Lot 1 and P36,911.00 for Lot 2 or a grand total, inclusive of interest, of P73,122.35 for the two lots, thereby leaving a balance of P13,531.58 for Lot 1 and P13,540.22 for Lot 2, went directly to Manila Remnant and offered to pay the entire outstanding balance of the purchase price. 14 To their shock and utter consternation, they discovered from Gloria Caballes, an accountant of Manila Remnant, that their names did not appear in the records of A.U. Valencia and Co. as lot buyers. Caballes showed the Ventanillas copies of the contracts to sell in favor of Carlos Crisostomo, duly signed by Artemio U. Valencia as President of Manila Remnant. 15 Whereupon, Manila Remnant refused the offer of the Ventanillas to pay for the remainder of the contract price because they did not have the personality to do so. Furthermore, they were shown the published Notice of Cancellation in the January 29, 1978 issue of the Times Journal rescinding the contracts of delinquent buyers including Crisostomo. Thus, on November 21, 1978, the Ventanillas commenced an action for specific performance, annulment of deeds and damages against Manila Remnant, A.U. Valencia and Co. and Carlos Crisostomo before the Court of First Instance of Quezon City, Branch 17-B. 16 Crisostomo was declared in default for failure to file an answer. On November 17, 1980, the trial court rendered a decision 1) declaring the contracts to sell issued in favor of the Ventanillas valid and subsisting and annulling the contracts to sell in Crisostomo’s favor; 2) ordering Manila Remnant to execute in favor of the Ventanillas an Absolute Deed of Sale free from all liens and encumbrances; and 3) condemning defendants A.U. Valencia and Co. Inc., Manila Remnant and Carlos Crisostomo jointly and severally to pay the Ventanillas the amount of P100,000.00 as moral damages, P100,000.00 as exemplary damages, and P100,000.00 as attorney’s fees. The lower court also added that if, for any legal reason, the transfer of the lots could no longer be effected, the defendants should reimburse jointly and severally to the Ventanillas the total amount of P73,122.35 representing the total amount paid for the two lots plus legal interest thereon from March 1970 plus damages as aforestated. With regard to the cross claim of Manila Remnant against Valencia, the court found that Manila Remnant could have not been dragged into this suit without the fraudulent manipulations of Valencia. Hence, it adjudged A.U. Valencia and Co. to pay the Manila Remnant P5,000.00 as moral damages and exemplary damages and P5,000.00 as attorney’s fees. 17 Subsequently, Manila Remnant and A.U. Valencia and Co. elevated the lower court’s decision to the Court of Appeals through separate appeals. On October 13, 1987, the Appellate Court affirmed in toto the decision of the lower court. Reconsideration sought by petitioner Manila Remnant was denied, hence the instant petition. There is no question that the contracts to sell in favor of the Ventanilla spouses are valid and subsisting. The only issue remaining is whether or not petitioner Manila Remnant should be held solidarily liable together with A.U. Valencia and Co. and Carlos Crisostomo for the payment of moral, exemplary damages and attorney’s fees in favor of the Ventanillas. While petitioner Manila Remnant has not refuted the legality of the award of damages per se, it believes that it cannot be made jointly and severally liable with its agent A.U. Valencia and Co. since it was not aware of the illegal acts perpetrated nor did it consent or ratify said acts of its agent. The argument is devoid of merit. In the case at bar, the Valencia realty firm had clearly overstepped the bounds of its authority as agent — and for that matter, even the law — when it undertook the double sale of the disputed lots. Such being the case, the principal, Manila Remnant, would have been in the clear pursuant to Article 1897 of the Civil Code which states that" (t)he agent who acts as such is not personally liable to that party with whom he contracts, unless he expressly binds himself or exceeds the limits of his authority without giving such party sufficient notice of his powers. However, the unique relationship existing between the principal and the agent at the time of the dual sale must be underscored. Bear in mind that the president then of both firms was Artemio U. Valencia, the individual directly responsible for the sale scam. Hence, despite 40

the fact that the double sale was beyond the power of the agent, Manila Remnant as principal was chargeable with the knowledge or constructive notice of that fact and not having done anything to correct such an irregularity was deemed to have ratified the same. More in point, we find that by the principle of estoppel, Manila Remnant is deemed to have allowed its agent to act as though it had plenary powers. Article 1911 of the Civil Code provides:

