1.7 Estructuras de Datos Lineales

 

2.> Hs Hstru tru`t `tur urbs bs eh eb ebtd tdss Lca Lcahb hblh lhss

 

2.>.2 Nhahrblcebehs •

Lbs hstr Lbs hstru` u`tu turrbs eh ebt ebtds lcah lcahbl blhs hs hst hstâa `djpu djpuhs hsttbs pdr pdr uab uab sh`u sh`uha ha`c `cb b eh ; d jâs hlhjhatds eh blnùa tcpd ehthrjcabed ha d`bscdahs dreh dr ehab abed edss eh bl blnu nuab ab fdrjb drjb..

 

2.>.2 Nhahrblcebehs •

Ph puheh bujhatbr d ecsjcaucr lb `batcebe eh ebtds y pderâa cashrtbrsh d hlcjcabrsh hlhjhatds ha ehthrjcabebs pdsc`cdahs sca blth blthrrbr su hstr hstru` u`tu turrb lðnc` lðnc`b. b.

 

2.>.2.2 Hl `da`hptd eh Lcstb •

Xab lcstb hs uab `dlh``cða eh hlhjhatds ehl jcsjd tcpd

•

[brb hl b``hsd y jbahid eh hsds hlhjhatds sh utclczba êaec`hs d pdsc`cdahs

 

2.>.2.2 Hl `da`hptd eh Lcstb •

Xab lcstb tchah dphrb`cdahs eh cashr`cða, hlcjcab`cða y mùsquheb

•

Xab lcstb hs uab hstru`turb eh ebtds flhxcmlh ha lbs dphrb`cdahs d phrb`cdahs quh sh rhblczba

 

2.>.= [clb Ptb`o)

 

2.>.= [clb •

•

•

Xab pclb (stb`o) hs ua tcpd bmstrb`td bmstrb`td eh ebtds tcpd LCFD (lbs lbstt ca, fcrst  fcrst  dut )).. Hs ua tcpd cpd eh ebtd quh sdp sdpdrtb dph dphrb`cdah dahs eh cashr` hr`cða y hlc hlcjcab`cða cða eh hlhj hlhjha hattds eh ua `daiu daiua atd. Adrj drjbljhath sh usb ha bplc plc`b`cdahs ha lbs quh sh ah`hsct hsctb b rh`uphrbr caffdrjb ca drjb`c `cða ða ha dreh dreha a cav cavhrsd hrsd b `djd djd gb hatr hatrbe bed. d.

 

2.>.= [clb •

•

Hstb hstru`turb fua`cdab eh fdrjb scjclbr b uab tdrrh eh hlhjhatds ehl jcsjd tcpd (ed`ujhatds phaechaths, phaech aths, plbtds, lcmrds, ht`). @beb vhz quh llhnb ua hlhjhatd, sh `dld`b brrcmb eh lds quh yb hstâa b`ujulbeds, y `ubaed sh vba bthaechaed sh tdjb hl quh sh ha`u ha `uha hatr trb b ha lb pbrt pbrth h suph suphrc rcdr dr..

 

Dphrb`cdahs [clb) •

Lbs dphrb`cdahs quh sh rhblczba sdmrh uab pclb sda9 `lhbr() Mdrrb tdeds lds hlhjhatds eh uab pclb •

•

csHjpty() Vhrcfc`b sc uab pclb sh ha`uhatrb vb`êb

 

Dphrb`cdahs [clb) •

 pusg() Canrhsb ua hlhjhatd ha hl tdph eh lb pclb

•

 pdp() ]htcrb hl hlhjhatd suphrcdr 

 

Dphrb`cdahs [clb) •

tdp() Vhrcfc`b hl hlhjhatd quh sh ha`uhatrb ha lb pbrth suphrcdr eh lb pclb sca hlcjcabrld.

 

Dphrb`cdahs  [clb) •

Lb `djplhicebe thjpdrbl bscatðtc`b eh lbs dphrb`cdahs hs9

Dphrb`cða

Dreha

@rhbth

D(2)

`lhbr()

D(a)

csHjpty()

D(2)

[usg()

D(2)

[dp()

D(2)

tdp

D(2)

 

Cjplhjhatb`cða  [clb) [clb9 cat tdph? cat tdph? Lcstb hlhjhatds? Lcstb  hlhjhatds?

[clb `rhbr[clb() [clb p? Lcstb lcstb2? p.tdph : -2? p.hlhjhatds : lcstb2? rhtura p?

 

Cjplhjhatb`cða  [clb)  mddl hsVb`cb([clb p)

csHjpty(..) // //csHjpty(..)

cf(p.tdph::-2) rhtura truh? rhtura fblsh?

vdce jhthr([clb p,cat x)

//vdce pusg(..)

p.tdph : p.tdph+2 p.hlhjhatds_p.tdphZ p.hlhjhatds_p .tdphZ : x

 

Cjplhjhatb`cða  [clb) cat sb`br([clb p) // cat pdp(..) cf(hsVb`cb(p)) (“Hrrdr‚)

prcat rhtura -2 hlsh cat bux: p.hlhjhatds_ p.hlhjhatds_p.tdphZ p.tdphZ p.hlhjhatds_p.tdphZ:AXLL? p.tdph:p.tdph-2 rhtura bux

 

Cjplhjhatb`cða  [clb) cat tdp([clb p) cf(hsVb`cb(p)) prcat(“Hrrdr‚)? rhtura -2? hlsh rhtura p.hlhjhatds_p p.hlhjhatds_p.tdphZ .tdphZ

 

2.>.0 @dlb Ruhuh)

 

2.>.0 @dlb •

•

Xab `dlb (quhuh) hs ua tcpd bmstrb`td bmstrb`td eh ebtds ebtds eh tcpd FCFD (fcrst ca fc fcrs rstt dut) dut).. Hs ua tcpd cpd eh ebtd quh sdp sdpdrtb dph dphrb`cdah dahs eh cashr` hr`cða y hlc hlcjcab`cða cða eh hlh hlhjhat hatds eh ua `daiuatd eh ebtds

 

2.>.0 @dlb •

•

•

Jdehlb sctub`cdahs ha lbs quh uab tbrhb sh rhblczb ha hl jcsjd dreha ha hl quh sh rh`cmha. Hihjplds eh hlld sda tbrhbs quh hsphrba shr bthaecebs pdr blnuab bplc bp lc``b`cð b`cða a ha lb `djpu djputtbedr bedrb b d ha ua shrv shrvce cedr dr.. Lds `bjmc Lds bjmcds ds quh quh sh rhblc hblczzba, ba, sh ehmh ehmha a jdac jdacttdrhb drhbrr ha bj bjmd mdss hxtr xtrhjds hjds eh lb hstr hstru` u`tu turrb

 

Dphrb`cdahs (Ruhuh) •

Lbs dphrb`cdahs quh sh rhblczba sdmrh uab `dlb sda9 `rhbth() @rhb uab `dlb vb`êb. •

•

csHjpty() Ehvuhlvh vhrebehrd sc uab `dlb sh ha`uhatrb vb`êb.

•

haquhuh() Canrhsb ua hlhjhatd b lb `dlb

 

Dphrb`cdahs (Ruhuh) •

•

•

ehquhuh() Hxtrbhr hl hlhjhatd bl cac`cd eh lb `dlb. `lhbr() Mdrrb tdeds lds hlhjhatds eh lb `dlb.  fcrst() ]hnrhsb hl prcjhr hlhjhatd eh lb `dlb sca hlcjcabrld.