"Even when the agent has exceeded his authority, the principal is solidarily liable with the agent if the former allowed the latter to act as though he had full powers." (Emphasis supplied) The above-quoted article is new. It is intended to protect the rights of innocent persons. In such a situation, both the principal and the agent may be considered as joint feasors whose liability is joint and solidary. 20 Authority by estoppel has arisen in the instant case because by its negligence, the principal, Manila Remnant, has permitted its agent, A.U. Valencia and Co., to exercise powers not granted to it. That the principal might not have had actual knowledge of the agent’s misdeed is of no moment. Consider the following circumstances: Firstly, Manila Remnant literally gave carte blanche to its agent A.U. Valencia and Co. in the sale and disposition of the subdivision lots. As a disclosed principal in the contracts to sell in favor of the Ventanilla couple, there was no doubt that they were in fact contracting with the principal. Section 7 of the Ventanillas’ contracts to sell states: "7. That all payments whether deposits, down payment and monthly installment agreed to be made by the vendee shall be payable to A.U. Valencia and Co., Inc. It is hereby expressly understood that unauthorized payments made to real estate brokers or agents shall be the sole and exclusive responsibility and at the risk of the vendee and any and all such payments shall not be recognized by the vendors unless the official receipts therefor shall have been duly signed by the vendors’ duly authorized agent, A.U. Valencia and Co., Inc." (Emphasis supplied) Indeed, once Manila Remnant had been furnished with the usual copies of the contracts to sell, its only participation then was to accept the collections and pay the commissions to the agent. The latter had complete control of the business arrangement. Secondly, it is evident from the records that Manila Remnant was less than prudent in the conduct of its business as a subdivision owner. For instance, Manila Remnant failed to take immediate steps to avert any damage that might be incurred by the lot buyers as a result of its unilateral abrogation of the agency contract. The publication of the cancelled contracts to sell in the Times Journal came three years after Manila Remnant had revoked its agreement with A.U. Valencia and Co. Moreover, Manila Remnant also failed to check the records of its agent immediately after the revocation of the agency contract despite the fact that such revocation was due to reported anomalies in Valencia’s collections. Altogether, as pointed out by the counsel for the Ventanillas, Manila Remnant could and should have devised a system whereby it could monitor and require a regular accounting from A.U. Valencia and Co., its agent. Not having done so, Manila Remnant has made itself liable to those who have relied on its agent and the representation that such agent was clothed with sufficient powers to act on behalf of the principal. Even assuming that Manila Remnant was as much a victim as the other innocent lot buyers, it cannot be gainsaid that it was precisely its negligence and laxity in the day to day operations of the real estate business which made it possible for the agent to deceive unsuspecting vendees like the Ventanillas. In essence, therefore, the basis for Manila Remnant’s solidary liability is estoppel which, in turn, is rooted in the principal’s neglectfulness in failing to properly supervise and control the affairs of its agent and to adopt the needed measures to prevent further misrepresentation. As a consequence, Manila Remnant is considered estopped from pleading the truth that it had no direct hand in the deception employed by its agent. 22 A final word. The Court cannot help but be alarmed over the reported practice of supposedly reputable real estate brokers of manipulating prices by allowing their own agents to "buy" lots in their names in the hope of reselling the same at a higher price to the prejudice of bona fide lot buyers, as precisely what the agent had intended to happen in the present case. This is a serious matter that must be looked into by the appropriate government housing authority.chanrobles.com.ph : WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the appealed decision of the Court of Appeals dated October 13, 1987 sustaining the decision of the Quezon City trial court dated November 17, 1980 is AFFIRMED. This judgment is immediately executory. Costs against petitioner. SO ORDERED.