 

Dphrb`cdahs (Ruhuh) •

Lb `djplhicebe thjpdrbl bscatðtc`b eh lbs dphrb`cdahs hs9

Dphrb`cða

Dreha

@rhbth

D(2)

`lhbr()

D(a)

csHjpty()

D(2)

haquhuh()

D(2)

ehquhuh()

D(2)

fcrst(a)

D(2)

 

Cjplhjhatb`cða Ruhuh) @dlb9 cat prcjhrd? cat prcjhrd? cat cat ultcjd?  ultcjd? Lcstb hlhjhatds?  hlhjhatds? Lcstb

Ruhuh @rhbr@dlb() Ruhuh `? Lcstb jcLcstb? `.prcjhrd : ; `.ultcjd : -2 `.hlhjhatds : jcLcstb? rhtura `?

 

Cjplhjhatb`cða Ruhuh)  mddl hsVb`cb(Ruhuh `) cf(`.prcjhrd::`.ultcjd+2) rhtura truh? rhtura fblsh?

vdce ha`dlbr(Ruhuh `,cat x) `.ultcjd : `.ultcjd+2 `.hlhjhatds_`.ultcjdZ `.hlhjhatds_`.ultc jdZ : x

 

Cjplhjhatb`cða Ruhuh) cat ehsha`dlbr(Ruhuh `)

//(ehquhuh)

cf(hsVb`cb(`)) “hrrdr‚

rhtura -2 hlsh cat bux : `.hlhjhatds_`.prcjhr `.hlhjhatds_`.prcjhrdZ dZ `.hlhjhatds_`.prcjhrdZ:aull? `.prcjhrd : `.prcjhrd + 2 cf(prcjhrd::ultcjd+2) `:`rhbr@dlb() rhtura bux

 

2.>.0.5 @dlb @cr`ulbr •

Lds hlhjhatds hstâa eh fdrjb “`cr`ulbr‚, ld quh cjplc`b quh tdeds lds hlhjhatds tchaha su`hsdr y prheh`hsdr.

•

Hl su`hsdr ehl ehl prcjhrd ùltcjd hlhjhatd sh trbtb ehl prcjhr hlhjhatd jchatrbs quh hl bath`hsdr hs hl ùltcjd hlhjhatd. •

Ha uab `dlb `cr`ulbr hs caecsphasbmlh ehfcacr hl tbjbòd eh lb hstru`turb

•

Lb vhatbib eh uab @dlb `cr`ulbr hs quh hl jbahid eh jhjdrcb hs jâs hfc`chath

 

2.>.0.5 2.>.0. 5 @dlb @cr`ulbr dphrb`cdahs) •

Lbs dphrb`cdahs `da lb `dlb `cr`ulbr, sda lbs jcsjbs quh ha uab “quhuh‚ scjplh haqu quhu huh, h, ehqu ehquhu huh, h, fc fcrs rst, t, ht ht``). (ha

•

•

Hl usu usubrcd brcd ad vh ecf ecfhrha`cb `cb `u `uba bae ed ut utcl clcz czb b uab u dtr dtrb Ha lb cj cjpl plh hjha jhatb`cða `cða sh rhquchrh bòbecr hlhjhatds b lbs fua`cdahs ha`dlbr y ehsha sha`dlb lbrr, pbr brb b hl `drrh rrh`td jba bah hid eh êae êaec` c`hs hs (s (scc sh cj cjp plh lhj jhatb `da brr brrhnl nlds ds)) d pbrrb hl `d pb `drr rrh` h`td td jb jbah ahid id eh jh jhjd jdrc rcb b (s (scc sh cj cjpl plhj hjh hatb atb `da lc lcsstbs tbs lc lcn nbebs bebs))

 

2.>.0.8 @dlb Edmlh •

•

Xab `dlb edmlh (equhuh) hs ua tcpd bmstrb`td eh ebtds ha edaeh `beb hlhjhatd puheh shr canrhsbed y rh`uphrbed pdr bjmds lbeds eh lb hstru`turb. @da hstd sh eb uab jbydr flhxcmclcebe bl tcpd eh ebtd yb quh hl hlh lhj jhat hatd quh can canrhsb puheh heh shr hl prcjhrd hrd d hl ùltcjd ha sbl sblcr.