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G.R. No. 137686 February 8, 2000 RURAL BANK OF MILAOR (CAMARINES SUR), petitioner, vs. FRANCISCA OCFEMIA, ROWENA BARROGO, MARIFE O. NIÑO, FELICISIMO OCFEMIA, RENATO OCFEMIA JR, and WINSTON OCFEMIA, respondents. PANGANIBAN, J.: When a bank, by its acts and failure to act, has clearly clothed its manager with apparent authority to sell an acquired asset in the normal course of business, it is legally obliged to confirm the transaction by issuing a board resolution to enable the buyers to register the property in their names. It has a duty to perform necessary and lawful acts to enable the other parties to enjoy all benefits of the contract which it had authorized. The Case Before this Court is a Petition for Review on Certiorari challenging the December 18, 1998 Decision of the Court of Appeals 1 (CA) in CA-GR SP No. 46246, which affirmed the May 20, 1997 Decision 2 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Naga City (Branch 28). The CA disposed as follows: Wherefore, premises considered, the Judgment appealed from is hereby AFFIRMED. Costs against the respondent-appellant. 3 The dispositive portion of the judgment affirmed by the CA ruled in this wise: WHEREFORE, in view of all the foregoing findings, decision is hereby rendered whereby the [petitioner] Rural Bank of Milaor (Camarines Sur), Inc. through its Board of Directors is hereby ordered to immediately issue a Board Resolution confirming the Deed of Sale it executed in favor of Renato Ocfemia marked Exhibits C, C-1 and C-2); to pay [respondents] the sum of FIVE HUNDRED (P500.00) PESOS as actual damages; TEN THOUSAND (P10,000.00) PESOS as attorney's fees; THIRTY THOUSAND (P30,000.00) PESOS as moral damages; THIRTY THOUSAND (P30,000.00) PESOS as exemplary damages; and to pay the costs. 4 Also assailed is the February 26, 1999 CA Resolution 5 which denied petitioner's Motion for Reconsideration. The Facts The trial court's summary of the undisputed facts was reproduced in the CA Decision as follows: This is an action for mandamus with damages. On April 10, 1996, [herein petitioner] was declared in default on motion of the [respondents] for failure to file an answer within the reglementary-period after it was duly served with summons. On April 26, 1996, [herein petitioner] filed a motion to set aside the order of default with objection thereto filed by [herein respondents]. On June 17, 1996, an order was issued denying [petitioner's] motion to set aside the order of default. On July 10, 1996, the defendant filed a motion for reconsideration of the order of June 17, 1996 with objection thereto by [respondents]. On July 12, 1996, an order was issued denying [petitioner's] motion for reconsideration. On July 31, 1996, [respondents] filed a motion to set case for hearing. A copy thereof was duly furnished the [petitioner] but the latter did not file any opposition and so [respondents] were allowed to present their evidence ex-parte. A certiorari case was filed by the [petitioner] with the Court of Appeals docketed as CA GR No. 41497-SP but the petition was denied in a decision rendered on March 31, 1997 and the same is now final. The evidence presented by the [respondents] through the testimony of Marife O. Niño, one of the [respondents] in this case, show[s] that she is the daughter of Francisca Ocfemia, a co-[respondent] in this case, and the late Renato Ocfemia who died on July 23, 1994. The parents of her father, Renato Ocfemia, were Juanita Arellano Ocfemia and Felicisimo Ocfemia. Her other co-[respondents] Rowena O. Barrogo, Felicisimo Ocfemia, Renato Ocfemia, Jr. and Winston Ocfemia are her brothers and sisters.1âwphi1.nêt Marife O. Niño knows the five (5) parcels of land described in paragraph 6 of the petition which are located in Bombon, Camarines Sur and that they are the ones possessing them which [were] originally owned by her grandparents, Juanita Arellano Ocfemia and Felicisimo Ocfemia. During the lifetime of her grandparents, [respondents] mortgaged the said five (5) parcels of land and two (2) others to the [petitioner] Rural Bank of Milaor as shown by the Deed of Real Estate Mortgage (Exhs. A and A-1) and the Promissory Note (Exh. B). The spouses Felicisimo Ocfemia and Juanita Arellano Ocfemia were not able to redeem the mortgaged properties consisting of seven (7) parcels of land and so the mortgage was foreclosed and thereafter ownership thereof was transferred to the [petitioner] bank. Out of 42