 

Dphrb`cdahs @dlb edmlh) •

`rhbth() @rhb uab `dlb vb`êb.

•

csHjpty() Ehvuhlvh vhrebehrd sc uab `dlb sh ha`uhatrb vb`êb.

•

haquhuhHae()9 Canrhsb ua hlhjhatd bl fcabl eh lb `dlb.

•

•

•

ehquhuhMhnca()9 Hlcjcab y ehvuhlvh hl hlhjhatd quh sh ha`uhatrb bl prca`cpcd eh lb `dlb.

  haquhuhMhnca()9 Canrhsb ua hlhjhatd bl prca`cpcd eh lb `dlb.  ehquhuhHae( ))99 Hlcjcab y ehvuhlvh hl hlhjhatd quh hsth b fcabl eh lb `dlb.

 

@dlb eh [rcdrcebe Ph `br `brb`t b`thrcz hrczb b pdr pdr bejc bejctc tcrr cash cashrr`cda `cdahs hs,, `dasu dasult ltb b y hlcj hlcjca cab` b`cð cða a eh hlhj hlhjha hattds `da vbl bldr drhs hs eh prcd prcdrc rceb ebe e pdae pdaehr hrbe beds ds.. @utrh bhaebquh d uhll canllds rds hs`bda uasu hljcsj hjsjb habtdprcd h rceb `debe lde`b ha lb ùltcjb pdsc`cða ha hatr bq jc prscdrc

 

Bplc`b`cdahs  [clb) •

Hvblub`cða Hv blub`cða eh h hxprhscdah xprhscdahss brctjãtc` brctjãtc`bs bs (2)

PguatcanPgua tcan-ybr ybre e Blnd Blndrctgj rctgj

[rdpuhstd pdr Hesnhr ^. Eciostrb ha lb eã`beb eh lds 6;–s. Xtclczb eds pclbs, uab [rdpuhstd pbrb dphrbaeds y uab pbrb dphrbedrhs. [brb hsth tcpd eh hxprhscdahs sh rhquchrh gb`hr uab lh`turb eh lb hxprhscða rhvcsbaed `beb uad eh lds `brb`thrhs quh lb `dafdrjba

 

Bplc`b`cdahs  [clb) Ebeb uab hxprhscða brctjãtc`b (lhyhaed eh czquchreb c zquchreb b ehrh`gb) • • • •

Cnadrbr lds pbrãathscs eh bphrturb Dphrbaed9 [usg(dpa) ha stb`o stb`o eh dphr dphrbaeds baeds Dphrbedr9 [usg(dpr) ha stb`o stb`o eh dphr dphrbedr bedrhs hs Bl ha`datrbr ua pbrãathscs eh `chrrh [dp dphrbaed [dp dphrbedr •

• • •

•

•

[dp dphrbaed ]hblczbr dphrb`cða [usg rhsultbed ha st stb`o b`o eh dphrbaeds dphrbaeds

Bl fcablczbr lb hxprhscða •

[dp rhsultbed fcabl.

 

Bplc`b`cdahs  [clb) •

Hvblub`cða Hv blub`cða eh h hxprhscdahs xprhscdahs brctjãtc`bs brctjãtc`bs (=).

]hvhrsh ]hv hrsh [dlcsg Adtb Adtbtcda tcda

Lb vhatbib eh hstb fdrjb eh hs`rcmcr hxprhscdahs brctjãtc`bs, hs quh ad hs ah`hsbrcd utclczbr pbrãathscs ac rhnlbs eh prh`heha`cb. Ha hsth blndrctjd sh utclczb uab sdlb pclb (stb`o).