the seven (7) parcels that were foreclosed, five (5) of them are in the possession of the [respondents] because these five (5) parcels of land described in paragraph 6 of the petition were sold by the [petitioner] bank to the parents of Marife O. Niño as evidenced by a Deed of Sale executed in January 1988 (Exhs. C, C-1 and C-2). The aforementioned five (5) parcels of land subject of the deed of sale (Exh. C), have not been, however transferred in the name of the parents of Merife O. Niño after they were sold to her parents by the [petitioner] bank because according to the Assessor's Office the five (5) parcels of land, subject of the sale, cannot be transferred in the name of the buyers as there is a need to have the document of sale registered with the Register of Deeds of Camarines Sur. In view of the foregoing, Marife O. Niño went to the Register of Deeds of Camarines Sur with the Deed of Sale (Exh. C) in order to have the same registered. The Register of Deeds, however, informed her that the document of sale cannot be registered without a board resolution of the [petitioner] Bank. Marife Niño then went to the bank, showed to if the Deed of Sale (Exh. C), the tax declaration and receipt of tax payments and requested the [petitioner] for a board resolution so that the property can be transferred to the name of Renato Ocfemia the husband of petitioner Francisca Ocfemia and the father of the other [respondents] having died already. The [petitioner] bank refused her request for a board resolution and made many alibi[s]. She was told that the [petitioner] bank ha[d] a new manager and it had no record of the sale. She was asked and she complied with the request of the [petitioner] for a copy of the deed of sale and receipt of payment. The president of the [petitioner] bank told her to get an authority from her parents and other [respondents] and receipts evidencing payment of the consideration appearing in the deed of sale. She complied with said requirements and after she gave all these documents, Marife O. Niño was again told to wait for two (2) weeks because the [petitioner] bank would still study the matter. After two (2) weeks, Marife O. Niño returned to the [petitioner] bank and she was told that the resolution of the board would not be released because the [petitioner] bank ha[d] no records from the old manager. Because of this, Marife O. Niño brought the matter to her lawyer and the latter wrote a letter on December 22, 1995 to the [petitioner] bank inquiring why no action was taken by the board of the request for the issuance of the resolution considering that the bank was already fully paid [for] the consideration of the sale since January 1988 as shown by the deed of sale itself (Exh. D and D-1 ). On January 15, 1996 the [petitioner] bank answered [respondents'] lawyer's letter (Exh. D and D-1) informing the latter that the request for board resolution ha[d] already been referred to the board of directors of the [petitioner] bank with another request that the latter should be furnished with a certified machine copy of the receipt of payment covering the sale between the [respondents] and the [petitioner] (Exh. E). This request of the [petitioner] bank was already complied [with] by Marife O. Niño even before she brought the matter to her lawyer. On January 23, 1996 [respondents'] lawyer wrote back the branch manager of the [petitioner] bank informing the latter that they were already furnished the receipts the bank was asking [for] and that the [respondents] want[ed] already to know the stand of the bank whether the board [would] issue the required board resolution as the deed of sale itself already show[ed] that the [respondents were] clearly entitled to the land subject of the sale (Exh. F). The manager of the [petitioner] bank received the letter which was served personally to him and the latter told Marife O. Niño that since he was the one himself who received the letter he would not sign anymore a copy showing him as having already received said letter (Exh. F). After several days from receipt of the letter (Exh. F) when Marife O. Niño went to the [petitioner] again and reiterated her request, the manager of the [petitioner] bank told her that they could not issue the required board resolution as the [petitioner] bank ha[d] no records of the sale. Because of this Merife O. Niño already went to their lawyer and ha[d] this petition filed.

The [respondents] are interested in having the property described in paragraph 6 of the petition transferred to their names because their mother and co-petitioner, Francisca Ocfemia, is very sickly and they want to mortgage the property for the medical expenses of Francisca Ocfemia. The illness of Francisca Ocfemia beg[a]n after her husband died and her suffering from arthritis and pulmonary disease already became serious before December 1995. Marife O. Niño declared that her mother is now in serious condition and they could not have her hospitalized for treatment as they do not have any money and this is causing the family sleepless nights and mental anguish, thinking that their mother may die because they could not submit her for medication as they do not have money. 6 The trial court granted the Petition. As noted earlier, the CA affirmed the RTC Decision.