 

Bplc`b`cdahs  [clb) Phb uab hxprhscða brctjãtc`b (lhyhaed eh czquchreb b ehrh`gb) •

Pc sh ha`uhatrb ua dphrbaed9 •

•

[usg dphrbaed. Pc sh ha`uhatrb ua dphrbedr9 [dp dphrbaed. [dp dphrbaed. •

•

•

[usg rhsultbed.

 

Bplc`b`cdahs Ruhuh) •

Blnuads hihjplds eh usd eh “quhuhs‚9 •

[rd`hsds bthaeceds pdr ua prd`hsbedr

•

Ed`ujhatds phaechaths eh cjprcjcr

•

Ha rhehs eh `djputbedrbs, lds pbquhths suhlha trbaspdrtbrsh b trbvãs eh `dlbs.

 

2.>.5 2.>. 5 Lcs Lcstb tbss Lcn Lcnbe bebs bs

 

2.>.5 Lcstbs Lcnbebs •

Xa brrhnld hs uab hstru`turb eh ebtds sujbjhath ùtcl, sca s ca hjmbrnd tchah blnuabs lcjctb`cdahs ➭@bjmcbr hl tbjbòd ehl brrhnld. ➭Ha lb jhjdrcb, lds ebtds sh bljb`haba eh fdrjb sh`uha`cbl.

•

Ublhs lcjctb`cdahs puheha p uheha suphrbrsh `da hl usd eh lcstbs lcnbebs.

 

2.>.5 Lcstbs Lcnbebs @lbscfc`b`cða •

Lcstbs lcnbebs scjplhs

•

Lcstbs `cr`ulbrhs (scjplhs)

•

Lcstbs lcnbebs edmlhs

•

Lcstbs `cr`ulbrhs edmlhs

 

2.>.5.2 Hl `da`hp `da`hptd td eh aded •

•

•

Hs hl hlhjhatd hsha`cbl pbrb `dafdrjbr hstru`turbs eh bljb`habjchatd ad sh`uha`cbl H ade ded , head.su fdrj rjb b jâs sc scj jplh `da datc tch hah ua ebtd (c (ca afdrj rjb` b`cð cða a) y uab rhfhrha`c `cb b bldt dtr rd dade ad Lds adeds sda dmihtds eh tcpd butdrrhfhrha`cblhs, yb quh ha su ehfcac`cða sh `da `d atc tcha haha ha b sê jcsj jcsjds ds (b tr trb bvãs vãs eh uab uab rhfhr hrha ha`c `cb) b)..

 

2.>.5.2 Hl `da`hp `da`hptd td eh aded •

@beb aded tchah uab ld`blczb`cða ha jhjdrcb blhbtdrcb.

•

Xab lcstb lcnbeb hs lb uacða eh vbrcds adeds b trbvãs eh sus rhfhrha`cbs

•

@da uab sdlb rhfhrha`cb sh puheh b``hehr b `ublquchr hlhjhatd eh lb lcstb

 

2.>.5.2 Hl Aded `djd tcpd eh ebtd bmstrb`td stru`t Aded{ cat cafd? cat cafd? stru`t Aded ahxt*? }

=8

55.55

 

2.>.5.= Lcstb scjplh y dphrb`cdahs •

•

Lbs lcstbs lcnbebs scjplhs `dafdrjba lb vhrscða jbs “sha`cllb‚ eh bljb`habjchatd lcnbed

Ph `dafdrjba eh adeds quh sdlbjhath sd lbjhath `uhatba `da uab rhfhr rhfhrha`cb ha`cb gb`cb hl aded scnuchath

5

7

26

5=

 

2.>.5.= Lcstb scjplh y dphrb`cdahs •

•

Lb lcstb sh puheh trbmbibr `da uab sdlb sd lb rhfhrha`cb rhfhrha`cb (Ghbe) d `da eds rhfhrha`cbs eh `datrdl (Ghbe y Ubcl) Lb lcstb thrjcab `ubaed lb rhfhrha`cb gb`cb hl aded scnuchath tchah ua vbldr auld.

5

7

26

5= /

 

2.>.5.= Lcstb scjplh y dphrb`cdahs

 

2.>.5.= Lcstb scjplh y dphrb`cdahs •

Hl cac`cd y fca eh uab u ab lcstb sh hsph`cfc`ba pdr lds cehatcfc`bedrhs ghbe y tbcl 

 

2.>.5.= Lcstb scjplh y dphrb`cdahs •

Cashr`cða bl cac`cd

 

2.>.5.= Lcstb scjplh y dphrb`cdahs •

Cashr`cða bl fcabl

 

2.>.5.= Lcstb scjplh y dphrb`cdahs •

Hlcjcab`cða bl cac`cd

 

2.>.5.= Lcstb scjplh y dphrb`cdahs •

Hlcjcab`cða bl fcabl

 

2.>.5.= Lcstb scjplh y dphrb`cdahs Mùsquheb •

•

•

Lbs dphrb`cdahs eh cashr`cða y hlcjcab`cða jdecfc`ba lb hstru`turb eh lb lcstb. Lb dphrb`cða eh mùsquheb hxpldrb uab lcstb hxcsthath pbrb sbmhr sc ua vbldr hstâ ha hllb. [brb brb hs hstb tb dp dphr hrb` b`cð cða a sh utcl utclcz czb b ua uab b rh rhffhr hrha ha`c `cb b tjp pb pbrrb ehsp ehsplb lbzzbr brsh sh pdr pdr lb lc lcst stb. b.  “

‚

 

2.>.5.= Lcstb scjplh y dphrb`cdahs Mùsquheb •

•

•

Hl vbldr bljb`habed ha `beb aded (cafd) sh `djpbrb `da hl ebtd mus`bed. Pc lds aùjhrds sda cnublhs, sh ec`h gb ha`datrbed hl vbldr y sh puheh thrjcabr hl prd`hecjchatd Eh ld `datrbrcd `datrbrcd tjp sh b`tublczb b tjp tjp.ahxt .ahxt pbrb ca cavhstcn vhstcnbr br hl scnuchath scnuchath aded

 

2.>.5.= Lcstb scjplh y dphrb`cdahs •

@djplhicebe Bscatðtc`b

Dphrb`cða

Dreha

Cashrtbr

D(a)

Hlcjcabr(a)

D(a)

Mus`br(a)

D(a)

 

2.>.5.0 Lcstb lcnbeb `cr`ulbr •

•

Hs uab lcstb lcnbeb ha lb `ubl hl su`hsdr ehl ùltcjd hlhjhatd hs hl prcjhrd Udeds lds adeds eh hstb lcstb tchaha ua su`hsdr s u`hsdr,, hl su`hsdr su`hsd r ehl ùltcjd aded hs hl prcjhr aded eh lb lcstb.

 

2.>.5.0 Lcstb lcnbeb `cr`ulbr •

•

Xa hihjpld eh hstb sctub`cða hs `ubaed vbrcds prd`hsds hstâa utclczbaed hl jcsjd rh`ursd eurbath lb jcsjb `batcebe eh tchjpd y sh rhquchrh bshnurbr quh `beb prd`hsd thanb uab pbrth iustb ehl rh`ursd Lbs lcstbs lcnbebs `cr`ulbrhs sh utclczba pbrb cjplhjhatbr `dlbs `cr`ulbrhs (scjplhs y edmlhs)

 

2.>.5.0 Lcstb Lcstb lcnbeb `cr`ulbr - dphrb dphrb`cdahs `cdahs •

Bòbecr prca`cpcd / fcabl aded tjp tjp:ghbe wgclh (tjp.ahxt!:ghbe){ tjp : tjp.ahxt } aded auhvd auhvd.cafd:=; auhvd.ahxt:tjp.ahxt tjp.ahxt:auhvd ghbe: gh be:tj tjp.a p.ahx hxt t //b //bee ee cac cac`cd `cd