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Hence, this recourse. 7 In a Resolution dated June 23, 1999, this Court issued a Temporary Restraining Order directing the trial court "to refrain and desist from executing [pending appeal] the decision dated May 20, 1997 in Civil Case No. RTC-96-3513, effective immediately until further orders from this Court." 8 Ruling of the Court of Appeals The CA held that herein respondents were "able to prove their present cause of action" against petitioner. It ruled that the RTC had jurisdiction over the case, because (1) the Petition involved a matter incapable of pecuniary estimation; (2) mandamus fell within the jurisdiction of RTC; and (3) assuming that the action was for specific performance as argued by the petitioner, it was still cognizable by the said court. Issues In its Memorandum, 9 the bank posed the following questions: 1. Question of Jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Court. — Has a Regional Trial Court original jurisdiction over an action involving title to real property with a total assessed value of less than P20,000.00? 2. Question of Law. — May the board of directors of a rural banking corporation be compelled to confirm a deed of absolute sale of real property owned by the corporation which deed of sale was executed by the bank manager without prior authority of the board of directors of the rural banking corporation? 10 This Court's Ruling The present Petition has no merit. First Issue: Jurisdiction of the Regional Trial Court Petitioner submits that the RTC had no jurisdiction over the case. Disputing the ruling of the appellate court that the present action was incapable of pecuniary estimation, petitioner argues that the matter in fact involved title to real property worth less than P20,000. Thus, under RA 7691, the case should have been filed before a metropolitan trial court, a municipal trial court or a municipal circuit trial court. We disagree. The well-settled rule is that jurisdiction is determined by the allegations of the complaint. 11 In the present case, the Petition for Mandamus filed by respondents before the trial court prayed that petitioner-bank be compelled to issue a board resolution confirming the Deed of Sale covering five parcels of unregistered land, which the bank manager had executed in their favor. The RTC has jurisdiction over such action pursuant to Section 21 of BP 129, which provides: Sec. 21. Original jurisdiction in other cases. — Regional Trial Courts shall exercise original jurisdiction; (1) in the issuance of writ of certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus and injunction which may be enforced in any part of their respective regions; and (2) In actions affecting ambassadors and other public ministers and consuls. A perusal of the Petition shows that the respondents did not raise any question involving the title to the property, but merely asked that petitioner's board of directors be directed to issue the subject resolution. Moreover, the bank did not controvert the allegations in the said Petition. To repeat, the issue therein was not the title to the property; it was respondents' right to compel the bank to issue a board resolution confirming the Deed of Sale. Second Issue: Authority of the Bank Manager Respondents initiated the present proceedings, so that they could transfer to their names the subject five parcels of land; and subsequently, to mortgage said lots and to use the loan proceeds for the medical expenses of their ailing mother. For the property to be transferred in their names, however, the register of deeds required the submission of a board resolution from the bank confirming both the Deed of Sale and the authority of the bank manager, Fe S. Tena, to enter into such transaction. Petitioner refused. After being given the runaround by the bank, respondents sued in exasperation. Allegations in the Petition for Mandamus Deemed Admitted 44

Respondents based their action before the trial court on the Deed of Sale, the substance of which was alleged in and a copy thereof was attached to the Petition for Mandamus. The Deed named Fe S. Tena as the representative of the bank. Petitioner, however, failed to specifically deny under oath the allegations in that contract. In fact, it filed no answer at all, for which reason it was declared in default. Pertinent provisions of the Rules of Court read: Sec. 7. Action or defense based on document. — Whenever an action or defense is based upon a written instrument or document, the substance of such instrument or document shall be set forth in the pleading, and the original or a copy thereof shall be attached to the pleading as an exhibit, which shall be deemed to be a part of the pleading, or said copy may with like effect be set forth in the pleading. Sec. 8. How to contest genuineness of such documents.— When an action or defense is founded upon a written instrument, copied in or attached to the corresponding pleading as provided in the preceding section, the genuineness and due execution of the instrument shall be deemed admitted unless the adverse party, under oath, specifically denies them, and sets forth what he claims to be the facts; but this provision does not apply when the adverse party does not appear to be a party to the instrument or when compliance with an order for an inspection of the original instrument is refused. 12 In failing to file its answer specifically denying under oath the Deed of Sale, the bank admitted the due execution of the said contract. Such admission means that it acknowledged that Tena was authorized to sign the Deed of Sale on its behalf. 