 

2.>.5.5 Lcstb edmlh y dphrb`cdahs Hs uab lcstb lcnbeb ha lb quh `beb aded tchah tch ah eds rhfhrha`cbs9 Gb`cb hl aded scnuchath •

Gb`cb hl aded bathrcdr Ha hsth tcpd eh lcstb sê hs pdscmlh ehsplbzbrsh gb`cb btrâs •

stru`t Aded{ cat cafd? cat cafd? stru`t Aded ahxt*? stru`t Aded prhv*? }

 

2.>.5.5 Lcstb edmlh y dphrb`cdahs Lcstb Lcnbeb edmlh

 

2.>.5.5 Lcstb edmlh y dphrb`cdahs •

Bnrhnbr aded bl fcabl

 

2.>.5.5 Lcstb edmlh y dphrb`cdahs •

Hlcjcabr aded bl fcabl

 

2.>.5.8 Lcstb lcnbeb `cr`ulbr edmlh Hs uab lcstb lcnbeb ha lb quh `beb aded tchah tch ah eds rhfhrha`cbs Ad hxcsth acanuab rhfhrha`cb aulb, hl scnuchath ehl ùltcjd hs hl prcjhrd y hl bathrcdr ehl prcjhrd hs hl ùltcjd

 

2.>.5 Lcstbs Lcnbebs @lbscfc`b`cða •

•

Lcstbs lcnbebs scjplhs Lcstbs `cr`ulbrhs (scjplhs)

•

Lcstbs lcnbebs edmlhs

•

Lcstbs `cr`ulbrhs edmlhs

 

2.>.5 Lcstbs Lcnbebs Dphrb`cdahs ha lbs lcstbs •

Cashr`cða

•

Hlcjcab`cða

•

Mùsquheb

Ph puheha rhbl hblczbr ha `ublqu lquchr tcpd eh lcstb lcnbeb.

✐ ]h`drrceds (Hs ld quh `bjmcb ha h a lbs ecfhrhaths vhrscdahs

eh lbs lcstbs lcnbebs)

 

Ehfcac`cða eh Lcstbs `djd UEB stru`t LcstbLcnbeb{ cat sczh?  sczh? cat stru`t Aded ghbe? stru`t Aded tbcl? } •

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vdce bee[rca` bee[rca`cpcd( cpcd(Lcst LcstbLcn bLcnbeb beb *jcLcst *jcLcstb, b, cat x) vdce beeFcabl(L beeFcabl(Lcst cstbLcn bLcneb eb *jcLcst *jcLcstb, b, cat x)

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cat MusquhebMbsc`b(Lcst MusquhebMbsc`b(LcstbLcnbeb bLcnbeb jcLcstb, ca catt x)

 

Ha`bpsulbaed vdce bnrhnbrCac`cd(Lcstb *lcstb,cat x){ Aded auhvd auhvd.cafd:x auhvd.ahxt:lcstb.ghbe? lcstb.ghbe:auhvd }

vdce bnrhnbrFcabl(Lcstb *lcstb, cat x){ Aded tjp:lcstb.ghbe? wgclh(tjp.ahxt!:Aull) tjp:tjp.ahxt? Aded auhvd? auhvd.cafd:x auhvd.ahxt:AXLL?

tjp.ahxt:auhvd }  

Ha`bpsulbaed cat Musquheb(cat x, Lcstb lcstb){ cat ha`datrbed:;? Aded tjp:lcstb.ghbe wgclh(tjp!:aull){ cf(tjp.cafd::x){ ha`datrbed:2? mrhbo? } hlsh tjp:tjp.ahxt? } rhtura ha`datrbed?

}

 

Ha`bpsulbaed •

vdce beeAhscjd( beeAhscjd(Lcst Lcstb b lcst lcstb, b, cat pdsc` pdsc`cda, cda, cat x)

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vdce beeJhecd beeJhecd(Lcs (Lcstb tb *lcst *lcstb, b, ca catt x)

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cat Mus` Mus`b[d b[dsc`cd sc`cda(Lcs a(Lcstb tb lc lcstb stb,, cat x)

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cat Mus` Mus`bBpbr bBpbrc`cda c`cdahs(Lc hs(Lcstb stb lcst lcstb, b, cat x)

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vdce hlcjcabrCac`cd(Lcstb hlcjcabrCac`cd(Lcstb *lcstb)

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vdce hlcjcabrFcabl(Lcstb hlcjcabrFcabl(Lcstb *lcstb)

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vdce hlcjcabrA hlcjcabrAhscj hscjd(Lcs d(Lcstb tb *lcst *lcstb, b, cat pdsc` pdsc`cda) cda)

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vdce cavhrtcrLcstb(Lcs cavhrtcrLcstb(Lcstb tb *lcstb)

 

2.>.3 @dascehrb`cdahs sdmrh bljb`habjchatd `datcnud y lcnbed

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@ubaed sh jbahib hl blj bljb` b`hab habjch jchat atd d `datc `datcnud nud, sh rhquchrh quh be hlbhsjhhaah tdl ebcsl`jdb, `shuab bsecd ahf`ca dcaeib uaptddr lebhecerhcr`h``cð `cadaehhsl ``d abtcnu nabd``cuðpahhsue prcjhr jhr mldquh eh jhjd hjdrcb y lb ldanct ctu ue eh ehll hlhjh hjhatd.

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Hsth tcpd eh bljb`habjchatd rhsultb lcjctbed ha hl shatced eh quh uab ua b vhz ehfc ehfcac aced ed ad sh puhe puheh h ca` ca`rhjha hjhattbr d ecsj ecsjca cauc ucrr.

 

2.>.3 @dascehrb`cdahs sdmrh bljb`habjchatd `datcnud y lcnbed •

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Lb bscnab`cða `datcnub prhshatb blnuads prdmlhjbs, `djd lb frbnjhatb`cða hxthrab. (lb vbrcbmclcebe eh lds hspb`cds eh jhjdrcb ecspdacmlhs). Ld `ubl, gb`h ecfê`cl ha`datrbr mldquhs `datcnuds eh hspb`cd eh tbjbòd tbj bòd sufc`c sufc`chat hath. h.

 

2.>.3 @dascehrb`cdahs sdmrh bljb`habjchatd `datcnud y lcnbed •

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Ha hl `bsd ehl bljb`habjchatd lcnbed d ha`behabed. @beb hlhjhatd sh jbahib halbzbaed “mldquhs eh jhjdrcb‚ y sh `uhatb `da bpuattbedr bpua bedrhs hs bl prcj prcjhr hr y bl ùltc ùltcjd jd hlhj hlhjha hattd. Lb bscnab`cða sh gb`h `da mldquhs caecvceublhs, `beb mldquh `dathaerâ ua puathrd bl scnuchath mldquh eh lb `behab.

 

2.>.3 @dascehrb`cdahs sdmrh bljb`habjchatd `datcnud y lcnbed

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Hl rhncstrd eh bscnab`cða eh jhjdrcb rhquchrh uab sdlb hatrbeb r ch`a bzedb yhlhlj jbe`h hlabj edcsjqdu,h `u jbulqhustchrhr mhlldqmuld `pddj b hladtadnctbule hquphuhe eh h bòbe bò becr crsh sh b lb `beha behab. b.

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Ad hs ah` ah`hsbr hsbrcd cd prhd prhd`u `upb pbrrsh pd pdrr lb fr frbn bnjh jha atb`cð b`cða a hxthr xthrab ab pdr pdrquh quh sdld sh ah`hsctb ua mldquh `beb vhz. Hstd gb`h hl bljb`habjchatd jâs flhx lhxcmlh y `da ua jhidr idr bprdvh`g h`gbjcha chatd eh lb jhjd hjdrcb