13 Thus, defenses that are inconsistent with the due execution and the genuineness of the written instrument are cut off by an admission implied from a failure to make a verified specific denial. Other Acts of the Bank In any event, the bank acknowledged, by its own acts or failure to act, the authority of Fe S. Tena to enter into binding contracts. After the execution of the Deed of Sale, respondents occupied the properties in dispute and paid the real estate taxes due thereon. If the bank management believed that it had title to the property, it should have taken some measures to prevent the infringement or invasion of its title thereto and possession thereof. Likewise, Tena had previously transacted business on behalf of the bank, and the latter had acknowledged her authority. A bank is liable to innocent third persons where representation is made in the course of its normal business by an agent like Manager Tena, even though such agent is abusing her authority. 14 Clearly, persons dealing with her could not be blamed for believing that she was authorized to transact business for and on behalf of the bank. Thus, this Court has ruled in Board of Liquidators v. Kalaw: 15 Settled jurisprudence has it that where similar acts have been approved by the directors as a matter of general practice, custom, and policy, the general manager may bind the company without formal authorization of the board of directors. In varying language, existence of such authority is established, by proof of the course of business, the usages and practices of the company and by the knowledge which the board of directors has, or must be presumed to have, of acts and doings of its subordinates in and about the affairs of the corporation. So also, . . . authority to act for and bind a corporation may be presumed from acts of recognition in other instances where the power was in fact exercised. . . . Thus, when, in the usual course of business of a corporation, an officer has been allowed in his official capacity to manage its affairs, his authority to represent the corporation may be implied from the manner in which he has been permitted by the directors to manage its business. Notwithstanding the putative authority of the manager to bind the bank in the Deed of Sale, petitioner has failed to file an answer to the Petition below within the reglementary period, let alone present evidence controverting such authority. Indeed, when one of herein respondents, Marife S. Nino, went to the bank to ask for the board resolution, she was merely told to bring the receipts. The bank failed to categorically declare that Tena had no authority. This Court stresses the following: . . . Corporate transactions would speedily come to a standstill were every person dealing with a corporation held duty-bound to disbelieve every act of its responsible officers, no matter how regular they should appear on their face. This Court has observed in Ramirez vs. Orientalist Co., 38 Phil. 634, 654-655, that — In passing upon the liability of a corporation in cases of this kind it is always well to keep in mind the situation as it presents itself to the third party with whom the contract is made. Naturally he can have little or no information as to what occurs in corporate meetings; and he must necessarily rely upon the external manifestation of corporate consent. The integrity of commercial transactions can only be maintained by holding the corporation strictly to the liability fixed upon it by its agents in accordance with law; and we would be sorry to announce a doctrine which would permit the property of man in the city of Paris to be whisked out of his hands and carried into a remote quarter of the earth without recourse against the corporation whose name and authority had been used in the manner disclosed 45

in this case. As already observed, it is familiar doctrine that if a corporation knowingly permits one of its officers, or any other agent, to do acts within the scope of an apparent authority, and thus holds him out to the public as possessing power to do those acts, the corporation will, as against any one who has in good faith dealt with the corporation through such agent, be estopped from denying his authority; and where it is said "if the corporation permits this means the same as "if the thing is permitted by the directing power of the corporation." 16 In this light, the bank is estopped from questioning the authority of the bank manager to enter into the contract of sale. If a corporation knowingly permits one of its officers or any other agent to act within the scope of an apparent authority, it holds the agent out to the public as possessing the power to do those acts; thus, the corporation will, as against anyone who has in good faith dealt with it through such agent, be estopped from denying the agent's authority. 17 Unquestionably, petitioner has authorized Tena to enter into the Deed of Sale. Accordingly, it has a clear legal duty to issue the board resolution sought by respondent's. Having authorized her to sell the property, it behooves the bank to confirm the Deed of Sale so that the buyers may enjoy its full use. The board resolution is, in fact, mere paper work. Nonetheless, it is paper work necessary in the orderly operations of the register of deeds and the full enjoyment of respondents' rights. Petitioner-bank persistently and unjustifiably refused to perform its legal duty. Worse, it was less than candid in dealing with respondents regarding this matter. In this light, the Court finds it proper to assess the bank treble costs, in addition to the award of damages. WHEREFORE, the Petition is hereby DENIED and the assailed Decision and Resolution AFFIRMED. The Temporary Restraining Order issued by this Court is hereby LIFTED. Treble costs against petitioner. SO ORDERED.

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